By Ellis H. Adler. They were dispersed from there homeland Palestine in the 1 st century Numerous small communities of Jew in Europe Discriminated by.

By Ellis H. Adler

They were dispersed from there homeland Palestine in the 1st century

Numerous small communities of Jew in Europe Discriminated by the church and civic

authorities Restricted to ghettos and forbidden from

owning land Couldn’t be landowners, so became

merchants specialized in long-distance trade Series of expulsions

England-1290 France-1394 Spain-1492

First Jews came as individuals, not groups Few came as crew members with explorers—some

with Columbus Some were conversos-hidden Jews that “converted”

during inquisition Spanish Inquisition in 1492-Jews made to convert or

expelled Many Jews fled to Europe and colonies 1755-earthquake in Portugal that destroyed many

jails some Jews escaped to American colonies Less persecution in colonies Sephardic Jew came-fleeing Inquisition Ashkenazi Jews came from Germany, Holand, and

England

Jews were made to convert or they would be torture and expelled

Jews fled to: North Africa Turkey Poland Protestant Europe

Spanish and Portuguese Jews also went to Amsterdam (Holand)

1654-Jacob Barisom and Solomon Petersen first Jews to come to America from Holland

23 Jewish refugees from Brazil arrive in New Amsterdam

Governor Peter Stuyvest wanted to expel Jews, Lutherans, and Quakers from New Netherland

The colony was owned by the Dutch West India Company that had several Jews on its board of directors Peter Stuyvest overruled

1656-Stuyvest order to let Jews trade freely and own real estate

1657-full civil rights granted to Jews by Peter Stuyvest

First Jewish immigrants were Sephardic Jew from Brazil

Sephardic Jew originally from Iberian Peninsula Brazil was under Dutch rule (tolerant of Jews), but

the Portuguese took over (non-tolerant) 1656-First Jewish congregation made in New

Amsterdam 21 years later-Congregation established in Newport,

Rhode Island 1702-Ashkenazi Jews from Germanic Europe arrive Joined synagogues developed by Sephardic Jews Sephardic Jews originally didn’t accept the Ashkenazi

Jews Over time 2 groups blended and inter-married 1776-2000 Jews in the American colonies

1 Jew: 1000 settlers Jews did not spend time fighting for political rights

wanted to practice their religions and develop livelihood

Many became merchants-common to trade with Curacao significant population from Amsterdam

Jews built ships Merchant ships trade with England, Holland,

Newfoundland, Curacao, Jamaica, and St. Christopher Trades salt, sugar, slaves, bottles, bricks, coconuts, pork,

textiles, tobacco, and onions Jews set up trade through families and commercial

ties they had with Jewish communities in West Indies, Britain, and Holland

Also traded with New Christians (forced Jewish converts or their descendants) in Spain and Portugal

Became good traders Settled in New Port, Charleston, Savannah,

and Philadelphia At first Christians distrusted Jews and denied

them basic rights as citizens 1665-New Amsterdam became New York

England took over Jews guaranteed religious tolerance

Won right to be nuturalized (trade freely and worship publicly) These rights were also granted in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and New York

Financially supported revolution Able to fight in the military

Jews were on both sides-this was unusual-most were on side of colonists

Many Jewish merchants gave their fleets to colonist’s and gave financial support

Jews joined army Simon was a Jewish merchant who

invested in Henry rifle which was used in Revolution

Many states had a pledge of Christianity that had to be said before taking office

1791-Bill of Rights amended to Constitution-one at a time the states changed their constitutions and no long required the pledge

1779-Thomas Jefferson drafted the Virginia Statue of Religious Freedom

Virginia became first state to grant religious and political freedom to all

1654-Peter Stuyvest asked to not let the first Jews into New Amsterdam, but the Dutch West India Company responded that Jews were allowed in

1661-Kig Charles II gives privileges of Englishmen to all settlers in Jamaica, including Jews

1664-England takes over New Amsterdam renaming it New York guaranteed freedom to all inhabitants Jews guaranteed freedom to worship

1665-Rhode Island gives right to vote to Jews 1674-Duke of York grants full religious freedom 1689-England accepted Toleration Act allowed more rights

for Jew in New York 1730-200 Jews in New York built first synagogue and

school-Shearith Israel 1774-Francis Salvador first Jew elected to General

Assembly of South Carolina

Sephardic-A group of Jews from Spain and Portugal that were kicked out in 1492 and went mostly to North Africa, the Balkans, Western Europe, and elsewhere; they are diverse culturally from Ashkenazi

Ashkenazi-Jews from central and eastern Europe that vary greatly from the Sephardic Jews—in liturgy, religious customs, and how they pronounce Hebrew

Diaspora-After Babylonia took Palestine captive the Jews were dispersed around the world

Assimilate-The process of adopting new customs and blending into another culture

Inquisition-The purpose of inquisitions is to get rid of non-believers of a religion or of a nation, it can be lead by either civil or church authorities. The Spanish Inquisition that took place in 1492 was the most deadly Inquisition and many Jews were massacred

