GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH Ministry of Water Resources Bangladesh Water Development Board Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project -Additional Financing [ADB Loan No. 3302 (SF) & GON Grant No. 0441 (EF)] Socio-Economic Survey Report Joint venture of & November 2019 The Netherlands Bangladesh “Household servey conducted by enumerator”
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GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH
Ministry of Water Resources
Bangladesh Water Development Board
Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project -Additional Financing
BWDB – Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project-Additional Financing
Socio-Economic Survey Report ii
Executive Summary The household‟s survey of 07 subprojects have been completed by PMO for Feasibility study. For the remaining subproject, like Purulia Char Bhatpara and Bamankhali-Barnali, the ISPMC are responsible to implement under this additional financing project. Preparation of IWMP for two subprojects, Arol Beel & Sunamukhi-Banmander in Jessore district to be implemented by GOB under future projects. Study of potential drainage improvement in Tarail Pachuria, Sathla Bagda, Ramshil Kafulabari and Rajoir Kotalipara in Gopalganj district to be implemented by GOB under future projects. So far total 210,011 households have been surveyed and all data have been digitized. The survey also covered the qualitative data collection by following FGD and Key Informants Interview. On the basis of the collected data the IWMP report have been prepared. It is observed that water logging, seasonal drought, limited job opportunity, crop damage, siltation of river bed, over fishing, early marriage and dowry, poor infrastructure, social insecurity and limited scope of work for women was highlighted. It is observed that most of the women have no/limited control over the resources. Mobility in the community was found to be higher than that of the outside. Participation in household decision-making process was found to be very low and mostly male counter parts decide. More than 90% of the female respondents viewed that they do not participate in village Shalish/Mosque/Mandir committee activities, community activities etc. Only about 13.8% of the women participates/visits in Union Parishad. More than 80% of the women do not know and not aware about the legal rights related to marriage, inheritance and legal process. It is observed that the area is very poor. Cultivable and other natural resources are highly concentrated to the local rich people. There is very limited job opportunity for the poor and un-employed youth especially destitute and female headed households. Farmers used to loss crops and can not cultivate year round due to water logging, , drought, limited irrigation facilities, operational problems of water outlets etc. Significant percentage of the people used to migrate outside for alternative job during the off-season. In the area, social insecurity, early marriage, practice of dowry is very high. It is recommended to construct/repair embankments and gates, IGA skill to the poor especially women inclusive of marketing opportunities, social mobilization against early marriage and dowry and other forces. It is highly recommended to engage and ensure active community participation in the process and ensure community led development so that community ownership is created and sustained. The following are the brief socio-economic status of the 13 sub-projects. 1. Alfadanga Boalmari
The total households of the surveyed area of Alfadanga Boalmari is 8,971 and population is 35,884. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females In Alfadanga - Boalmari the ratio is 1.145 (calculated on the basis of 57,914 males and 50,538 females) which is higher than the national average (1.003 according to the BBS Population Census Report 2011).The average household size of the surveyed households is 4. In Alfadanga-Boalmari the productive or 15-60 years age group population is, with 61%, significantly higher than the two other groups (1-14 and 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy the social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 15 and adults older than 60 are considered nonproductive people. The average literacy rate in the sub-project area is 80% with literate female and male ratio 1: 1 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 57% with a literate female and male ratio of 1:1.17. In the household survey within the sample villages of sub project Alfadanga-Boalmari no households were found who drink contaminated water. The high rate of pure drinking water supply in the sub-project area is consistent with the national average which is 94.98% (BBS HIES Report 2011). Farming is the main occupation of all categories of farmers 51.96%, followed by business 6.48%, service 4.43%.The other occupation is 37.13%, which includes; daily wage laborers, fishermen, Rickshaw/van puller, Carpenter, Mason, Mechanic , Boatmen , Driver. The average incidence of poverty in the sub-project is 41.54%, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in poverty map of Bangadesh. In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangaldesh is 34%. A more than average level of poverty therefore exists in the sub-project area. For improving Gender situation total 3,214,750 have been allocated.
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2. Arol Beel
The total households of the surveyed area of Arol beel 8569 and population is 35597. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Arol beel it is 51.50 male against 48.50 female (calculated on the basis of 18335 male and 17262 female). The average household size of the surveyed households is 4.1. The female headed households is 4%.
In Arol beel the productive or 15-59 age group of population is, with 63.19% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-14 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger that 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. Farming is the main occupation of all categories of farmers 32.40%, followed by business labour 28.59%, business 14.25%, service 13% aboard 4.2%housewife 3.4% and other 3.8%, which includes; daily wage laborers, fishermen, Rickshaw /van puller, Carpenter, Mason, Mechanic, Boatmen, Driver. The highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The households 60.19% earn monthly below Tk. 1276 are living below poverty level. Out of total poverty group 9% earn monthly below Tk. 6000, they all are living in extreme poverty level. The first two groups of income belong to the below-poverty level. If we consider household asset position and income and critically consider size of household (4.1), a monthly income of more than Tk 12,000 is needed to sustain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. The average incidence of poverty in project area is 60%, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in the poverty map of Bangadesh ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 31.4%. A more than average poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area. 3. Beel Sukunia
The SP Beel Sukunia is situated under Faridpur Sadar, Nagarkanda and Shalta Upazilas, where agriculture (80%) forms the principle livelihood. From the district and Upazila centers, the sub project area is well provided with paved roads and people mobility is visible from villages in the area. The total area of the sub-project is 9,681 ha. In Beel Sukunia, the population was estimated to be 84,438 giving a density of 872 per square kilometer. Compared to the national average density. It is not overpopulated and thus suitable for development actions. The sex ratio: for social stability, the desired ratio should be very close to (or below) 100. In Bangladesh, the national average sex ratio is 100.3 (BBS Population Census Report 2011) meaning an almost equal number of males and females. In Beel Sukunia, it is also 100.3 (71,858 male and 71,599 female). Information on household size is within the range of 4-5 people per family. In joint families, it may be more than 5, but in that case, the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately larger. The average household size in the sub project was estimated to be 4.5. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report, the national average household size is 4.3 and 4.5 for the Faridpur district. Therefore household size in the sub project area is consistent with the national survey data. Information on household size is within the range of 4-5 people per family. In joint families, it may be more than 5, but in that case, the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately larger. The average household size in the sub project was estimated to be 4.5. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report, the national average household size is 4.3 and 4.5 for the Faridpur district. Therefore household size in the sub project area is consistent with the national survey data. The age structure of a population is important to analyze its current productivity. Generally children below 15 and adults above 60 years of age are considered nonproductive. Figures for productive and nonproductive age groups for the population of Beel Sukunia are: minors under 15: 32%, adults between 15 and 59: 62.69% and 7.31% of the population is over 60 years of age. The ratio of male and female-headed households is an important aspect of socio economic and gender perspective of a society. It influences the vulnerability, family bindings, child security, and incidence of poverty, social inequality, injustice and overall instability. In Beel Sukunia the percentage of female and male-headed households is 6.5% and 93.4% respectively. The degree of illiteracy is an indication for the educational status. According to the survey the average literacy rate in the SP area is 52.4%. The male and female division is 53% and 52.6% respectively. The national average figures for rural the literacy rate (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)) is 51.8%; male 54.39% and
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female 49.16% respectively. A large share (87%) of the household drinking water supply comes from underground sources pumped by hand by tube wells. Besides this there is also a pipe water supply with purified water. This however is only 7% and the rest are other sources like surface water from ponds and rivers. As hanging pits and total lack of latrines are considered unhygienic, the above table shows that in a significant (almost 86%) percentage of the households hygienic latrines are used, which indicates a healthy environment for household and the society. The achievement in using hygienic sanitation facilities is consistent with the national average of 83%. For the last two decades public campaign through media, demonstrations, social advocacy and an awareness raising program, together with the supply of hygienic latrine by GOs and NGOs made such a tremendous achievement possible.
The average incidence of poverty in project area is 45.42, a figure consistent with the national figure shown in the poverty map of Bangladesh (ref: BBS website poverty map). The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. The poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. A more than average poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area, which justifies the need for a development project with an overall objective for poverty reduction. A Total amount of Tk .8, 519,500 has been allocated for the development of the destitute and Female Headed households. 4. Bamankhali Barnali
The sub project Bamankhali Barnali is located at Magura Sadar, Narail Sadar and Shallikha Upazila of Narail and Magura district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Nabaganga River follows at the east and Fatki River at the west border of the sub-project. The total area of the subproject is 9710 ha. The total households and population was found to be 33564 and 138617respectively. The average population per village is 990. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Bamankhali Barnali it is (52.14%) male against (47.86%) female (calculated on the basis of 72321 male and 66296 female). The household size is within the range of 4.1 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. In Bamankhali Barnali the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (60.22%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 31445(93.68%) and 2119(6.32%) respectively. Out of total households, (93.96%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.38%), unmarried (1.38%), separated (0.61%) and divorced (1%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The main occupation of the households head is farming (27.57%), business (21%), service (19%), housewife (6.93%), fishermen (0.70%), fisher farmers (0.70%) and other occupation, (23%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Bamankhali Barnali is (87.90%) and illiterate is (12.1%), which is much higher than the national average (56.8%). Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (53.17%) and female literacy rate is (47%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 54% than that of male population (46%).The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (88.70%), followed by concrete roof (2%), straw roof (76.54%) and others (0.36%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The data shows that (99.81%) population drink tubewell water and (0.19%) drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (71.42%), followed by pucca (20.53%) and kutcha (8.05%). About 70% households neither have TV or fridge in their houses, only 2429 (7.24%) of the households heads mentioned that they belongs both TV and fridge in the houses, 17.50% mentioned that they have only TV and 5.05% mentioned that they have only fridge in their houses. The data shows that (80.47%) of the land is agriculture, followed by (15.17%) homestead, (3.70%) are wetland and remaining (0.67%) are fallow land. The survey data shows that the marginal farmers are the majority of the households (36.57%) and their monthly average income is Tk.10796 and expenditure is Tk.11372 followed by small farmers 27.86% and their income is Tk.11913 and expenditure Tk.15001.The marginal and small farmer constitute 64.43%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 28.89% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 3-4 per village.
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The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (55.11%) households are vulnerable. For assessing vulnerability status, the team members considered land, household‟s size, Occupation and income. According to the households survey about 55.11% households are vulnerable, who earn below Tk.13000 per month. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no or a small land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. The poverty district map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the district level. The map shows that about 39%-49% population of the project area are living below poverty level. To improve the poverty situation a total amount of Tk.8228000 has been allocated.
5. Chatler Fakurhat
The total households of the surveyed area of Chatler-Fakurhat is 11,500 and population is 48,300. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Chatler-Fakurhat it is 111 (calculated on the basis of 35782 male and 32015 female) which is higher than the national average. The average household size of the surveyed households is 4.2. In Chatler-Fakurhat the productive or 15-59 age group of population is, with 61.72% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-14 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger that 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. Farming is the main occupation of all categories of farmers 54.31%, followed by business 2.45%, service 2.88%.The other occupation is 40.36%, which includes; daily wage laborers, fishermen, Rickshaw /van puller, Carpenter, Mason, Mechanic, Boatmen, Driver. The highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The households 21% earn monthly below Tk. 1276 are living below poverty level. Out of total poverty group 25% earn monthly below Tk. 1276 to 1497, they all are living in extreme poverty level and 26% earn monthly Tk 1498 -2243 live in lower poverty level and 29% earn monthly Tk Tk 2244 live in above poverty level. The first three groups of income belong to the below-poverty level. The fourth income group is above the poverty level which, however, according to FGD participants is not sufficient for a desired livelihood. The third group is more than the national average which is found to be sufficient for desired livelihood. If we consider household asset position and income and critically consider size of household (4.5), a monthly income of more than Tk 10,000 is needed to sustain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Currently this is not the case for the majority of the households of the sub-project. The average incidence of poverty in project area is 43.27, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in the poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. A more than average poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area. For improving Gender situation total Tk. 4,381,300 have been allocated. 6. Horai River
The sub-project Horai River is situated in the Rajbari Sadar, Baliakandi and Kalukhali Upazila of Rajbari district. . Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub-project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of the sub-project is 22,210 ha. This includes areas covered by LGED. Without these areas, the gross area comes to 18.600 ha. In Horai River the population was estimated to be 99,500. The population density is 534 per km2. Compared to the national average (976) the project area is not over populated. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Horai River sub-project the ratio is 1.02 (calculated on the basis of 50,248 males and 49,252 females) which is close to the national average (1.003 according to the BBS Population Census Report 2011. In Horai River Sub-project the productive or 15-59 years age group population is, with 61%, significantly higher than the two other groups (1-14 and 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy the social benefit at the cost of productive people. In Horai River female headed household was estimated 4% found. The average literacy rate in the sub-project area is 61% with literate female and male ratio 1:1.14 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 57% with a literate female and male ratio of 1:1.17. The schooling facilities and motivation of the people appeared to be the cause for such higher level of literacy rate.
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In the household survey within the sample villages of sub project Horai River Sub-project only few households were found who drink contaminated water (2%). The high rate of pure drinking water supply in the sub-project area is consistent with the national average which is 94.98% (BBS HIES Report 2011).
The survey data shows that out of the total household 49% use ring slab, 49% unhygienic and 2% use open defecation. The average incidence of poverty in the sub-project is 44.40%, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Rajbari is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. A more than average level of poverty therefore exists in the sub-project area. A total amount of Tk.8,414,450 has been allocated for the development of the destitute and Female Headed households.
7. Daduria Kandur Beel
The sub-project Daduria and Kandor Beel is situated in the Boalmari Upazila of Faridpur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub-project area. Almost 80% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of Daduria Beel is 2,686 ha and Kandor Beel 615 ha. In Daduria and Kandor Beel the population was estimated to be 15,519. The population density is 470 per square km2. Compared to the national average (976) the project area is not over populated. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Daduria and Kandor Beel it is 100.4 (calculated on the basis of estimated male 5,209 and female 5,186) which is consistent with the national average (100.3 according to the BBS Population Census Report 2011). The household size is within the range of 4.2 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size 4.3 and for the district Faridpur it is 4.5. In Daduria and Kandor Beel the productive or 15-59 years age group population is, with 61%, significantly higher than the two other groups (1-14 and 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy the social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non productive people. In Daduria and Kandor Beel the percentage of female and male headed household is 5% and 95% respectively. Except for the sub-project Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for the other sub-projects. However, noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub-project Daduria and Kandor Beel recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled. Most households of the surveyed area use unhygienic latrines (83.22%), followed by pucca (47%) and 2% use open defecation. The average literacy rate in the sub-project area is 65% with literate female and male ratio 1: 1.03 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 56.8% with a literate female and male ratio of 1:1.17. The average incidence of poverty in the sub-project is 46.92, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangaldesh is 34%. A more than average level of poverty therefore exists in the sub-project area. For the improvement of the livelihood of destitute and poor households, a total amount of Tk.1,969,000 have been allocated. 8. Kalidaskhali Arpara
The sub project Kalidaskhali-Arpara situated in the Shalika Upazila of Magura district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 80% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of the sub project is 13,197 ha. In Kalidaskhali-Arpara the population was estimated to be 59,124. The population density is 448 per village Compared to national average (976) it is not over populated. This is a positive condition for project feasibility. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Kalidaskhali-Arpara the ratio is 100.7 (calculated on basis of 2,932,550 male to 2,873,426 female) which is close to national average (1.003 according to the (BBS Population Census Report 2011).
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The household size is on average 4.0 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.3 and for the district of Faridpur it is 4.5 In Kalidaskhali-Arparathe productive or 15-59 age group of population is, with 62% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-14 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger that 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. In Kalidaskhali-Arparathe productive or 15-59 age group of population is, with 62% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-14 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger that 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. In Kalidaskhali-Arpara subproject the percentage of female headed and male headed household is 3% and 97% respectively. The average literacy rate in the sub project area is 66%, with literate female and male ratio 1:1.13 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 56.8% with literate female male ratio 1:1.17. Except Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for any other sub project. However noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub project recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled In the household survey within the sample villages of sub project Kalidaskhali-Arpara 15% households were found who drink non pure water from pond/river. This rate of pure drinking water supply in the sub project area is below the national average which is 94.98% (BBS HIES Report 2011). The survey data shows that out of the total household 62% use ring slab, 37% unhygienic and 1% use open defecation. %). A major portion of the households are still out of hygienic sanitation coverage. 9. Purulia Charbhatpara
The sub project Purulia-Charbhatpara is located at Ratul and Kassiani union under Kassiani Upazila of Gopalganj district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and farm related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Madhumati River follows at the north-southern side of the sub-project. According to the land survey, the gross area of the sub project is 1270 ha and net area is 1000. Almost 70% people live on farming and farm related works. The total households was found to be 4302 and population 19650 number. The average population per village is 1033.The sex ratio, defined as the number of males per 100 females is 51.16% male against 48.84% female. The household size is within the range of 4.45 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5. The number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 439 (7.42%) and 5479 (92.58%) respectively. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (81.50%), followed by concrete roof (11.60%), straw roof (6.54%) and others (0.36%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The average literacy rate of population of 5 years and above in the Purulia Charbhatpara is (89.24%) and illiterate is (10.76%), which is much higher than the national average of (56.0%) BBS, 2011. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is 51.89% and female literacy rate is 48.1%. On the other hand the illiteracy rate among the female population is higher 55.28% than that of male population 44.71%.In Purulia-Charbhatpara productive labour force or 18-60 age group of population is 60.22%. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming 32.75%, business 26.20%, service 19.96%, housewife 6.93%, fishermen 0.22%, fisher farmers 0.72% and other occupation 13.22% which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (80.0%), followed by pucca (14.18%) and kutcha (5.82%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. Out of the total land, (71.19%) is agriculture land, (23.07%) homestead land, (2.96%) pond & water body and (2.78%) is fallow land. Considering land, occupation and other assets, the survey team members assessed their vulnerability. The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about 51% households are vulnerable. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no or a small land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 51% households earn below Tk.12000 per month. For the improvement of the destitute and female headed households, a total amount of Tk. 3790000 has been allocated.The money will be spent for training and livelihood support purpose. 10. Sathla Bagda Sub-Project
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In Satla-Bagda the total households and population was found to be 2013 and 9563respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Satla-Bagda it is (52.38%) male against (47.61%) female (calculated on the basis of 5010 male and 4550 female). The household size is within the range of 4.7 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.7 and for the district of Gopalgonj is 4.4. The productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (57.36%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 1902(94.50%) and111 (5.50%) respectively. Out of total households, (94.19%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.12%), unmarried (1.24%), separated and divorced (0.5%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The main occupation of the households head is farming (37.55%), business (25.13%), service (19.87%), housewife (3.61%), fishermen (1.49%), fish farmers (3.23%) and other occupation, (6.3%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Satla-Bagda is (94.30%) and illiterate is (5.70%), which is much higher than the national average (56.8%). Sources, BBS: 2011. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (52.85%) and female literacy rate is (46.39%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 56.56% than that of male population (44.37%).The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (98.56%), followed by concrete roof (1.29%), straw roof (0.15%) and others (0.7%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. Most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (88.47%), followed by pucca (9.49%) and kutcha (2.04%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. Most of the houses 924 (45.94) do not have TV and fridge in their houses, only 18.94% have TV and 11.04% have Fridge and 24.08% have both of the TV and fridge in their houses. About (75%) of the land is agriculture, followed by fish culture (11%) homestead (12%) are wetland and fallow land (3%). Out of the total households about (63.69%) households are vulnerable. According to the Poverty Map 2010, the area falls under poverty category (28%-38%). On the other according to the national poverty map the area falls in 43% and national poverty ranking, the area falls in category 51/64. For the improvement of the poor and vulnerable, a total amount of Tk.5904000 has been allocated. 11. Ramshil Kafulabari
In Ramshil Kafulabari the total households and population was found to be 1362 and 6308respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Ramshil Kafulabari it is (53%) male against (47.0%) female (calculated on the basis of 3344 male and 2974 female). The household size is within the range of 4.6 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.7 and for the district of Gopalgonj is 4.4.InRamshil Kafulabari the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (57.36%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. On the other hand, according to the BBS Booklet, 2016, the district falls in 54% out of 64% and extreme poverty is 26.6% against the national average of 17%.Total 5208000 has been allocated for improvement of Gender and livelihood.
12. Tarail Pachuria
In Tarail-Pachuria the total households and population was found to be 4203 and 19963respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Tarail -Pachuria it is (55.06%) male against (46.79%) female (calculated on the basis of 10592 male and 9371 female). The household size is within the range of 4.8 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.3 and for the district of Gopalgonj it is 4.6.InTarail-Pachuria the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (58%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (58.05%) households are vulnerable. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 55.11% households earn below Tk.12000 per month. Using the upper poverty line, in HIES 2016 the Head Count Rates (HCR) of incidence of
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poverty are estimated at 24.3% at the national level, 26.4% in rural areas and 18.9% in urban areas. While in 2010, these rates were 31.5% at the national level, 35.2% in rural areas and 21.3% in urban areas respectively. For improvement of Gender and livelihood a total amount of Tk.6,160,000 has been proposed. 13. Rajoir Kotalipara
The sub project Rajoir Kotalipara is located mostly at Gopalgonj and Madaripur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Ghagor river, Paisharhat river, Lower Kumar and Kata Kumer River are surrounded of the subproject area. The Ramnagar khal, Hasnir khal, Shadullahpur khal and other small khals falls in the connecting river.The total area of the subproject is 12000 ha. In Rajoir Kotalipara the total households and population was found to be 2082 and 9486respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Rajoir Kotalipara it is (52.74%) male against (47.25%) female (calculated on the basis of 5003 male and 4483 female). The household size is within the range of 4.56 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.5 and for the district of Gopalgonj is 4.4. InRajoir Kotalipara the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (59%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. In Rajoir Kotalipara sub project, the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 1987(95.44%) and 95(4.56%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. Out of total households, (93.08%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.23%), unmarried (2.31%), separated and divorced (0.38%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. the main occupation of the households head is farming (37.51%), business (26.03%), service (20.07%), housewife (3.48%), fishermen (1.48%), fish farmers (3.48%) and other occupation, (5.09%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Rajoir Kotalipara is (94.29%) and illiterate is (5.70%), which is much higher than the national average (72%). Sources, BBS Booklet: 2016. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (52.66%) and female literacy rate is (46.39%). Most of the households of the Rajoir Kotalipara drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that (99.27%) population drink tubewell water and (0.73%) drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (83.22%), followed by pucca (12.62%) and kutcha (4.01%). The data shows that most of the houses 880 (42.26) do not have TV and fridge in their houses, only 16.13% have TV and 15.75% have Fridge and 25.86% have both of the TV and fridge in their houses. The data shows that 75%) of the land is agriculture, followed by fish culture (12.06%) homestead (12.02%) are wetland and fallow land (0.66%). The data shows that most of the agricultural land (23.80%) falls in Kandi and lowest at Amtali (3.87%). The landless and marginal farmers are the majority of the households (61.15%) and their monthly average income is below Tk.11000 and expenditure is Tk.11596 followed by small farmers 29.84% and their income is Tk.11613 and expenditure Tk.12601.The marginal and small farmer constitute 64.43%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 28.63% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition, there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 2-3 per village. If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.7), a monthly income less than Tk. 12,000.00 is needed to attain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Total 1415 households will receive benefit directly from the project. A total amount of Tk. 4455000 has been allocated for the improvement of the poor and Female Headed households.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) financed the implementation of participatory water management projects for small-scale schemes from 1995. The project demonstrated success on improved infrastructure performance through operationalizing beneficiary participation envisaged in the government‟s Guidelines for Participatory Water Management. To extend the integrated and participatory water management to large scale FCD/I schemes, in 2005, ADB approved $20 million equivalent of a loan for the Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project (SAIWRPMP), with $12.5 million of co-financing from the Government of the Netherlands. The original Southwest project supported the establishment of participatory water management organizations (WMOs) with the inclusion of socially disadvantaged groups, integrated water resources management planning, infrastructure renovation, and coordinated support services for WMOs in the two pilot subprojects, comprising Narail and Chenchur iBeel FCD/I schemes with a total area of 57,000 hectares (ha). The original Southwest project successfully demonstrated that the participatory approach can improve the water resources management of large FCD/I scheme. The TOR describes, “This is the first success case for large schemes among several trials in Bangladesh”. Renovation of water management infrastructure in the two targeted subproject areas has been substantially completed with satisfactory achievements of anticipated targets. In total, 116 WMOs, consisting of 102 water management groups (WMGs) and 14 higher tier water management associations (WMAs) have been organized, trained and are effectively functioning in the two subproject areas. About 25,400 households are benefitting, including the socially disadvantaged groups like landless farmers and women. WMOs demonstrated visible vitalization of WMO activities in agriculture, fisheries, livestock, and collective livelihood actions. Operation and maintenance (O&M) of small structures have been handed over to WMOs, after development of O&M manuals and increasing WMOs‟ O&M capacity. Currently Asian Development Bank (ADB) has given a loan of USD 45 million (Loan No. 3302 (SF)) and the Government of the Netherlands (GON) has given a grant amounting to USD 7 million(No. 0441 (EF) to the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) for undertake a project in the South West area. The Development Project Proforma (DPP) for the project was drafted in May and last recast and approved in September 2015. The Project Management Office (PMO) started its operations subsequently based on the approved recast DPP. The input of the Consultants was delayed and started in June 2017. The project is expected to end in June 2022.
2. PROJECT BACKGROUND
The project under implementation covers a total area of 84,000 hectares having a population of about 470,000 in the Districts of Faridpur, Magura, Rajbari, Gopalganj, and Jessore to be implemented by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). Other line-agencies i.e. Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and Department of Fisheries (DOF) will also play important roles. The consultant‟s services are being provided by the consortium of Royal HaskoningDHV from the Netherlands and DevCon from Bangladesh, who were also involved in phase-1 of the project. With these lessons learnt, the additional financing for the Southwest project will replicate the successful participatory water resources planning and management practices to other 9 (nine) additional subproject areas (covering 84,000 ha) in the same region of Bangladesh.The project will follow up establishment of participatory water management organizations (WMOs) with the inclusion of socially disadvantaged groups, integrated water resources management planning, infrastructure renovation, and coordinated support services for WMOs in the new subprojects.
3. ADDITIONAL FINANCING FOR THE PROJECT
It has been envisaged that the Additional Financing (AF) interventions will enhance economic growth and reduce poverty in rural areas of the selected districts through higher agricultural and fisheries production and improved sustainability of the selected FCD/I systems. The detailed project description is in Appendix-1 of the Project Administration Manual (PAM), ADB approved $45 million of the loan for the additional financing in September 2015, with the administration of $7.0 million of grants from the Government of the Netherlands (GON). The additional financing projectprovides a consultancy package for Institutional Strengthening and Project Management Consultants (ISPMC). Since the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) is the executing agency, the BWDB has recruited the Consultants package according to ADB‟s Guidelines on the Use of Consultants (2013, as amended from time to time).
4. BASELINE SURVEY
The project is expected to enhance economic growth and reduced poverty in rural areas of the selected districts in the southwest area of Bangladesh in consonance with the last Sixth Five-Year Plan, FY2011–FY2015 of the
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government. The outcome is expected to be enhanced productivity and sustainability of the selected existing FCD systems, which contributes to increasing incomes and livelihood standards of disadvantaged groups, including women.
The household‟s survey of 07 sub-projects have been completed by PMO for Feasibility study.For the remaining subproject, like Purulia Char Bhatpara and Bamankhali-Barnali, the ISPMC are responsible toconduct implemented under this additional financing project.Preparation of IWMP for two subprojects,Arol Beel & Sunamukhi-Banmander in Jessore district to be implemented by GOB under future projects. Study of potential drainage improvement in Tarail Pachuria, Sathla Bagda, Ramshil Kafulabari and Rajoir Kotalipara in Gopalganj district to be implemented by GOB under future projects.
5. PURPOSE OF THE BASELINE SURVEY
The baseline survey has been proposed for these subprojects to create baseline information on socio-economy, agriculture, fisheries and livelihood from the proposed subproject area, which has been generated baseline data for:
Project planning
Preparation of integrated water management plans (IWMPs)
Future project monitoring and evaluation for four subprojects. This will also support to prepare TOR & cost estimates for selection of a consultant for feasibility study
Involve local People‟s participation from the Planning stage of the project
6. UPDATING THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND FORMATION OF SURVEY TEAM
The Social and Gender Specialist of ISPMC updated the questionnaire in consultation with the Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Specialist. To carry out the households survey work, a team consisting of 25 well qualified and experienced enumerators and four Supervisors were involved and provided them a two days training on the household‟s questionnaire and checklist for FGD and Key Personal Interview. One day pretesting was done to confirm their understanding level.
7. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY
Both quantitative and qualitative survey methods have been used for collecting data from the field. Quantitative survey include household survey using a structured questionnaire. In nine subproject 100% survey has been done and in five subproject 10% sample households have been covered which followed standard statistical sampling technique. A post-project survey is also planned in project DMF.The Feasibility Study of Sonamukhi Banmandar is under consideration.
Qualitative data collection used techniques like focus group discussions (FGD), key informant
FGD: This has been carried out in each of the subproject with stakeholders. A checklist has been used for
FGDs. The venue and date had been fixed in consultation with the proposed participants
Signature of the attending participants has been recordedduring the meeting
Key informant interview (KII): KIIs have been conducted with authorities such as sub-project and
government officials, NGO representatives, public representatives, etc. Separate checklist has been used
for collecting information from key personal.
8. DATA PROCESSING
A firm has been deployed to enter collected data, coding, verification, quality control and finally the analysis to facilitate the required output generation. The software „Access‟ has been used to manage the data entry.
9. SUMMARY OF DATA INPUT OF SWP
In nine subproject 100% households survey has been completed. On the other hand, the feasibility study has been done in five subprojects which will be implemented later on. So far total 2,11,704 households have been surveyed and all data have been digitized. Separate firm has been engaged for this purpose. The firm is also responsible to provide output table to the consultants as their requirement. The subprojects report are attached in the peports in 13 Appendix.
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The following Table shows the subproject wise households survey have been conducted so far.
Sl. No
Name of Subproject Data Collected Data Entered Survey Completed %
1 Chatlar Fakurhat 25,470 25,470 100
2 Arol Beel 8,569 8,569 10
3 BeelSukunia 27,438 27,438 100
4 Kalidashkhali Arpara 28,022 28,022 100
5 Alfadanga Boalmari 19,175 19,175 100
6 Purulia Charbhatpara 9,096 9,096 100
7 Bamankhali Barnali 33,564 33,564 100
8 Horai River 39,665 39,665 100
9 Daduria-Kandorbeel 9,692 9,692 100
10 Tarail Pachuria 4203 4203 10
11. Sathla Bagda 2155 2155 10
12. Ramsil Kafulabari 1362 1362 10
13. Rajoir-Kotalipara 1600 1600 10
Total 210,011 210,011
Sub-Project Wise Number of Household Head of South-West Project
Sl. No. Sub-project name No. of Household Head
Male Female Total Percentage of Female Headed Households
1 Chatler Fakurhat 23773 1697 25470 6.6
2 Beel Sukunia 25634 1802 27,438 6.5
3 Alfadanga-boalmari 18245 930 19175 5.0
4 Horai river 37485 2180 39665 5.4
5 Daduria-kandorbeel 9206 486 9692 5.0
6 Kalidashkhali arpara 26540 1482 28022 5.2
7 Purulia charbhatpara 8421 675 9096 7.4
8 Bamonkhali barnali 31445 2119 33564 6.3
9. Tarail Pachuria 3971 232 4203 5.5
10. Arol beel 8224 345 8569 4.0
11 Sathla-bagda sub-project 2054 101 2155 4.6
12 Ramshil-kafulabari 1292 70 1362 5.3
13 Rajoir-kotalipara 1520 80 1600 5.0
Total 1983224 11697 210,011 5.5
10. POVERTY SITUATION
Bangladesh is a small country, 1,47,570 square kilometers in area, and 89th in the world by size. It is the most populous lower-middle income country and according to LFS (2010) contains the eighth largest population (148 million) in the world with a population density of 1028 per square kilometer (BBS 2011). The magnitude of her poverty, however, is colossal. After China and India, Bangladesh has the largest number of poor people. According to Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES 2010), population living below the poverty line was 31 percent (BBS, 2011) in 2010.With a low level of economic growth, inequitable distribution of income, high rates of unemployment, rapid growth of population and low levels of human resource development, the magnitude and depth of human deprivation are extremely high for these people.
Poverty has been a perennial problem for Bangladesh since its independence in 1971. During that period, more than 80 percent of the population lived below the poverty line which decreased to 56.7 percent (extreme poverty 41 percent) in 1991. Bangladesh has achieved significant reduction in poverty since 1990. The Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010 (HIES 2010) shows that there has been a remarkable decline in the poverty rate from 48.9 percent in 2000 to 31.5 percent in 2010. At the same time, the percentage of chronic poor population (people living below the lower poverty line) dropped from 34.3 in 2000 to 17.6 in 2010. The depth of poverty has also declined remarkably during that period (2000-2010). In 2000, the poor on average consuming less than the basic needs consumption basket reduced from 26 percent in 2000 to 21 percent in 2010 (BBS, various issues of HIES). Poverty scenario of the project area and total Bangladesh stated
below in table.
Poverty Situation
Sl. No. Poverty Indices Faridpur Gopalgonj Magura` Rajbari Narail Bangladesh
Stakeholder’s Participation The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective
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planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people”. The broader objective of stakeholder‟s participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 379 FGDs have been conducted to ensuring local people participation in planning and design stage, where 3993 persons were present. On the other hand total 361 KII have been done during the survey. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The Key Personnel were Government and NGO officials, public representatives, school teacher and local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area.
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
1. Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and union Parishad officials) and provide them general information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
2. Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning 3. Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project 4. Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems /constraints of
the project 5. Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature 6. Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts 7. Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
The discussions issues were; the probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure, formation of WMGs and WMAs, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting. All the participants of the meetings and Key Informants are willing to participate in all stages. The following Table shows the number of FGDs and KII done so far by the survey team members.
Sl. No
Name of Subproject No. of FGD
Total Participants
No. of KII
1 Chatlar Fakurhat 25 226 28
2 Arol Beel 53 256 10
3 Beel Sukunia 25 425 35
4 Kalidashkhali Arpara SIP 52 379 41
5 Alfadanga Boalmari 30 345 30
6 Purulia Charbhatpara 10 100 10
7 Bamankhali Barnali 17 165 36
8 Horai River 40 536 40
9 Daduria-Kandorbeel 35 390 30
10 Tarail Pachuria 30 283 40
11. Sathla Bagda 41 386 40
12. Ramsil Kafulabari 11 147 11
13. Rajoir Kotalipara 10 355 10
Total 379 3993 361
The Appendix 1-13 shown the Data output of the survey.
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APPENDIX- 1
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
ALFADANGA-BOALMARI
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1. Introduction The Southwest Area Integrated Water Resource Planning and Management (SAIWRPM) project is a project of Bangladesh Water Devlopment Board supported by the Asian Development Bank and the Royal Netherland Government. The overall objective of the project is to reduce poverty by increasing agricultural and fish production and creation of employment through integrated water management with active participation of the local people. The project has, therefore, given highest priority to poverty reduction in its development objective. Parallel to the focus on water management and planning it has given attention to livelihood and socio economic conditions, especially on the gender dimension of the beneficiary community. Within the project area there are households which include farmers of different categories (large, medium, small and marginal) and under-privileged groups, including women and landless people. It is important that the project will give due attention to different sections of the communities including marginalized sections so that the project benefits will flow to all sections of the community, to ensure sustainable development. The Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) started the implementation of the project (SAIWRPMP) in 2007. Under the overall framework of the project sub-projects are being implemented in Narail, Jessore and Magura districts which are expected to be completed by 2013. However, considering the needs of the country and following the request of the government, the development partners (GOB, ADB and EKN) agreed to support 7 additional subprojects located in the Faridpur and Maguara districts. Under the overall framework of SAIWRPMP feasibility studies of seven additional sub-projects are therefore undertaken by the BWDB.
The feasibility studies include the determination of the technical needs, the economic, social and environmental impact and the financial analysis of the investments to assess the projects‟ overall viability. To that extent information on the rehabilitation of the physical infrastructure, the need for capacity building of the BWDB and the beneficiary organizations (WMGs) to implement and manage the sub-projects. Data on agriculture, fisheries, environmental impact and livelihood development for poverty reduction along with consideration of gender issues have to be collected for this purpose. As part of the information collection process the project implemented Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisals (PRRAs) to collect information on socio economic key issues including gender, livelihood and poverty which are not possible to be collected through household surveys due to time and resource and time constraints. Another important character of a PRRA is that some socio economic, gender and livelihood issues especially information on income generating activities related to water management projects and the involvement of women in productive work can be assessed in a more focused way.
2. Methodology A PRRA follows several independent steps in order to collect information and facts on social, economic and technical issues of particular community and area. It includes Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Survey (KI Survey), Transect Walks and Social and Resource Mapping. To know and understand the local socio economic issues the project choose FGDs where 10-15 people with a range of local experience and occupations were organized in a group discussions in each of the pre-selected villages. Three average sized villages from the middle and extreme two ends of the sub-project Alfadanga - Boalmari were selected as representative sample villages. The information provided and views expressed by the group members of representative villages were extrapolated to the whole sub-project.
Each group in the selected villages was facilitated in such a way that a consensus was reached among the group members to provide common information and views from the group on each issue. The data /information and views of three groups from three representative villages of the sub-project were arithmetically averaged or interpreted by synthesis (in case of qualitative information and views) In addition to FGDs, the project also conducted a household survey in the selected villages which are considered representative sample villages for each additional sub-project. Socio-economic data/information on sanitation, water supply, housing, age group etc. was used to analyze the socio-economic, livelihood and gender issues. 3. General Information on Alfadanga - Boalmari The sub-project Alfadanga - Boalmari is situated in the Boalmari Upazila of Faridpur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub-project area. Almost 80% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of the sub-project is 8,011 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspects is given in Table 1.
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Table 1: General Information on Sub-project
Description of information Number/ quantity
Remarks
Number of villages 76 -
Population 35,884 Project estimation
Total number of households 8,971 Project estimation
Average size of household 4 Smaller than national (4.4) and district average (4.5)
Average population per village 472 Lower than national and district average (1000)
Area (ha, gross) 8,011 -
Area per household (including home garden), ha
0.8 Consistent with national average (0.8 ha)
Percentage farmers, % 51 Consistent with national average
Source: HH Sample survey and PRRA 3.1. Socio economic, Livelihood and Gender aspects The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation. 3.2 Population and sex ratio In Alfadanga - Boalmari the population was estimated to be 35,884. The population density is 447 per km2. Compared to the national average (976) the project area is not over populated. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Alfadanga - Boalmari the ratio is 1.145 (calculated on the basis of 57,914 males and 50,538 females) which is higher than the national average (1.003 according to the BBS Population Census Report 2011). 3.3Household size The household size is below 4.6 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size 4.4 and for the district Faridpur it is 4.5. 3.4 Age structure In Alfadanga - Boalmari the productive or 15-59 years age group population is, with 61%, significantly higher than the two other groups (1-14 and 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy the social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non productive people. The results for are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Age groups of population
Age group % of total population
1-14 23
15- 59 61
60 and above 16
Source: Project household sample survey 3.5 Male and female headed household In Alfadanga – Boalmari no female headed household was found. No national data is available to compare the male and female household percentage of the sub- project. However, the result is consistent with other sub-projects of the project where the percentage is less than 10%. 3.6 Occupation An occupation indicates the source of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The various occupations of the work force of Alfadanga – Boalmari is presented in the bar chart and Table 3.
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Source: PRRA
Figure F1: Occupation of males and females, Alfadanga - Boalmari In all occupation categories the share of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agriculture product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demand. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social recognition of this work as occupation not much progress has yet been made.
Table 3: Occupation and employment days
Name of occupation
Percentages of total sample population
Average number of employment days in a year
Male Female Male Female
Farmer 51 0.96 242 93
Fisherman 4 0 167 0
Business 6 0,48 340 308
Labour 18 1.8 289 178
Rickshaw /van puller 1.39 0 304 0
Carpenter 1. 0 279 0
Mason 0.92 0 277 0
Mechanic 0.35 0 240 0
Service (wage employment) 3.31 1.12 268 263
Boatmen 0.36 0 220 0
Driver 1.16 0 309 0
Unemployed 1.15 7 - -
The table shows that the highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The employment days in a year show that farming is probably a part-time occupation. 3.7Educational status The average literacy rate in the sub-project area is 80% with literate female and male ratio 1: 1 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 57% with a literate female and male ratio of 1:1.17. The schooling facilities and motivation of the people appeared to be the cause for such higher level of literacy rate. 3.8 Housing characteristics Except for the sub-project Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for the other sub-projects. However, noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub-project Alfadanga – Boalmari recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled. Household water supply In the household survey within the sample villages of sub project Alfadanga-Boalmari no households were found who drink contaminated water. The high rate of pure drinking water supply in the sub-project area is consistent with the national average which is 94.98% (BBS HIES Report 2011). The reasons are the large scale motivational
Male%
Female%
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campaigns by the Government and NGOs for the use of pure drinking water and the availability of low cost simple technology (hand tube well) for lifting groundwater. Sanitation facilities The present situation of sanitation in the sub-project is shown in the Table 4.
Table 4: Access to sanitation
Type of Latrine Percentage of HHs
Ring slab/water sealed 63.18
Hanging/ pit (unhygienic) 35.13
Open 1.69
Source: Project HH sample survey and PRRA team observation The table shows that 63% of the households within the sub-project area are using hygienic sanitation, a figure better than the national average (51%). A major portion of the households are still out of hygienic sanitation coverage. The reason could be lack of motivation and access to public health facilities or both. 3.9 Poverty The nationally poverty is based on the measurement of calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty. This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS) The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of non food items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area.
Table 5: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in Tk. Lower Poverty Line in Tk.
Dhaka Rural 1497 1276
Dhaka Urban 1793 1314
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 Following the class intervals of the upper and lower poverty line data for Dhaka rural the household monthly expenditure data for the sub-project area are presented per group in Table 6.
Table 6: Per capita monthly average expenditure Per capita
expenditure group Percentage of total
sample HH Total
% Remarks
M F
Less than TK 1276 18.32 0 18.32 As per national definition of poverty this group is extreme poor (BBS HIES 2010)
TK 1277 - 1497 23.22 0 23.22 As per national definition of poverty this group is absolute poor (BBS HIES 2010)
Total 41.54 0 41.54
Source: Project PRRA in Alfadanga - Boalmari The average incidence of poverty in the sub-project is 41.54%, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangaldesh is 34%. A more than average level of poverty therefore exists in the sub-project area. 3.10Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise an adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw vans, fishing nets and boats, pumps, power tillers etc are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc are the human asset. Both kinds of assets used to generate income build the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic needs of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income.
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Information on land, skills and income were collected from Daduria and Kandor Beel through PRRAs undertaken by the project. The analysis of ownership of land and other assets are presented in table 7and 8.
Table 7: Category of land holdings/ownership Category Landholding
range Male HH Female
HH
Total % of househol
d
Estimated number of landholding HH in each category for the
whole sub-project
% of total househol
d
% of total househol
d
Total number
M-HHs in each
category
Total number F-HHs in
each category
Total number HHs in each
category
Landless HH
less than 5 decimal
24 0 24 2153 0 2153
Marginal farmer
5-49 decimal 36 0 36 3229 0 3229
Small farmer
50-249 decimal 27 0 27 2422 0 2422
Medium farmer
250-749 decimal 11 0 11 947 0 947
Large farmer
750 decimal and above
2 0 2 179 0 179
Total 100% 8971 8971
Source: Project PRRA /percentage calculated based on representative sample village data
Table 8: Livelihood asset other than land
Type of Asset Ownership range(
number)
Percentage of total sample household
Male Female
Cattle (cow-bullock/buffalo) 1-2 12.19 0
3 - 5 3.00 0
Above 5 2.13 0
Goat
1-2 16.88 0
3 - 5 2.72 0
Above 5 0,62
Poultry/duck 1-2 13.28 0
3 - 5 71.74 0
Above 5 5.54 0
Rickshaw/van 1 3.87 0
Boat 1 1.76 0
Power tiller 1 1.55 0
Pump 1 6.66 0
Shop 1 3.33 0
Others: 2.22 0
Source: Project PRRA in sample (representative) villages The table of ownership of land assets shows that the percentage of marginal farmers is the highest (36%) followed by small farmers (27%). Together they constitute 63%, meaning that a significant portion of the households in the sub-project area is marginal. About 24% of the farmers are landless owing only 5 decimal (approximately 200 m2) of homestead garden. Among them there are daily labors, traders and wage employees. In the category of landless the majority (17%) is laborer (see Table F 3). Assets other than land like cattle and poultry, rickshaw van etc. as shown in Table F 10 are also at a subsistence level. According to the FGD members the training received by the household members of sub-project area is insignificant. Large numbers of the household members acquired farming skills through field work and only a very small percentage (less than 1%) of household members have value added skills like carpentry, masonry, mechanic etc as shown in Table 3. As a part of livelihood analysis income analysis for households will provide further light on livelihood situation in sub project area. The income group and percentage of household are shown in Table 9.
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Table 9: Per capita household income
capita income group Percentage of total sample household Whether this income is sufficient to maintain their
livelihood
Male HH Female
Less then Tk 1276 19 0 No
1276 to 1497 24 0 No
Tk 1498 -2243 29 0 No
Tk 2244 above 28 0 yes
Source: Project PRRA and BBS HIES Report 2010 The first two groups of income in Table F 10 belong to the below-poverty level. The third income group is above the poverty level which, however, according to FGD participants is not sufficient for a desired livelihood. The third group is more than the national average which is found to be sufficient for desired livelihood. If we consider household asset position and income and critically consider size of household (4.6), a monthly income of more than Tk 10,000 is needed to sustain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Currently this is not the case for the majority of the households of the sub-project. Gender situation The gender situation in the sub-project was assessed through PRRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 10.
Table 10: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in a few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government women decision making position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most social and economic respects. The gender situation in Alfadanga-Boalmari can therefore be characterized as a low women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects.
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3.11Social Safeguards Under the project framework social safeguard issues have been looked into following the ADB guidelines in the Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with the BWDB and relevant project staff. The issues which have been considered are resettlement, indigenous people, labour, affordability, other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land will not take place. Here are no indigenous people in this sub-project. Where labour is concerned, neither displacement or job loss for the labor living is expected. On the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. No relation was found between the proposed sub-project rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group‟s access to goods and services. It will not be affected by the project. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub-project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub-project. However, no negative effects are foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities as a result of project‟s rehabilitation works. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement programs.
Strategies for Livelihood Improvement, Poverty Reduction and Gender Development. The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in sub-project Alfadanga-Boalmari reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefit of proposed water management sub-project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate assets and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested as follows: Households with land from 0-49 decimal and monthly per capita income Tk. 1497 (upper poverty line). The household members to be involved with project should have a working age preferably below 50 and above 18. The head of the household should be a permanent settler in the project area. The household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she will undertake IGA with self finance or with micro credit from NGOs. He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub-project. Implementation arrangements Government agencies, including BWDB, may have the technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have the capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement. Some NGOs are implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. They have the required capacities to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. The program therefore should be implemented by outsourcing the development activities through appropriate NGOs working in the relevant project area under the supervision of this project. Selection of appropriate activities for the program Livelihood enhancement/improvement deserves activities to be undertaken which generate income for the target group. The proposed activities are: Potential IGAs: For the sub-project area feasible IGAs with a need for initial capital and a yearly estimated income are shown in Table F12. The households to be involved with the sub-project may select IGA from this list. Financial/credit support: The project has no provision to support its beneficiaries with cash or credit. There are NGOs and MFIs in sub-project area (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASHA, Palli Unnayan Samity or outsourcing NGOs ) who may be linked to provide financial support Skill business and marketing training: The selected members of the households would need to have capacity to manage IGAs. Therefore skill, business and marketing training need to be provided by the project through the outsourcing NGOs.
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Table 11: Feasible income generating activities for Alfadanga - Boalmari
Name of opted IGA
Approximate initial capital required to
initiate business/IGA
Yearly profit rate
Approximate yearly
income
Remarks
Farming /pulse/onion/vegetable/oil seeds etc
@ Tk. 300 per decimal for 50 decimal Tk. 15000
approximately Tk. 150% (with two crops a year)
Tk. 22500 Initial capital may be available from local NGOs/MFIs
Milk cow rearing and beef fattening
For two calfs Tk. 20,000
approximately 75%
Tk. 15000 - do -
Seed processing & business
Tk. 20,000 approximately 100% with two times turn over in two rice seasons
Tk. 20,000 - do -
Power tiller for tilling own land and also for renting business
Tk. 70,000 Approximately 50%
Tk. 35,000 This activity may be suitable for marginal and small farmers The may get loan from NGOs/MFIs for purchasing power tiller
Rice based dry food making/puffed rice/pressed rice/sweetened rice ball etc
Tk. 10,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 15,000 This is an women friendly activity and they may get loan for the activity from NGOs
Rickshaw van for carrying agro products and marketing
Tk. 10,000 Approximately 300% with year round turn over
Tk. 18,000 For this activity loans are available from NGOs
Small scale agro product business
Tk. 20,000-30,000
Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 30,000-45000
For such activity NGO/MFI loan is available locally
Masonry and rod binding Not needed, wage based activity
- Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
Employment in project regulator construction and maintenance and in construction work in or around project area. this activity need skill training
Vegetable gardening Tk. 5000-8000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 12000 Women friendly activity for which loans are available from NGOs
Pump and power tiller mechanics
Not needed, wage based activity
Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
this activity need skill training
Source: Project PRRA
3.12Involvement of women in all project program: This is a key strategic activity of gender development under the project. At least one third of the project beneficiaries in WMG, 50% in IGA skill, business and marketing training should be women. This is important for women empowerment and minimizing gender inequality Livelihood improvement for vulnerable households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households in Daduria and Kandor Beel. They do not posses any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability are also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number is not significant. An estimate with the help of Upazila parishad shows that their number in the (34) villages of Daduria-Kandor Beel could be approximately 50. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is needed to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind may show useful result in improving their livelihood. They project may consider to distribute among them poultry/duck or goat/sheep or Rickshaw van to generate income. Institutional arrangements through WMG
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Institutional arrangements for the gender and livelihood enhancement program deserve special attention. BWDB promotes their water management program through Water Management Group (WMG) at farmer‟s level. In Alfadanga - Boalmari 15 WMGs are likely to be formed. The gender and livelihood program may be integrated with this grass root level organization for selection of beneficiaries and supportive action with outsourcing to a NGO. 3.13 Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Action Plan Based on strategies proposed in Chapter 6 an action plan with budget has been formulated to implement the activities under the proposed project strategies.
Table 13: Action plan for gender and livelihood improvement
Target/output Main Activities Responsibilities Support Needed Time Frame
NGO for outsourcing the programme implementation selected
Select NGOs, provide ToR issue work order, provide administrative and financial support to implement the GLEP
PMO of BWDB Financial support from PMO and technical support from relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within 2 months project inception
897 (10% of total HH) beneficiary from poor household selected for project support
Finalize beneficiary selection criteria
PMO Relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within a weeks after selection of NGO
Select households to be supported through KI survey from each village
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consultant
Within two months after criteria finalization
Form beneficiary group under WMG
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consult
Within two months after beneficiary selection
Orientation /training for 180 WMG committee (15) members on gender dimension /action organized
Training delivery on gender dimension
NGO/Resource person
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Within month of formation of WMG
Orientation for 30 beneficiary groups (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) on gender dimension organized
Orientation of beneficiaries in groups for awareness raising on gender dimension
Partner NGO with collaboration from WMGs
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Continue for 6 month after formation of beneficiary group and WMG
ToT for 30 skills, business and marketing trainers (20 skills and 10 business and marketing trainers conducted
Deliver ToT for skills and business trainers (if it is done for other sub project, not necessary for this sub project)
Resource person to / NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
Within 1 month after selection of skills and business trainers
Skills, business and marketing training for 897 beneficiaries (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) organized
Conduct skills, business and marketing training
NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
1 year after completion of orientation on gender dimension
Provide certificate to trainees
NGO Own initiative of NGO At the end of training
Assess post training support/financial support for starting IGA or employment linkage
NGO Own initiative of NGO Within 4 weeks after training completion
Livelihood support to 100 vulnerable/destitute households
Identify vulnerable/destitute households for support through grant with livelihood asset
NGO with WMG‟s involvement
Project grant After identification of vulnerable households
Follow up and monitoring of livelihood improvement process
PMO monitors/NGO
Own initiative of NGO Continue till end of project
3.14Budget
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Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in chapter 7. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows: Per participant the costs for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource persong allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics); Per participant costs for 4 days of ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (including trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost); Per beneficiary the trainee costs for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement program.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation) The basis of estimation is the rate proposed or used in Narail and Chenchuri Beel which is currently being implemented.
Table 14: Budget for gender and livelihood support program
Sl. no
Cost item description Average training
cost per participant (Tk.)
No of participants /trainees(F)
Cost (Tk)
1 Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 180 WMG management committee members
1,000 180(60) 180,000
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
Not budgeted here, ToT organized for Beel Sukunia will serve the purpose for all sub projects
- -
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days Skill and business training
2,500 897 (448) 2,242,500
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute household households
5,000 100 500,000
Sub total 2,922,500
5 NGO service cost (10% of sub total 292,250
Total for GLEP 3,214,750
A detailed break down of costs for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on the implementation plan, type of skills, trade, locality and venue. Economic and Social Benefits of the Gender and Livelihood Programme. 3.15Economic benefits Undertaking wage based and self employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries under the project will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of the increased per capita income the poverty will decrease. This will contribute to increase per capita national income. 3.16 Social benefits Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment contribute to bring social stability, contribute to gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development in the field of education, health and culture. Monitoring Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out side by side: GFP / PMO / SMO / ASG / project personnel / MC of WMG will form a monitoring committee and will provide a quarterly report to the PMO / Project authority, copy to Gender and Poverty Component (GPC). For this purpose monitoring indicators based on action or implementation plan is suggested to be developed. Implementation of Gender policy In line with the national gender policy, the policies for women participation in water management have already been proposed/recommended for other sub-projects currently being implemented under this project. These policies should also be taken into consideration for promotion of gender equality in Alfadanga - Boalmari sub-project. The WMGs may be the focal point to implement these polices. The policies are as follows:
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- To establish participation of water resources operation and maintenance for women capacity building need to be stressed
- Minimum 70% poor / non poor women are always contribution of any water related program. - Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted of any other IGA participation. - Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted of various IGA / Skill / WMG / leader ship empowering /
capacity building / Agri based / Fish farm / O&M of water structures training. - Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are always contribution of WMG program. - Establish equality between men and women in all spheres of livelihood. - Ensure women‟s security in all sphere of state, society and family. - Ensure empowerment of women in the fields of politics, administration and the economy. - Financial / credit facility as per WMG activity for IGA. - 100% poverty / impoverished reduced for women participation require is always of any water resource
program. - Establish Women‟s human rights. - Develop women as educated and efficient human resources. - Free women from the curse of poverty. - Eliminate existing discrimination against men and women. - Acknowledge women‟s contribution in social and economic sphere. - Eradicate all forms of oppression on women and girls. - Establish equality between men and women in administration, politics, education, culture, sports and all
other economic activities. - Devise and import technology congenial to the interest of women and ban use of technology harmful to
women. - Take adequate measures to ensure women‟s health and nutrition. - To ensure priority of women in the arrangement of hoisting and providing suitable shelter for women. - Meet the needs of women especially in difficult circumstances. - Ensure security for widows, divorced, unmarried and childless women. - Reflect gender perspective in mass-media by projection positive image of women. - Provide assistance on flourishing creativity of meritorious and talented women. - Provide support services in the advancement of women.
Strategies and an action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have been proposed in this report. Further to these, some recommendations to be followed while undertaking the gender and livelihood program are as follows:
- The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the
capacity building process of WMG management body; - WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP; - Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and the provisions in
the overall sub-project budget may therefore deserve special consideration; - Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to
avoid social risks of bypassing underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension; - Employing women in operation and maintenance of water structure; there is another gender dimension to
enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water structure and they get financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given opportunity for this activity;
- Detailed planning of GLEP is recommended to be made in coordination with other component of the sub-project.
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APPENDIX- 2
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
AROL BEEL
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1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from July to September 2018 at Arol Beel Subproject. A well-qualified and experienced team comprising of 25 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. A post-project survey is also planned in PAM/DPP. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database using some specified indicators and parameters, so that comparative analysis could be made to:
Measure the degree of change,
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment 2. Data Sources and Methodology Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data have been used for cross checking information on demographic, occupational structure, educational attainment, and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area. 3. Qualitative Data/Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 10 FGDs were carried out under the study. In each FGD 10-15 participants were present. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. Out of total 10% households were surveyed of the project area. Key Informants Interview (KII) A total number of 13 Key Informants Interview (KII) were carried out within the subproject area with officials and knowledgeable persons. The Key persons were; Upazila and NGO officials, UP chairmen, members both male and female, teachers, Imam and other knowledge persons of the area. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview. Household Survey For quantitative information, household survey was conducted during July-September, 2018 for obtaining existing scoio-economic condition of the local people within the subproject area. About 10% households were surveyed of the subproject area. The IWMP report is prepared on the basis of the computerized households data and qualitative data as well. The survey covered a total number of 8569 households. The combined questionnaires on Socio-Economic. Agriculture, Environment and Fishery survey was used for the survey. 4. General Information on Arole Beel Subproject The sub project Arole Beel is located Jeshore Sadar, Chowgacha, Kaligonj and Jhikorgacha. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and farm related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Kapatakha River follows at the north-southern side of the sub-project. But the household‟s survey data shows that the gross area is 1328. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table-1.
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Table- 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Name of Districts 2 Jeshore and Jhenaidah
Name of Upazila 4 Jeshore Sadar, Chowgacha, Kaligonj and Jhikorgacha
Number of Unions 17 From the households survey result
Number of Villages 180 From the households survey result
Total Households 8569 From the households survey result
Total Population 35597 From the households survey result
Households Size 4.15 From the households survey result
Households depend on Agriculture
37.73 From the households survey result
Average Land per households 0.23 From the households survey result
Source: HH Sample survey
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Figure 1: Base Map of Arol Beel subproject
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30.85%
46.71%
16.48% 5.96%
Age structure of Surveyed Population
1 2 3 4
51.50%
49.50%
Male and Female Ratio
Male Female
4.1 Findings of the socio-economic survey This section deals primarily with the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation. 4.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Arole Beel the total households was found to be 8569 and population 35597.The average population per village is 1033. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Arole Beel it is 51.50% male against 49.50% female (calculated on the basis of 18335 male and 17262 female). The household size is within the range of 4.15 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011, population Census Report the national average household size is 4.48 and for the district of Gopalganj it is 4.6. The following table and graph shows the households, Population and Sex Ratio of the surveyed households. Table 2: Population and Sex Ratio Name of Union Total
Population Population HHs
Size Male Female No of HHs
Arabpur 3712 1886 1826 868 4.28
Chaugachha 1466 766 700 359 4.08
Chaugachha Paurasava 1540 789 751 360 4.28
Churamankati 2953 1505 1448 716 4.12
Dhuliani 1538 792 746 368 4.18
Diara 4389 2292 2097 1032 4.25
Ganganandapur 1537 788 749 364 4.22
Haibatpur 1363 707 656 337 4.04
Jagadishpur 1849 969 880 464 3.98
Jhikargachha 2054 1062 992 491 4.18
Jhikargachha Paurasava 1228 628 600 301 4.08
Kashtabhanga 159 87 72 40 3.98
Magura 2827 1478 1349 713 3.96
Pashapole 2890 1494 1396 713 4.05
Patibila 1531 777 754 353 4.34
Phulsara 3007 1526 1481 722 4.16
Singhajhuli 1554 789 765 368 4.22
Total 35597 18335 17262 8569 4.15
Source: HHs Survey, 2018, SAIWRPMP, BWDB 4.3 Age structure InArole Beel the productive labour force or 18-60 age group of population is 63.19% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 years are considered non-productive people. The age structure for Arol Beel is presented in Table-3.
Table 3: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 10980 30.85
18- 45 16629 46.71
46-60 5867 16.48
61 and above 2121 5.96
Total 35597 100.00
Sources: Households survey, 2018
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96%
4%
Male and Female Heahed Household
Male Female
95.50%
1%
2.42%
0.34%
0.33%
0.42%
Marital Status of Surveyed Households
Married Unmarried Widow
Widower Divorced Separated
4.4 Male and Female Headed Household In Arole Beel subproject the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 345 (4%) and 8224 (96%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. The result is consistent with other districts where the percentage is less than 10%. Table 4 shows that the male and female headed household of Arole Beel subproject.
Table -4: Male and Female Headed Household
Sl. No
Name of Union Total Households
Male Headed
Female Headed
1 Arabpur 868 841 27
2 Chaugachha 359 343 16
3 Chaugachha Paurasava
360 349 11
4 Churamankati 716 685 31
5 Dhuliani 368 354 14
6 Diara 1032 995 37
7 Ganganandapur 364 345 19
8 Haibatpur 337 317 20
9 Jagadishpur 464 451 13
10 Jhikargachha 491 465 26
11 Jhikargachha Paurasava
301 281 20
12 Kashtabhanga 40 38 2
13 Magura 713 684 29
14 Pashapole 713 680 33
15 Patibila 353 339 14
16 Phulsara 722 694 28
17 Singhajhuli 368 363 5
Total 8569 8224 345
Sources: Households survey, 2018 4.5 Marital Status The survey result shows that out of total households, 95.50% are married, followed by widow/widower 2.76%, unmarried 1.00%, separated and divorced 0.75. The data shows that the widow rate is much higher 2.43% than the widower (0.33%).The following table-5 shows the marital status of the surveyed household‟s heads.
Table: 5. Marital Status
Sources: Households survey, 2018 4.6 Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming 37.12%, business 19.25%, service 14.13%, housewife 3.43%, fishermen 0.68%, fisher farmers 0.29% and other occupation 3.08% which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social recognition of this work as occupation, not much
Marital Status Number Percent
Married 8183 95.50
Unmarried 86 1.00
Widow 207 2.42
Widower 29 0.34
Divorced 28 0.33
Separated 36 0.42
Total 8569 100.0
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4.11% 19.05%
14.09%
37.13%
0.29%
0.68%
3.45%
3.08% 18.13%
Occupational Structure of Households Heads
Abroad Business Day Labour
Farmer Fish Farmers Fisherman
Housewife Other's Service
93.30%
6.70%
Educational Attaintment
Literate Illiterate
24.92%
72.94%
1.52% 0.63%
Housing Status
Concrete roof CI sheet Straw and Leaf Others
progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Arole Beel is presented in the bar chart and Table 6. Table 6: Occupational Structure of the Households heads
Occupation of the HH head
Number Percent (%)
Abroad 368 4.30
Business 1664 19.25
Day Labour 1450 17.09
Farmer 3233 37.13
Fish Farmers 25 0.29
Fisherman 58 0.68
Housewife 296 3.45
Other's 264 3.08
Service 1211 14.13
Total 8569 100.0
Sources: HH survey, 2018 4.7 Educational Status The average literacy rate of population of 5 years and above in the Arole Beel is (93.30%) and illiterate is (6.70%), which is much higher than the national average of (72%) BBS, booklet 2016. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is 51.89% and female literacy rate is 48.1%. On the other hand the illiteracy rate among the female population is higher 55.28% than that of male population 44.71%.The following figure and Table 7 shows the educational status of the surveyed households.
Table-7: Educational Attainment
Source: Households Survey, 2018 4.8 Housing Characteristics The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (72.94%), followed by concrete roof (24.92%), straw roof (0.63%) and others (0.36%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table-8 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Arole beel.
Total Literate 16019 48.60 14734 44.70 30753 93.30
Total Illiterate 1016 3.08 1192 3.62 2208 6.70
Total 17035 51.68 15926 48.32 32961 100.00
Housing Status Number Percent
Concrete roof 2135 24.92
CI sheet 6250 72.94
Straw and Leaf 130 1.52
Others 54 0.63
Total 8569 100.00
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99.81%
0.19%
Sources of Drinking Water
Tubewell Ponds/Others
22.05%
73.41%
4.54%
Sanitation Status of surveyed Households
Pucca Ringslub Kaccha
34.12%
6.61% 43.96%
15.31%
Ownership of TV and Fridge
TV Fridge None Both (TV & Fridge)
4.9 Household Water Supply Most of the households of the Arole Beel drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that 99.81% population drink tubewell water and 0.19% drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Arsenic contaminated water was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. About (76.80%) respondents mentioned that the quality of water has been tested. Table-9 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households. Table-9 Sources of Drinking Water
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
4.10 Sanitation Facility The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (73.41%), followed by pucca (22.05%) and kutcha (4.54%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-10. The table shows that almost (95.40%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation. Table 10: Access to Sanitation of the HHs of Surveyed HH
Type of Latrine
Number Percent
Pucca 1889 22.05
Ringslub 6277 73.41
Kaccha 403 4.54
Total 8569 100
Source: Households survey 2018 4.11 Electricity Coverage Status Due to lack of primary data, the electricity coverage data was collected through KII and Focus Group discussion. Out of total households‟ maximum respondents answered to the question. Among them 92% HHs mentioned they have electricity connection in their houses. About 8% households have no electricity connection in their houses although there is electricity connect in their area. 4.12 Ownership of TV, Fridge in House Table -11 shows the ownership of TV and fridge of the household heads. The data shows that most of the (43%) households said that they have neither have TV or fridge in their houses, only 2924 (34.12%) of the households heads mentioned that they belongs only TV and 566 (6.61%) mentioned that they have only fridge and 1312 (15.31%) mentioned that they have both TV and fridge in the houses. Table 11: Ownership of TV and Fridge in the house
Housing Status Number Percent
TV 2924 34.12
Fridge 566 6.61
None 3767 43.96
Both (TV & Fridge) 1312 15.31
Total 8569 100.00
Source: Households Survey, 2018
Sources of Drinking Water
Number
Percent
Whether Tube-well water Quality Tested
Number
Percent
Tubewell 8555 99.84 Yes 4545 76.80
Ponds 14 0.16 No 1313 23.20
Total 8569 100.0 Total 5918 100.00
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78.55%
14.87% 0.22%
6.36%
Land Type of Surveyed Households
Agricultural Homestead
Pond/water body Fish Culture
4.13 Migration There is no available data on migration from the house to house household‟s survey. It turned out from the Focus Group Discussion that the outgoing migration is occurred 5%-6% in each village in India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Quiet, Malaysia, Singapore, Korea etc. illegally for hard work (men find work in construction and hotel and women in rich men‟s house as maid) for a year or two and return with Tk.6-7 lacs. They invest this money to construct a house or to buy other asset or to repay loan. Some of them are harassed by broker, police etc. and return penniless. Some time they remain in jail for several months. Such illegal migration is not acceptable. This could only be reduced by creating alternative employment opportunities for them within their own area. 4.14 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depends largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from 12 shows that the total land of the surveyed village is 2016 ha. Most of the land (80.70%) falls in Pashapole about 16% union followed by Phulchara about 12% and remaining 72% falls in other union. On the other hand Table-12 shows that out of the total land, (78.55%) is agriculture land, (14.87%) homestead land, (6.36%) pond & water body and (0.27%) is fallow and low land. The following Table 12 and 13 show the land type and union wise quantity of subproject area.
Table 12: Land Type of the surveyed HH
Name of Union Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
Source: Households Survey, 2018 Table-13 Land Type of Surveyed H.H
Type of Land Land quantity (dec.)
Percent
Agricultural 391,296 78.55
Homestead 74,058 14.87
Pond/water body 1,102 0.22
Fish Culture 31,681 6.36
Total 498,137 100.00
Source: Households Survey, 2018 4.15 HHS category by Land Ownership The percentage of landless farmers is the highest 44% followed by marginal farmers 36%. Medium and small farmers constitute about 18% together, while the large farmers is 2.0%. The landless farmers owning only less than below 0.49 decimal of homestead land. Landless, marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 3-4 households have been found per village. Table-14 shows the HHs category by land ownership.
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44%
36%
11% 7% 2%
Households Category by Land Ownership
Landless Farmer (0.49 Dec)
Marginal Farmer (50-120 Dec)
Small Farmer (121-247 Dec)
Medium Farmer (248-500 Dec)
Large Farmer (> 501)
Table-14: HHS category by Land Ownership
HHS Category of Land Number %
Landless Farmer (0.49 Dec) 3764 44
Marginal Farmer (50-120 Dec) 3119 36
Small Farmer (121-247 Dec) 918 11
Medium Farmer (248-500 Dec) 594 7.0
Large Farmer (> 501) 174 2.0
Total 8569 100
Sources: Households survey 2018 4.16 Income and Expenditure Status of Surveyed Households The survey data shows that 60.19% households earn monthly Tk.12000 and 61.55% households spend monthly Tk.12000. The following Table revealed the socio-economic status of the people of the subproject area.
Table 15: Income and Expenditure Status of Surveyed Households
Income Group Income Expenditure
Number Percent Number Percent
<Tk.6000 808 9.43 990 11.55
Tk.6001-Tk.12000 4350 50.76 4285 50.00
Tk. 12001-Tk.18000 1660 19.37 2043 23.85
Tk.18001-Tk.23000 606 7.07 805 9.39
Tk.23001-Tk.28000 698 8.15 225 2.63
>Tk.28001 447 5.22 221 2.58
Total 8569 100.00 8569 100.00
Sources: Households survey 2018 4.17 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non-food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS). The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). Table 16 shows that the BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2019. If we consider the household size 4.5, the upper poverty line is Tk.12000/month and lower poverty level is Tk. below Tk.10000/per month. As the sub-project area belongs to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines are applied also for the sub-project area.
Table 16: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497, (2010)
2445 (2019)
1276 (2010)
2103 (2019)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2019)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2019)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2019
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60.19%
39.81%
Vulneribility Status
1 2
25.40%
6.21%
59.71%
6.46% 2.22%
Households members involved in Income Generating Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock
Business Others
4.18 Vulnerability of the Households Heads Considering land, occupation and other assets, the survey team members assessed their vulnerability. The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about 60.19% households are vulnerable. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no or a small land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 49% households earn below Tk.12000 per month. In addition there are some households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. The following Table-18 shows the vulnerability of the household‟s heads. Table 18: Vulnerability Status
Destitute/Vulnerable Number Percent
Yes 5158 60.19
No 3411 39.81
Total 8569 100.00
Sources: HH survey, 2018
4.19 Household Heads Involved with NGOs The survey data shows that out of total surveyed households 2661 (31%) mentioned that they are involved with an NGO or with others organizations. Among them 261 (9.80%) mentioned that they received training from the NGOs Youth Department or government organizations. On the other hand out of the total respondents about (9.81%) mentioned that they received training from an organization. Table-19 shows the households involved with NGOs and training received from different organization. Table: 19 Involved with organization and Training Received
Sources: Households survey, 2018 4.20 Households Heads Involved With Different Income Generation Activities The Table 20 shows that out of total surveyed households 4721(55%) mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about (59.71%) households is involved with livestock, followed by agriculture (25.40%), business (6.46%), and fisheries (6.21%), (2.2%) in other activities. Table: 20 Involved with Income Generating activity
Household’s survey, 2018 4.21 Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 2661 31.05 Yes 261 9.80
No 5908 68.95 No 2400 90.20
Total 8569 100.00 Total 2661 100.00
Income Generating activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 1199 25.40
Fisheries 293 6.21
Livestock 2819 59.71
Business 305 6.46
Others 105 2.22
Total 4721 100.00
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therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Arole Beel through FGD, KII and households survey undertaken by the survey team members.