Amalgam-a blend or combination Conversos-hidden Jews who “converted”

during Inquisition but really secretly practiced Judaism

New Christians-Jews and their descendants who were forced to convert during Inquisition

Ant-semetic-a person who discriminates against or is prejudice or hostile towards Jews

Burgher-an inhabitant of a town, esp. a member of the middle class

Highest ranking Jewish official in Continental army

Born-October 13, 1753 to Mathias Bush and Tabitha Mears

1776-Joined Pennsylvania militia 1777-Appointed Deputy Adjutant General Picked up enough medical training in

combat that people referred to him as Dr. Bush

Lived from 1747-1785 Polish Jew that migrated to Pennsylvania Wealthy merchant and auctioneer Helped finance the revolution Spy for America in British-held New York He was arrested and then escaped fled to

Philadelphia When Continental Congress met he helped

house and support many member Helped negotiate aid from France and

holland

Spanish Jew fist to purchase land in America

Fled to France during Inquisition Received papers of denization-right of

citizen Purchased land 5 miles north of Newburgh,

New York Jews weren’t allowed to purchase land in Europe

Built a stone house on lot that served as seasonal trading post

Frontiersman and trader Owned a lot of land in Pennsylvania Paid for western expedition by Daniel

Boone Partners with William Henry who

developed the Henry frontier rifle

1) What was the original name of New York when it was under Dutch rule?

A) New AmsterdamB) YorkC) Holland

2) What areas did most Jews flee to during Spanish Inquisition?A) South Africa, Sweden, FinlandB) North Africa, Turkey, Poland, Protestant EuropeC) South Africa and India

3) Which 3 groups did Peter Stuyvesant the governor of Netherlands want to expel?

A) Jew, Lutherans, MuslimsB) Muslims, Catholics, and QuakersC) Jews, Lutherans, and Quakers

4) Where was the first migration of Jews from?A) Sephardic Jews from BrazilB) Jews from EnglandC) Jews from Russia

5) Why did this group migrate?A) England attacked by PortugueseB) Brazil taken over by PortugueseC) Brazil taken over by Spain

1) A) New Amsterdam2) B) North Africa, Turkey, Poland,

Protestant Europe3) C) Jews, Lutherans, and Quakers4) A) Sephardic Jews from Brazil5) B) Brazil taken over by Portugeus

6) When and why did New Amsterdam become New York?A) Spanish took over in 1665B) French took over in 1665C) English took over in 1665

7) What rights were Jews guaranteed by the English and what rights did they gain?

A) Right to voteB) Religious toleranceC) Right to hold public office

8) What were major country(ies) that expelled Jews and what years?

A) England-1290B) France-1394C) Spain-1492D) All of the above

9) When were civil rights granted to Jews by Stuyvest?A) 1657B) 1700C) 1750

10) Who was Haym SolomonA) Jewish merchant who financed revolutionB) Jewish spy for AmericaC) Help support and house members of Continental ArmyD) All of the above

6) C) English took over in 16657) B) Religious tolerance8) D) All of the above9) A) 165710) D)All of the above

1) Who took over Brazil from the Dutch, and what did they do to the previous inhabitants?

A) SpainB) PortugueseC) Germany

2) What company ordered Governor Peter Stuyvesant to permit the Jewish refugees from Recife, Brazil to settle permanently in New Netherland?

A) British East India CompanyB) Dutch West India Company

3) What did Governor Peter Stuyvesant decree that Jew of New Netherland had in 1657?

A) Civic rightsB) Right to voteC) Right to hold public office

4) Which of the following gave political rights to JewsA) MassachusettsB) ConnecticutC) New York

5) Who founded Rhode Island that gave Jews and Catholics that right to hold public office?

A) Roger WilliamsB) George DinwiddieC) William Penn

1) B) Portuguese2) B) Dutch West India Company3) A) Civil Rights4) C) New York5) A) Roger Williams

1) What groups did most Jewish merchants deal with?A) Unitarian and AnglicanB) Quaker and SpaniardsC) West Indies, Britain, Holland, Spain, and Portugal

2) Who are conversos?A) People who convert to JudaismB) Hidden Jews converted during InquisitionC) A group of antis emetics

3) What did the Toleration Acts of 1689 lead to in New YorkA) More rights for JewsB) Less rights for JewsC) Increase in anti-Semitic behaviors

4) As of 1674 what were the Jews not able to doA) Be merchantsB) Build synagoguesC) Freedom to worship (in homes)

5) Which side of the Revolution did most Jews support?A) The coloniesB) EnglandC) Neither-they stayed out of it

6) C) West Indies, Britain, Holland, Spain, and Portugal

7) B) Hidden Jews converted during Inquisition

8) A) More rights for Jews9) B) Build synagogues10) A) the colonies