4.22 Gender Situation The Gender situation in sub project was assessed through PRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table -21.
Table 21: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque/mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. Participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters‟ marriage etc. the position of women ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects.
Based on the previous paragraph, the gender situation in Arole Beel can be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects.
Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women involvement in the project construction and O & M works would use their earnings in income generating activities. Women will receive skill and capacity development training from the project. The destitute and female headed households will receive cash and kind support from the project. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works. 4.23 Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. These issues are resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability, other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected. On the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. No relation was found between the proposed SP‟s rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group access to goods and services.
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Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s rehabilitating work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program.
4.24 Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Arole Beel reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed.
4.25 Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows:
Household with land from 0-49 decimal and monthly per capita income Tk.2445 (live poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and
above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and
marketing training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self-finance with
micro credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project
4.26 Improvement for Vulnerable/Destitute Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable and female headed households, who are living in Arole Bee lsubproject. They do not possess any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number could be approximately 575. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distributing poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income. The subjects identified for Collective Actions relating to livelihood are given in Table-22.
Table 22: Possible Collective Actions relating to Livelihood
SL List of Planned Collective
Activation by WMGs Members Importance of the Training No. of
Targeted Participants
01 Poultry and Duck rearing This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
60
02 Beef Fattening and Goat rearing This is short duration and profitable income generating activities for women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
36
03 Production of Gutty Urea This is profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
25
04 Vermin Compost This is profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
25
05 Homesteading Gardening This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
72
06 Sewing and Tailoring
The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Private skill person.
12
07 Cain and Bamboo Products & Handicrafts/Cap Making
The resources person can be hired from the Upazila Department of Women Affairs office.
10
08 Food driving, Process & Preservation
Fish Drying, processing and marketing. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office.
2
09 Bakery making, processing & Marketing
Cake, Chanacur, Potato Chips. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office.
12
10. Bee Keeping This is short duration training. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office.
15
11. Fish Culture A small Group of women can cultivate fish in a collective way 20
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4.27 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement.
To cope with the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 120 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different trainings are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. 4.28 Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 3 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (include trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute 600 household in average Tk.6000 The PMO staffs will implement the gender and livelihood enhancement program.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 23: Budget for Livelihood and Gender Support at Arole Beel Sub Project
Sl. No Cost item description Cost (Tk.) Total cost for each
item/activity (BDT)
Remarks
# of Batch No of participants /trainees(F)
3 days gender dimension orientation for 10 WMG management committee members. 6 persons from each WMG (100. 25 persons will be in one batch.
4 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
100 100*500 *3 150000 Include all costs
3 days leadership training for 100 participants in batch
4 batch x100 personsx3 days
100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
Total 15 persons will receive average 15 days skill and business development training 0n tailoring
1 batch 15 persons 15 days
15 15*8000 120000 Include all costs
Training on goat and cattle rearing, 3 days (4 batch) 100 persons
4 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
Training on Poultry Rearing 3 days (4 batch)
4 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
3 days Homestead Gardening (4 batch) 100 persons
4 batch x 100 100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
Sub Total 330 870000
Livelihood asset support (Duck/Goat/Sewing Machine to the vulnerable/destitute household
600 6000 300000
Include all costs
730 3870000
Miscellanies 300870
Total 4170870
Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
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4.29 Economic and Social Benefit of the Livelihood and Gender Program a. Economic Benefit:
Undertaking new wage based and self-employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of increased per capita income poverty will reduce. This will contribute to increase per capita national income. b. Social Benefit:
Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with poverty. The increased income and new employment will bring social stability. Gender empowerment will make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development. 4.30 Conclusion and Recommendation It is concluded that poverty and gender situation in the project area are worse than national average. It is concluded that poverty and gender situation in the project area are worse than national average. For improvement of social aspects within Arole Beel Subproject further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.1), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values. But the figures on poverty, gender and livelihood issues justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process. In PRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRA team believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management subproject of Arole Beel Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further recommendations to be focused during implementation are as follows:
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
Appendix-I Stakeholder’s Participation
The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people”. The broader objective of stakeholders participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 10 FGDs and 13 KII were conducted at Arore beel July to September 2018. Total 100 participants were present in the FGDs. Out of the total participants 33 (33%) were women. Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both Senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior facilitator and Community Facilitator conducted the FGD and KII. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure,
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formation of WMG and WMA, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting.
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and union parishad officials) and provide them general
information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning
Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project
Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems
/constraints of the project
Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature
Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts
Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher, local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the subproject area. The following is the list KII with date:
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List of FGD and Participants
List of Key Persons
Sl. No. Name of Place Date Participants
Male Female Total
1. Purulia 0.01.2019 5 5 10
2. Shajail 05.01.2019 10 0 10
3. Charbatpara 11.01.2019 9 1 10
4. Tuku Bazar 12.01.2019 10 0 10
5. Kusumdia 15.01.2019 8 2 10
6. Vadulia 16.01.2019 5 5 10
7. Ratail 22.01.2019 3 7 10
8. Pingulia 23.01.2019 7 3 10
9. Horidaspur 22.01.2019 5 5 10
10. Puna 22.01.2019 5 5 10
Total 67 33 100
Sl. No.
Name of Key Person Designation Phone Number
1. Mr. A.S.M Mainuddin UNO, Kashiani Upazila 01711859993
2. Mr. Jakir Hossain Agriculture Officer, Kashiani 01712211273
3. Mrs. Farzana Khan, Sonia Upazila Women Affairs Officer 01716484476
4. Md. Osman Ali Village Doctor 017337708
5. Md. Zahidul Islam Teacher 01923757558
6. Md. Moajjam Hossain Village Leader 01712762038
7. Md. Nazimuddin Village Leader 01911263960
8. Md. Chan Miah Freedom fighter 019337817
9. Md. Montu Shekh Business 01757517012
10. Md. Ayub Ali Farmer 0172702082
11. Md. Faruk Hossain Imam 0170327593
12. Md. Nazrul Islam Village Doctor 0172602970
13. Ratna Begum House Wife 01952518260
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APPENDIX-3
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
BAMANKHALI BARNALI
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1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from July to September 2018 at Bamankhali Barnali. A well-qualified and experience team consisted of 25 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database of the project sites using some specified indicators and parameters so that comparative analysis could be made to:
Measure the degree of change, and
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment
2. Data Sources and Methodology Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data were also used for cross checking information on occupational structure, educational attainment, and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area. 3. Qualitative Data/Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 15 FGDs and 15 KII were carried out under the study. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards, and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. Almost all (100%) households were surveyed of the project area. The feasibility report is prepared on the basis of the analysed households data and qualitative data as well. Key Informants Interview (KII) The key Informants interview was held in each Upazila with the concerned officials and knowledgeable persons in the project area, like NGO personnel, concerned Upazila, BWDB and LGED officials. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview. 4. Household Survey For quantitative information, a baseline survey was conducted during July-September, 2018 for obtaining existing scoio-economic condition of the local people within the project area. Almost all (100%) households were surveyed of the project area. The feasibility report is prepared on the basis of the analysed households data and qualitative data as well. The survey covered a total number of 33564 households. 5. General Information on Bamankhali Barnali Sub-Project
The sub project Bamankhali Barnali is located at Magura Sadar, Narail Sadar and Shallikha Upazila of Narail and Magura district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Nabaganga River follows at the west and Fatki river at the west side of the sub-project. The total area of the sub project is 2250 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table 1.
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Table 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Name of Districts 2 Field Survey Report
Name of Upazila 3 Magura Sadar, Narail Sadar and Shallikha
Name and number of Unions 11 Birail Palita, Chaulia, Gangarampur, Gopalgram, Habakhali, Jagdal, Kuchiamora, Magura Paurasava, Maij Para, Sahabad and Satrujitpur
Number of Villages 140 Field Survey Report
Total Households 33564 Field Survey Report
Total Population 138617 Field Survey Report
Households Size 4.13 Field Survey Report
Status of Electricity (95%)
Source: HH Sample survey 5.1Findings of the socio-economic survey This section deals primarily with the clientele or the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation. 5.2Population and Sex Ratio In Bamankhali Barnali the total households and population was found to be 33564and 138617 respectively. The average population per village is 990. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Bamankhali Barnali it is (52.14%) male against (47.86%) female (calculated on the basis of 72321 male and 66296 female). The household size is within the range of 4.1 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.3 and for the district of Faridpur it is 4.5.The following table and graph shows the households, Population and Sex Ratio of the surveyed households.
Table-2 Households and population
Name of Union Total Population
Population HHs Size Male Female No of HHs
Birail Palita 13552 7066 6486 3296 4.11
Chaulia 15247 7986 7261 3703 4.12
Gangarampur 11451 5947 5504 2778 4.12
Gopalgram 10908 5711 5197 2685 4.06
Habakhali 12466 6456 6010 2928 4.26
Jagdal 19443 10072 9371 4714 4.12
Kuchiamora 24000 12534 11466 5805 4.13
Magura Paurasava 6506 3430 3076 1597 4.07
Maij Para 7221 3842 3379 1697 4.26
Sahabad 2614 1367 1247 622 4.20
Satrujitpur 15209 7910 7299 3739 4.07
Total 138617 72321 66296 33564 4.13
`Households survey, 2018
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34.14%
46.80%
12.42% 6.64%
Age Structureof Surveyed population
Upto 17 18- 45 46-60 61 and above
93.68%
6.32%
Male Headed and Female Headed Households
Male Headed Female Headed
5.3 Age structure In Bamankhali Barnali the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (60.22%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The age structure for Bamankhali Barnali is presented in Table 3. Table-3 Age groups of population
Source: Project HH sample survey 5.4Male and Female Headed Household In Bamankhali Barnali sub project the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 31445 (93.68%) and 2119(6.32%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%.
Table4: Male and Female Headed Household
Household survey, 2018 5.6 Marital Status The survey result shows that out of total households, (93.96%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.38%), unmarried (1.38%), separated (0.61%) and divorced (1%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The following graph and table shows the marital status of the surveyed households.
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 47130 34.00
18- 45 64055 46.21
46-60 18897 13.63
61 and above 8535 6.16
Total 138617 100.00
Sl. No
Name of Union Total Households
Male Headed (6.32%)
Female Headed (93.68%)
1 Birail Palita 3296 3119 177
2 Chaulia 3703 3455 248
3 Gangarampur 2778 2587 191
4 Gopalgram 2685 2574 111
5 Habakhali 2928 2730 198
6 Jagdal 4714 4361 353
7 Kuchiamora 5805 5475 330
8 Magura Paurasava 1597 1487 110
9 Maij Para 1697 1605 92
10 Sahabad 622 542 80
11 Satrujitpur 3739 3510 229
Total 33564 31445 2119
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94.0%
1.0%
4.0%
0.30% 0.61%
Marital Status
Married Unmarried
Widow/Widower Divorced
Separate
55.11% 44.89%
Vulneribility Status
Yes No
18.09%
32.42%
0.66% 0.16% 6.02%
25.87%
16.78%
Occupational Status
Business Farmer Fishermen
Fish-farmers Housewife Others
Service
Table:5 Marital Status
Sources: HH survey, 2018 5.7 Destitute/Vulnerable The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (55.11%) households are vulnerable. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 55.11% households earn below Tk. 13000 per month. Table 6 shows the vulnerable status of the sub project area. Table: 6 Destitute/Vulnerable
Sources: HH survey, 2018 5.8 Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming (27.57%), business (21%), service (19%), housewife (6.93%), fishermen (0.70%), fisher farmers (0.70%) and other occupation, (23%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social re cognition of this work as occupation not much progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Bamankhali Barnali is presented in the graphs and Table -7.Table -7 Occupational Structure of the working age group (18 years and above) Table -7 Occupational Structure of the working age group
Occupation of the HH head
Number Percent (%)
Business 6073 18.09
Farmer 10882 32.42
Fishermen 221 0.66
Fish-farmers 54 0.16
Housewife 2020 6.02
Others 8683 25.87
Service 5631 16.78
Total 33564 100.01
Sources: HH survey, 2018
Marital Status Number Percent
Married 31432 93.65
Unmarried 345 1.03
Widow 1303 3.88
Widower 168 0.50
Divorced 110 0.33
Separate 206 0.61
Table 33564 100.00
Destitute/Vulnerable Number Percent
Yes 18498 55.11
No 15066 44.89
Total 33564 100.00
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99.81%
0.19%
Sources of Drinking Water
Tubewell Ponds/Others
87.90%
12.10%
Literacy Status
Literate Illiterate
8.50%
88.70%
2.22% 0.59%
Housing Status
Concrete roof CI sheet
Straw and Leaf Others
5.9 Educational Status The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Bamankhali Barnali is (87.90%) and illiterate is (12.1%), which is much higher than the national average (56.8%). Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (53.17%) and female literacy rate is (47%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 54% than that of male population (46%).The following figure and Table-8 shows the educational status of the surveyed households. Table-8: Educational Attainment
Total Literate 59257 46.74 52188 41.16 111445 87.90
Total Illiterate 7066 5.57 8272 6.52 15338 12.10
Total 66323 52.31 60460 47.69 126783 100.0
Sources: H.H survey, 2018 5.10 Housing Characteristics The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (88.70%), followed by concrete roof (2.22%), straw roof (6.54%) and others (0.36%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table 9 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Bamankhali Barnali para. 5.11 Household water supply Most of the households of the Bamankhali Barnali drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that (99.81%) population drink tubewell water and (0.19%) drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. In regards to the quality tested of drinking water about (76.80%) mentioned that the quality of water has not been tested. Table 10 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households. Table: 10 Sources of Drinking Water & Water quality tested
Sources of Drinking Water
Number Percent Water Quality Tested
Number Percent
Tube well 33405 99.53 Yes 25372 75.59
Ponds 159 0.47 No 8192 24.41
Total 33564 100.00 Total 33564 100.00
Sources: H.H survey, 2018 5.12 Sanitation Facility The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (71.42%), followed by pucca (20.53%) and kutcha (8.05%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-11. The table shows that almost (80%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation.
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80.47%
15.17%
0.67%
3.70% Percentage of Land of sub-project Area
Agricultural Homestead
20.53%
71.42%
8.05%
Sanitation Status
Pucca Ring-Slab Kutcha/Unhygenic
17.50%
5.05%
70.21%
7.24%
Households Assets
TV Fridge None Both (TV & Fridge)
Table: 11 Type of Latrine
Type of Latrine Number Percent
Pucca 6891 20.53
Ring slub 23970 71.42
Kaccha/Unhygienic 2703 8.05
Total 33564 100.00
Sources: H.H survey, 2018 Table -12 TV, Fridge in House
Housing Status
Number Percent
TV 5875 17.50
Fridge 1695 5.05
None 23565 70.21
Both (TV & Fridge)
2429 7.24
Total 33564 100.00
Source: Households Survey, 2018 5.13 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depend largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from 11 shows that (80.47) of the land is agriculture, followed by (15.17%) homestead, (3.70%) are wetland and remaining (0.67%) are fallow land. The data shows that most of the agricultural land (23.51%) falls in Kuchiamara union and lowest at Shahabad union (1.82%). The following table. 13 and 14 shows the land type and union wise quantity of land within the subproject area.
Table– 13: Union wise quantity of land and land type of the surveyed area
Name of Union
Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
Source: Households Survey, 2018 Table- 14 Land Type of Surveyed H.H
Source: Households Survey, 2018
Type of Land Land quantity (dec.) Percent
Agricultural 1,930,074 80.47
Homestead 363,747 15.17
Fallow Land 15,957 0.67
Water body 88,674 3.70
Total 2,398,451(9710 ha.) 100.00
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5.14 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty. This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS). The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. the lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 k cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBs set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their household income expenditure survey. As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area.
Table 15: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497, (2010)
2315 (2018)
1276 (2010)
1973 (2018)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2018)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2018)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2018 5.15 Poverty Status of Male and Female Headed Households The average incidence of poverty in project area is 51.3%, the figure is higher than the district figure shown in the poverty map of Bangladesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38%-48%. A more than average rural poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area.
5.16Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Bamankhali Barnali through PRA and households survey undertaken by the survey team members. The analysis of ownership of land is presented in Table 16. Table 16. Category of land holdings/ownership in sub project
Category & Landholding range
Total Households
Percentage Male Headed (93.68%)
Percentage Female Headed (6.31%)
Percentage
less than 5 decimal 9698 28.89 8922 28.37 776 36.62
5-49 decimal 12296 36.63 11471 36.48 825 38.93
50-249 decimal 9350 27.86 8918 28.36 432 20.39
250-749 decimal 2032 6.05 1955 6.22 77 3.63
750 decimal and above 188 0.56 179 0.57 9 0.42
Landholding range 33564 100.00 31445 100.00 2119 100.00
Sources: Households survey, 2018 5.17Monthly Income and Expenditure Status The survey data shows that the marginal farmers are the majority of the households (36.57%) and their monthly average income is Tk.10796 and expenditure is Tk.11372 followed by small farmers 27.86% and their income is Tk.11913 and expenditure Tk.15001.The marginal and small farmer constitute 64.43%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 28.89% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 3-4 per village.
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31.05%
7.10% 35.24%
16.47%
10.14%
Population Involved in Income Generatin Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock
Business Others
If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.1), a monthly income less than Tk. 13,000.00 is needed to attain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. The data shows that the income and expenditure of the landless and marginal farmers is more than two times less than that of medium and large farmers. The table-17 shows the average monthly income and expenditure of the surveyed households.
Table: 17Average Monthly Income and Expenditure
Households Category Percent Average Monthly Income
Average Monthly Expenditure
Landless HH (less than 5 decimal) 28.89 9241 10658
Marginal farmer (5-49 decimal) 36.57 10796 11372
Small farmer (50-249 decimal) 27.86 11913 12801
Medium farmer (250-749 decimal) 5.05 16023 18821
Large farmer (750 decimal and above) 1.63 22691 25883
Total 100.00 14132 15887
Household‟s survey, 2018 5.18 Household Heads Involved with NGOs The survey data shows that out of total working population 33564, a total number of 8335 (25%) mentioned that they are involved with the NGO or with others organisations. Among them 840 (10%) mentioned that they received training from an NGO, Youth Department or government organization. On the other hand, out of the total respondents about 16103 (47%) mentioned that they are involved with more than one income generating activities within their vicinity.
Table: 18 working population Involved with organization and Training Received
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 8335 24.83 Yes 840 10.08
No 25229 75.17 No 7495 89.92
Total 33564 100.00 Total 8335 100.00
Household‟s survey, 2018 Table 18 shows that out of total working population 31% mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about 35.24% households involved with livestock, followed by agriculture 31.05%, business 16.47% fisheries 7.10% and other 10.14% activities. Table: 19 shows the involvement of working population Income Generating activity at Bamankhali Barnal subproject. Table: 19 Involved with Income Generating activity
Household’s survey, 2018 5.19 Gender Issue The Gender situation in Bamankhali Barnali therefore be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects. Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women engaged in the project construction and O & M works would used their earnings in income generating activities. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge
Income Generating activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 3389 31.05
Fisheries 1144 7.10
Livestock 9942 35.24
Business 1042 16.47
Others 586 10.14
Total 16103 100.00
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and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works. 5.20 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement. To cope up the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 100 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different training are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. 5.21Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (include trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement programme.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 20: Budget for Gender and Livelihood Support at Bamankhali Barnali Sub Project
Sl. No
Cost item description
Average orientation or
training cost per participant or trainees (BDT)
No of participants /trainees(F)
Total cost for each
item/activity (BDT)
Remarks
1 Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 108 WMG management committee members
1000
108 (36) 108,000 Include all costs
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
Not needed, ToT organized for will serve the purpose for all sub project
- - Include all costs
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days Skill and business training
2500 1150 (575) 2,875,000 Include all costs
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute household households
5000 200 1,000,000 Include all costs
Total 3,983,000
Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
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APPENDIX- 4
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
BEEL SUKUNIA SUB-PROJECT
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1. Introduction Parallel to the focus on water management and planning, attention to livelihood and socio- economic conditions
and especially the gender situation of the beneficiary community was given. The project area is populated by
farmers (in different categories: large, medium, small and marginal) and underprivileged groups including women
and landless people. It is important that the project gives adequate attention to these different sectors, including
margined sections, thus securing the flow of project benefits to all sections of the community.
As a part of the information collection process the project has planned for PRRA (Participatory Rapid Rural
Appraisal) to obtain information on key socio-economic issues including gender, livelihood and poverty. Another
important aspect of PRRA is that some socio-economic, gender and livelihood issues, especially information on
income generating activities related to the main project activity of water management and involvement of women in
productive work, can be focused properly.
2. Methodology The most important techniques of a PRRA are Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Surveys (KI
Survey) and Transect Walk and Social and Resource Mapping. These are common and reliable approaches to
collect information and to gather the people. To know and understand the local socio economic issues, the project
choose FGD where 10-15 people with a range of local experience and occupations were organized in a group
discussion in each selected village. Three average sized villages were selected as representative samples.
Information provided and views expressed by the group members of these villages are applied for the whole SP.
Each group in the selected villages was facilitated in such a way that a consensus was reached among the group
members to provide common information and views.
In addition to FGD (PRRA), the project also conducted household surveys in these selected villages. Some of the
socio-economic data/information (sanitation, water supply, housing, age group etc.) were taken from these surveys
to analyze socio-economic, livelihood and gender issues.
3. General Information on Beel Sukunia The SP Beel Sukunia is situated under Faridpur Sadar, Nagarkanda and Shalta Upazilas, where agriculture (80%)
forms the principle livelihood. From the district and Upazila centers, the sub project area is well provided with paved
roads and people mobility is visible from villages in the area. The total area of the sub-project is 9,681 ha. Some
general information on villages and demographic aspects is given Table 1.
Table 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Number of villages 86 -
Population 84,438 -
Number of households 18,764
Average size of household 4.5
Consistent with the national and district average
Average population per village 1,668
Area (ha) 9,681
Area per household (ha) 0.30
Source: HH Sample survey and PRRA
The figures show that the general condition of the sub project is quite consistent with the national average in terms
of household density, household size and the average number of households per village.
3.1 Socio-economy, Livelihood and Gender Perspective of the Sub Project Beel Sukunia Information and data have been collected on population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household,
age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other
livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income
generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation. The data were analyzed quantitatively and
qualitatively.
3.2Population and Sex Ratio In Bangladesh, the average population density per square kilometer is 976. This is one of the highest densities in
the world. For this reason Bangladesh is considered as an overpopulated country and such over-population
pushes pressure on its natural resources including agriculture land and underground water. In Beel Sukunia, the
population was estimated to be 84,438 giving a density of 872 per scare kilometer. Compared to the nation‟s
average density it is not overpopulated and thus suitable for development actions.
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The sex ratio: for social stability, the desired ratio should be very close to (or below) 100. In Bangladesh, the
national average sex ratio is 100.3 (BBS Population Census Report 2011) meaning an almost equal number of
males and females. In Beel Sukunia, it is also 100.3 (71,858 male and 71,599 female). 3.3 Household size Information on household size is within the range of 4-5 people per family. In joint families, it may be more than 5, but in that case, the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately larger. The average household size in the sub project was estimated to be 4.5. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report, the national average household size is 4.3 and 4.5 for the Faridpur district. Therefore household size in the sub project area is consistent with the national survey data.
3.4 Age structure The age structure of a population is important to analyze its current productivity. Generally children below 15 and adults above 60 years of age are considered nonproductive. Figures for productive and nonproductive age groups for the population of Beel Sukunia are minors under 15 : 32%, adults between 15 and 59 : 62.69% and 7.31% of the population is over 60 years of age. 3.5 Male and Female Headed Households The ratio of male and female-headed households is an important aspect of socio economic and gender perspective of a society. It influences the vulnerability, family bindings, child security, and incidence of poverty, social inequality, injustice and overall instability. In Beel Sukunia the percentage of female and male-headed households is 6.5% and 93.4% respectively. No national data is available to compare the male and female household division in the SP. However compared to other SP‟s where the percentage is less than 10% (source: Report of project implementation plan) the percentage of female-headed households (6.4) in Beel Sukunia poses no significant social risk or threat for undertaking this development project.7 3.6 Occupation Occupation indicates sources of income from work, time spent in work as well as the social position. In the context of this water management project occupations of a society need examination. For example in an area and community with an insignificant number of farming people a water management project may not be feasible. Occupation for the community of Beel Sukunia is demonstrated by the bar chart below and presented in Table 2.
In all occupations the proportion of women is extremely low, because they are occupied in running their household, agriculture product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening, thus providing an income or income-substitution to meet the needs of household demand. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official or social recognition of this work as occupation has not yet been made. This work contributes to the overall gross domestic product of a country and national income. Social and official recognition will not only increase the productivity of this work, it will also contribute to empower women and upgrade their status in the family and society.
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Table 2: Occupation
Occupation Number Percentage of total sample population
Average number of worked days per year
Male Female
Male Female Male Female
Farmer 16 0.97 240 90
Fisherman 8 1 160 73
Business 5 0.46 340 310
Labor 16 1.3 293 183
Rickshaw 1.75 0 290 0
Carpenter 0.92 0 275 0
Mason 0.85 0 272 0
Mechanic 0.22 0 250 0
Service (wage employment)
4 1.20 260 260
Boatmen 0.21 0 320 0
Driver 1.12 0 300 0
Others (specify) - - - - - -
Source: Project PRRA. The table shows that most people are employed in agriculture and labor categories, also the related employment days are significant. These indicate that a water management project may be worthwhile.
3.7 Educational Status The degree of illiteracy is an indication for the educational status. According to the survey the average literacy rate in the SP area is 52.4%. The male and female division is 53% and 52.6% respectively. The national average figures for rural the literacy rate (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)) is 51.8%; male 54.39% and female 49.16% respectively. The sub project literacy rate - although not exactly equal - is therefore consistent with the national average. In the sub project bith male and female literacy rates are almost equal, which gives an indication of the social development of the women. The literacy rate is a social indicator that contributes to awareness raising adaptation of development intervention in a community. In Beel Sukunia a modest literacy rate exists, which makes the social environment receptive to adaptation of the development intervention.
3.8 Housing Characteristics Housing characteristics provide an indication for the standard of living and as well as the social position of a household. Households with a small, weak or thatch house structure are considered as a marginalized section of a society. Housing characteristics of Beel Sukunia are presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Main Housing Characteristics of HH
Type of house structure Percentage
Brick walled with concrete roof (pacca) 7.00
Brick wall with C I sheet roof (semi pacca) 38.56
Bamboo fence/mud wall with CI sheet roof (bamboo/mud+CI) 53.68
Thatch 0.71
Source: Project household sample survey
Table 3 shows that most of the houses have brick walls with CI sheet roofs or bamboo walls with CI sheet structure.
Brick walls with concrete roofs are more expensive than the other types of structure that only the wealthy rural
people can afford. The other two types are also modest in a rural environment and therefore socially acceptable. In
Beel Sukunia almost 92% of the households can afford a socially acceptable housing structure and this therefore
contributes to create a suitable social environment for project intervention.
3.9 Household Water Supply A large share (87%) of the household drinking water supply comes from underground sources pumped by hand by
tube wells. Besides this there is also a pipe water supply with purified water. This however is only 7% and the rest
are other sources like surface water from ponds and rivers. Both tube well and pipe water are safe unless it is
contaminated with an unacceptable arsenic level that however could not be verified through household surveys. A
satisfactory level of safe household water supply is observed in Beel Sukunia.
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3.10 Sanitation Facilities The sanitation facilities for discharging human waste are an important element for a healthy and hygienic
environment. Over the last decades, the use of sanitary/water sealed latrines has increased tremendously in
Bangladesh as a whole and in the SP area as well. The present situation of sanitation facilities is shown the table 4.
Table 4: Access to Sanitation of the HHs in the SIP area
Source: Project HH sample survey.
As hanging pits and total lack of latrines are considered unhygienic, the above table shows that in a significant
(almost 86%) percentage of the households hygienic latrines are used, which indicates a healthy environment for
household and the society. The achievement in using hygienic sanitation facilities is consistent with the national average of 83%. For the last two decades public campaign through media, demonstrations, social advocacy and an awareness raising program, together with the supply of hygienic latrine by GOs and NGOs made such a tremendous achievement possible.
3.11 Poverty Poverty is a chronic social and economic problem of Bangladesh. Almost one third of the population lives in poverty
or below poverty level. This disturbs the social harmony and stability and creates pressure on development and
economic growth. The evolution of poverty follows a social marginalization process. The process involves many
interacting elements to push the process forward. Deprivation from education, lack of skills, lack of proper wages
for labor, social prejudice of keeping the women inside the house, no or very limited access to health services and
economic and financial barriers for owning assets (land/cattle etc.), and no or limited employment opportunities are
some of the important elements that fuel the social process of poverty to continue. In Bangladesh the costs for food
for a daily nutritional requirement added to the average costs for bare necessities (such as clothes or medicine etc.)
are used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept upper and lower lines were
established in 2010 by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS).
The upper poverty line lies at a total intake of 2122 Kcal per household, the lower poverty line at 1810 Kcal. People
with an intake between 1810 and 2122 Kcal are considered moderately poor while people living below the lower
poverty line are extremely poor. BBS sets the poverty lines for six divisions based on Household Income
Expenditure Surveys (HIES). Table 5: Upper and Lower Poverty line for whole Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1,497 1,276
Dhaka Urban 1,793 1,314
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010
As the sub project area is a part of the Dhaka division, these upper and lower poverty lines apply for the sub project
area. For a poverty analysis in Beel Sukunia the PRRA expenditure data were compared to the figures of the rural
area of the Dhaka Division. The monthly expenditure data per household for the Beel Sukunia area is presented in
Table 6.
Table 6: Monthly average expenditure for households
Per capita expenditure group
Percentage of total sample HH
Total percentage Remark
M F
Less than TK 1276 15.30 3.90 19.20 extreme poor (BBS HIES 2010)
The analysis in Table F6 was made based on poverty lines for the Dhaka division and information on expenditure
received through FGD of PRRA at Beel Sukunia. The analysis shows that the average incidence of poverty in
project area is 45.42, a figure consistent with the national figure shown in the poverty map of Bangladesh (ref: BBS
website poverty map). The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. The poverty incidence for the district
Latrine Type Percentage of HHs
Sanitary / full concrete 26.65
Ring slab/water sealed 59.00
Hanging/ pit (unhygienic) 12.51
Open 1.78
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Faridpur is between 38-48%. A more than average poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area, which
justifies the need for a development project with an overall objective for poverty reduction
3.12 Livelihood The purchasing power depends on income, which in rural areas further depends on physical (land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller) or human (skill acquired by experience, training or education) assets that generate income. The analysis of land ownership and other assets is presented in Tables 7 and 8.
Table 7: Category of land holdings/ownership
Farmer Category
Landholding range Male HH Female HH % Of total household
Remarks/Estimated number of landholding HH in each category for the
whole sub project
% of total household
% of total household
Total number M-HHs in
each category
Total number F-HHs in
each category
Total number HHs in each
category
Landless > 5 decimal 20 7 27 3,753 1,313 5,966
Marginal 5-49 decimal 39 3 42 7,317 564 7,881
Small 50-249 decimal 22 0 22 4,128 0 4,128
Medium 250-749 decimal 8 0 8 1501 0 1,501
Large 750 decimal and more 1 0 1 188 0 188
Total 100 18,764
Table 8: Livelihood assets other than land Type of Asset Ownership range
(number) Percentage of total sample household
Male Female
Cattle (cow-bullock/buffalo )
1 - 2 11.11 0
3 - 5 3.33 0
> 5 2.22 0
Goat
1 - 2 17.80 0
3 - 5 2.22 0
> 5 0
Poultry/duck 1 - 2 12 1.33
3 - 5 70.7 0.4
> 5 4.4 0
Rickshaw/van 1 3.11 0
Boat 1 0 0
Power tiller 1 0.44 0
Pump 1 8.89 0
Shop 1 2.22 0
Other: Auto bike 1 4.4 0
Source: Project PRRA and BBS HIES Report 2010
Table 7 shows that the percentage of marginal farmers owning 5 - 49 decimal land is the highest (39%) followed by
small farmers owning land 50 - 249 decimal. Together they constitute 61% or a significant portion of households.
There is a landless group of 22% owning only homestead land less than 5 decimal land. Marginal and small
farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. Their productivity
needs to be increased with additional support of technology and capacity building. 22% of the inhabitants in Beel
Sukunia do not own land. This group also deserves additional support to improve their livelihood. Assets other than
land, like cattle and poultry, rickshaw van etc. as shown in Table F8, are also at subsistence level and the
households owning such a small quantity of assets need support to improve their livelihood.
As per opinion of FGD members the human assets/skills also do not show a potential picture of livelihood.
Institutional training received by the household members of the SP area is insignificant. The majority of household
members acquired farming skills through field work and only a very small percentage (less than 1%) of household
members have value adding skills like carpentry, masonry, mechanic etc. as shown in Table 2. Such a situation of
poor human assets justifies the support for capacity building with skills training by project support.
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As a part of livelihood analysis income analysis for households throws further light on the livelihood situation. The
income groups and percentage of households are shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Per capita income
Capita income group Percentage of total sample households
Sufficient to maintain livelihood
Male HH Female HH
Less than Tk 1276 16 4.54 No
1276 to 1497 22 2.12 No
Tk 1498 - 2243 28 6 No
Tk 2244 above 19.6 1.2 Yes
The first two income groups have incomes below poverty level and therefore can barely support their living. The
third income group lives above poverty level, which is, according to FGD participants, considered not to be
sufficient. Only the fourth group has an income higher than the national average income, which is found to be
sufficient by the FGD.
If we consider the household assets position and income and keep in mind the average size of a household (4.5), a
monthly income more than BDT 10,000 is needed to provide a minimum standard of living. Currently this is not the
case for a major portion of the households and therefore a livelihood improvement development project is an urgent
need of the community.
3.13 Gender Situation The gender situation in the SP Beel Sukunia was assessed using a qualitative matrix focusing on nine different gender issues. The dimension of these gender issues was ranked as none, low, medium and high and is presented in Table 10.
Although the proportion of women in decision-making for some aspects (like mobility within and outside the community, control over micro credit, decision making on school attendance of their children, taking children, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning and participation in local government) is reasonable, the voice of the men in almost all aspects still prevails. Therefore the SP Beel Sukunia is characterized with low women empowerment and with gender inequality in most social and economic respects. It is now widely accepted that participation of women in all social and economic activities is vital to achieve development goals and objectives to build a prosperous society. In order to empower and increase gender equality in the SP area a special gender development program needs to be undertaken.
Table 10: Gender dimension on key issues
Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
Control over HHs resources (land, crop, cattle etc.) √ √
Control over water management/irrigation √ √
Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
Mobility outside the community (market, labor, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
Control over income generating activities √ √
Control over micro credit management √ √
Participation at the HHs Decision :
Decision to take children √ √
Decision to undertake new economic activities √ √
Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
Decision to children school attendance √ √
Decision to children marriage √ √
Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
Participation at the Community Decision :
Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
Participation in village development activity √ √ √
Participation in school management committee √ √
Participation in Salish village √ √
Participation in Parishad Union √ √
Knowledge and Awareness :
Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
Law related to inheritance rights √ √
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Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
3.14 Social Safeguards Under the project framework social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guidelines as found in
the Handbook on Poverty and Social Analysis. These issues are resettlement, indigenous people, labor
affordability, and other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land
property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither
labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional
employment. No relation was found between the proposed SP‟s rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable
group access to goods and services. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor
and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable
communities because of the project‟s rehabilitating work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through
agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program.
3.15 Strategies for Livelihood Improvement, Poverty Reduction and Gender Development To disseminate the benefit of the proposed water management project to all sections of the community, the
following strategies are proposed.
Targeting the number of households with inadequate assets and low income for project assistance
Criteria for selecting and organizing households with inadequate/no assets and low income. Are suggested as
follows:
Households with land between 0 - 49 decimal or a monthly per capita income of Tk 1497 (upper poverty line).
Household members to be involved with project should have working age, preferably below 50 and above 18.
Household should be permanent settler in project area.
Household member should have interest to join skill, business and marketing training for livelihood
enhancement.
He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self-finance with micro credit
for NGO
He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project.
3.16 Arrangements for implementation Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like
design, construction, technology, demonstration etc. but they do not have the capacity or expertise to handle the
poor directly at grass root level as required for poverty reduction, gender development and livelihood enhancement.
Some NGOs are implementing activities in the project area and do have the required capacities to handle the poor
at the grass root level. The program therefore should be implemented by outsourcing through appropriate NGOs
working in the relevant project area under the supervision of this project.
3.17 Selection of appropriate activities Livelihood enhancement/improvement deserves activities, which generate income for the target group. The
proposed activities are listed below.
Feasible income generating activities (IGAs) for sub project area with requirement of the initial capital and the
yearly estimated income are shown in Table 11.
Financial/credit support: The project has no provision to support its beneficiaries with cash or credit. There re
NGOs and MFIs in sub project area (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASHA, Palli Unnayan Sanity or outsourcing NGOs)
who may be linked to financial support.
Business skills and marketing training: The selected member of the household would need to have the capacity to
manage IGAs. Therefore skill, business and marketing training need to be provided by the project through the
outsourcing NGOs.
Involvement of women in all project programs: This is a key strategic activity of gender development under the
project. At least one third of the project beneficiaries in WMG, and 50% in IGA skill, business and marketing training
should be women. This is important for women empowerment and will minimize gender inequality.
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Table 11: Feasible income generating activities for Beel Sukunia
Name of opted IGA Approximate initial capital required to
initiate business/IGA
Yearly profit rate (approximately)
Approximate yearly income
Remarks
Farming: pulse/onion/vegetable/oil seeds etc.
Tk. 15,000, for 50 decimal
Tk 150% (with two crops a year)
Tk 22,500 Initial capital may be available from local NGOs/MFIs
Beef fattening Tk 20,000 For two calves 75% Tk 15,000 “ “
Seed processing & business Tk 20,000 100% with two times turn over in two rice seasons
Tk 20,000 “ “
Small scale fish culture Tk 20,000 to 25,000 100% Tk 20,000 to 25,000
“ “
Power tiller for tilling own land and also for renting business
Tk 70,000 50% Tk 35,000
This activity may be suitable for marginal and small farmers They may get loan from NGOs/MFIs for purchasing power tiller
Rice based dry food making/ puffed rice/ pressed rice/ sweetened rice ball etc.
Tk 10,000 150% with year round turn over
Tk 15,000
This is an women friendly activity and they may get loan for the activity from NGOs
Small scale agro business Tk 20,000-30,000 150% with year round turn over
Tk 30,000-45,000
For such activity NGO/MFI loan is available locally
Masonry and rod binding Not needed, wage based activity
- Tk 80,000 for 200 days employment
Employment in project regulator construction and maintenance and in construction work in or around project area. This activity needs skill training
Pump and power tiller mechanics
Not needed, wage based activity
Tk 80,000 for 200 days employment
This activity need skill training
Source: Project PRRA
3.18 Institutional arrangement through WMG Institutional arrangement for the gender and livelihood enhancement program deserves special attention. The
Bangladesh Water Development Board promotes their water management program through Water Management
Group (WMG) at farmer‟s level. In the project area 17 WMGs are likely to be formed. The gender and livelihood
program may be integrated with this grass level organization for selection of beneficiaries, and this programme
should be supported by an experienced NGO.
3.19 Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Action Plan Based on strategies proposed in section 3 an action plan has been formulated to implement the activities under the proposed project strategies, see Table 12.
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Table 12: Action plan for Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement
Target/output Main Activities Responsibilities Support Needed Time Frame
NGO for outsourcing the program implementation selected
Select NGOs, provide ToR, issue work order, provide administrative and financial support to implement the GLEP
PMO of BWDB Financial support from PMO and technical support from relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within 2 months project inception
3187 (10% of total HH) beneficiary from poor household selected for project support
Finalize beneficiary selection criteria
PMO Relevant technical expert from consultant firm/NGO
Within a 4 weeks after selection of NGO
Select households to be supported through KI survey from each village
NGO Supervision by PMO and consultant
Within two months after criteria finalization
Form beneficiary group under WMG
NGO Supervision by PMO and consult
Within two months after beneficiary selection
Orientation /training for 200 WMG committee (17) members on gender dimension /action organized
Training delivery on gender dimension
NGO/Resource person
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Within month of formation of WMG
Orientation for 100 beneficiary groups (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) on gender dimension organized
Orientation of beneficiaries in groups for awareness raising on gender dimension
Partner NGO with collaboration from WMGs
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Continues for 6 month after formation of beneficiary group and WMG
ToT for 30 skills, business and marketing trainers (20 skills and 10 business and marketing trainers conducted
Deliver ToT for skills and business trainers
Resource person to / NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
Within 1 month after selection of skills and business trainers
Skills, business and marketing training for 3000 beneficiaries (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) organized
Conduct skills, business and marketing training
NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
1 Year after completion of orientation on gender dimension
Provide certificate to trainees
NGO Own initiative of NGO
At the end of training
Assess post training support/financial support for starting IGA or employment linkage
NGO Own initiative of NGO
Within 4 weeks after training completion
Follow up and monitoring of livelihood improvement process
PMO monitors/NGO
Own initiative of NGO
Continue till end of project
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3.20 BUDGET
Costs have been estimated for the implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness
activities, based on the action plan presented in section 7. Four major costs have been identified:
Per participant costs for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members
(includes participants and resource persons allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
er participant cost for 4 days ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (include
trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 days orientation on gender) on
skills and business training
NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement
program (selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising,
monitoring, follow-up and documentation)
The basis for estimation is the rate used for other sub projects of the ongoing project, Table F13: presents the cost
per activity. (Costs for IGA activities related to agriculture and fisheries are given in Annexes D and E.)
Table 13 Costs for GLEP
Sl. No.
Cost item description Training/ investment costs per participant or
trainees (BDT)
No of participants /trainees(F)
Total cost for each item/activity
(BDT)
1
Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 200 WMG management committee members
1,000 2,000 (60) 200,000
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
1,500 30 (10) 45,000
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days skills and business training
2,300 3,000 (1500) 6,900,000
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute household households
5,000 120 600,000
Sub total 7,745,000
5 NGO service cost (10% of sub total 774,500
Total for GLEP 8,519,500
3.21 Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Program a. Economic Benefit: Undertaking wage based and self-employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries under
the project will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of increased per capita income poverty will
reduce. This will contribute to increase the per capita national income. Another economic benefit is that the
contribution to GDP will increase due to higher production of goods and services by the involved beneficiaries.
b. Social Benefit: Ppoverty is not only an economic issue, it is also a social issue. Poor people are the burden of
society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social
problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment
contributes to bring social stability, gender empowerment, makes society more peaceful and harmonious and
creates an environment for further development of education, health and culture.
3.22 Monitoring Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out side by side. GFP, PMO, SMO, ASG / project personnel / MC of WMG
will form a monitoring committee and will report quarterly to the PMO / project authority and the Gender and
Poverty Component (GPC). For this purpose monitoring indicators based on an action or implementation plan are
suggested to be developed.
3.23 Implementation of Gender policy Consistent with the national gender policy, policies for women participation in water management have already
been proposed/recommended for other sub projects that are currently being implemented under this project. These
policies should also be taken into consideration for promotion of the gender equality in the Beel Sukunia sub
project. WMB may be the focal point to implement these polices. The policies are as follows: to establish
participation of water resources operation and maintenance women's capacity building need to be stressed. To this
end, it is necessary to take the following measures or precautions:
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Minimum 70% poor / non-poor women are always contribution of any water related program.
Minimum 50% poor / non-poor women are targeted of any other IGA participation.
Minimum 50% poor / non-poor women are targeted of various IGA / Skill / WMG / leader ship empowering /
capacity building / Agri based / Fish farm / O&M of water structures training.
Minimum 50% poor / non-poor women are always contribution of WMG program.
Establish equality between men and women in all spheres of livelihood.
Ensure women‟s security in all spheres of state, society and family.
Ensure empowerment of women in the fields of politics, administration and the economy.
Financial / credit facility as per WMG activity for IGA.
100% poverty / impoverished reduced for women participation require is always of any water resource
program.
Establish women‟s human rights.
Develop women as educated and efficient human resources.
Free women from the curse of poverty.
Eliminate existing discrimination against men and women.
Acknowledge women‟s contribution in social and economic sphere.
Eradicate all forms of oppression on women and girls.
Establish equality between men and women in administration, politics, education, culture, sports and all
other economic activities.
Devise and import technology congenial to the interest of women and ban use of technology harmful to
women.
Take adequate measures to ensure women‟s health and nutrition.
Ensure priority of women in the arrangement of hoisting and providing suitable shelters.
Meet the needs of women especially in difficult circumstances.
Ensure security for widows, divorced, unmarried and childless women.
Reflect gender perspective in mass media by projection positive image of women.
Provide assistance on flourishing creativity of meritorious and talented women. Provide support services in the advancement of women.
3.24 Conclusion and Recommendations In some fundamental social aspects development friendly social conditions exist within the sub project Beel
Sukunia. These are household size, male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water and sanitation facilities,
electricity use, housing condition etc. A general experience and observation is that with such a development
friendly social situation, further development initiative (for example a water management project) becomes relatively
easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a
process of social introduction where people adopt new technologies following their fellow neighbor or other
members of the society. The current poverty situation higher than the national average, inadequate livelihood
means and a low gender dimension in the SP area justifies a development project.
In the PRRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and
options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of the existing
situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA team to believe that the
community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken
under the water management sub project Beel Sukunia.
Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. On
top of these, some recommendations to be focused on while undertaking the gender and livelihood program are:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the
capacity building process of WMG management body
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water management infrastructure is another gender
dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation
and maintenance of the water structure and they get financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with
men an equal number of women must also be given opportunity for this activity
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the SP
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amount, and its provision
overall in the Sub Project budget may therefore deserve special consideration
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed
to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension. .
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APPENDIX-5
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
CHATLER FAKURHAT
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1. Introduction Southwest Area Integrated Water Resource Planning and Management (SAIWRPM) project is a project of Bangladesh Water Development Board supported by Asian Development Bank and Royal Netherland Government. The overall objective of the project is to reduce poverty by increasing agricultural and fish production and employment creation through integrated water management (Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation) with active participation of the local people. The project has, therefore given highest priority to poverty reduction in its development objective. Parallel to the focus on water management and planning it has given attention to livelihood and socio economic condition especially gender dimension of the beneficiary community. Within the project area there are households who are farmers of different category (large, medium, small and marginal) and under privileged groups including women and landless people. It is important that the project should give due attention to different section of the communities including marginalized sections so that the project benefit should flow to all sections of the community proportionately to ensure sustainable development The Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resource (MoWR) started the implementation of the project (SAIWRPMP)” from 2007. Under the overall framework of the project sub projects are being implemented in Narail, Jessore and Magura district which will expected to be completed by 2014. However considering the needs of the country and with the request of the government the development partners (GoB, ADB and EKN) agreed to support 7 additional subprojects located in Faridpur and Maguara district. Under the overall framework of SWAIWRPMP seven additional sub projects have therefore been undertaken by BWDB. The feasibility studies include the determination of technical, economic, social and environmental impact and financial analysis to assess the projects overall viability. To that extent information on the rehabilitation of physical infrastructure, the needs for capacity building of the BWDB and the beneficiary organizations (WMG) to implement and manage the sub projects. Data on agriculture and fisheries, environmental impact and livelihood development for poverty reduction along with consideration of gender issues have to be collected for this purpose. Plan for information collection through technical and household survey and Upazila level key stakeholder meetings have already been undertaken in sub project areas. As a part of the information collection process the project implemented Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal (PRRA) to collect information on some key socio economic issues including gender, livelihood and poverty which are not possible to be collected by household survey due to time and resource constraints. Another importance of PRRA is that some socio economic, gender and livelihood issues especially information on income generating activities relating water management project and involvement of women in productive work can be obtained in a more focused way.
2. Methodology A PRRA follows several independent steps in order to collect information and facts on social, economic and technical issues of particular community and area. It includes Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Survey (KI Survey), Transect Walk and Social and Resource Mapping. To know and understand the local socio economic issues the project choose FGDs where 10-15 people with a range of local experience and occupations were organized in a group discussion in each of the pre-selected village. Three average sizes of villages from middle and extreme two ends of the sub project Chatler-Fakurhat were selected as the representative sample villages. The information provided and views expressed by the group members of representative villages were extrapolated to the whole sub project. Each group in selected villages was facilitated in such a way that a consensus was reached among the group members to provide common information and views from the group on any issue. The data /information and views of three groups from three representative villages were arithmetically averaged or interpreted by synthesis (in case of qualitative information and views). In addition to FGDs the project also conducted a household survey in selected villages which are considered representative sample villages for each additional sub project. Socio-economic data/information on sanitation, water supply, housing, age group etc was used to analyze socio economic, livelihood and gender issues.
3. General Information on Chatler-Fakurhat Sub-Project The sub project Chatler-Fakurhat is situated in Sadar Pur and Bhanga Upazila of Faridpur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of the sub project is 10,268 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table 1
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Table 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Number of villages 113
Population 48,300 Project estimation
Total number of households 11,500 Average based on PRRA sampled villages
Average size of household 4.2 Smaller than national (4.4) and district average (4.5)
Average population per village 407 Less than national (1082) and district average (1000)
Area (Gross) 10,268 ha. Project information
Area per household (including home garden)
0.8 ha Consistent with national average(0.8 ha)
Percentage (%) of farmer 54 Consistent with national average
Source: HH Sample survey and PRRA
3.1 Socio economic, Livelihood and Gender Perspective of the Sub Project: The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
3.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Chatler-Fakurhat the population was estimated to be. 48,300. The population density per village is 470 per square km
2. Compared to the national average (976), the project is not over populated. The sex ratio is defined
as the number of males per 100 females. In Chatler-Fakurhat it is 111 (calculated on the basis of 35782 male and 32015 female) which is higher than the national average.
3.3 Household size The household size is within the range of 4.2 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.3 and for the district of Faridpur it is 4.5.
3.4 Age structure In Chatler-Fakurhat the productive or 15-59 age group of population is, with 61.72% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-14 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger that 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The results for Chatler Fakurhat are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population
1-14 21.27.
15- 59 61.72
60 and above 17.00
Source: Project HH sample survey
3.5 Male and Female Headed Household In Chatler-Fakurhat subproject the percentage of female headed and male headed household is 1% and 99% respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%. Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The various occupations of the work force of Chatler-Fakurhat is presented in the bar chart and Table 3
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Source: Project PRRA In all occupation categories the share of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social re cognition of this work as occupation not much progress has been made.
Table 3: Occupation and employment days
Name of occupation
Percentages of total sample population
Average number of employment days in a year
Male Female Female Male
Farmer 54 0.31 249 0
Fisherman 1.20 0 187 0
Business 2.33 0.12 345 0
Labour 14.52 2.78 297 278
Rickshaw /van puller
2.42 0 314 0
Carpenter 1.17 0 271 0
Mason 1 0 286 0
Mechanic 0.45 0 280 0
Service (wage employment)
2.31 0.57 288 0
Boatmen 0.46 0 227 0
Driver 0.46 0 301 0
Auto Rickhaw driving-
1.12 0 323 0
Unemployed 7 7.78
Source: PRRA The table shows that the highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The employment days in a year shows that farming is probably a part-time occupation.
3.6 Educational Status The average literacy rate in the sub project area is 72%, with literate female and male ratio 1:1.12 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 56.8% with literate female male ratio 1:1.17.
3.7 Housing Characteristics Except Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for any other sub project. However noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub project recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brickwalled.
Male
Female
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3.8 Household Water Supply Almost all household drinking water supply in Daduria-Kandor Beel is coming from underground sources lifted by hand tube well. Its share in the sub-project area is almost 100% and the rest is from other sources, including surface water, ponds and river. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. Whereas it has been reported that a significant percentage of people use contaminated or unsafe water, the household survey showed a significant portion (84%) of the community are using pure and safe water. Sanitation Facility The present situation of sanitation in the sub project are shown Table 4
Table 4: Access to Sanitation of the HHs in the SIP area
Type of Latrine Percentage of HHs
Ring slab/water sealed 83.19
Hanging/ pit (un hygienic) 15.13
Open 1.68
Source: Project HH sample survey The table shows that almost 83% or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation.
3.9 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS. The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of non food items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non food items.People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area.
Table 5: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497 1276
Dhaka Urban 1793 1314
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 Following the class intervals of the upper and lower poverty line data for Dhaka rural the household monthly expenditure data for the sub-project area are presented per group in Table 6.
Table 6: Per capita monthly average expenditure for Chatler-Fakurhat
Per capita expenditure group
Percentage of total sample HH
Total percentage
Remark
M F
Less than TK 1276 19.33 1.12 20.45 As per national definition of poverty this group is extreme poor (BBS HIES 2010)
TK 1277 to 1497 22.82 0 22.82 As per national definition of poverty this group is absolute poor (BBS HIES 2010)
Total 42.15 0
43.27 Incidence of poverty or percentage of poor in Chatler-Fakurhati is 43.27
Source: Project PRRA in Chatler-Fakurhat The average incidence of poverty in project area is 43.27, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in the poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. A more than average poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area.
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3.10 Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Chatler-Fakurhat through PRRA undertaken by the project. The analysis of ownership of land and other assets are presented in Table 7 and 8 respectively.
Table 7: Category of land holdings/ownership in sub project Chatler-Fakurhat
Category Landholding range
Male HH Female HH
Total % of household
Remarks/Estimated number of landholding HH in each category for the whole sub project
% of total household
% of total household
Total number M-HHs in each category
Total number F-HHs in each category
Total number HHs in each category
Landless HH
less than 5 decimal
15.75 1 16.75 1811 116 1927
Marginal farmer
5-49 decimal
27.23 0 27.23 3132 0 3132
Small farmer
50-249 decimal
41.00 0 41.00 4715 0 4715
Medium farmer
250-749 decimal
13.00 0 13.00 1496 0 1496
Large farmer
750 decimal and above
2.00 0 2.00 230 0 230
Total 100% 11384 116 11500
Source: Project PRRA /percentage calculated based on representative sample village data
Table F 8: Livelihood asset other than land
Source: Project PRRA in sample (representative) villages
The table of ownership of land asset shows that the percentage of small farmers are the highest (41%) followed by marginal farmer (27%). Together they constitute 68%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is marginal. About 16% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 1-2 per village.
Type of Asset Ownership range( number)
Percentage of total sample household
Male Female
Cattle (cow-bullock/buffalo)
1-2 22.19 0
3 - 5 3.54 0
Above 5 1.13 0
Goat
1-2 14.98 0
3 - 5 3.12 0
Above 5 0,52 0
Poutry/duck 1-2 11.28 0.76
3 - 5 61.74 0.24
Above 5 4.94 0
Rickshaw/van 1 4.17 0
Boat 1 3.76 0
Power tiller 1 2.00 0
Pump 1 5.16 0
Shop 1 3.00 0
Others: (3 wheeler 1 0.72 0
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Assets other than land like cattle and poultry, rickshaw van etc as shown in Table F 9 are also at subsistence level. As per opinion of FGD members the human asset- skills also do not show potential picture of livelihood. Institutional training received by the household members of sub project area is insignificant. Large portion of household members acquired farming skills through field work and only a very small percentage (less than 3%) of household members have value added skills like carpentry, masonry, mechanic etc as shown in table 3. As a part of livelihood analysis income analysis for households will provide further light on livelihood situation in sub project area. The income group and percentage of household are shown in Table 9 Table F 9: Per capita monthly household income at Chatler-Fakurhat Sub Project
capita income group Percentage of total sample household
Whether this income is sufficient to maintain their livelihood
Male HH Female
Less than Tk. 1276 20 1 No
1276 to 1497 25 0 No
Tk. 1498 -2243 26 0 No
Tk. 2244 above 29 0 yes
Source: BBS HS Report 2010 and PRRA The first two income groups in the table F 9 belong to poverty level. The third income group is from above poverty level which however, according to FGD participants, is not sufficient for a desired livelihood.
If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.5), a monthly income more than Tk 10,000 is needed to maintain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Currently it is not the case for major portion of the households of the sub project. Gender Situation The Gender situation in sub projectwas assessed through PRR/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 10
Table 10: Gender dimension on key issues Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and
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participation in local government the position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects. The Gender situation in Chatler-Fakurhat can therefore be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects.
3.11 Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. These issues are resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability, other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. No relation was found between the proposed SP‟s rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group access to goods and services. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s rehabilitating work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program.
3.12 Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Chatler-Fakurhat reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows: Household with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 1497 (upper poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing
training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with micro
credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project
3.13 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement. Some NGOs are implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. They have required capacities to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. The programme therefore should be implemented by outsourcing through appropriate NGOs working in the relevant project area under the supervision of this project. Selection of Appropriate Activities for the Programme Livelihood enhancement/improvement deserve activities to be undertaken which generate income for the target group. The proposed activities are:
Potential IGAs: For sub project area feasible IGAs with requirement of initial capital and yearly estimated income are shown in Table F 11. The households to be involved with the sub project may select IGA from this list.
Financial/credit support: The project has no provision to support its beneficiaries with cash or credit. There are NGOs and MFIs in sub project area (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASHA, Palli Unnayan Samity or outsourcing NGOs) who may be linked to provide financial support.
Skill business and marketing training: The selected member of the household would need to have capacity to manage IGAs. Therefore skill, business and marketing training need to be provided by the project through the outsourcing NGOs.
Involvement of women in all project programmes: This is a key strategic activity of gender development under the project. At least one third of the project beneficiaries in WMG, 50% in IGA skill, business and marketing training should be women. This is important for women empowerment and minimize gender inequality.
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Table 11: Feasible income generating activities for Chatler Fakurhat
Name of opted IGA
Approximate initial capital required to
initiate business/IGA
Yearly profit rate
Approximate yearly
income
Remarks
Farming /pulse/onion/vegetable/oil
seeds etc
@ Tk. 300 per decimal for 50
decimal Tk 15,000
approximately Tk. 150% (with
two crops a year)
Tk. 22500 Initial capital may be available from local NGOs/MFIs
Beef fattening For two calf Tk. 20,000
approximately 75%
Tk. 15000 “ “
Duck and poultry raising Tk. 10,000 Approximately 125%
Tk. 12500 “ “
Seed processing & business
Tk. 20,000 approximately 100% with two times turn over
in two rice seasons
20,000 “ “
Small scale fish culture Tk. 20,000 to 25,000
Approximately 100%
Tk. 20,000 to 25,000
“ “
Power tiller for tilling own land and also for renting
business
Tk. 70,000 Approximately 50%
Tk. 35,000 This activity may be suitable for
marginal and small farmers The may
get loan from NGOs/MFIs for
purchasing power tiller
Rice based dry food making/puffed rice/pressed
rice/sweetened rice ball etc
Tk 10,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 15,000 This is an women friendly activity and they may get loan
for the activity from NGOs
Pulse, spices and other agro trading
Tk. 20,000-30,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 30,000-45000
For such activity NGO/MFI loan is available locally
Masonry and rod binding Not needed, wage based activity
- Tk. 80,000 for 200 days
employment
Employment in project regulator construction and maintenance and
in construction work in or around project area. This activity need skill
training
Pump and power tiller mechanics
Not needed, wage based activity
Tk. 80,000 for 200 days
employment
This activity need skill training
Source: Project PRRA
3.14 Livelihood improvement for Vulnerable /Destitute Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households living in.Chatler-Fakurhat. They do not posses any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number is not significant. An estimate with the help of Upazila parishad shows that their number in 113 villages of Chatler-Fakurhat could be approximately 200. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their
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livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. They project may consider to distribute among them poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income.
3.15 Institutional arrangement through WMG: Institutional arrangements for the gender and livelihood enhancement programme deserve special attention. BWDB promotes their water management programme through Water Management Groups (WMGs) at farmer‟s level. In Chatler-Fakurhat 9 WMGs are likely to be formed. Gender and livelihood programmes may be integrated with this grass level organization for selection of beneficiaries and supportive action with outsourcing to a NGO.
3.16 Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Action Plan Based on strategies proposed in Chapter 5 an action plan with budget has been formulated to implement the activities under the proposed project strategies
Table 12: Action Plan for Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement
Target/output Main Activities Responsibilities Support Needed Time Frame
NGO for outsourcing the programme implementation selected
1. Select NGOs, provide ToR, , issue work order, provide administrative and financial support to implement the GLEP
PMO of BWDB Financial support from PMO and technical support from relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within 2 months project inception
1150 (10% of total HH) beneficiary from poor household selected for project support
Finalize beneficiary selection criteria
PMO Relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within a weeks after selection of NGO
Select households to be supported through KI survey from each village
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consultant
Within two months after criteria finalization
Form beneficiary group under WMG
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consult
Within two months after beneficiary selection
Orientation /training for 108 WMG committee (9) members on gender dimension /action organized
Training delivery on gender dimension
NGO/Resource person Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Within month of formation of WMG
Orientation for 225 beneficiary groups (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) on gender dimension organized
Orientation of beneficiaries in groups for awareness raising on gender dimension
Partner NGO with collaboration from WMGs
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Continue for 6 month after formation of beneficiary group and WMG
ToT for 30 skills, business and marketing trainers (20 skills and 10 business and marketing trainers conducted
Deliver ToT for skills and business trainers (if it is done for other sub project, not necessary for this sub project)
Resource person to / NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
Within 1 month after selection of skills and business trainers
Skills, business and marketing training for 1150 beneficiaries (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) organized
Conduct skills, business and marketing training
NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
1 year after completion of orientation on gender dimension
Provide certificate to trainees NGO Own initiative of NGO At the end of training
Assess post training support/financial support for starting IGA or employment linkage
NGO Own initiative of NGO Within 4 weeks after training completion
Livelihood support to 200 vulnerable/destitute households
Identify vulnerable/destitute households for support through grant with livelihood asset
NGO with WMG‟s involvement
Project grant After identification of vulnerable households
Follow up and monitoring of livelihood improvement process
PMO monitors/NGO Own initiative of NGO Continue till end of project
3.17 Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
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Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (include trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement programme.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 13: Budget for Gender and Livelihood Support at Chatler-Fakurhat Sub Project
Sl. No
Cost item description
Average orientation or training cost per
participant or trainees (BDT)
No of participants /trainees(F)
Total cost for each item/activity
(BDT) Remarks
1 Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 108 WMG management committee members
1000 108(36) 108,000 Include all costs
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
Not needed, ToT organized for Beel Sukinia will serve the purpose for all sub project
- - Include all costs
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days Skill and business training
2500 1150 (575) 2,875,000 Include all costs
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute household households
5000 200 1,000,000 Include all costs
Sub total 3,983,000
5 NGO service cost (10% of sub total 398,300
Total 4,381,300
Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
3.18 Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Programme a. Economic Benefit: Undertaking wage based and self employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries under the project will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of increased per capita income poverty will reduce. This will contribute to increase per capita national income. b. Social Benefit: Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment contribute to bring social stability, contribute to gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development in the field of education, health and culture.
3.19 Monitoring Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out side by side: GFP / PMO / SMO / ASG / project personnel / MC of WMG will form a monitoring committee and will provide a quarterly report to the PMO / Project authority, copy to Gender and Poverty Component (GPC). For this purpose monitoring indicators based on action or implementation plan is suggested to be developed Implementation of Gender policy In line with the national gender policy, policies for women participation in water management have already been proposed/recommended for other sub projects currently being implemented under this project. These policies
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should also be taken into consideration for promotion of gender equality in Chatler-Fakurhat sub project. The WMGs may be the focal point to implement these polices. The policies are as follows:
To establish participation of water resources operation and maintenance for women capacity building need to be stressed
Minimum 70% poor / non poor women are always beneficiaries of any water related program.
Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted of any other IGA participation.
Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted of various IGA / Skill / WMG / leader ship empowering / capacity building / agri based / fish farm / O&M of water structures training.
Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are always beneficiaries of WMG program.
Establish equality between men and women in all spheres of livelihood.
Ensure women‟s security in all sphere of state, society and family.
Ensure empowerment of women in the fields of politics, administration and the economy.
Financial / credit facility as per WMG activity for IGA.
100% poverty / impoverished reduced for women participation require is always of any water resource program.
Establish Women‟s human rights.
Develop women as educated and efficient human resources.
Free women from the curse of poverty.
Eliminate existing discrimination against men and women.
Acknowledge women‟s contribution in social and economic sphere.
Eradicate all forms of oppression on women and girls.
Establish equality between men and women in administration, politics, education, culture, sports and all other economic activities.
Devise and import technology congenial to the interest of women and ban use of technology harmful to women.
Take adequate measures to ensure women‟s health and nutrition.
To ensure priority of women in the arrangement of hoisting and providing suitable shelter for women.
Meet the needs of women especially in difficult circumstances.
Ensure security for widows, divorced, unmarried and childless women.
Reflect gender perspective in mass-media by projection positive image of women.
Provide assistance on flourishing creativity of meritorious and talented women.
Provide support services in the advancement of women.
3.20 Conclusion and Recommendation Considering the social aspects within the sub project/Chatler-Fakurhat further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.2), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process.
Current poverty situation, which is more than national average, in adequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in sub project area justifies project interventions.
In PRRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA tam to believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management sub project/Chatler-Fakurhat
Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further to these, some recommendations to be focused while undertaking the gender and livelihood programme are as follows:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and its provisions in overall sub project budget may therefore deserved special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
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Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
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APPENDIX-6
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
DADURIA-KANDOR BEEL SUB-PROJECT
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1. Introduction The Southwest Area Integrated Water Resource Planning and Management (SAIWRPM) project is a project of Bangladesh Water Development Board supported by the Asian Development Bank and the Royal Netherland Government. The overall objective of the project is to reduce poverty by increasing agricultural and fish production and creation of employment through integrated water management with active participation of the local people. The project has, therefore, given highest priority to poverty reduction in its development objective. Parallel to the focus on water management and planning it has given attention to livelihood and socio economic conditions, especially on the gender dimension of the beneficiary community. Within the project area there are households which include farmers of different categories (large, medium, small and marginal) and under-privileged groups, including women and landless people. It is important that the project will give due attention to different sections of the communities including marginalized sections so that the project benefits will flow to all sections of the community, to ensure sustainable development. The Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) started the implementation of the project (SAIWRPMP) in 2007. Under the overall framework of the project sub-projects are being implemented in Narail, Jessore and Magura districts which are expected to be completed by 2013. However, considering the needs of the country and following the request of the government, the development partners (GOB, ADB and EKN) agreed to support 7 additional subprojects located in the Faridpur and Maguara districts. Under the overall framework of SAIWRPMP feasibility studies of seven additional sub-projects are therefore undertaken by the BWDB.
The feasibility studies include the determination of the technical needs, the economic, social and environmental impact and the financial analysis of the investments to assess the projects‟ overall viability. To that extent information on the rehabilitation of the physical infrastructure, the need for capacity building of the BWDB and the beneficiary organizations (WMGs) to implement and manage the sub-projects. Data on agriculture, fisheries, environmental impact and livelihood development for poverty reduction along with consideration of gender issues have to be collected for this purpose. As part of the information collection process the project implemented Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisals (PRRAs) to collect information on socio economic key issues including gender, livelihood and poverty which are not possible to be collected through household surveys due to time and resource and time constraints. Another important character of a PRRA is that some socio economic, gender and livelihood issues especially information on income generating activities related to water management projects and the involvement of women in productive work can be focused in a more focused way.
2. Methodology A PRRA follows several independent steps in order to collect information and facts on social, economic and technical issues of particular community and area. It includes Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Survey (KI Survey), Transect Walks and Social and Resource Mapping. To know and understand the local socio economic issues the project choose FGDs where 10-15 people with a range of local experience and occupations were organized in a group discussions in each of the pre-selected villages. Three average sized villages from the middle and extreme two ends of the sub-project Daduria and Kandor Beel were selected as representative sample villages. The information provided and views expressed by the group members of representative villages were extrapolated to the whole sub-project.
Each group in the selected villages was facilitated in such a way that a consensus was reached among the group members to provide common information and views from the group on each issue. The data /information and views of three groups from three representative villages of the sub-project were arithmetically averaged or interpreted by synthesis (in case of qualitative information and views)
In addition to FGDs, the project also conducted a household survey in the selected villages which are considered representative sample villages for each additional sub-project. Socio-economic data/information on sanitation, water supply, housing, age group etc. was used to analyze the socio-economic, livelihood and gender issues.
3. General Information on Daduria – Kandor Beel The sub-project Daduria and Kandor Beel is situated in the Boalmari Upazila of Faridpur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub-project area. Almost 80% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of Daduria Beel is 2,686 ha and Kandor Beel 615 ha. Together the sub-project is 3,301 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspects is given in Table 1.
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Table 1: General Information on Sub-project
Description of information Number/quantity
Remarks
Number of villages 34 Daduria 24 and Kandor 10
Population 15,519
Total number of households 3,695 Average based on PRRA sampled villages
Average size of household 4.2 size smaller than national average
Average population per village 435 less than national average
Area (gross) 3,301 ha
Area per household (including home garden)
0.8 ha Consistent with national and district average (0.8 ha)
Percentage farmers 50 Consistent with national average
Source: HH Sample survey and PRRA
3.1 Socio-economic, Livelihood and Gender aspects The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
3.2 Population and sex ratio In Daduria and Kandor Beel the population was estimated to be 15,519. The population density is 470 per square km
2. Compared to the national average (976) the project area is not over populated.
The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Daduria and Kandor Beel it is 100.4 (calculated on the basis of estimated male 5,209 and female 5,186) which is consistent with the national average (100.3 according to the BBS Population Census Report 2011).
3.3 Household size The household size is within the range of 4.2 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size 4.3 and for the district Faridpur it is 4.5.
3.4 Age structure In Daduria and Kandor Beel the productive or 15-59 years age group population is, with 61%, significantly higher than the two other groups (1-14 and 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy the social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non productive people. The results for Daduria and Kandor Beel are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Age groups of population
Age group % of total population
1-14 30
15- 59 61
60 and above 9
Source: Project household sample survey
3.5 Male and female headed household In Daduria and Kandor Beel the percentage of female and male headed household is 5% and 95% respectively. No national data is available to compare the male and female household percentage of the sub- project. However, the result is consistent with other sub-projects of the project where the percentage is less than 10%.
3.6 Occupation An occupation indicates the source of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The various occupations of the work force of Daduria and Kandor Beel is presented in the bar chart below and Table 3.
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Source: Project PRRA
In all occupation categories the share of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agriculture product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demand. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social recognition of this work as occupation not much progress has yet been made.
Table 3: Occupation and employment days
Name of occupation
Percentages of total sample population
Average number of employment days in a year
Male Female Male Female
Farmer 50.30 2.53 230 85
Fisherman 6.98 0.63 130 105
Business 3.32 0.86 350 220
Labour 17 1.63 300 230
Rickshaw /van puller 1.05 0 270 0
Carpenter 0,21 0 290 0
Mason 0.42 0 280 0
Mechanic 0 0 0 0
Service (wage employment)
1.48 .68 285 284
Boatmen 0 0 0 0
Driver 0.84 0 270 0
Unemployed 3.34 9.00 - -
The table shows that the highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The employment days in a year show that farming is probably a part-time occupation.
3.7 Educational status The average literacy rate in the sub-project area is 65% with literate female and male ratio 1: 1.03 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 56.8% with a literate female and male ratio of 1:1.17.
3.8 Housing characteristics Except for the sub-project Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for the other sub-projects. However, noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub-project Daduria and Kandor Beel recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled.
Male %
Female %
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3.9 Household water supply A significant share of household drinking water supply in Daduria-Kandor Beel is coming from underground sources lifted by hand tube well. Its share in the sub-project area is almost 84% and the rest is from other sources, including surface water, ponds and river. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. Whereas it has been reported that a significant percentage of people use contaminated or unsafe water, the household survey showed a significant portion (84%) of the community are using pure and safe water.
3.10 Sanitation facilities The present situation of sanitation in the sub-project is shown in the Table 4.
Table 4: Access to Sanitation of the HHs in the SIP area
Type of Latrine Percentage of HHs
Sanitary / water sealed or pacca 47.00
Hanging/ pit 50.62
Open 2.31
Source: Project HH sample survey The table shows that 47% of the households within the sub-project area are using hygienic sanitation. A major portion of the households are still out of hygienic sanitation coverage. The reason could be lack of motivation and access to public health facilities or both.
3.11 Poverty The nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS) The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of non food items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area.
Table 5: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in Tk Lower Poverty Line in Tk
Dhaka Rural 1497 1276
Dhaka Urban 1793 1314
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010
Following the class intervals of the upper and lower poverty line data for Dhaka rural the household monthly expenditure data for the sub-project area are presented per group in Table 6.
Table 6: Per capita monthly average expenditure
Per capita expenditure
group
Percentage of total sample HH
Total %
Remarks
M F
Less than TK 1276 12,15 4.70 16.85 As per national definition of poverty this group is extreme poor (BBS HIES 2010)
TK 1277 - 1497 27.13 2.94 30.07 As per national definition of poverty this group is absolute poor (BBS HIES 2010)
Total 38.52 6.90 46.92
Source: Project PRRA in Daduria-Kandor Beel The average incidence of poverty in the sub-project is 46.92, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district
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Faridpur is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangaldesh is 34%. A more than average level of poverty therefore exists in the sub-project area.
3.12 Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise an adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw vans, fishing nets and boats, pumps, power tillers etc are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc are the human asset. Both kinds of assets used to generate income build the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Daduria and Kandor Beel through PRRAs undertaken by the project. The analysis of ownership of land and other assets are presented in table 7 and 8.
Table 7: Category of land holdings/ownership
Category Landholding range
Male HH Female HH
% of total household
Remarks/Estimated number of landholding HH in each category for the whole sub-project
% of total household
% of total household
Total number M-HHs in each category
Total number F-HHs in each category
Total number HHs in each category
Landless HH
less than 5 decimal
20.8 6.2 26.97 514 153 667
Marginal farmer
5-49 decimal 37 3.5 40.61 918 87 1005
Small farmer
50-249 decimal
23 0 23 569 0 569
Medium farmer
250-749 decimal
7.2 0 7.2 188 0 188
Large farmer
750 decimal and above
1.8 0 1.82 18 0 46
Total 100% 2475
Source: Project PRRA /percentage calculated based on representative sample village data
Table 8: Livelihood asset other than land
Type of Asset Ownership range( number)
Percentage of total sample household
Male Female
Cattle (cow-bullock/buffalo)
1-2 11 0
3 - 5 4.12 0
Above 5 1.38 0
Goat
1-2 14.67 0.12
3 - 5 2.26 0
Above 5 0.73 0
Poultry/duck 1-2 13.20 1.33
3 - 5 57.7 0.4
Above 5 3.40 0
Rickshaw/van 1 3.19 0
Boat 1 0.65 0
Power tiller 1 2.80 0
Pump 1 3.88 0
Shop 1 4.70 0
Others:
Source: Project PRRA in sample (representative) villages Table 7 shows that the percentage of marginal farmers is the highest (40%) followed by small farmers (23%). Together they constitute 63%, meaning that a significant portion of the households in the sub-project area is marginal. There is a landless group of about 27% owing only 5 decimal (approximately 200 m
2) of homestead
garden. Among them there are daily labors, traders and wage employees. In category of landless the majority
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(17%) is laborer (see table F 3). Assets other than land like cattle and poultry, rickshaw van etc. as shown in Table 8 are also at a subsistencelevel. As per opinion of FGD members the human asset- skills also do not show potential picture of livelihood. Institutional training received by the household members of sub-project area is insignificant. Large portion of household members acquired farming skills through field work and only a very small percentage (less than 1%) of household members have value added skills like carpentry, masonry, mechanic etc as shown in Table 3. As a part of livelihood analysis an income analysis of the households will provide further light on the livelihood situation in the sub-project area. The income groups and percentages of households are shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Per capita household income
capita income group Percentage of total sample household Whether this income is sufficient to maintain their livelihood
Male HH Female
Less then Tk. 1276 16 4.54 No
1276 to 1497 22 2.12 No
Tk. 1498 -2243 28 6 No
Tk. 2244 above 19.6 1.2 yes
Source: Project PRRA and BBS HIES Report 2010 The first two groups of income in Table F 9 belong to the below-poverty level. The third income group is above the poverty level which, however, according to FGD participants is not sufficient for a desired livelihood. The third group is more than the national average which is found to be sufficient for desired livelihood.
If we consider household asset position and income and critically consider size of household (4.5), a monthly income of more than Tk 10,000 is needed to sustain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Currently it is not the case for major portion of the households of sub-project. Gender situation The gender situation in the sub-project was assessed through PRRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 10.
Table 10: Gender situation
No Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
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Although in a few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government women decision making position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most social and economic respects.
The gender situation in Daduria and Kandor Beel can therefore be characterized as a low women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects. Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following the ADB guidelines in the Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with the BWDB and relevant project staff. The issues which have been considered are resettlement, indigenous people, labour, affordability other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land will not take place.here are no indigenous people in this sub-project. Where labour is concerned, neither displacement or job loss for the labor living is expected. On the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. .No relation was found between the proposed sub-project rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group‟s access to goods and services. It will not be affected by the project. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub-project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub-project. However, no negative effects are foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities as a result of project‟s rehabilitation works. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement programs. Strategies for Livelihood Improvement, Poverty Reduction and Gender Development To disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub-project to all sections of the community, the following strategies are proposed. 3.13 Targeting the number of households with inadequate assets and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested as follows:
Households with land from 0-49 decimal and monthly per capita income Tk. 1497 (upper poverty line).
The household members to be involved with project should have a working age preferably below 50 and above 18.
The head of the household should be a permanent settler in the project area.
The household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing training for livelihood enhancement.
He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she will undertake IGA with self finance or with micro credit from NGOs.
He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub-project.
3.14 Implementation arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have the technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have the capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement. Some NGOs are implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities at project area. They have required capacities to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. The program therefore should be implemented by outsourcing through appropriate NGOs working in the relevant project area under the supervision of this project. 3.15 Selection of appropriate activities Livelihood enhancement/improvement deserves activities to be undertaken which generate income for the target group. The proposed activities are:
Potential IGAs: For the sub-project area feasible IGAs with a need for initial capital and yearly estimated income are shown in Table 11. The households to be involved with the sub-project may select IGA from this list.
Financial/credit support: The project has no provision to support its beneficiaries with cash or credit. There are NGOs and MFIs in sub-project area (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASHA, Palli Unnayan Samity or outsourcing NGOs) who may be linked to provide financial support
Skill business and marketing training: The selected members of the households would need to have capacity to manage IGAs. Therefore skill, business and marketing training need to be provided by the project through the outsourcing NGOs.
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Involvement of women in all project program: This is a key strategic activity of gender development under the project. At least one third of the project beneficiaries in WMG, 50% in IGA skill, business and marketing training should be women. This is important for women empowerment and minimizing gender inequality.
Table 11: Feasible income generating activities for Daduria and Kandor Beel
Name of opted IGA
Approximate initial capital required to initiate business/IGA
Yearly profit rate
Approximate yearly income
Remarks
Farming /pulse/onion/vegetable/oil seeds etc
k 300 per decimal, or Tk. 15,000 for 50 decimal
Approximately Tk. 150% (with two crops a year)
Tk. 22,500 Initial capital may be available from local NGOs/MFIs
Milk cow rearing and beef fattening
For two calfs Tk. 20,000
Approximately 75%
TK 15,000 “ “
Seed processing & business
Tk. 20,000 Approximately 100% with two times turn over in two rice seasons
20,000 “ “
Power tiller for tilling own land and also for renting business
Tk. 70,000 Approximately 50%
Tk. 35,000 This activity may be suitable for marginal and small farmers The may get loan from NGOs/MFIs for purchasing power tiller
Rice based dry food making/puffed rice/pressed rice/sweetened rice ball etc
Tk. 10,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 15,000 This is an women friendly activity and they may get loan for the activity from NGOs
Rickshaw van for carrying agro products and marketing
Tk. 10,000 Approximately 300% with year round turn over
Tk. 18,000 For this activity loans are available from NGOs
Small scale agro product business
Tk. 20,000-30,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 30,000-45,000
For such activity NGO/MFI loan is available locally
Masonry and rod binding Not needed, wage based activity
- Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
Employment in project regulator construction and maintenance and in construction work in or around project area. This activity need skill training
Vegetable gardening Tk. 5,000-8,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 12000 Women friendly activity for which loans are available from NGOs
Pump and power tiller mechanics
Not needed, wage based activity
Tk 80,000 for 200 days employment
This activity need skill training
Source: Project PRRA
3.16 Livelihood improvement for vulnerable households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households in Daduria and Kandor Beel. They do not posses any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability are also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number is not significant. An estimate with the help of Upazila parishad shows that their number in the (34) villages of Daduria-Kandor Beel could be approximately 50. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is needed to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind may show useful result in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distribute among them poultry/duck or goat/sheep or Rickshaw van to generate income.
3.17 Institutional arrangements through WMG Institutional arrangements for the gender and livelihood enhancement program deserve special attention. BWDB promotes their water management program through Water Management Group (WMG) at farmer‟s level.
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In Daduria and Kandor Beel 6 WMGs are likely to be formed. The gender and livelihood program may be integrated with this grass root level organization for selection of beneficiaries and supportive action with outsourcing to a NGO.
3.18 Gender and Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Action Plan Based on strategies proposed in Chapter 5 an action plan with budget has been formulated to implement the activities under the proposed project strategies
Table 12: Action plan for gender and livelihood improvement / enhancement
Target/output Main Activities Responsibilities Support Needed Time Frame
NGO for outsourcing the programme implementation selected
1. Select NGOs, provide ToR, , issue work order, provide administrative and financial support to implement the GLEP
PMO of BWDB Financial support from PMO and technical support from relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within 2 months project inception
588 (10% of total HH) beneficiary from poor household selected for project support
Finalize beneficiary selection criteria
PMO Relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within a weeks after selection of NGO
Select households to be supported through KI survey from each village
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consultant
Within two months after criteria finalization
Form beneficiary group under WMG
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consult
Within two months after beneficiary selection
Orientation /training for 70 WMG committee (6) members on gender dimension /action organized
Training delivery on gender dimension
NGO/Resource person
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Within month of formation of WMG
Orientation for 19 beneficiary groups (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) on gender dimension organized
Orientation of beneficiaries in groups for awareness raising on gender dimension
Partner NGO with collaboration from WMGs
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Continue for 6 month after formation of beneficiary group and WMG
ToT for 30 skills, business and marketing trainers (20 skills and 10 business and marketing trainers conducted
Deliver ToT for skills and business trainers
Resource persons / NGO in coordination with PMO
No additional support needed. Same trainers trained for Beel Sukunia may be engaged for Daduria-Kandor
Within 1 month after selection of skills and business trainers
Skills, business and marketing training for 588 beneficiaries (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) organized
Conduct skills, business and marketing training
NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
1 year after completion of orientation on gender dimension
Provide certificate to trainees NGO Own initiative of NGO At the end of training
Assess post training support/financial support for starting IGA or employment linkage
NGO Own initiative of NGO Within 4 weeks after training completion
Follow up and monitoring of livelihood improvement process
PMO monitors/NGO Own initiative of NGO Continue till end of project
3.19 Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows:
Per participant the costs for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource persong allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant costs for 4 days of ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (include trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost) will be covered from cost included sub-project Beel Sukunia
Per beneficiary the trainee costs for an average 15 days training ( included 2 days orientation on gender) on skills and business training
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NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement program.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation)
The basis of estimation is the rate proposed or used in Narail and Chenchuri Beel which is currently being implemented.
Table 13: Budget for GLEP
Sl. No
Cost item description Average training cost per participant (Tk.)
No of participants /trainees(F)
Total cost for each activity (Tk.)
1 Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 70 WMG management committee members
1,000 70 (22) 70,000
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
No additional cost, ToT estimated for Beel Sukunia is sufficient for other sub-projects
-
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days skill and business training 2,500 588(176) 1,470,000
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute household households
5,000 50 250,000
Sub total 1,790,000
5 NGO service cost (10% of sub total 179,000
Total for GLEP 1,969,000
A detailed break down of costs for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills, trade, locality and venue.
3.20 Economic and Social Benefits of the Gender and Livelihood Programme a. Economic benefits Undertaking wage based and self employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries under the project will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of the increased per capita income the poverty will decrease. .This will contribute to increase per capita national income. b. Social benefits Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment contribute to bring social stability, contribute to gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development in the field of education, health and culture.
3.21 Monitoring Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out side by side: GFP / PMO / SMO / ASG / project personnel / MC of WMG will form a monitoring committee and will provide a quarterly report to the PMO / Project authority, copy to Gender and Poverty Component (GPC). For this purpose monitoring indicators based on action or implementation plan is suggested to be developed 3.22Implementation of Gender policy In line with the national gender policy, the policies for women participation in water management have already been proposed/recommended for other sub-projects currently being implemented under this project. These policies should also be taken into consideration for promotion of gender equality in Daduria-Kandor Beel sub-project. The WMGs may be the focal point to implement these polices. The policies are as follows:
To establish participation of water resources operation and maintenance for women capacity building need to be stressed
minimum 70% poor / non poor women are always contribution of any water related program.
minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted of any other IGA participation.
minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted of various IGA / Skill / WMG / leader ship empowering / capacity building / Agri based / Fish farm / O&M of water structures training.
minimum 50% poor / non poor women are always contribution of WMG program.
establish equality between men and women in all spheres of livelihood.
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ensure women‟s security in all sphere of state, society and family.
ensure empowerment of women in the fields of politics, administration and the economy.
financial / credit facility as per WMG activity for IGA.
100% poverty / impoverished reduced for women participation require is always of any water resource program.
establish Women‟s human rights.
develop women as educated and efficient human resources.
free women from the curse of poverty.
eliminate existing discrimination against men and women.
acknowledge women‟s contribution in social and economic sphere.
eradicate all forms of oppression on women and girls.
establish equality between men and women in administration, politics, education, culture, sports and all other economic activities.
devise and import technology congenial to the interest of women and ban use of technology harmful to women.
take adequate measures to ensure women‟s health and nutrition.
To ensure priority of women in the arrangement of hoisting and providing suitable shelter for women.
meet the needs of women especially in difficult circumstances.
ensure security for widows, divorced, unmarried and childless women.
reflect Mgender perspective in mass-media by projection positive image of women.
provide assistance on flourishing creativity of meritorious and talented women.
provide support services in the advancement of women.
3.22 Conclusion and Recommendation Considering the socio-economic aspects within the sub-project Daduria and Kandor Beel further development support is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.2), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process.
The current poverty situation which is more than national average, inadequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in the sub-project area justifies project interventions.
In the PRRAs conducted in the sub-project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA tam to believe that the community living within the sub-project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management sub- project of Daduria and Kandor Beel.
Strategies and an action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have been proposed in this report. Further to these, some recommendations to be followed while undertaking the gender and livelihood program are as follows:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and the provisions in the overall sub-project budget may therefore deserve special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of water structure; there is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water structure and they get financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other component of the sub-project.
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APPENDIX- 7
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
KALIDASKHALI-ARPARA SUB-PROJECT
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1. Introduction Southwest Area Integrated Water Resource Planning and Management (SAIWRPM) project is a project of Bangladesh Water Development Board supported by Asian Development Bank and Royal Netherland Government. The overall objective of the project is to reduce poverty by increasing agricultural and fish production and creation of employment through integrated water management with active participation of the local people. The project has, therefore given highest priority to poverty reduction in its development objective. Parallel to the focus on water management and planning it has given attention to livelihood and socio economic condition especially gender dimension of the beneficiary community. Within the project area there are households who are farmers of different category (large, medium, small and marginal) and under privileged groups including women and landless people. It is important that the project should give due attention to different section of the communities including marginalized sections so that the project benefit should flow to all sections of the community proportionately to ensure sustainable development Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resource (MoWR) started the implementation of the project (SAIWRPMP)” from 2007. Under the overall framework of the project sub projects are being implemented in Narail, Jessore and Magura district which will expected to be completed by 2014, However considering need of the country and with the request of the government the development partners (ADB and EKN) agreed to support 7 additional subprojects located in Faridpur and Maguara district. Under the overall framework of South West Area Integrated Water Resource Planning and Management Project (SWAIWRPMP). Seven additional sub projects have therefore been undertaken by the BWDB. The feasibility studies include the determination of technical, economic, social and environmental impact and financial analysis to assess the projects overall viability. To that extent information on the rehabilitation of physical infrastructure, the needs for capacity building of the BWDB and the beneficiary organizations (WMG) to implement and manage the sub projects. Data on agriculture and fisheries, environmental impact and livelihood development for poverty reduction along with consideration of gender issues have to be collected for this purpose. Plan for information collection through technical and household survey and Upazila level key stakeholder meetings have already been undertaken in sub project areas. As a part of the information collection process the project implemented Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisal (PRRA) to collect information on some key socio economic issues including gender, livelihood and poverty which are not possible to be collected by household survey due to time and resource constraints. Another importance of PRRA is that some socio economic, gender and livelihood issues especially information on income generating activities relating water management project and involvement of women in productive work can be obtained in a more focused way.
2. Methodology A PRRA follows several independent steps to collect information and facts on social, economic and technical issues of particular community and area. It includes Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Survey (KI Survey), Transect Walk and Social and Resource Mapping. To know and understand the local socio economic issues the project choose FGDs where 10-15 people with a range of local experience and occupations were organized in a group discussion in each selected village. Three average sizes of villages from middle and extreme two ends of the sub project Kalidaskhali-Arpara were selected as the representative sample villages. Information provided and views expressed by the group members of representative villages are implied for the whole sub project. Each group in selected villages was facilitated in such a way that a consensus was reached among the group members to provide common information and views from the group on any issues. The data /information and views of three groups from three representative villages of the sub project were arithmetically averaged or interpreted by synthesis (in case of qualitative information and views) In addition to FGD, the project also conducted a household survey in selected villages which are considered representative sample villages for each additional sub project. Socio-economic data/information (sanitation, water supply, housing, age group etc) was used to analyze socio- economic, livelihood and gender issues.
3. General Information on Sub Project Kalidaskhali-Arpara The sub project Kalidaskhali-Arpara situated in the Shalika Upazila of Magura district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 80% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of the sub project is 13,197 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table 1.
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Table 1: General Information on Sub Project: Kalidaskhali-Arpara
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Number of villages 82 -
Estimated Population 59,124 Project estimation
Number of households 14,781 Project estimation
Average size of household 4 Smaller than national (4.4) and district average (4.5)
Average population per village 721 Lower than national and district average (1000)
Area (Gross, ha) 13,197 -
Area per household (including home garden), ha
0.8 Consistent with national average (0.8 ha)
Percentage (%) of farmer 53 Consistent with national average
Source: HH survey and PRRA
3.1 Socio economic, Livelihood and Gender Perspective of the Sub Project: Kalidaskhali-Arpara The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation
3.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Kalidaskhali-Arpara the population was estimated to be 59,124. The population density is 448 per village Compared to national average (976) it is not over populated. This is a positive condition for project feasibility. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Kalidaskhali-Arpara the ratio is 100.7 (calculated on basis of 2,932,550 male to 2,873,426 female) which is close to national average (1.003 according to the (BBS Population Census Report 2011).
3.3 Household size The household size is on average 4.0 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.3 and for the district of Faridpur it is 4.5
3.4 Age structure In Kalidaskhali-Arparathe productive or 15-59 age group of population is, with 62% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-14 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger that 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The results for Kalidaskhali-Arparaare presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population Remarks
1-14 23 Not considered productive
15- 59 62 Considered productive
60 and above 15 Not considered productive
Source: Project household sample survey
3.5 Male and Female Headed Household In Kalidaskhali-Arpara subproject the percentage of female headed and male headed household is 3% and 97% respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%.
3.6Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The various occupations of the work force of Kalisdaskhali-Arpara is presented in the bar chart and Table 3
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Source: Project PRRA Figure F 1: Occupation of males and females, Khalidaskhali-Arpara
In all occupation categories the share of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social re cognition of this work as occupation not much progress has been made.
Table 3: Occupation
Name of occupation
Percentages of total sample population
Average number of employment days in a year
Male Female Male Female
Farmer 53 0.93 247 93
Fisherman 0.51 0 177 0
Business 3.86 0,43 341 308
Labour 16.86 1.76 285 178
Rickshaw /van puller 2.37 0 301 0
Carpenter 0.79. 0 276 0
Mason 0.82 0 277 0
Mechanic 0.36 0 240 0
Service (wage employment) 3.33 1.33 288 263
Boatmen 0.31 0 220 0
Driver 1.11 0 305 0
Unemployed 2,38 10.15 - -
Source: PRRA
The table shows that highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The employment days in a year show that farming is probably a part-time occupation.
3.7Educational Status The average literacy rate in the sub project area is 66%, with literate female and male ratio 1:1.13 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 56.8% with literate female male ratio 1:1.17.
3.8Housing Characteristics Except Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for any other sub project. However noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub project recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled.
Male%
Female%
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3.9Household Water Supply In the household survey within the sample villages of sub project Kalidaskhali-Arpara 15% households were found who drink non pure water from pond/river. This rate of pure drinking water supply in the sub project area is below the national average which is 94.98% (BBS HIES Report 2011).
3.10Sanitation Facility The present situation of sanitation in the sub project are shown the table 4
Table 4: Access to Sanitation in Kalidaskhali-Arpara
Type of Latrine Percentage of HHs
Ring slab/water sealed 62.00
Hanging/ pit (un hygienic) 37.13
Open 0.87
Source: Project HH survey. The table shows that almost 62% or majority portion of the people in the sub project area are us using hygienic sanitation, a figure higher than the national average (51%). A major portion of the he households are still out of hygienic sanitation coverage. The reason could be lack of motivation and access to public goods.
3.11Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty. This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS)
The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of non food items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). As the sub-project area belongs to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty line is implied also for the sub-project area.
Table 5: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497 1276
Dhaka Urban 1793 1314
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 Following the class intervals of the upper and lower poverty line data for Dhaka rural the household monthly expenditure data for the sub-project area are presented per group in Table 6.
Table 6: Per capita monthly average expenditure
Per capita expenditure group
Percentage of total sample HH
Total percentage
Remark
M F
Less than TK 1276 16.33 2.19 18.52 As per national definition of poverty this group is extreme poor (BBS HIES 2010)
TK 1277 to 1497 22.22 0.59 22.81 As per national definition of poverty this group is absolute poor (BBS HIES 2010)
Total 38.55 2.78
41.33 Incidence of poverty or percentage of poor in Kalidaskhali-Arpara is 41.33
Source: Project PRRA in Kalidaskhali-Arpara The average incidence of poverty in project area is 41.33, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in the poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district
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Magura is between 36-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. A more than average poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area.
3.12 Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprises adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Khalidaskhali-Arpara through PRRA undertaken by the project. The analysis of ownership of land and other assets are presented in Table 7 and 8 respectively.
Table 7: Category of land holdings/ownership
Category Landholding
range
Male HH Female
HH total % of
household
Remarks/Estimated number of landholding HH in each category
% of total household
% of total household
Total number M-HHs
Total number F-HHs
Total number
HHs
Landless HH
less than 5 decimal
20 2.49 22.49 2948 368 3316
Marginal farmer
5-49 decimal 35.65 0.54 36.19 5269 80 5249
Small farmer
50-249 decimal
26.87 0 26.87 3982 0 3971
Medium farmer
250-749 decimal
12 0 12.00 1773 0 1773
Large farmer
750 decimal and above
2.45 0 2.45 362 0 362
Total 100% 14333 448 14781
Source: Project PRRA /percentage calculated based on representative sample village data
Table 8: Livelihood asset other than land
Type of Asset Ownership range( number)
Percentage of total sample households
Male Female
Cattle (cow-bullock/buffalo)
1-2 22.19 0
3 - 5 7.00 0
Above 5 3.13 0
Goat
1-2 17.78 0.53
3 - 5 3.76 0
Above 5 0,72 0
Poutry/duck 1-2 13.28 1.26
3 - 5 71.74 1.69
Above 5 5.54 0
Rickshaw/van 1 2.87 0
Boat 1 0.76 0
Power tiller 1 2.55 0
Pump 1 7.61 0
Shop 1 5.35 0
Others: 0 0 0
Source: Project PRRA in sample (representative) villages The table of ownership of land asset shows that the percentage of marginal farmers is the highest (36.19%) followed by small farmer 26.87%.Together they constitute 63% or a significant portion of household in the sub project area. About 22% of the farmers are landless group owing only 5 decimal of homestead garden. Among them are daily labourers, traders and wage employees. In the category of landless the majority is labourer (see Table 3) .
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Assets other than land like cattle and poultry, rickshaw van etc. as shown in Table F 9 are also at subsistence level. According to FGD members the training received by the household members is also insignificant. Large numbers of household members acquired farming skills through field work and only a very small percentage (less than 2%) of household members have value added skills like carpentry, masonry, mechanic etc. as shown in table 3.
As a part of livelihood analysis income analysis for households will provide further light on livelihood situation in sub project area. The income groups and percentage of household are shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Per capita household income
Capita income group
Percentage of total sample household
Whether this income is sufficient to maintain their livelihood Male HH Female
The first two groups of income in the table F 9 belong to below-poverty level. The third income group is above the poverty level which, however, according to FGD participants is not sufficient for a desired living. The fourth group is more than the national average which is found to be sufficient. If we consider household asset position and income and critically consider size of household (4.), a monthly income of more than BDT 10,000 is needed to sustain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Currently this is not the case for the majority of the households of the sub project.
3.13 Gender Situation The gender situation in the sub project was assessed through PRR/FGD, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 10.
Table 10: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
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Although in few cases like mobility within community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government women decision making position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still higher in most respects. Gender situation in Kalidaskhali-Arpara cantherefore be characterized as low women empowerment with gender inequality in most social and economic respects.
3.14Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. The issues which have been considered are resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability and other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. No relation was found between the proposed SP‟s rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group access to goods and services. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s rehabilitating work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program.
3.15 Strategies for Livelihood Improvement, Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Kalidaskhali-Arpara reveals the need for undertaking programme especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefit of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. 3.16Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested as follows: Household with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 1497 (upper poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing
training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self-finance with micro
credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project
3.17Implementation Arrangement Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc. But they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement Some NGOs are implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities at project area. They have required capacities to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. The programme therefore should be implemented by outsourcing through appropriate NGOs working in the relevant project area under the supervision of this project.
3.18Selection of Appropriate Activities for the Programme Livelihood enhancement/improvement deserve activities which generating income for the target group. The proposed activities are: Potential IGAs: For sub project area feasible IGAs with requirement of initial capital and yearly estimated income are shown in Table 11. The households to be involved with the sub project may select IGA from this list.
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Financial/credit support: The project has no provision to support its beneficiaries with cash or credit. There are NGOs and MFIs in sub project area (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASHA, Palli Unnayan Samity or outsourcing NGOs) who may be linked to provide financial support. Skill business and marketing training: The selected member of the household would need to have capacity to manage IGAs. Therefore skill, business and marketing training need to be provided by the project through the outsourcing NGOs. Involvement of women in all project programme: This is a key strategic activity of gender development under the project. At least one third of the project beneficiaries in WMG, 50% in IGA skill, business and marketing training should be women. This is important for women empowerment and minimizes gender inequality
Table 11: Feasible income generating activities for Kalidaskhali-Arpara
Name of opted IGA
Approximate initial capital required to initiate business/
IGA
Yearly profit rate Approximate yearly income
Remarks
Farming /pulse/onion/vegetable/oil seeds etc
@ Tk. 300 per decimal for 50 decimal Tk 15,000
approximately Tk. 150% (with two crops a year)
Tk. 22,500 Initial capital may be available from local NGOs/MFIs.
Beef fattening For two calf Tk. 20,000
approximately 75% TK 15,000 “ “
Seed processing & business
Tk. 20,000 approximately 100% with two times turn over in two rice seasons
Tk. 20,000 “ “
Small scale fish culture Tk. 20,000 to 25,000 Approximately 100%
Tk. 20,000 to 25,000
“ “
Power tiller for tilling own land and also for renting business
Tk. 70,000 Approximately 50% Tk. 35,000 This activity may be suitable for marginal and small farmers. The may get loan from NGOs/MFIs for purchasing power tiller.
Rice based dry food making/puffed rice/pressed rice/sweetened rice ball etc
Tk. 10,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 15,000 This is a women friendly activity and they may get loans from NGOs.
Pulse, spices and other agro trading
Tk. 20,000-30,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 30,000-45,000
For such activity NGO/MFI loan is available locally.
Masonry and rod binding Not needed, wage based activity
- Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
Employment in construction and maintenance work in or around project area. This activity need skill training.
Pump and power tiller mechanics
Not needed, wage based activity
Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
Activity need skill training.
Source: Project PRRA
3.19Livelihood improvement for Vulnerable Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households living in Kalidaskhali-Arpara They do not posses any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability are also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number is not significant. An estimate with the help of Upazila parishad shows that their number in 84 villages could be approximately 150. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is needed to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grant in-kind may show useful result in improving their livelihood. The project also may consider to distribute poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income.
3.20 Institutional arrangement through WMGs Institutional arrangement for gender and livelihood enhancement programme deserves a special attention. BWDB promotes their water management programme through WMGs at farmer‟s level. In Kalidaskhali-Arpara28
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WMGs are proposed to be formed. The gender and livelihood programme may be integrated with this grass root level organization for selection of beneficiaries and supportive action from “outsourcing” NGO. Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Action Plan Based on strategies proposed in Chapter 5 an action plan with budget has been formulated to implement the activities under the proposed project strategies
Table 12: Action Plan for Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement
Target/output Main Activities Responsibilities
Support Needed Time Frame
NGO for outsourcing the programme implementation selected
Select NGOs, provide ToR, , issue work order, provide administrative and financial support to implement the GLEP
PMO of BWDB Financial support from PMO and technical support from relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within 2 months project inception
1478 (10% of total HH) beneficiary from poor household selected for project support
Finalize beneficiary selection criteria
PMO Relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within a weeks after selection of NGO
Select households to be supported through KI survey from each village
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consultant
Within two months after criteria finalization
Form beneficiary group under WMG
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consult
Within two months after beneficiary selection
Orientation /training for 336 WMG committee (28) members on gender dimension /action organized
Training delivery on gender dimension
NGO/Resource person
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Within month of formation of WMG.
Orientation for 49 beneficiary groups (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) on gender dimension organized
Orientation of beneficiaries in groups for awareness raising on gender dimension
Partner NGO with collaboration from WMGs
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Continue for 6 month after formation of beneficiary group and WMG
ToT for 30 skills, business and marketing trainers (20 skills and 10 business and marketing trainers conducted
Deliver ToT for skills and business trainers (if it is done for other sub project, not necessary for this sub project)
Resource person to / NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
Within 1 month after selection of skills and business trainers
Skills, business and marketing training for 1478 beneficiaries (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) organized
Conduct skills, business and marketing training
NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
1 year after completion of orientation on gender dimension
Provide certificate to trainees
NGO Own initiative of NGO
At the end of training
Assess post training support/financial support for starting IGA or employment linkage
NGO Own initiative of NGO
Within 4 weeks after training completion
Livelihood support to 150 vulnerable/destitute households
Identify vulnerable/destitute households for support through grant with livelihood asset
NGO with WMG‟s involvement
Project grant After identification of vulnerable households
Follow up and monitoring of livelihood improvement process
PMO monitors/NGO
Own initiative of NGO
Continue till end of project
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3.21Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on action plan presented in Chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows:
Per participant costs for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant costs for 4 days ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (includes participant and resource person allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee costs for an average 15 days training ( includes 2 days orientation on gender) on skills and business training
NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement programme.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 13 Budget for gender and livelihood support for Kalidaskhali-Arpara Sub Project
Sl. No.
Item
Average orientation or training cost per participant or trainee (Tk.)
No of participants /trainees (F)
Total cost for each item/activity (Tk.)
Remarks
1 Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 180 WMG management committee members
1,000 336(112) 336,000 Include all costs
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
Not needed, ToT organized for Beel Sukinia will serve the purpose for all sub project
- - Include all costs
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days Skill and business training
2,500 1,478(739)
3,695.000 Include all costs
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute household households
5,000 150 750,000 Include all costs
Sub total 4,781,000
5 NGO service cost (10% of sub total
478,100
Total for GLEP 5,259,100
A detailed break down of costs for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills, trade, locality and venue.
3.22Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Programme
a. Economic Benefits. Undertaking wage based and self employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries under the project will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of increased per capita income poverty will reduce. This will contribute to increase per capita national income. b. Social Benefits: Poverty is not only an economic issue, it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social
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problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment contribute to bring social stability, contribute to gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development in the field of education, health and culture.
3.20 Monitoring Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out side by side: GFP / PMO / SMO / ASG / project personnel / MC of WMG will form a monitoring committee and will provide a quarterly report to the PMO / Project authority, copy to Gender and Poverty Component (GPC). For this purpose monitoring indicators based on action or implementation plan is suggested to be developed.
3.21 Implementation of Gender Policy In line with the national gender policy, policies for women participation in water management have already been proposed / recommended for other sub-projects currently being implemented under this project. These policies should also be taken into consideration for promotion of gender equality in Kalidaskhali-Arpara sub-project. The WMGs may the focal point to implement these polices. The policies are as follows:
Participation in water resources operation and maintenance for women capacity building need to be stressed.
Minimum 70% poor / non poor women are always beneficiary of any water related program.
Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted for any other IGA participation.
Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted for various IGA / Skill / WMG / leadership empowering / capacity building / agri-based / fish farm / O&M of water structures training.
Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are always beneficiary of WMG programs.
Establish equality between men and women in all spheres of livelihood.
Ensure women‟s security in all sphere of state, society and family.
Ensure empowerment of women in the fields of politics, administration and the economy.
Financial / credit facility as per WMG activity for IGA.
00% poverty / impoverished reduced for women participation require is always of any water resource program.
Establish Women‟s human rights.
Develop women as educated and efficient human resources.
Free women from the curse of poverty.
Eliminate existing discrimination against men and women.
Acknowledge women‟s contribution in social and economic sphere.
Eradicate all forms of oppression on women and girls.
Establish equality between men and women in administration, politics, education, culture, sports and all other economic activities.
Devise and import technology congenial to the interest of women and ban use of technology harmful to women.
Take adequate measures to ensure women‟s health and nutrition.
Ensure priority of women in the arrangement of hoisting and providing suitable shelter for women.
Meet the needs of women especially in difficult circumstances.
Ensure security for widows, divorced, unmarried and childless women.
Reflect gender perspective in mass-media by projection positive image of women.
Provide assistance on flourishing creativity of meritorious and talented women.
Provide support services in the advancement of women.
3.22 Conclusions and Recommendations Considering the social aspects within the sub project/Kalisdaskali-Arpara further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process. The current poverty situation, which is more than national average, in adequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in sub-project area justifies project interventions. In the PRRAs conducted in the sub-project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of
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existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA team to believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management of Khalisdaskali-Arpara sub-project.
Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further to these, some recommendations to be focused while undertaking the gender and livelihood programme are as follows:
- The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the
capacity building process of the WMG management body; - WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP; - Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and its provisions in
overall sub project budget may therefore deserved special consideration; - Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed
to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension; - Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender
dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women. Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
- Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub-project.
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APPENDIX- 8
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
PURULIA CHARBHATPARA
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1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from July to September 2018 at Purulia-Charbhatpara subproject. A well-qualified and experienced team comprising of 25 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. A post-project survey is also planned in PAM/DPP. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database using some specified indicators and parameters, so that comparative analysis could be made to:
Measure the degree of change,
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment
2. Data Sources and Methodology
Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data have been used for cross checking information on demographic, occupational structure, educational attainment, and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area.
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 10 FGDs were carried out under the study. In each FGD 10-15 participants were present. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. Almost all (100%) households were surveyed of the project area.
Key Informants Interview (KII) A total number of 13 Key Informants Interview (KII) were carried out within the subproject area with officials and knowledgeable persons. The Key persons were; Upazila and NGO officials, UP chairmen, members both male and female, teachers, Imam and other knowledge persons of the area. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview.
4. Household Survey
For quantitative information, household survey was conducted during July-September, 2018 for obtaining existing scoio-economic condition of the local people within the subproject area. Almost all (100%) households were surveyed of the subproject area. The IWMP report is prepared on the basis of the computerized households data and qualitative data as well. The survey covered a total number of 5918 households. The combined questionnaires on Socio-Economic. Agriculture, Environment and Fishery survey was used for the survey. The household questionnaire and the checklist for FGD and KII are enclosed in the Appendix.
5. General Information on Purulia-Charbhatpara subproject
The sub project Purulia-Charbhatpara is located at Ratul and Kassiani union under Kassiani Upazila of Gopalganj district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and farm related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Madhumati River follows at the north-southern side of the sub-project. According to the land survey, the
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gross area of the sub project is 1270 ha and net area is 1000. But the household‟s survey data shows that the gross area is 1328. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table-1.
Table- 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Name of Districts 1 Gopalganj
Name of Upazila 1 Kassiani
Name and number of Unions
2 Ratail 100%, Kassiani 40%
Number of Villages 22 Survey Report
Total Gross Area (ha) * 1328 Household survey,2017
Total Net Area 1000 Household survey,2017
Total Households 5918 Household survey,2017
Total Population 26860 Household survey Report
Gender and Livelihoo Budget
37,90000 Household survey Report
Households Size 4.5 Higher than national (4.3. BBS 2011)
Source: HH Sample survey *NB: The surveyed area coincides with Union boundary and deviates slightly from hydrological boundary of the
subproject area (of 1270 ha)
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Figure 1: Base map of Purulia-Charbhatpara subproject
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51.16% 48.84%
Male and Female Ratio
Male Female
34.15%
46.92%
12.33% 6.60%
Age Structure of Surveyed Population
Upto 17 18- 45 46-60 61 and above
5.1 Findings of the socio-economic survey: This section deals primarily with the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
5.2 Population and Sex Ratio
In Purulia-Charbhatpara the total households was found to be 5918 and population 26860.The average population per village is 1033. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Purulia-Charbhatpara it is 51.16% male against 48.84% female (calculated on the basis of 13740 male and 13119 female). The household size is within the range of 4.45 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011, population Census Report the national average household size is 4.48 and for the district of Gopalganj it is 4.6. The following table and graph shows the households, Population and Sex Ratio of the surveyed households.
Table– 2: Population and Sex Ratio Name of Union
Total Population
Population HHs Size
Male Female No of
HHs
Ratail 19287 9868 9419 4250 4.54
Kassiani 7573 3872 3700 1668 4.54
Total 26860 13740 13119 5918 4.54
Source: HHs Survey, 2018, SAIWRPMP, BWDB
5.3 Age structure
In Purulia-Charbhatpara the productive labour force or 18-60 age group of population is 60.22% significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 years are considered non-productive people. The age structure for Purulia-Charbhatpara is presented in Table-3. Table 3: Age groups of population
Source: Project HH sample survey
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 9152 34.15
18- 45 12546 46.92
46-60 3352 12.33
61 and above 1810 6.60
Total 26860 100.00
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32.75%
26.20% 19.96%
0.72%
0.22%
6.93%
13.22%
Occupational Structure
Farmer Business
Service Fishermen
Fish-farmers Housewife
Others
92.58%
7.42%
Male and Female Headed Households
Male Headed Female Headed
91.17%
1.76%
6.13% 0.94%
Marital Status
Married Unmarried
Widow/Widower Divorced/Seperated
5.4 Male and Female Headed Household In Purulia Charbhatpara sub project the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 439 (7.42%) and 5479 (92.58%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. The result is consistent with other districts where the percentage is less than 10%. Table. 4 shows that the male and female headed household of Purulia Charbhatpara subproject.
Table -4: Male and Female Headed Household
Sl. No Name of Union Total Households Male Headed Female Headed 1. Ratail 4250 3935 315 2. Kashiani 1668 1544 124 Total 5918 5479 439
Sources: Households survey, 2018
5.5 Marital Status
The survey result shows that out of total households, 91.17% are married, followed by widow/widower 6.13%, unmarried 1.76%, separated and divorced 94%. The following table- 5 shows the marital status of the surveyed household‟s heads. Table: 5. Marital Status
Marital Status Number Percent
Married 15501 91.17
Unmarried 300 1.76
Widow 902 5.17
Widower 14 0.83
Divorced 5 0.31
Separated 107 0.63
Total 16829 100.0
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.6 Occupation
An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming 32.75%, business 26.20%, service 19.96%, housewife 6.93%, fishermen 0.22%, fisher farmers 0.72% and other occupation 13.22% which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social recognition of this work as occupation, not much progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Purulia Charbhatpara is presented in the bar chart and Table 6.
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89.24%
10.76%
Educational Status
Literate Illiterate
11.60%
81.50%
6.54% 0.36%
Housing Status
Concrete roof CI sheet Straw and Leaf Others
Table -6 Occupational Structure of the Households heads
Occupation of the HH head
Number Percent (%)
Farmer 1938 32.75
Business 1550 26.20
Service 1181 19.96
Fishermen 44 0.72
Fish-farmers 13 0.22
Housewife 410 6.93
Others 782 13.22
Total 5918 100.00
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.7 Educational Status The average literacy rate of population of 5 years and above in the Purulia Charbhatpara is (89.24%) and illiterate is (10.76%), which is much higher than the national average of (56.0%) BBS, 2011. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is 51.89% and female literacy rate is 48.1%. On the other hand the illiteracy rate among the female population is higher 55.28% than that of male population 44.71%.The following figure and Table 7 shows the educational status of the surveyed households.
Table-7: Educational Attainment
Education Status (5 years and above) Literacy Rate (%) Total %
% of Total Literate 11147 51.89 10334 48.11 21481 89.24
% of Total Illiterate 1158 44.71 1432 55.28 2590 10.76
Total 12305 - 11766 - 24072 100.0
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.8 Housing Characteristics
The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (81.50%), followed by concrete roof (11.60%), straw roof (6.54%) and others (0.36%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table-8 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Purulia Charbhatpara.
Housing Status Number Percent
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99.81%
0.19%
Sources of Drinking Water
Tubewell Ponds/Others
Table: 8 Housing Status Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.9 Household Water Supply
Most of the households of the Purulia-Charbhatpara drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The
data shows that 99.81% population drink tubewell water and 0.19% drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Arsenic contaminated water was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. About (76.80%) respondents mentioned that the quality of water has been tested. Table -9 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households. Table-9 Sources of Drinking Water
The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (80.0%), followed by pucca (14.18%) and kutcha (5.82%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-10. The table shows that almost (95.55%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation.
Table –10: Access to Sanitation of the HHs of Surveyed HH
Name of Union Pucca/Concrete Ring slab Kutcha/Unhygienic Total Number
5.11 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depends largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from 12 shows that the totald land of the surveyed village is 1328 ha. Most of the land (80.70%) falls in Ratail union and remaining (19.30%) falls in Kashiani union. On the other hand Table-12 shows that out of the total land, (71.19%) is agriculture land, (23.07%) homestead land, (2.96%) pond & water body and (2.78%) is fallow land. The following Table 11 and 12 show the land type and union wise quantity of subproject area.
Table–11 Union wise quantity of Land of surveyed HH Name
of Union
Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
The table of ownership of land asset shows that the percentage of marginal farmers is the highest (32.81%) followed by small farmer (20.36%).Together they constitute (53.51%), meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is marginal and small farmers. Marginal and small farmers are as characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About (27.65%) of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. The survey data shows that the marginal farmers are the majority of the households (27.65%) and their monthly average income is Tk.9922 and expenditure is Tk.10241. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 2-3 per village. The landless and the marginal farmers are living in extreme poverty level. The first two income groups in the table-13 belong to poverty level. The third income group small farmers (20.36%) is from the upper poverty level which however, according to survey result, is not sufficient for a desired livelihood. If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household, a monthly income more than Tk 12,000.00 is needed to maintain a desired livelihood of minimum standard.
Table: 13 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure
Households Category Percent Average Monthly Income
Average Monthly
Expenditure
Landless HH (less than 5 decimal) 27.65 9922 10241
Marginal farmer (6-49 decimal) 32.81 10238 11796
Small farmer (50-249 decimal) 20.36 11860 11890
Medium farmer (250-79 decimal) 16.65 20090 21023
Large farmer (750 decimal and above) 2.14 25675 27080
Total 100.00 15644 16609 Household’s survey, 2018
5.13 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty. This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non-food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS). The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure
Type of Land
Land quantity (dec.) Percent
Agricultural 234060 71.19
Homestead 75,105 23.07
Fallow land 9201 2.78
Pond/water body
9801 2.96
Total 328,167 (1328 ha) 100.0
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48.92% 51.08%
Vulnerable Status of the House Holds
Vulnerable Not Vulnerable
Survey (HIES). Table 14 shows that the BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2019. If we consider the household size 4.5, the upper poverty line is Tk.12000/month and lower poverty level is Tk. below Tk.10000/per month. As the sub-project area belongs to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines are applied also for the sub-project area.
Table 14: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497, (2010)
2445 (2019)
1276 (2010)
2103 (2019)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2019)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2019)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2019
5.14 Poverty Status of Male and Female Headed Households
The average incidence of poverty in project area is 65.30%. The data shows that 100% female headed households head are living below poverty level. The figure is higher than the district figure shown in the poverty map of Bangladesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Gopalganj district is between 39%-49%. A more than average rural poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area.
5.15 Destitute/Vulnerable
Considering land, occupation and other assets, the survey team members assessed their vulnerability. The
surveyed data shows that out of the total households about 48.92% households are vulnerable. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no or a small land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status
of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 63.92% households earn below Tk.12000 per month. Table 16-shows the vulnerable status of the sub-project area. Table: 16 Destitute/Vulnerable
Destitute/Vulnerable
Number Percent
Yes 2825 48.92
No 3022 51.08
Total 5918 100.00
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.16 Livelihood
Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood.
Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Purulia-Charbhatpara through FGD, KII and households survey undertaken by the survey team members. The analysis of ownership of land is presented in Table-17.
Table 17: Category of land holdings/ownership in sub project Purulia-Charbhatpara
Category & Landholding range
Total farmers
Percentage
Male Headed (94%)
Percentage Female Headed
(6%)
Percentage
less than 5 decimal 1636 27.65 1460 27.29 187 32.45
6-49 decimal 1928 32.58 1690 31.68 252 43.85
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28.60%
3.71% 36.95%
10.15%
20.58%
Income Generating Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock
Business Others
50-249 decimal 1241 20.98 1088 20.76 135 23.55
250-750 decimal 985 16.65 982 17.96 01 0.15
750 decimal and above 127 2.14 123 2.31 0 0.0
Total 5918 100.00 5341 100.00 575 100.00
Source: Households survey 2018
5.17 Household Heads Involved with NGOs
The survey data shows that out of total surveyed households 1690 (28.56%) mentioned that they are involved with an NGO or with others organizations. Among them 169 (10%) mentioned that they received training from the NGOs Youth Department or government organizations. On the other hand out of the total respondents about (2.81%) mentioned that they received training from an organization. Table-18 shows the households involved with NGOs and training received from different organization.
Table: 18 Involved with organization and Training Received
Sources: Households survey, 2018
5.18 Households Heads Involved With Different Income Generation Activities The Table 19 shows that out of total surveyed households 1118 (20.14%) mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about (37%) households is involved with livestock, followed by agriculture (28.60%), business (10.15%), Fisheries (3.71%), (20.58%) in other activities. Table: 19 Involved with Income Generating activity
Household’s survey, 2018
5.19 Gender Situation
The Gender situation in sub projectwas assessed through PRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table -20.
Table 20: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 1690 28.56 Yes 48 2.81
No 4228 71.44 No 1642 97.19
Total 5918 100.00 Total 1690 100.00
Income Generating activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 319 28.60
Fisheries 41 3.71
Livestock 413 36.95
Business 113 10.15
Others 230 20.58
Total 1118 100.00
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6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque/mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. Participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters‟ marriage etc. the position of women ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects.
Based on the previous paragraph, the gender situation in Purulia Charbhatpara can be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects.
Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women involvement in the project construction and O & M works would use their earnings in income generating activities. Women will receive skill and capacity development training from the project. The destitute and female headed households will receive cash and kind support from the project. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works.
5.20 Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. These issues are resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability, other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected. On the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. No relation was found between the proposed SP‟s rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group access to goods and services. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s rehabilitating work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program.
5.20 Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development
The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood,poverty and gender situation in Purulia Charbhatpara reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed.
5.22 Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project
assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows:
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Household with land from 0-49 decimal and monthly per capita income Tk.2445 (live poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and
above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and
marketing training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with
micro credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project
5.23 Improvement for Vulnerable/Destitute Households
In addition to poor households there are vulnerable and female headed households, who are living in Purulia Char Bhatpara subproject. They do not possess any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number could be approximately 2800. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distributing poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income. The subjects identified for Collective Actions relating to livelihood are given in Table-21.
Table 21: Possible Collective Actions relating to Livelihood
SL List of Planned Collective Activation by WMGs Members
Importance of the Training No. of Targeted Participants
01 Training on Gender Concept and Gender mainstreaming
The participants will have an idea about gender role, difference between sex and gender, gender mainstreaming etc. The resources person can be hired from district women affairs and youth office.
150
02 Poultry rearing This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
100
03 Cattle and goat rearing This is short duration and profitable income generating activities for women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila livestock office.
100
04 Homesteading Gardening This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
100
05 Sewing and Tailoring The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
15
06 Leadership Development This training is required for women Leadership development. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila youth and Women Affairs office
100
07 Fish Cultivation The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
100
Total
5.24Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement.
To cope with the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 120 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different trainings are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement.
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5.25 Budget
Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Annex-7. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (include trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)r beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to vulnerable/destitute 200 household in average Tk.5000 The PMO staffs will implement the gender and livelihood enhancement program.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 22: Budget for Livelihood and Gender Support at Purulia-Charbhatpara Sub Project
Sl. No Cost item description No. of Batch and Participate Cost (Tk.) Total cost for each
item/activity (BDT)
Remarks
# of Batch No of participants /trainees(F)
1. 3 days gender dimension orientation for 12 WMG management committee
members. 8-9 persons from each WMG (100. 25 persons
will be in one batch.
4 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
100 100*500 *3 150000 Include all costs
2. 3 days leadership training for 100 participants in batch
4 batch x100 personsx3 days
100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
3. Total 15 persons will receive average 15 days skill and
business development training 0n tailoring
1 batch 15 persons 15 days
15 15*8000 120000 Include all costs
4. Training on goat and cattle rearing, 3 days (4 batch) 100
persons
4 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
5. Training on Poultry Rearing 3 days (4 batch)
4 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
6. 3 days Homestead Gardening (4 batch)
100 persons
4 batch x 100 100 100*500*3 150000 Include all costs
7. Fish Culture 3 batch x 100 75 75*500*3 125000 Include all costs
Sub Total 590 995000
8. Livelihood asset support (Duck/Goat/Sewing Machine to
the vulnerable/destitute household
400 6000 2400000
Include all costs
990 3395000
Miscellanies 395000
Total 37,90,000
Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
5.26Economic and Social Benefit of the Livelihood and Gender Program
a. Economic Benefit:
Undertaking new wage based and self-employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of increased per capita income poverty will reduce. This will contribute to increase per capita national income.
b. Social Benefit:
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Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with poverty. The increased income and new employment will bring social stability. Gender empowerment will make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development.
5.27Conclusion and Recommendation
It is concluded that poverty and gender situation in the project area are worse than national average. For improvement of social aspects within Purulia-Charbhatpara subproject further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.8), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values. But the figures on poverty, gender and livelihood issues justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process.
In PRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRA team believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management subproject of Purulia-Charbhatpara Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further recommendations to be focused during implementation are as follows:
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
Appendix-I Stakeholder’s Participation
The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people”. The broader objective of stakeholders participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 10 FGDs and 13 KII were conducted at Purulia Charbhatpara July to September 2018. Total 100 participants were present in the FGDs. Out of the total participants 33 (33%) were women. Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both Senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior facilitator and Community Facilitator conducted the FGD and KII. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure, formation of WMG and WMA, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting.
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and union parishad officials) and provide them general
information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning
Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project
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Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems
/constraints of the project
Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature
Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts
Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher, local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the subproject area. The following is the list KII with date:
List of FGD and Participants
List of Key Persons
APPENDIX-9
Sl. No.
Name of Place
Date Participants
Male Female Total
1. Purulia 0.01.2019 5 5 10
2. Shajail 05.01.2019 10 0 10
3. Charbatpara 11.01.2019 9 1 10
4. Tuku Bazar 12.01.2019 10 0 10
5. Kusumdia 15.01.2019 8 2 10
6. Vadulia 16.01.2019 5 5 10
7. Ratail 22.01.2019 3 7 10
8. Pingulia 23.01.2019 7 3 10
9. Horidaspur 22.01.2019 5 5 10
10. Puna 22.01.2019 5 5 10
Total Total 67 33 100
Sl. No.
Name of Key Person Designation Phone Number
1. Mr. A.S.M Mainuddin UNO, Kashiani Upazila 01711859993
2. Mr. Jakir Hossain Agriculture Officer, Kashiani 01712211273
3. Mrs. Farzana Khan, Sonia
Upazila Women Affairs Officer 01716484476
4. Md. Osman Ali Village Doctor 017337708
5. Md. Zahidul Islam Teacher 01923757558
6. Md. Moajjam Hossain Village Leader 01712762038
7. Md. Nazimuddin Village Leader 01911263960
8. Md. Chan Miah Freedom fighter 019337817
9. Md. Montu Shekh Business 01757517012
10. Md. Ayub Ali Farmer 0172702082
11. Md. Faruk Hossain Imam 0170327593
12. Md. Nazrul Islam Village Doctor 0172602970
13. Ratna Begum House Wife 01952518260
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SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
SATLA-BAGDA SUB-PROJECT
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1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from September, 2018- July, 2019 at Satla-Bagda. A well-qualified and experience team consisted of 25 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database of the project sites using some specified indicators and parameters, so that comparative analysis could be done to:
Measure the degree of change, and
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment A post-project survey is also planned n project DMF
2. Data Sources and Methodology
Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data were also used for cross checking information on occupational structure, educational attainment and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area. 3. Qualitative Data/Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 30 FGDs were carried out under the study. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards, and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The IWMP report is prepared on the basis of the analyzed households data and qualitative data as well. Key Informants Interview (KII) A total Number of 30 Key Informants Interview were conducted in each Upazila with the concerned officials and knowledgeable persons in the project area, like NGO personnel, concerned Upazila, BWDB, UP Chairmen and LGED officials. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview. 4. Household Survey In all 64 villages of thirteen unions have been considered for conducing household survey on socio-economy. The sampling of households has considered 10% as households as samples. The number of household selected is significantly higher than that required for random sampling under statistical sampling requirement considering 95% confidence limit and 5% error of limit. The sample size of 384 would have sufficed considering 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error, which are usually considered to be justified for one domain. Thus the number of households considered on 10% of total household is sufficient as sample households, provided proper random sampling has been done. Out of the total 21550 households, 2155 (10%) households were surveyed. The feasibility report is prepared on the basis of the analyzed households data, secondary data and qualitative data as well. Separate checklist was used for the survey 5. General Information on Satla-Bagda Sub-Project The sub project Satla-Bagda is located mostly at Kotalipara of Gopalgonj district and some part of Barisal and pirojpur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Biskhali River follows at the East, Ghagor at the west, Jhojhonia at the South site of the project area. The major khals are; Boro Khal, Narayan khal, Gojaria khal, Shibpur Khal, Shibpur Branch khal, Bornokhali khal,
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Jhonjhonia khal, Ambaria khal, Dumuria khal Karto Khal, Sulekha khal etc. The total area of the subproject is 14618 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table-1.
Table 1: General Information on Sub Project
Source: HH Sample survey
Figure 1: Map showing WMG Satla-Bagda Polder-1
Description of information
Number/ quantity
Remarks
Name of Districts 3 Gopangonj, Barisal, Pirojpur
Name of Upazila 5 Agailghara,Ujirpur,Kotalipara andTunipara and Nazirpur
Name and number of Unions
13 Amtali, Bandhabari, Pinjuri Kandi,Ghagor, Suagram ,Dumuria, Sathla, Bagda, Malikhali and Bakal
Number of Villages 64 Field Survey Report
Total Gross Area 14600 Field Survey Report
Total Households 2155 Field Survey Report
Total Population 10128 Field Survey Report
Households Size 4. Field Survey Report
Status of Electricity (97%)
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35.88%
43.39%
13.97% 6.77%
Age Stucture of the Surveyed Population
Upto 17 18- 45 46-60 61 and above
52.38% 47.62%
Population and sex Ratio
Male Female
5.1 Findings of the socio-economic survey This section deals primarily with the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
5.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Satla-Bagda the total households and population was found to be 2013 and 9563respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Satla-Bagda it is (52.38%) male against (47.61%) female (calculated on the basis of 5010 male and 4550 female). The household size is within the range of 4.7 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.7 and for the district of Gopalgonj is 4.4. The following table and graph shows the households. Population and sex ratio of the surveyed households. Table – 2: Population and Sex Ratio
Name of Union
Total Population
Population HHs Size Male Femal
e No of HHs
Bandhabari 423 222 201 90 4.70
Kandi 2062 1072 990 426 4.84
Sathla 1030 540 490 224 4.6
Malikhali 216 114 102 48 4.5
Pinjuri 809 424 385 176 4.61
Bagdha 898 473 425 195 4.68
Bakal 147 77 70 32 4.68
Amtali 1683 882 801 350 4.81
Ghagor 540 283 257 120
4.50
Suagram 985 516 469 204 4.83
Dumuria 1369 717 652 290 4.72
Total 10162 5320 4842 2155 4.73
Household‟s survey, 2018
5.3 Age structure
InSatla-Bagda the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (57.36%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The age structure for Satla-Bagda is presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 3645 35.88
18- 45 4409 43.39
46-60 1421 13.97
61 and above 687 6.77
Total 10162 100.00
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94.50%
5.50%
Male and Female Headed H.H
Male Headed Female Headed
94.19% 1.24%
3.33%
0.79%
0.15%
0.3
Marital Status of Surveyed H.H
Married Unmarried Widow
Widower Divorced Separate
5.4 Male and Female Headed Household In Satla-Bagda sub project, the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 1902(94.50%) and 111 (5.50%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%. Table-4 and graph shows the male and female headed household of the subproject area. Table 4 Male and Female Headed Household
Households survey 2018 5.5 Marital Status The survey result shows that out of total households, (94.19%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.12%), unmarried (1.24%), separated and divorced (0.5%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The following graph and table shows the marital status of the surveyed households. Table 5: Marital status
Marital Status Number Percent
Married 2029 94.19
Unmarried 27 1.24
Widow 72 3.33
Widower 17 0.79
Divorced 4 0.15
Separate 6 0.30
Table 2155 100.0
Sources: Households survey
5.6 Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming (37.55%), business (25.13%), service (19.87%), housewife (3.61%), fishermen (1.49%), fish farmers (3.23%) and other occupation, (6.3%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely
Name of Union
Total Households
Male Headed
Female Headed
Bandhabari 90 82 8
Kandi 426 415 11
Sathla 224 214 10
Malikhali 48 42 6
Pinjuri 176 165 11
Bagdha 195 186 9
Bakal 32 28 4
Amtali 350 335 15
Ghagor 120 106 14
Suagram 204 189 15
Dumuria 290 275 15
Total 2155 2037 118
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12.92%
31.94%
1.34% 1.49% 3.23%
42.03%
7.05%
Occupational Structure of the Household Heads
Farmer Business Service
Fishermen Fish-farmers Housewife
Others
94.30%
5.70%
Literacy Rate of Male and Female Population
Literate Illiterate
poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society for official and social re cognition of this work as occupation, not much progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Satla-Bagda is presented in the graphs and Table-6. Table -6 Occupational Structure of the households Heads
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.7 Educational Status The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Satla-Bagda is (94.30%) and illiterate is (5.70%), which is much higher than the national average (56.8%). Sources, BBS: 2011. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (52.85%) and female literacy rate is (46.39%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 56.56% than that of male population (44.37%).The following figure and Table-7 shows the educational status of the surveyed households. Table 7: Educational Attainment
5.8 Housing Characteristics The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (98.56%), followed by concrete roof (1.29%), straw roof (0.15%) and others (0.7%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table-8 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Satla-Bagda.
Occupation of the HH head
Number Percent
Farmer 809 37.55
Business 542 25.13
Service 428 19.87
Fishermen 32 1.49
Fish-farmers 71 3.23
Housewife 142 6.6
Others 131 6.3
Total 2155 100.00
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9.49%
88.47%
2.04%
Sanitation Status of the Households Heads
Pucca Ringslub Kaccha
1.29%
98.56%
0.15% 0%
Housing Status
Concrete roof CI sheet Straw and Leaf Others
Table -8 Housing status
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.9 Household water supply Most of the households of the Satla-Bagda drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that (99.52%) population drink tube-well water and (0.48%) drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. In regards to the quality tested of drinking water about (20.93%) mentioned that the quality of water has not been tested. Table-9 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households.
Table: 9 Sources of Drinking Water & Water quality tested
Sources of Drinking Water
Number
Percent Whether Water Quality Tested
Number Percent
Tubewell 2144 99.52 Yes 1722 79.93
Ponds 11 0.48 No 433 20.07
Total 2155 100.00 Total 2155 100.00
Sources: Households survey, 2018
5.10 Sanitation Facility The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (88.47%), followed by pucca (9.49%) and kutcha (2.04%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-10. The table shows that almost (80%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation. Table: 10 Type of Latrine
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
Housing Status Number Percent
Concrete roof 28 1.29
CI sheet 2123 98.56
Straw and Leaf 4 0.15
Others 0 0.00
Total 2155 100.00
Type of Latrine
Number Percent
Pucca 204 9.49
Ringslub 1906 88.47
Kaccha 45 2.04
Total 2155 100
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18.94%
11.04%
24.08%
45.94%
Assets of the Surveyed H.H
TV Fridge Both (TV & Fridge) None
73.42%
15.18%
11.44%
Type of Landof Surveyed Households
Agricultural Homestead/Fallow Pond/water body
5.10 Ownership of TV, Fridge in House
Table-11 shows the ownership of TV and fridge of the household heads. The data shows that most of the houses 924 (45.94) do not have TV and fridge in their houses, only 18.94% have TV and 11.04% have Fridge and 24.08% have both of the TV and fridge in their houses. Table 11: Household Assets
Housing Status Number Percent
TV 408 18.94
Fridge 338 11.04
Both (TV & Fridge) 518 24.08
None 990 45.94
Total 2155 100.0
Source: Households Survey, 2018
5.12 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depend largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from Table 11 shows that (74.97%) of the land is agriculture, followed by fish culture (11.35%) homestead (11.9%) are wetland and fallow land (2.59%). The data shows that most of the agricultural land (39.38%) falls in polder-2 and lowest at Polder-5 (3.76%). The following table. 12 and 13 shows the land type and union wise quantity of land within the subproject area.
Table–12: Union wise quantity of land and land type of the surveyed area
Name of Union Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
Source: Households Survey, 2018 Table-13 Land Type of Surveyed H.H
Type of Land Land quantity (dec.)
Percent
Agricultural 137,481 73.42
Homestead/Fallow 28348 15.18
Pond/water body 28348 11.44
Total 187,255 100.00
Source: Households Survey, 2018
5.13 Income Status of the Households Head The survey data shows that most of the household‟s head 52.60% earn below Tk.10000, followed by 12.41% earn Tk. 10001-13000, the 3
rd income category is 11.43%, who earn Tk.13001-15000. According to the national
poverty category the 1st two groups fall in the poverty level. The following Table-14 shows the income level of the households head s of the surveyed area.
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52.60%
12.41%
11.43%
10.93% 7.05%
Income Status of the Households Head
0-10000 10001-13000 13001-15000
15001-20000 20001-25000
63.69%
36.31%
Percentage of Vulnerable
Vulnerable Not Vulnerable
Table 14 - Income Group of Area
Source: Households Survey, 2018
5.14 Destitute/Vulnerable The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (63.69%) households are vulnerable. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 65.01% households earn below Tk.1200 per month. Using the upper poverty line, in HIES 2016 the Head Count Rates (HCR) of incidence of poverty are estimated at 24.3% at the national level, 26.4% in rural areas and 18.9% in urban areas. While in 2010, these rates were 31.5% at the national level, 35.2% in rural areas and 21.3% in urban areas respectively. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. Another 29 percent of the rural population is considered moderately poor. Though they may own a small plot of land and some livestock and generally have enough to eat, their diets lack nutritional value. The women are the poorest of the rural poor of the society, especially when they are the sole heads of their households. They suffer from discrimination and have few earning opportunities and their nutritional intake is often inadequate. Table 15 shows the vulnerable status of the sub project area. Table -15: Destitute/Vulnerable
Destitute/Vulnerable
Number Percent
Yes 1372 63.69
No 783 36.31
Total 2155 100.00
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.15 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS). The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. the lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 k cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBs set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their household income expenditure survey. As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area. Table.16 shows the upper and lower level poverty line for Dhaka division.
Income Group Number Percentage
0-10000 1133 52.60
10001-13000 288 13.41
13001-15000 268 12.43
15001-20000 235 10.93
20001-25000 151 7.05
>25000 77 3.58
Total 2155 100.0
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Table 16: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural
1497 (2010)
2445 (2019)
1276 (2010)
2083 (2019)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2018)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2018)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2018.
5.16 Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood.
Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Satla-Bagda through PRA and households survey undertaken by the survey team members. The analysis of ownership of land is presented in Table.15.
5.17 Monthly Income and Expenditure Status The survey data shows that the marginal farmers are the majority of the households (35.56%) and their monthly average income is Tk.10796 and expenditure is Tk.11596 followed by small farmers 28.84% and their income is Tk.11613 and expenditure Tk.12601.The marginal and small farmer constitute 64.43%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 29.88% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 3-4 per village. If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.7), a monthly income less than Tk. 12,000.00 is needed to attain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. The data shows that the income and expenditure of the landless and marginal farmers is more than two times less than that of medium and large farmers. The table-17 shows the average monthly income and expenditure of the surveyed households.
Table: 17 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure
Households Category Percent Average Monthly Income
Average Monthly Expenditure
Landless HH (less than 5 decimal) 29.88 10641 10451
Marginal farmer (5-49 decimal) 35.56 11596 11272
Small farmer (50-249 decimal) 28.84 11613 12601
Medium farmer (250-749 decimal) 6.16 15023 16321
Large farmer (750 decimal and above) 1.80 23491 24344
Total 100.00 18091 18747
Household‟s survey, 2018
5.18 Household Heads Involved with NGOs The survey data shows that out of total households surveyed (30.53%) mentioned that they are involved with the NGO or with others organizations. Among them 302 (23.53%) mentioned that they received training from an NGO, Youth Department or government organization. On the other hand, out of the total respondents about 556 (13.22%) mentioned that they are involved with more than one income generating activities within their vicinity. Table 18 and 19 shows that the Working population involved with organization and training received.
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50.54%
20.14%
21.04%
6.12% 2.16%
Household Head Involved in Income Generation Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock Business Others
Table: 18 Working population Involved with organization and Training Received
Household‟s survey, 2018 Table 19 shows that out of total household heads 12.75% mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about 50.54% households involved with livestock, followed by livestock 21.04%, Fishery 20.14% business 6.12% and 2.16% involved in other activities. Table: 19 Involved with Income Generating activity
Income Generating
activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 281 50.54
Fisheries 112 20.14
Livestock 117 21.04
Business 34 6.12
Others 12 2.16
Total 556 100.00
Household’s survey, 2018
5.19 Gender Situation
The Gender situation in sub projectwas assessed through PRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 20.
Table 20: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 658 30.53 Yes 154 23.53
No 1497 69.47 No 502 76.46
Total 2155 100.00 Total 658 100.0
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Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government the position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects. The Gender situation of Satla-Bagda therefore be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects. Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women engaged in the project construction and O & M works would use their earnings in income generating activities. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works.
5.20 Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. The issues of land acquisition, resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability and other risks/vulnerabilities will be taken care as per ADB and Government rules and regulation. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program. Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Satla-Bagda reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows: Household with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 2445 (upper poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing
training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with micro
credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project Improvement for Vulnerable /Destitute Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households female headed households are living inSatla-Bagda subproject. They do not possess any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number could be approximately 675. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distribute poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income. The subjects identified for Collective Actions relating to livelihood are given in Table-21.
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Table 21: Possible Collective Actions relating to Livelihood
SL List of Planned Collective
Activation by WMGs Members Importance of the Training No. of Targeted
Participants
01 Training on Gender Concept and Gender mainstreaming
The participants will have an idea about gender role, difference between sex and gender, gender mainstreaming etc. The resources person can be hired from district women affairs and youth office.
2100
02 Poultry rearing This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
200
03 Cattle and goat rearing This is short duration and profitable income generating activities for women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila livestock office.
200
04 Homesteading Gardening This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
200
05 Sewing and Tailoring The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
30
06 Leadership Development This training is required for women Leadership development. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila youth and Women Affairs office
200
Total 930
5.21 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement.
To cope up the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 100 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different training are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement.
5.22 Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
Selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
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Table 22: Budget for Gender and Livelihood Support at Satla-Bagda Sub Project Sl. No Cost item description No.of Batch and Participate Cost (Tk.) Total cost for
each item/activity
(BDT)
Remarks
# of Batch No of participants /trainees(F)
1 3 days gender dimension orientation for 10 WMG management committee members. 6 persons from each WMG (100. 25 persons will be in one batch.
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500 *3 300000 Include all costs
2 3 days leadership training for 100 participants in batch
4 batch x100 personsx3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
3 Total 15 persons will receive average 15 days skill and business development training 0n tailoring
1 batch 15 persons 15 days
30 30*10000 300000 Include all costs
4 Training on goat and cattle rearing, 3 days (8 batch) 100 persons
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
5 Training on Poultry Rearing 3 days (8batch)
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
6 3 days Homestead Gardening (8 batch) 100 persons
8 batch x 100 200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
Sub Total 1030 1800000
7 Livelihood asset support (Duck/Goat/Sewing Machine to the vulnerable/destitute household
600 6000 3600000 Include all costs
1690 5400000
Miscellanies (10%) 504000
Total 5904000
Taka In word: Fifty Nine Lac and four Thousand only. Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
5.23 Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Programme a. Economic Benefit: Undertaking new wage based and self-employment will increase their income. It is expected that the poverty will decrease as a result of increased per capita income.
b. Social Benefit: Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment would contribute social stability, gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development of the society as well as in the country.
5.24 Conclusion and Recommendation Considering the social aspects within the sub project Satla-Bagda further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.1), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process. Current poverty situation, which is more than national average, in adequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in sub project area justifies project interventions.
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In PRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA tam to believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management at Satla-Bagda subproject. Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further recommendations for focused during implementation are as follows:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and its provisions in overall sub project budget may therefore deserved special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
Appendix-I Stakeholder’s Participation
The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people. The broader objective of stake holder‟s participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 09 FGDs and 10 KII were conducted at Satla-Bagda July to September 2018. Total 106 participants were present in the FGDs. Out of the total participants 31 (33%) were women and 71 (67%) are men. Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both Senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior facilitator and Community Facilitator conducted the FGD and KII. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure, formation of WMG and WMA, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting. All the participants of the meetings and Key Informants are willing to participate in all stages
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and union Parishad officials) and provide them general
information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning
Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project
Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems /constraints of
the project
Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature
Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts
Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher and local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list FGD with date:
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List of FGD and Participants
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher, local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list of KII with date:
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APPENDIX-10
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
TARAIL-PACHURIA SUB-PROJECT
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The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from September –December, 2018 at Tarail Pachuria subproject. A well-qualified and experience team consisted of 25 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database of the project sites using some specified indicators and parameters, so that comparative analysis could be done to:
Measure the degree of change, and
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment A post-project survey is also planned n project DMF.
2. Data Sources and Methodology Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data were also used for cross checking information on occupational structure, educational attainment and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area.
3. Qualitative Data/Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 30 FGDs were carried out under the study. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards, and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD.The IWMP report is prepared on the basis of the analysed households data and qualitative data as well. Key Informants Interview (KII) Key Informants Interview was conducted in each Upazila with the concerned officials and knowledgeable persons in the project area, like NGO personnel, concerned Upazila, BWDB and LGED officials. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview.
4. Household Survey For collecting quantitative information, a baseline survey was conducted during September-December 2018. Total household of the subproject area is 42030 (UP Survey 2018). Out of the total households, 4203 (10%) households were surveyed. After defining the WMG area the households has been fixed at 37413. The number of household selected is significantly higher than that required for random sampling under statistical sampling requirement considering 95% confidence limit and 2% error of limit. The number of households considered on 10% of total household is sufficient as sample households, provided proper random sampling has been done. The survey excluded the Pourashava area. The feasibility report is prepared on the basis of the analyzed households data, secondary data and qualitative data as well. Separate checklist was used for the survey.
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5. General Information on Tarail Pachuria Sub-Project
The sub project Tarail-Pachuria is located mostly at Kotalipara and a part of Gopalgonj Sadar Upazila of Gopalgonj district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. There are 111 villages and 11 unions within the subproject area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The river Madhumoti follows at the south western boundary and the river Gohar follows at the north east boundary of the subproject area. The major khals are Barni, Khanarpar khal, Poisharhat khal, Gohor Bhanga khal, Katar khal, Shanir khal etc. The total area of the subproject is 21606 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table-1.
Table 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Name of Districts 1 Gopangonj
Name of Upazila 3 Kotalipara and Gopangonj
Name and number of Unions 11 Borasi,Durgapur,Gobra,Rogunathpur,Kajolia,Kathi, Kushla, Majhgati,Hiran,Pinjuri,Gopalpur,Dumuria, Patgati,Borni,Kushli,
Number of Villages 111 Field Survey Report
Total Gross Area 21606 Field Survey Report
Total Agriculture Area ha. Field Survey Report
Total Households 4203 Field Survey Report
Total Population 19963 Field Survey Report
Households Size 4.8 Field Survey Report
Status of Electricity (97%)
Source: HH Sample survey
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52.14% 47.86%
Male and Female Ratio
Male Female
35.10%
44.28%
13.79% 6.83%
Age Structure of Surveyed Population
Upto 17 18- 45 46-60 61 and above
5.1 Findings of the socio-economic survey This section deals primarily with the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
5.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Tarail-Pachuria the total households and population was found to be 4203 and 19963respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Tarail -Pachuria it is (55.06%) male against (46.79%) female (calculated on the basis of 10592 male and 9371 female). The household size is within the range of 4.8 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.3 and for the district of Gopalgonj it is 4.6. The following table and graph shows the households, Population and sex ratio of the surveyed households.
Table – 2: Population and Sex Ratio
Name of Union Total Population Population HHs Size
Male Female No of HHs
Polder-01 4235 2202 2033 898 4.72
Polder-02 9320 4980 4340 2004 4.65
Polder-03 3535 1902 1633 717 4.93
Polder-04 1435 756 679 289 4.97
Polder-05 1438 752 686 295 4.87
Total 19963 10592 9371 4203 4.8
Households survey, 2018
5.3 Age structure InTarail-Pachuria the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (58%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The age structure for Tarail-Pachuria is presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Age groups of population
Source: Project HH sample survey 5.4 Male and Female Headed Household In Tarail Pachuria sub project, the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 3971(94.50%) and 232(5.50%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%. Table-4 and graph shows the male and female headed household of the subproject area.
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 7007 35.10
18- 45 8840 44.28
46-60 2753 13.79
61 and above 1363 6.83
Total 19963 100.0
Sl. No
Name of Union
Total Households
Male Headed
Female Headed
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93.91%
1.28% 3.50% 0.88%
0.19%
Marital Status of the Elegable Age Groups
Married Unmarried
Widow Widower
Divorced/Separated
94.50%
5.50%
Male and Female Headed H.H
Male Headed Female Headed
94.22%
5.78%
Literacy Rate of Male and Female
Total Literate Total Illiterate
39.65%
23.40% 18.58%
1.92%
1.56% 3.61% 11.28%
Occupational Structure of surveyed H.H
Farmer Business Service
Fishermen Fish-farmers Housewife
Others
Table 4: Male and Female Headed Household Household
survey, 2018
5.5 Marital Status The survey result shows that out of total households, (93.91%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.88%), unmarried (128%), separated and divorced (0.19%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The following graph and table shows the marital status of the surveyed households. Table 5: Marital status
Marital Status Number Percent
Married 3947 93.91
Unmarried 54 1.28
Widow 147 3.50
Widower 37 0.88
Divorced/Separated 18 0.19
Table 4203 100.00
Sources: Households survey
5.6 Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming (39.65%), business (23.40%), service (18.58%), housewife (3.61%), fishermen (1.92%), fish farmers (1.65%) and other occupation, (11.28%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society for official and social re cognition of this work as occupation, not much progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Tarail Pachuria is presented in the graphs and Table-7. Table -7 Occupational Structure of the households Heads Occupation of the households Heads
Number Percent (%)
Farmer 1666 39.65
Business 984 23.40
Service 780 18.58
Fishermen 81 1.92
Fish-farmers 67 1.56
Housewife 151 3.61
Others 474 11.28
Total 4203 100.00
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.7Educational Status The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Tarail Pachuria is (94.22%) and illiterate is (5.78%), which is much higher than the national average (56.8%). Sources, BBS: 2011. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (53.60%) and female literacy rate is (46.39%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 51.48% than that of male population (48.60%).The
1 Polder-01 898 846 52
2 Polder-02 2004 1886 118
3 Polder-03 717 685 32
4 Polder-04 289 275 14
5 Polder-05 295 279 16
Total 4203 3971 232
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22.94%
74.85%
2.21%
Sanitation Status of the Households Heads
Pucca Ringslub Kaccha
8.37%
91.20%
0.36% 0.07%
Housing Status of Surveyed Households
Concrete roof CI sheet
Straw and Leaf Others
following figure and Table-8 shows the educational status of the surveyed households.
5.8 Housing Characteristics The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (91.20%), followed by concrete roof (8.37%), straw roof (0.36%) and others (0.7%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table-9 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Tarail Pachuria para. Table -9 Housing status
Housing Status Number Percent
Concrete roof 352 8.37
CI sheet 3833 91.20
Straw and Leaf 15 0.36
Others 3 0.07
Total 4203 100.00
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.9 Household water supply Most of the households of the Tarail Pachuria drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that (99.52%) population drink tubewell water and (0.48%) drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. In regards to the quality tested of drinking water about (78.47%) mentioned that the quality of water has not been tested. Table- 10 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households.
Table: 10 Sources of Drinking Water & Water quality tested
Sources of Drinking Water
Number
Percent Whether Water Quality Tested
Number Percent
Tubewell 4183 99.52 Yes 3298 78.47
Ponds 20 0.48 No 905 21.53
Total 4203 100.00 Total 4203 100.00
5.10 Sanitation Facility The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (74.85%), followed by pucca (22.94%) and kutcha (2.21%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-11. The table shows that almost (80%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation.
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17.94%
10.04%
48.94%
23.08%
Household Assets of Surveyed Households
TV Fridge None Both (TV & Fridge)
74.97%
11.09% 2.59%
11.35%
Land Type of the Surveyed Households
Agricultural Homestead Pond/water body Fish Culture
Table: 11 Type of Latrine Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.11 Ownership of TV, Fridge in House Table -12 shows the ownership of TV and fridge of the household heads. The data shows that most of the houses 2057 (48.95) do not have TV and fridge in their houses, only 17.94% have TV and 10.04% have Fridge and 23.08%
have both of the TV and fridge in their houses. Table 12: Household Assets
Housing Status Number Percent
TV 754 17.94
Fridge 422 10.04
None 2057 48.94
Both (TV & Fridge) 970 23.08
Total 4203 100.00
Source: Households Survey, 2018
5.12 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depend largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from Table 11 shows that (74.97%) of the land is agriculture, followed by fish culture (11.35%) homestead (11.9%) are wetland and fallow land (2.59%). The data shows that most of the agricultural land (39.38%) falls in polder-2 and lowest at Polder-5 (3.76%). The following table. 11 and 12 shows the land type and union wise quantity of land within the subproject area. Table– 11: Union wise quantity of land and land type of the surveyed area
Name of Union
Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
Source: Households Survey, 2018 Table-12 Land Type of Surveyed H.H Type of Land
Land quantity (dec.)
Percent
Agricultural 336,309 74.97
Homestead 49,758 11.09
Pond/water body
11,621 2.59
Fish Culture 50,923 11.35
Total 448,611 100.00
Source: Households Survey, 2018
5.13 Destitute/Vulnerable
Type of Latrine
Number Percent
Pucca 964 22.94
Ringslub 3146 74.85
Kaccha 93 2.21
Total 4203 100.00
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55.11% 44.89%
Vulneribility Status
Yes No
The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (58.05%) households are vulnerable. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 55.11% households earn below Tk.12000 per month. Using the upper poverty line, in HIES 2016 the Head Count Rates (HCR) of incidence of poverty are estimated at 24.3% at the national level, 26.4% in rural areas and 18.9% in urban areas. While in 2010, these rates were 31.5% at the national level, 35.2% in rural areas and 21.3% in urban areas respectively. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. Another 29 percent of the rural population is considered moderately poor. Though they may own a small plot of land and some livestock and generally have enough to eat, their diets lack nutritional value. The women are the poorest of the rural poor of the society, especially when they are the sole heads of their households. They suffer from discrimination and have few earning opportunities and their nutritional intake is often inadequate. Table 13 shows the vulnerable status of the sub project area. Table -13: Destitute/Vulnerable
Destitute/Vulnerable
Number Percent
Yes 2440 58.05
No 1763 41.95
Total 4203 100.00
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.14 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty. This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS). The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. the lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 k cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBs set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their household income expenditure survey. As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area. Table.13 shows the upper and lower level poverty line for Dhaka division.
Table 14: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural
1497, (2010)
2445 (2019)
1276 (2010)
2083 (2019)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2018)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2018)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2018.
5.15 Poverty Status of Male and Female Headed Households The average incidence of poverty in project area is about 56%, the figure is much higher than the national average of 38%. The district figure shown in the poverty map Gopalgonj of Bangladesh (ref: BBS web site-poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence is between 39%-49%. A more than 60 on average rural poverty level therefore exists in the sub project area. Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or
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50.12%
19.43%
15.24%
8.91% 6.50%
Major Income Group
0-12000 12001-15000 12001-15000
20001-25000 >25000
training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood.
Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Tarail Pachuria through PRA and households survey undertaken by the survey team members. The analysis of ownership of land is presented in Table.15. Table 15: Income Group of Area
Income Group Number Percentage
0-12000 2110 50.12
12001-15000 816 19.43
15001-20000 640 15.24
20001-25000 374 8.91
>25000 273 6.50
Total 4203 100.0
Sources: Households survey, 2018
5.16 Monthly Income and Expenditure Status The survey data shows that the marginal farmers are the majority of the households (36.57%) and their monthly average income is Tk.10796 and expenditure is Tk.11372 followed by small farmers 27.86% and their income is Tk.11913 and expenditure Tk.15001.The marginal and small farmer constitute 64.43%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 28.89% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 3-4 per village. If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.8), a monthly income of Tk.12,000.00 is needed to attain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. The data shows that the income and expenditure of the landless and marginal farmers is more than two times less than that of medium and large farmers. The table-16 shows the average monthly income and expenditure of the surveyed households.
Table: 16 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure
Households Category Percent Average Monthly Income Average Monthly Expenditure
Landless HH (less than 5 decimal) 28.89 9641 10451
Marginal farmer (5-49 decimal) 36.57 10596 11272
Small farmer (50-249 decimal) 27.86 11613 13601
Medium farmer (250-749 decimal) 5.05 16023 17321
Large farmer (750 decimal and above) 1.63 21591 22443
Total 100.00 11892 15015
Household‟s survey, 2018
5.17Household Heads Involved with NGOs
The survey data shows that out of total households surveyed (30.53%) mentioned that they are involved with the NGO or with others organisations. Among them 302 (23.53%) mentioned that they received training from an NGO, Youth Department or government organization. On the other hand, out of the total respondents about 556 (13.22%) mentioned that they are involved with more than one income generating activities within their vicinity. Table 17 and 18 shows that the Working population involved with organization and training received. Table: 17 Working population Involved with organization and Training Received
Household‟s survey, 2018
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 1283 30.53 Yes 302 23.53
No 2920 69.47 No 981 76.46
Total 4203 100.00 Total 1283 100.0
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50.54%
20.14%
21.04% 6.12% 2.16%
Household Head Involved in Income Generation Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock
Business Others
Table 18 shows that out of total household heads 12.75% mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about 50.54% households involved with livestock, followed by livestock 21.04%, Fishery 20.14% business 6.12% and 2.16% involved in other activities. Table: 18 Involved with Income Generating activity
Income Generating activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 281 50.54
Fisheries 112 20.14
Livestock 117 21.04
Business 34 6.12
Others 12 2.16
Total 556 100.00
Household‟s survey, 2018
5.18Gender Situation The Gender situation in sub project was assessed through PRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 19.
Table 19: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.) √ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government the position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects. The Gender situation of Tarail Pachuria therefore be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects. Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women engaged in the project construction and O & M works would use their earnings in income generating activities. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to
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children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works. Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. The issues of land acquisition, resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability and other risks/vulnerabilities will be taken care as per ADB and Government rules and regulation. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program. Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Tarail Pachuria reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows: Household with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 2445 (upper poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing
training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with micro
credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project Improvement for Vulnerable /Destitute Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households female headed households are living inTarail Pachuria subproject. They do not possess any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number could be approximately 2500. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distribute poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income. The subjects identified for Collective Actions relating to livelihood are given in Table-20.
Table 20: Possible Collective Actions relating to Livelihood
SL List of Planned Collective Activation by WMGs Members
Importance of the Training No. of Targeted Participants
01 Training on Gender Concept and Gender mainstreaming
The participants will have an idea about gender role, difference between sex and gender, gender mainstreaming etc. The resources person can be hired from district
1400
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SL List of Planned Collective Activation by WMGs Members
Importance of the Training No. of Targeted Participants
women affairs and youth office.
02 Poultry rearing This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
400
03 Cattle and goat rearing This is short duration and profitable income generating activities for women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila livestock office.
400
04 Homesteading Gardening This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
400
05 Sewing and
Tailoring
The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
100
06 Leadership Development This training is required for women Leadership development. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila youth and Women Affairs office
100
07 Fish Cultivation This training is required for women Leadership development. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila youth and Women Affairs office
100
Total
5.19 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement.
To cope up the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 100 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different training are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement.
5.20 Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Table 20. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 3 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement programme.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 21: Budget for Gender and Livelihood Support at Tarail Pachuria Sub Project
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Sl. No
Cost item description Number of Batch and Participants Cost (Tk.) Total cost for each item/activity
(BDT)
Remarks
#of Batch No of participants /trainees(F)
1 3 days gender dimension orientation for 64 WMG management committee 400 members. 6-7 persons from each WMG (400). 25/30 persons will be in one batch.
16 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
400
400*500 *3 600000 Include all costs
2 3 days leadership training for 64 WMG 400 members. 25 participants in batch
16 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
400
400*500 *3 600000 Include all costs
3 Total 100 persons will receive average 15 days skill and business development training on tailoring
4 batch 25 persons 15 days
100 100*8000
800000 Include all costs
4 Total 400 persons will receive training on goat and cattle rearing, 3 days (12 batch)
16 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
400
400*500*3 600000 Include all costs
5 Total 400 persons will receive training on poultry rearing, 3 days (12 batch)
16 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
400 400*500*3 600000 Include all costs
6 3 days Homestead Gardening (12 batch)
400 persons
12 batch x 400
400 400*500*3 600000 Include all costs
Sub Total 56 2100 3800000
7 Livelihood asset support (Duck/Goat/Sewing Machine to the vulnerable/destitute household
3000 6000 180,0000 Include all costs
Total 5100 5,600,000.00
8.
Other cost (10%) 5060000
506000.00
Total 6,160,000
Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
5.21Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Programme
a. Economic Benefit: Undertaking new wage based and self-employment will increase their income. It is expected that the poverty will decrease as a result of increased per capita income.
b. Social Benefit: Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment would contribute social stability, gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development of the society as well as in the country.
5.22 Conclusion and Recommendation Considering the social aspects within the sub project Tarail Pachuria further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.8), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process. Current poverty situation, which is more than national average, in adequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in sub project area justifies project interventions. In PRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA tam to believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management at Tarail Pachuria subproject.
Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further recommendations for focused during implementation are as follows:
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The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and its provisions in overall sub project budget may therefore deserved special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
Appendix-I Stakeholder’s Participation
The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people. The broader objective of stakeholder‟s participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 30 FGDs and 30 KII were conducted at Tarail Pachuria July to September 2018. Total 281 participants were present in the FGDs. Out of the total participants 75 (26.69%) were women and 209 (73.30%) are men. Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both Senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior facilitator and Community Facilitator conducted the FGD and KII. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure, formation of WMG and WMA, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting. All the participants of the meetings and Key Informants are willing to participate in all stages
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and union Parishad officials) and provide them general
information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning
Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project
Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems /constraints of
the project
Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature
Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts
Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher and local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list FGD with date:
List of FGD and Participants
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Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher, local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list of KII with date:
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Sl. No.
Name of Key Person Designation Phone Number
1. Rafeja Begum Ex-Member 01997325027
2. Md. Anayat Sheikh Member 01718608614
3. Md. Monjar Ali Sheikh Member 01716624303
4. Shahida Begum Member 01992731867
5. Andrew Gain Master 01790504305
6. Sumit Biswas Member 01726218258
7. Bomkin Gain Village Leader 01733113168
8. Abu Hashat Ex-Chairman 01712839976
9. Safiqul Islam Chairman 01713451883
10. Monoronjon Bala Member 01708999440
11. Md. Tuhin Sikdar Trader 01939820839
12. Md. Iqbal Hossain Sikder Farmer 01981889013
13. Md. Nabir Hossain Sikder Imam 01710677665
14. Niranjan Mondal Fish Farmer 01855370157
15. Munshi Aliuzzaman Teacher 01772332094
16. Abul Bashar Munshi Rtd. Army 01718799628
17. Bulbul Ahmed Govt. Service 01714974050
18. Shahadat Hossain Teacher 01927005619
19. Amir Howlader Grocer 01921643420
20. Mahamud Khandakar Trader 01935264249
21. Md. Aslam Sarder Fisherman 01714905204
22. Arti Bani Mohila Member 01921222835
23. Md. Emdadul Haq Ex-Chairman 01712025126
24. Subroto Biswas Social Worker 01722119497
25. Romesh Kantik Old Teacher 01719583627
26. Babul Bala Member 01756539335
27. Volanath Biswas Member 01734223285
28. Kobita Baroi Housewife 01728082260
29. Emdadul Haq Ex-Chairman 01712839976
30. Abu Hasnath Ex-Chairman 01677485612
APPENDIX-11
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SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
RAJOIR-KOTALIPARA SUB-PROJECT
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1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from September, 2018- July,2019 at Rajoir Kotalipara subproject. A well-qualified and experience team consisted of 15 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database of the project sites using some specified indicators and parameters, so that comparative analysis could be done to:
Measure the degree of change, and
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment A post-project survey is also planned n project DMF
2. Data Sources and Methodology Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data were also used for cross checking information on occupational structure, educational attainment and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area.
3. Qualitative Data/Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 15 FGDs were carried out under the study. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards, and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The IWMP report is prepared on the basis of the analysed households data and qualitative data as well. Key Informants Interview (KII) A total Number of 15 Key Informants Interview were conducted in the subproject area with the concerned officials and knowledgeable persons, like NGO personnel, concerned Upazila, BWDB, UP Chairmen and LGED officials. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview.
4. Household Survey In all 42 villages of thirteen unions have been considered for conducing household survey on socio-economy. The sampling of households has considered 10% as households as samples. The number of household selected is significantly higher than that required for random sampling under statistical sampling requirement considering 95% confidence limit and 5% error of limit. The sample size of 384 would have sufficed considering 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error, which are usually considered to be justified for one domain. Thus the number of households considered on 10% of total household is sufficient as sample households, provided proper random sampling has been done. Out of the total 20823 households, 2082 (10%) households were surveyed. The feasibility report is prepared on the basis of the analysed households data, secondary data and qualitative data as well. Separate checklist was used for the survey.
5. General Information on Rajoir Kotalipara Sub-Project The sub project Rajoir Kotalipara is located mostly at Gopalgonj and Madaripur district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Ghagor river, Paisharhat river, Lower Kumar and Kata Kumer River are surrounded of the subproject area. The Ramnagar khal, Hasnir hkal, Shadullahpur khal and other small khals falls in the connecting river . The total area of the subproject is 12000 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given table-1.
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Table 1: General Information on Sub Project
Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Name of Districts 2 Gopangonj and Madaripur
Name of Upazila 3 Kotalipara, Madaripur and Rajoir
Name and number of Unions 10 Kolabari, Radhagonj,Shadullapur,Kendua, Mustafapur,Amgram, Kadambari, Bajitpur and Rajoir
Number of Villages 78 Field Survey Report
Total Gross Area 12000 Field Survey Report
Households surveyed 2082 Field survey
Total Households 20823 Field Survey Report
Total Population 9486 Field Survey Report
Households Size 4.56 Field Survey Report
Female Headed H.H 4.56 Field Survey Report
Status of Electricity (94%)
Source: HH Sample survey
5.1Findings of the socio-economic survey This section deals primarily with the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
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34.78%
45.06%
14.16% 6.01%
Age Structure of Surveyed Population
Upto 17 18- 45 46-60 61 and above
52.74% 47.25%
Male and Female Ratio
Male Female
5.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Rajoir Kotalipara the total households and population was found to be 2082 and 9486respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Rajoir Kotalipara it is (52.74%) male against (47.25%) female (calculated on the basis of 5003 male and 4483 female). The household size is within the range of 4.56 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.5 and for the district of Gopalgonj is 4.4. The following table and graph shows the households. Population and sex ratio of the surveyed households. Table – 2: Population and Sex Ratio
Household‟s survey, 2019
5.3. Age structure InRajoir Kotalipara the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (59%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people. The age structure for Rajoir Kotalipara is presented in Table 3. Table 3: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 3299 34.78
18- 45 4274 45.06
46-60 1343 14.16
61 and above 570 6.01
Total 9486 100.00
Household‟s survey, 2018
5.4 Male and Female Headed Household In Rajoir Kotalipara sub project, the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 1987(95.44%) and 95 (4.56%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%. Table-4 and graph shows the male and female headed household of the subproject area.
Name of Union
Total Population
Population HHs Size Male Female No of
HHs
Amgram 2438 1309 1129 547 4.46
Bajitpur 1663 899 764 378 4.40
Kalabari 509 261 248 108 4.71
Kenduia 2074 1076 998 470 4.41
Kushla 673 342 331 125 5.38
Mastofapur 180 99 81 40 4.50
Radhaganj 549 294 255 120 4.58
Rajoir 291 139 152 63 4.62
Sadullapur 1109 584 525 231 4.80
Total 9486 5003 4483 2082 4.56
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93.08%
2.31%
4.23%
0.14% 0.24%
Marital Status
Married Unmarried Widow/Widower Divorced Separate
95.44%
4.56%
Male and Female Headed H.H
Male Headed Female Headed
Table- 4: Male and Female Headed Household
Name of Union
Total Households Male Headed
Female Headed
Amgram 547 520 27
Bajitpur 378 362 16
Kalabari 108 102 6
Kenduia 470 450 20
Kushla 125 124 1
Mastofapur 40 39 1
Radhaganj 120 108 12
Rajoir 63 60 3
Sadullapur 231 222 9
Total 2082 1987 95
Households survey 2019
5.5 Marital Status The survey result shows that out of total households, (93.08%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.23%), unmarried (2.31%), separated and divorced (0.38%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The following graph and table shows the marital status of the surveyed households. Table 5: Marital status
Sources: Households survey
5.6 Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming (37.51%), business (26.03%), service (20.07%), housewife (3.48%), fishermen (1.48%), fish farmers (3.48%) and other occupation, (5.09%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society for official and social re cognition of this work as occupation, not much progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Rajoir Kotalipara is presented in the graphs and Table-6.
Marital Status
Number Percent
Married 1938 93.08
Unmarried 48 2.31
Widow 72 3.46
Widower 16 0.77
Divorced 3 0.14
Separate 5 0.24
Table 2082 100.00
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37.51%
26.03% 20.07%
1.48%
3.48% 6.34% 5.09%
Occupational Structure of Household Heads
Farmer Business Service
Fishermen Fish-farmers Housewife
Others
1.34%
96.36%
2.08% 0%
Housing Status
Concrete roof CI sheet Straw and Leaf Others
94.29%
5.61%
Literacy Rate of the Households' Head
Literate Illiterate
Table -6 Occupational Structure of the households Heads
Sources: HH survey, 2019
5.7 Educational Status The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Rajoir Kotalipara is (94.29%) and illiterate is (5.70%), which is much higher than the national average (72%). Sources, BBS Booklet: 2016. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (52.66%) and female literacy rate is (46.39%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 56.56% than that of male population (47.33%).The following figure and Table-7 shows the educational status of the surveyed households. Table 7: Educational Attainment
5.8 Housing Characteristics The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (96.36%), followed by concrete roof (1.34%), straw roof (2.08%) and others (0%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table-8 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Rajoir Kotalipara. Table -8 Housing status Housing Status Number Percent
Concrete roof 28 1.34
CI sheet 2012 96.63
Straw and Leaf 42 2.08
Others 0 0.00
Total 2082 100.00
Sources: H.H survey, 2019
Occupation of the HH head
Number Percent
Farmer 781 37.51
Business 542 26.03
Service 418 20.07
Fishermen 31 1.48
Fish-farmers 72 3.48
Housewife 132 6.34
Others 106 5.09
Total 2082 100.0
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12.72%
83.22%
4.10%
Sanitation Status
Pucca Ringslub Kaccha
16.13%
15.75%
25.86%
42.26%
Ownership of TV and Fridge
TV Fridge Both (TV & Fridge) None
5.9 Household water supply Most of the households of the Rajoir Kotalipara drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that (99.27%) population drink tubewell water and (0.73%) drink water from other source which includes surface water, ponds and river. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. In regards to the quality tested of drinking water about 79.93% mentioned that their water quality has been tested and (20.07%) mentioned that the quality of water has not been tested. Table- 9 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households. Table: 9 Sources of Drinking Water & Water quality tested
Sources of Drinking Water
Number
Percent Whether Water Quality Tested
Number Percent
Tubewell 2067 99.27 Yes 1544 79.93
Ponds 15 0.73 No 523 20.07
Total 2082 100.00 Total 2067 100.00
Sources: Households survey, 2018
5.10 Sanitation Facility The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (83.22%), followed by pucca (12.62%) and kutcha (4.01%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-10. The table shows that almost (96%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation. Table: 10 Type of Latrine
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.11 Ownership of TV, Fridge in House Table -11 shows the ownership of TV and fridge of the household heads. The data shows that most of the houses 880 (42.26) do not have TV and fridge in their houses, only 16.13% have TV and 15.75% have Fridge and 25.86% have both of the TV and fridge in their houses. Table 11: Household Assets
Housing Status Number Percent
TV 336 16.13
Fridge 328 15.75
Both (TV & Fridge) 538 25.86
None 880 42.26
Total 2082 100.0
Source: Households Survey, 2019
Type of Latrine
Number Percent
Pucca 265 12.72
Ringslub 1731 83.22
Kaccha 86 4.1
Total 2082 100.04
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52.60%
12.41%
11.43%
10.93% 7.05%
Income Status of the Households Head
0-10000 10001-13000 13001-15000
15001-20000 20001-25000
75.25%
12.02% 0.66% 12.06%
Land Type of Surveyed H.H
Agricultural
Homestead
Fallow Land
Fish Culture/Water Body
5.12 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depend largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from Table 11 shows that (75.25%) of the land is agriculture, followed by fish culture (12.06%) homestead (12.02%) are wetland and fallow land (0.66%). The data shows that most of the agricultural land (23.80%) falls in Kandi and lowest at Amtali (3.87%). The following table. 11 and 12 shows the land type and union wise quantity of land within the subproject area. Table– 11: Union wise quantity of land and land type of the surveyed area
Name of Union Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
Source: Households Survey, 2019 Table-12 Land Type of Surveyed H.H
Type of Land Land quantity (dec.)
Percent
Agricultural 152,226 75.25
Homestead 24,317 12.02
Fallow Land 1,342 0.66
Fish Culture/Water Body
24,399 12.06
Total 202,284 100
Source: Households Survey, 2019
5.13 Income Status of the Households Head The survey data shows that most of the household‟s head 52.60% earn below Tk.10000, followed by 12.41% earn Tk. 10001-13000, the 3
rd income category is 11.43%, who earn Tk.13001-15000. According to the national
poverty category the 1st two groups fall in the poverty level. The following Table-14 shows the income level of the household‟s heads of the surveyed area. Table 14- Income Group of Area
Income Group Number Percentage
0-6000
6001-10000 1133 52.60
10001-13000 288 13.41
13001-15000 268 12.43
15001-20000 235 10.93
20001-25000 151 7.05
>25000 77 3.58
Total 2082 100.0
Source: Households Survey, 2018
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61.00% 49.00%
Percentage of Vulnerable H.H
Yes No
5.14 Destitute/Vulnerable The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (61%) households are vulnerable. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 61% households earn below Tk.10000 per month. Using the upper poverty line, in HIES 2016 the Head Count Rates (HCR) of incidence of poverty are estimated at 24.3% at the national level, 26.4% in rural areas and 18.9% in urban areas. While in 2010, these rates were 31.5% at the national level, 35.2% in rural areas and 21.3% in urban areas respectively. They suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. Another 29 percent of the rural population is considered moderately poor. Though they may own a small plot of land and some livestock and generally have enough to eat, their diets lack nutritional value. The women are the poorest of the rural poor of the society, especially when they are the sole heads of their households. They suffer from discrimination and have few earning opportunities and their nutritional intake is often inadequate. Table 6 shows the vulnerable status of the sub project area. Table -15: Destitute/Vulnerable
Destitute/Vulnerable
Number Percent
Yes 1270 61
No 812 49
Total 2082 100
Sources: HH survey, 2019
5.15 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS).
The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. the lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 k cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBs set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their household income expenditure survey. As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area. Table.16 shows the upper and lower level poverty line for Dhaka division.
Table 16: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural
1497 (2010)
2445 (2019)
1276 (2010)
2083 (2019)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2018)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2018)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2018.
5.16 Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood.
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Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Rajoir Kotalipara through PRA and households survey undertaken by the survey team members. The analysis of ownership of land is presented in Table.17.
5.17 Monthly Income and Expenditure Status
The survey data shows that the landless and marginal farmers are the majority of the households (61.15%) and their monthly average income is below Tk.11000 and expenditure is Tk.11596 followed by small farmers 29.84% and their income is Tk.11613 and expenditure Tk.12601.The marginal and small farmer constitute 64.43%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 28.63% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 2-3 per village.
If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.7), a monthly income less than Tk.12,000.00 is needed to attain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. The data shows that the income and expenditure of the landless and marginal farmers is more than two times less than that of medium and large farmers. The table-17 shows the average monthly income and expenditure of the surveyed households. Table: 17 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure
Households Category Percent Average Monthly Income
Average Monthly Expenditure
Landless HH (less than 5 decimal) 28.63 9641 9801
Marginal farmer (5-49 decimal) 32.52 10296 10972
Small farmer (50-249 decimal) 29.84 11613 12601
Medium farmer (250-749 decimal) 7.13 15123 16321
Large farmer (750 decimal and above)
1.88 22492 24246
Total 100.00 14033 14808
Household‟s survey, 2019
5.18Household Heads Involved with NGOs The survey data shows that out of total households surveyed (30.53%) mentioned that they are involved with the NGO or with others organizations. Among them 302 (23.53%) mentioned that they received training from an NGO, Youth Department or government organization. On the other hand, out of the total respondents about 556 (13.22%) mentioned that they are involved with more than one income generating activities within their vicinity. Table 18 and 19 shows that the Working population involved with organization and training received. Table: 18 Working population Involved with organization and Training Received
Household‟s survey, 2019 Table 19 shows that out of total household heads 26.80% mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about 48.56% households involved with Agriculture, followed by livestock 21.73%, fishery 20.72% business 6.82% and 2.16% involved in other income generating activities.
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 858 41.21 Yes 170 19.82
No 1224 58.78 No 688 80.18
Total 2082 100.00 Total 858 100.0
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48.56%
20.72%
21.73%
6.82% 2.16%
Involved in Income Generating Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock Business Others
Table: 19 Involved with Income Generating activity
Income Generating activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 271 48.56
Fisheries 116 20.72
Livestock 117 21.73
Business 38 6.82
Others 16 2.16
Total 558 100.00
Household‟s survey, 2019
5.19Gender Situation The Gender situation in sub projectwas assessed through PRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 20. Table 20: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRA
Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government the position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects. The Gender situation of Rajoir Kotalipara therefore be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects.
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Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women engaged in the project construction and O & M works would use their earnings in income generating activities. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works. Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. The issues of land acquisition, resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability and other risks/vulnerabilities will be taken care as per ADB and Government rules and regulation. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program. Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Rajoir Kotalipara reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows: Household with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 2445 (upper poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing
training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with micro
credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project Improvement for Vulnerable /Destitute Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households female headed households are living inRajoir Kotalipara subproject. They do not possess any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number could be approximately 675. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distribute poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income.
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The subjects identified for Collective Actions relating to livelihood are given in Table-21.
Table 21: Possible Collective Actions relating to Livelihood
SL List of Planned Collective Activation by WMGs Members
Importance of the Training No. of Targeted Participants
01 Training on Gender Concept and Gender mainstreaming
The participants will have an idea about gender role, difference between sex and gender, gender mainstreaming etc. The resources person can be hired from district women affairs and youth office.
200
02 Poultry rearing This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
200
03 Cattle and goat rearing This is short duration and profitable income generating activities for women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila livestock office.
200
04 Homesteading Gardening This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
200
05 Sewing and
Tailoring
The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
15
06 Leadership Development This training is required for women Leadership development. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila youth and Women Affairs office
200
Total 1015
5.21 Implementation Arrangements
Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement.
To cope up the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 100 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different training are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement. Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics), trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary trainee cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
Selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
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The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
Table 22: Budget for Gender and Livelihood Support at Rajoir Kotalipara Sub Project
Sl. No
Cost item description # of Batch No of
participants /trainees(F)
Cost (Tk.)
Total cost for each item/
activity (BDT)
Remarks
1 3 days gender dimension orientation for 10 WMG management committee members. 6 persons from each WMG (100. 25 persons will be in one batch.
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200
200*500 *3 300000 Include all costs
2 3 days leadership training for 100 participants in batch
4 batch x100 personsx3 days
200
200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
3 Total 15 persons will receive average 15 days skill and business development training 0n tailoring
1 batch 15 persons 15 days 15
10*10000 150000 Include all costs
4 Training on goat and cattle rearing, 3 days (8 batch) 100 persons
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
5 Training on Poultry Rearing 3 days (8batch)
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
6 3 days Homestead Gardening (8 batch) 100 persons
8 batch x 100 200
200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
Sub Total 1015 1650000
7 Livelihood asset support (Duck/Goat/Sewing Machine to the vulnerable/destitute household
400
6000 2400000 Include all costs
1415 4050000
Miscellanies (10%) 405000
Total 4455000
Taka In word: Forty Four Lac Fifty Five Thousand only. Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
5.21 Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Programme a. Economic Benefit: Undertaking new wage based and self-employment will increase their income. It is expected that the poverty will decrease as a result of increased per capita income.
b. Social Benefit: Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment would contribute social stability, gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development of the society as well as in the country.
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5.22 Conclusion and Recommendation Considering the social aspects within the sub project Rajoir Kotalipara further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.56), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process. Current poverty situation, which is more than national average, in adequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in sub project area justifies project interventions. In PRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA tam to believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management at Rajoir Kotalipara subproject. Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further recommendations for focused during implementation are as follows:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and its provisions in overall sub project budget may therefore deserved special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
Appendix-I Stakeholder’s Participation
The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people. The broader objective of stakeholder‟s participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 15 FGDs and 10 KII were conducted at Rajoir Kotalipara July to September 2018. Total 184 participants were present in the FGDs. Out of the total participants 61 (33.15%) were women and 123 (66.84%) are men. Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both Senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior facilitator and Community Facilitator conducted the FGD and KII. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure, formation of WMG and WMA, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting. All the participants of the meetings and Key Informants are willing to participate in all stages
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
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Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and union parishad officials) and provide them general
information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning
Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project
Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems /constraints of
the project
Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature
Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts
Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher and local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list FGD with date:
List of FGD and Participants
Sl. No.
Name of Place Date Participants
Male Female Total
1. Khagda, Kendua, Madaripur 12.10.2019 07 05 12
2. Purbo Kolagachi, Madaripur 12.10.2019 10 02 12
3. Dotta, Kendua 12.10.2019 10 02 12
4. Sri Nath Di, Kendua 12.10.2019 09 04 13
5. Amgram, Rajoir 15.10.2019 08 04 12
6. Lokkhonda, Amgram 17.10.2019 08 04 12
7. Telakanda, Amgram 18.10.2019 09 04 13
8. Sutarkandi, Bazidpur 20.10.2019 10 04 14
9. Sataria, Bazidpur 20.10.2019 02 08 10
10. Molladi, Bazidpur 21.10.2019 08 02 10
11. Kafullabari, Kolabari 19.10.2019 10 05 15
12. Konervita, Sadullahpur 19.10.2019 09 04 13
13. Patharpar, Sadullahpur 19.10.2019 09 04 13
14. Ramnagar, Kolabari 19.10.2019 09 04 13
15. Bazidpur 21.10.2019 05 05 10
123
(66.84%
61 (33.15%) 184
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher, local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list of KII with phone number.
List of KII Sl. No.
Name of Key Person Designation Address Phone Number
1. Zahidur Rahman Tipu Chairman Amgram, Razoir, Madaripur 01722000277
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APPENDIX-12
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
RAMSHIL KAFULABARI SUB-PROJECT
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1. Introduction As a part of project ToR, the socio-economic survey was conducted from September,2018- July, 2019 at Ramshil Kafulabari. A well-qualified and experience team consisted of 25 members conducted the survey led by Social and Gender Development Specialist of ISPMC. Both qualitative and quantitative survey methods were used for conducting the survey. The specific purpose of the socio-economic, agriculture, fishery and environmental survey was to develop a pre-intervention database of the project sites using some specified indicators and parameters, so that comparative analysis could be done to:
Measure the degree of change, and
Assess the intended benefits that are likely to accrue from the project interventions and
Involve local community in project planning
The project intends to document a database as well as analyze the pre-intervention situation that may be helpful to the project to assess the changes in:
Socio-Economy
Agronomy
Fishery and
Environment A post-project survey is also planned n project DMF
2. Data Sources and Methodology Existing Secondary Data These included the 2011 census and other reports, which provided information on area, number of population, age structure, housing condition, water and sanitation. These data were also used for cross checking information on occupational structure, educational attainment and land holding and other socio-economic condition of the subproject area.
3. Qualitative Data/Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Focus Group Discussion (FGD) A total number of 11 FGDs were carried out under the study. These provided insight about perception of the communities about the existing water resources with regard to irrigation, drainage condition and flood hazards, and their ideas and priorities about the improvement needs. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The IWMP report is prepared on the basis of the analyzed households data and qualitative data as well. Key Informants Interview (KII) A total number of 11 Key Informants Interview were conducted in each Upazila with the concerned officials and knowledgeable persons in the project area, like NGO personnel, concerned Upazila, BWDB, UP Chairmen and LGED officials. Separate checklist was used for Key Personnel Interview.
4. Household Survey In all 42 villages of thirteen unions have been considered for conducing household survey on socio-economy. The sampling of households has considered 10% as households as samples. The number of household selected is significantly higher than that required for random sampling under statistical sampling requirement considering 95% confidence limit and 5% error of limit. The sample size of 384 would have sufficed considering 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error, which are usually considered to be justified for one domain. Thus the number of households considered on 10% of total household is sufficient as sample households, provided proper random sampling has been done. Out of the total 13620 households1362 (10%) households were surveyed. The feasibility report is prepared on the basis of the analysed households data, secondary data and qualitative data as well. Separate checklist was used for the survey.
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5. General Information on Ramshil-Kafulabari Sub-Project The sub project Ramshil Kafulabari is located mostly at Kotalipara of Gopalgonj district and some part of Barisal district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub project is well connected with paved roads. The Paisa River follows at the East, Ghagor at the west, Jhojhonia at the South site of the project area. The major khals are; Bandhabari, Ramsil, Ramshil Johar khal, Kandi, Madarbari, Howlar khal, Doglas khal, khal etc. The total area of the subproject is 6649 ha. Project Map and some specific information on villages and demographic aspect is given Table-1.
Table 1: General Information on Sub Project Description of information Number/quantity Remarks
Name of Districts 3 Gopangonj and Barisal
Name of Upazila 5 Kotalipara and Agailghara,
Name and number of Unions
13 Amtali, Bandhabari, Radhagonj, Ramshil Shadullapur and Bakal
Number of Villages 42 Partly and fully
Total Gross Area 6649 Field Survey Report
Total Households 1362 Field Survey Report
Total Population 6308 Field Survey Report
Households Size 4.6 Field Survey Report
Land Holding status per Households
0.20 ha. Field Survey Report
Status of Electricity (67%) FGD Report
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34.70%
44.42%
14.19% 6.69%
Age Structure of Households Members
Upto 17 18- 45 46-60 61 and above
53% 47%
Male and Female Ratio
Male Female
5.1 Findings of the Survey This section deals primarily with the local stakeholders of different classes of the subproject area and its main socio-economic characteristics. The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation. Population and Sex Ratio In Ramshil Kafulabari the total households and population was found to be 1362 and 6308respectively. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Ramshil Kafulabari it is (53%) male against (47.0%) female (calculated on the basis of 3344 male and 2974 female). The household size is within the range of 4.6 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size is 4.7 and for the district of Gopalgonj is 4.4. The following table and graph shows the households. Population and sex ratio of the surveyed households.
Table – 2: Population and Sex Ratio
Name of Union
Total Population
Population HHs Size Male Female No
of HHs
Amtali 307 188 119 65 4.72
Bakal 93 46 47 18 5.17
Bandhabari
982 537 445 203 4.84
Radhaganj
1406 742 664 304 4.63
Ramshil 1219 625 594 292 4.17
Sadullapur
2301 1206 1095 480 4.79
Total 6308 3344 2964 1362 4.63
Household‟s survey, 2018
5.2 Age structure InRamshil Kafulabari the productive or 18-60 age group of population is, with (57.36%) significantly higher than the other two groups (1-17 or 60 above).The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 18 and adults older than 60 are considered non-productive people.
The age structure for Ramshil Kafulabari is presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population
Number Percentage
Upto 17 2189 34.70
18- 45 2802 44.42
46-60 895 14.19
61 and above 422 6.69
Total 6308 100.00
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94.42%
0.88% 3.30% 0.88% 0.22% 0.29%
Material Status
Married Unmarried Widow
Widower Divorced Separate
93.46%
6.53%
Male and Female Headed Households
Male Female
5.3 Male and Female Headed Household In Ramshil Kafulabari sub project, the number and percentage of female headed and male headed household is 1226 (93.47%) and 98 (6.53%) respectively. No national data is available to compare male and female headed household percentage of the sub-project. However the result is consistent with other sub-projects where the percentage is less than 10%. Table-4 and graph shows the male and female headed household of the subproject area. Table 4: Male and Female Headed Household
Households survey 2018
5.4 Marital Status The survey result shows that out of total households, (94.42%) are married, followed by widow/widower (4.10%), unmarried (88%), separated and divorced (0.51%) of the surveyed household‟s heads. The following Table-5 and graph shows the marital status of the surveyed households. Table 5: Marital Status of the surveyed Households
Sources: Households survey
5.5Occupation An occupation indicates sources of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The data shows that the main occupation of the households head is farming (34.36%), business (18.42%), service (15.27%), housewife (3.38%), fishermen and fish farmers (1.68%), and other occupation, (9.25%) which includes, daily wage labour, driver, carpenter etc. In all occupation categories the status of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agricultural product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demands. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society for official and social re cognition of this work as occupation, not much progress has been made. The various occupations of the work force of Ramshil Kafulabari is presented in the graphs and Table-6.
Name of Union
Total Households
Male Headed
Female Headed
Amtali 65 57 8
Bakal 18 15 3
Bandhabari 203 190 13
Radhaganj 304 282 22
Ramshil 292 278 14
Sadullapur 480 451 29
Total 1362 1256 89
Marital Status Number Percent
Married 1286 94.42
Unmarried 12 0.88
Widow 45 3.30
Widower 12 0.88
Divorced 3 0.22
Separated 4 0.29
Table 1362 100.00
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94.41%
5.59%
Literacy Rate
Literate Illiterate
18.42%
17.62% 34.36%
0.51%
1.17%
3.38% 9.25%
15.27%
Occupational Status of Surveyed Households
Business Day Labour Farmer
Fishermen Fish-farmers Housewife
Other's Service
Table -6 Occupational Structure of the households Heads
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.6Educational Status The average literacy rate of population 5 years and above in the Ramshil Kafulabari is (94.41%) and illiterate is (5.59%), which is much higher than the national average (72%). Sources, HIES: 2016. Among the total literate population, the male literacy is (53.58%) and female literacy rate is (46.41%).The illiterate rate among the female population is higher 56% than that of male population (44%).The following figure and Table-7 shows the educational status of the surveyed households. Table 7: Educational Attainment
Education Status (5 years and
above)
Literacy Rate (%) Total
%
Male Female
No % No %
Upto V 1458 25.22 1330 23.00 2788 48.22
Upto SSC/Equivalent
970 16.78 887 15.34 1857 32.12
Upto HSC/Equivalent
272 4.70 207 3.58 479 8.28
Degree & Above/Equivalent
225 3.89 110 1.90 335 5.79
Total Literate 2925 50.59 2534 43.83 5459 94.41
Total Illiterate 141 2.44 182 3.15 323 5.59
Total 3066 53.03 2716 46.97 5782 100.0
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
Occupation of the HH head
Number Percent (%)
Farmer 468 34.36
Business 251 18.42
Service 208 15.27
Day Labour 240 17.62
Fishermen 7 0.51
Fish-farmers 16 1.17
Housewife 46 3.38
Other's 126 9.25
Total 1362 100.00
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8.15%
90.09%
1.76%
Sanitation Status of surveyed Households
Pucca Ringslub Kaccha
0.95%
98.90%
0.15% 0
Roofing Materials of Surveyed Household
Concrete roof CI sheet
Straw and Leaf Others
5.7Housing Characteristics The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled (98.90%), followed by concrete roof (0.90%), straw roof (0.15%) and others (0.0%), which includes leaves and poltythine sheets. The following Table-8 and graph shows the housing status of the surveyed households of Ramshil Kafulabari. Table -8 Housing status
Sources: H.H survey, 2018
5.8 Household water supply Most of the households of the Ramshil Kafulabari drink underground water lifted by hand tube well. The data shows that (100%) population drink tube-well water. Contaminated water with arsenic was also reported but the percentage of tube well or household using this water could not be verified due to absence of proper water testing facilitates. In regards to the quality tested of drinking water about (20.93%) mentioned that the quality of water has not been tested. Table- 9 shows the drinking water status of the surveyed households. Table: 9 Sources of Drinking Water & Water quality tested
Sources of Drinking Water
Number
Percent Whether Water Quality Tested
Number Percent
Tubewell 1362 100.0 Yes 1088 79.93
Ponds 0 0 No 274 20.07
Total 1362 100.0 Total 1362 100.00
Sources: Households survey, 2018
5.9 Sanitation Facility The survey data shows that most households of the surveyed area use ring-slab latrines (90.09%), followed by pucca (8.15%) and kutcha (1.76%). It is to be mentioned here that the broken ring slab latrines, kutcha and open latrines are considered as unhygienic latrines. The present situation of sanitation in the sub project is shown Table-10.The table shows that almost (80%) or significant portion of the people in the sub project area are using hygienic sanitation. Table-10: Sanitation Status of Surveyed Households
5.10 Ownership of TV, Fridge in House Table -11 shows the ownership of TV and fridge of the household heads. The data shows that most of
Housing Status Number Percent
Concrete roof 13 0.95
CI sheet 1347 98.90
Straw and Leaf 2 0.15
Others 0 0.00
Total 1362 100.00
Type of Latrine
Number Percent
Pucca 111 8.15
Ringslab 1227 90.09
Kaccha 24 1.76
Total 1362 100.00
Source: Households survey 2018
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23.05%
3.67% 60.65%
12.63%
Ownership of TV and Fridge
TV Fridge None Both TV and Fridge
74.28%
10.42% 0.61%
14.69%
Land Type of Surveyed Households
Agricultural Homestead
Fallow Land Fish Culture/Water Body
the houses 826 (60.65) do not have TV and fridge in their houses, only 23.05% have TV and 3.63% have Fridge and (12.63%) have both of the TV and fridge in their houses. Table 11: Household Assets
Source: Households Survey, 2018
5.11 Land Type and quantity of the Surveyed HH Land-human relationships are immensely important in agriculture. The economy of Bangladesh depend largely on the broad agriculture sectors, which included inter alia, agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry. The tenure arrangement influences the whole production system significantly. The data from Table 11 shows that (74.97%) of the land is agriculture, followed by fish culture and wet land (14.69%), homestead (11.35%) and fallow land (0.61%).The follo wing table. 12 and 13 shows the land type and union wise quantity of land within the subproject area.
Table– 12: Union wise quantity of land and land type of the surveyed area
Name of Union Land Type of the Surveyed HH
Agricultural Homestead Fallow Land Water Body Total
5.12 Income Status of the Households Head The survey data shows that most of the household‟s head 58.64% earn below Tk.12000, followed by 26.21% earn Tk.12001-18000, the 3
rd income category is 6.09%, who earn Tk.18001-23000. According to the national
poverty category the Ist two groups fall in the poverty level. The following Table-14 shows the income level of the households head s of the surveyed area.
Housing Status
Number Percent
TV 314 23.05
Fridge 50 3.67
None 826 60.65
Both TV and Fridge
172 12.63
Total 1362 100.00
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58.66%
41.33%
Vulneribility Status of Surveyed Households
Yes No
6.09%
52.56%
26.21%
6.09% 3.16%
Income Status of Surveyed Households
<Tk.6000 Tk.6001-Tk.12000
Tk. 12001-Tk.18000 Tk.18001-Tk.23000
Tk.23001-Tk.28000
Table 14.-Income Group of Area
Income Group Number Percent
<Tk.6000 83 6.09
Tk.6001-Tk.12000 716 52.56
Tk. 12001-Tk.18000 357 26.21
Tk.18001-Tk.23000 83 6.09
Tk.23001-Tk.28000 43 3.16
>Tk.28001 80 5.87
Total 1362 100.00
Source: Household‟s Survey, 2018
5.13 Destitute/Vulnerable The surveyed data shows that out of the total households about (58.66%) households are vulnerable. The poverty map of Bangladesh 2010 confirmed the vulnerability status of the Upazila and district level. The income level shows that about 58.54% households earn below Tk.12000 per month They poor suffer from persistent food insecurity, own no land and assets, are often uneducated and may also suffer serious illnesses or disabilities. The women are the poorest of the rural poor of the society, especially when they are the sole heads of their households. They suffer from discrimination and have few earning opportunities and their nutritional intake is often inadequate. Table 15 shows the vulnerable status of the sub project area. Table -15: Destitute/Vulnerable
Sources: HH survey, 2018
5.14 Poverty Nationally poverty is measured based on calorie intake converted in to cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc.) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS).
The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of nonfood items. the lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 k cal plus an average cost of non- food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their household income expenditure survey. As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area. Table.16 shows the upper and lower level poverty line for Dhaka division.
Table 16: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497 (2010) 1276 (2010)
Destitute/Vulnerable
Number Percent
Yes 799 58.66
No 563 41.33
Total 1362 100.00
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2445 (2019) 2083 (2019)
Dhaka Urban 1793 (2010)
2773 (2018)
1314 (2010)
2032 (2018)
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 and considering 5.6% money inflation rate in 2018. On the other hand, according to the BBS Booklet, 2016, the district falls in 54% out of 64% and extreme poverty is 26.6% against the national average of 17%.
5.15Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw van, fishing net and boat, pump, power tiller etc. are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc. are the human asset. Both kinds of assets are used to generate income builds the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic need of life or livelihood.
Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected from Ramshil Kafulabari through PRA and households survey undertaken by the survey team members.
5.16 Monthly Income and Expenditure Status
The survey data shows that the marginal farmers are the majority of the households (42.21%) and their monthly average income is Tk.11000 and expenditure is Tk.11800 followed by small farmers 28.84% and their income is Tk.13000 and expenditure Tk.13700. The marginal and small farmer constitute 76%, meaning a significant portion of household in the sub project area is small and marginal. Marginal and small farmers are characterized subsistence level farmers who manage livelihood with difficulties. About 9.21% of the farmers are landless owning only less than 5 decimal of homestead garden. In addition there are households who have zero assets and they are called extremely vulnerable or destitute. On average there are 2-3 per village. The following table 17 shows that the average monthly income and expenditure of different farm category. If we consider the household asset position and income and critically consider the size of household (4.6), a monthly income less than Tk.12,000.00 is needed to attain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. The data shows that the income and expenditure of the landless and marginal farmers is more than two times less than that of medium and large farmers. The Table-17 shows the average monthly income and expenditure of the surveyed households. Table: 17 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure of different farm Category
Households Category Number Percent Average Monthly Income
Average Monthly Expenditure
Landless HH (less than 5 decimal) 125 9.21 6000 7000
Small farmer (50-249 decimal) 463 34.02 13000 13700
Medium farmer (250-749 decimal) 170 12.50 15000 16800
Large farmer (750 decimal and above)
28 2.06 21000 21500
Total 1362 100.0 66000 (13200) 70800 (14160)
Households survey, 2018
5.17Household Heads Involved with NGOs
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47.23%
19.93%
24.35%
6.46% 2.03%
Involved in Income Generating Activities
Agriculture Fisheries Livestock
Business Others
The survey data shows that out of total households surveyed (19.46%) mentioned that they are involved with the NGO or with others organizations. Among them 265 (38%) mentioned that they received training from an NGO, Youth Department or government organization. On the other hand, out of the total respondents about 542 (39.79%) mentioned that they are involved with more than one income generating activities within their vicinity. Table 18 and 19 shows that the working population involved with organization and training received.
Table: 18 Working population Involved with organization and Training Received
Household‟s survey, 2018 Table 19 shows that out of total household heads 39.79% mentioned that they are involved in different income generating activities. The data shows that about 47.23% households involved with livestock, followed by livestock 24.35%, Fishery 19.93% business 6.46% and 2.03% involved in other activities. Table:19 Involved with Income Generating activity
Income Generating activity
Number Percent
Agriculture 256 47.23
Fisheries 108 19.93
Livestock 132 24.35
Business 35 6.46
Others 11 2.03
Total 542 100.00
Household‟s survey, 2018
Gender Situation
The Gender situation in sub projectwas assessed through PRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 20.
Table 20: Gender dimension on key issues
Sl. No Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.) √ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
Whether NGO Members
Number Percent Training Received
Number Percent
Yes 265 19.46 Yes 103 38%
No 1097 80.54 No 162 61.13
Total 1362 100.00 Total 265 100.0
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c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, children birth, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government the position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most respects. The Gender situation of Ramshil Kafulabari therefore be characterized as a low to medium women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects. Gender specific impacts of the project would be very positive. Poor women engaged in the project construction and O & M works would use their earnings in income generating activities. Women would be employed in the increased activities in the agriculture and fisheries sectors. Further economic activities/opportunities would be provided for poor women in post-harvest activities. Finally, enhanced women‟s income would contribute to children education and health care. Women‟s decision making capabilities would be improved with increased knowledge and earning capacity. At village level, women‟s labour group would participate in various community development works.
5.18 Social Safeguards Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. The issues of land acquisition, resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability and other risks/vulnerabilities will be taken care as per ADB and Government rules and regulation. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program. Strategies for Livelihood Improvement for Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, poverty and gender situation in Ramshil Kafulabari reveals the need for undertaking a program especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance Criteria for selecting and organizing income generating activities for households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested are as follows: Household with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 2445 (upper poverty line). Household member to be involved with project should have working age preferably below 50 and above 18. Household should be permanent setter of project area. Household member to be involved with project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing
training for livelihood enhancement. He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with micro
credit for NGO He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project
5.19Improvement for Vulnerable /Destitute Households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households female headed households are living inRamshil Kafulabari subproject. They do not possess any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number could be approximately 675. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). A separate strategy is to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grants or in kind show useful results in improving their livelihood. The project may consider to distribute poultry/duck or goat/sheep or rickshaw van to generate income. The subjects identified for Collective Actions relating to livelihood are given in Table-21.
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Table 21: Possible Collective Actions relating to Livelihood
SL List of Planned Collective Activation by WMGs Members
Importance of the Training No. of Targeted Participants
01 Training on Gender Concept and Gender mainstreaming
The participants will have an idea about gender role, difference between sex and gender, gender mainstreaming etc. The resources person can be hired from district women affairs and youth office.
100
02 Poultry rearing This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from the Upazila livestock office.
200
03 Cattle and goat rearing This is short duration and profitable income generating activities for women. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila livestock office.
200
04 Homesteading Gardening This is very easy and profitable income generating activities for poor and destitute women. The resources person can be hired from District/Upazila Agriculture Extension office.
200
05 Sewing and
Tailoring
The participants will be skilled on tailoring. The resources person can be hired from the District Youth office or Department of women Affairs
30
06 Leadership Development This training is required for women Leadership development. The resources person can be hired from the District/Upazila youth and Women Affairs office
200
Total 1030
5.20 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement.
To cope up the situation the Executive Agency BWDB recruited 100 Community Facilitators (CF) and 20 Senior Facilitators (SF) for implementing similar livelihood, poverty reduction and gender development activities in the project area. Different training are being provided to them to develop their capacity to handle the poor at the grass root level for livelihood enhancement.
5.21Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Collective Action Plan. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
A three days training on gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Skill development training cost for an average 15 days training (included 2 day‟s orientation on gender) on skills and business training.
Leadership Development training for 3 days, 4 batch training will be provided
Cattle and Goat rearing a 3 days 4 batch training will be provided
Selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis for estimation is the rate proposed or used for other sub projects of this project currently being implemented.
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Table 22: Budget for Gender and Livelihood Support at Ramshil Kafulabari Sub Project
Sl. No Cost item description Number of Batch and Participants
Cost (Tk.) Total cost for each item/activity (BDT)
Remarks
# of Batch No of participants /trainees(F)
1 3 days gender dimension orientation for 10 WMG management committee members. 6 persons from each WMG (100. 25 persons will be in one batch.
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500 *3 300000 Include all costs
2 3 days leadership training for 100 participants in batch
4 batch x100 personsx3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
3 Total 15 persons will receive average 15 days skill and business development training 0n tailoring
1 batch 15 persons 15 days
30 30*10000 300000 Include all costs
4 Training on goat and cattle rearing, 3 days (8 batch) 100 persons
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
5 Training on Poultry Rearing 3 days (8batch)
8 batch x 25 persons x 3 days
200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
6 3 days Homestead Gardening (8 batch) 100 persons
8 batch x 100 200 200*500*3 300000 Include all costs
Sub Total 1030 1800000
7 Livelihood asset support (Duck/Goat/Sewing Machine to the vulnerable/destitute household
500 6000 30,00000 Include all costs
1690 48,00000
Miscellanies (10%) 408000
Total 5208000
Taka In word: Fifty Two Lac and Eight Thousand only. Detail break down of cost for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on implementation plan, type of skills/ trade, locality and venue.
5.22 Economic and Social Benefit of the Gender and Livelihood Programme a Economic Benefit: Undertaking new wage based and self-employment will increase their income. It is expected that the poverty will decrease as a result of increased per capita income. b. Social Benefit: Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment would contribute social stability, gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development of the society as well as in the country.
5.23 Conclusion and Recommendation Considering the social aspects within the sub project Ramshil Kafulabari further development is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.6), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc. are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. Present social condition is the result of this process.
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Current poverty situation, which is more than national average, in adequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in sub project area justifies project interventions. In PRA conducted in the sub project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of existing situation and the opinion of participants for its further improvement lead the PRRA tam to believe that the community living within the sub project is socially prepared to adopt the development intervention to be undertaken under the water management at Ramshil Kafulabari subproject. Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further recommendations for focused during implementation are as follows:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and its provisions in overall sub project budget may therefore deserved special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of the water infrastructure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water control structures and they get the financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given the opportunity for this activity;
Detail planning of GLEP are recommended to be made in coordination with other components of the sub project.
Appendix-I Stakeholder’s Participation
The Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (GPWM) suggests that all public sector funded water sector interventions must start with local stakeholder‟s participation. It will be a continuous process in the pursuit of sustainable development. The Consultants also felt that participation of the stakeholders is essential for effective planning of the project. Therefore, the main slogan for the study was “Project for the People to be developed by the people. The broader objective of stakeholder‟s participation is to inform local inhabitants/stakeholders to make them aware of the subproject and to gather their opinion/suggestions about the proposed development program as well as to incorporate their suggestions during project planning and implementation stage. Keeping the views in mind a total number of 11 FGDs and 11 KII were conducted at Ramshil Kafulabari July to September 2019. Total 147 participants were present in the FGDs. Out of the total participants 47 (31.97%) were women and 100 (68.03%) were men. Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both Senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior facilitator and Community Facilitator conducted the FGD and KII. The participants of FGD‟s were the local farmers, fishermen, public representatives, traders, officials and stakeholders. The project location map was used at the time of conducting FGD. The probable work schedule, structures to be built, development of infrastructure, formation of WMG and WMA, plan to undertake different developmental activities for the poor and destitute women, causes of poverty, problem and their suggestions discussed in the meeting. All the participants of the meetings and Key Informants are willing to participate in all stages
The specific objectives of public consultation are to:
Create awareness of stakeholders (local people and Union Parishad officials) and provide them general
information of the project as a part of the project awareness campaign
Facilitate the local community (people) to participate in the project planning
Learn from the community (people) and share with them their perception of the project
Know people‟s suggestions from the local community (people) for solution of problems /constraints of
the project
Assess project impacts both positive and negative in nature
Explore local community‟s ideas on mitigation/minimization of negative impacts
Collect additional information and ideas of the project from the local community
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Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher and local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list FGD with date:
List of FGD and Participants
Social Development and Gender Specialist, Fishery Specialist (both senior and Mid-level) from ISPMC, Senior Facilitator and Community Facilitator of PMO conducted the FGD and KII. The Key Personnel were Public representatives, school teacher, local elite and other knowledgeable persons of the area. The following is the list of KII with date:
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APPENDIX-13
SOCIO-ECONOMY, GENDER AND LIVELIHOOD
HORAI RIVER SUB-PROJECT
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Southwest Area Integrated Water Resource Planning and Management (SAIWRPM) project is a project of Bangladesh Water Development Board supported by the Asian Development Bank and the Royal Netherland Government. The overall objective of the project is to reduce poverty by increasing agricultural and fish production and creation of employment through integrated water management with active participation of the local people. The project has, therefore, given highest priority to poverty reduction in its development objective. Parallel to the focus on water management and planning it has given attention to livelihood and socio economic conditions, especially on the gender dimension of the beneficiary community. Within the project area there are households which include farmers of different categories (large, medium, small and marginal) and under-privileged groups, including women and landless people. It is important that the project will give due attention to different sections of the communities including marginalized sections so that the project benefits will flow to all sections of the community, to ensure sustainable development. The Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) started the implementation of the project (SAIWRPMP) in 2007. Under the overall framework of the project sub-projects are being implemented in Narail, Jessore and Magura districts which are expected to be completed by 2013. However, considering the needs of the country and following the request of the government, the development partners (GOB, ADB and EKN) agreed to support 7 additional subprojects located in the Faridpur and Maguara districts. Under the overall framework of SAIWRPMP feasibility studies of seven additional sub-projects are therefore undertaken by the BWDB.
The feasibility studies include the determination of the technical needs, the economic, social and environmental impact and the financial analysis of the investments to assess the projects‟ overall viability. To that extent information on the rehabilitation of the physical infrastructure, the need for capacity building of the BWDB and the beneficiary organizations (WMGs) to implement and manage the sub-projects. Data on agriculture, fisheries, environmental impact and livelihood development for poverty reduction along with consideration of gender issues have to be collected for this purpose. As part of the information collection process the project implemented Participatory Rapid Rural Appraisals (PRRAs) to collect information on socio economic key issues including gender, livelihood and poverty which are not possible to be collected through household surveys due to time and resource and time constraints. Another important character of a PRRA is that some socio economic, gender and livelihood issues especially information on income generating activities related to water management projects and the involvement of women in productive work can be assessed in a more focused way.
2. METHODOLOGY
A PRRA follows several independent steps to collect information and facts on social, economic and technical issues of particular community and area. It includes Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Survey (KI Survey), Transect Walk and Social and Resource Mapping. To know and understand the local socio economic issues the project choose FGDs where 10-15 people with a range of local experience and occupations were organized in group discussions in each selected village. Three average sizes of villages from middle and extreme two ends of the sub-project Horai River Sub-project were selected as the representative sample villages. The information provided and views expressed by the group members of representative villages were extrapolated to the whole sub-project. Each group in selected villages was facilitated in such a way that a consensus was reached among the group members to provide common information and views from the group on any issues. The data /information and views of three groups from three representative villages of the sub-project were arithmetically averaged or interpreted by synthesis (in case of qualitative information and views).
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In addition to FGDs, the project also conducted a household survey in selected villages which are considered representative sample villages for each additional sub-project. Socio-economic data/information on sanitation, water supply, housing, age group etc. was used to analyze socio-economic, livelihood and gender issues. 3. GENERAL INFORMATION ON SUB-PROJECT HORAI RIVER
The sub-project Horai River is situated in the Rajbari Sadar, Baliakandi and Kalukhali Upazila of Rajbari district. Agriculture constitutes the principle livelihood for the people living within the sub-project area. Almost 70% people live on farming and related works. The sub-project is well connected with paved roads. The total area of the sub-project is 22,210 ha. This includes areas covered by LGED. Without these areas, the gross area comes to 18.600 ha. Some specific information on villages and demographic aspects is given table 1
Table 1: General Information on Sub-project: Horai River
Description of information Number/ quantity
Remarks
Number of villages 173 -
Population 99,500 Project estimation
Number of households 24,875 Project estimation
Average size of household 4 Less than national (4.4) and district average (4.5)
Average population per village 575 Less than national and district average (1000)
Area (Gross, ha) 18.600
Area per household (including home garden), ha
0.9 Consistent with national average (0.8 ha)
Percentage of farmers 55 Consistent to national average
Source: HH Sample survey and PRRA
3.1Socio-economic, Livelihood and Gender Aspects The issues investigated include population and sex ratio, household size, land area per household, age structure, gender disaggregated literacy rate, use of drinking water and sanitation facilities, land and other livelihood ownership, occupation, employment, income, expenditure, poverty, potential and feasible income generating activities and major gender dimensions and participation.
3.2 Population and Sex Ratio In Horai River the population was estimated to be 99,500. The population density is 534 per km2. Compared to the national average (976) the project area is not over populated. The sex ratio is defined as the number of males per 100 females. In Horai River sub-project the ratio is 1.02 (calculated on the basis of 50,248 males and 49,252 females) which is close to the national average (1.003 according to the BBS Population Census Report 2011).
3.3Household size The household size is on average 4 for a single family. In a joint family it may be more than 5, but in that case the number of couples living in the household is also proportionately more. As per BBS 2011 Population Census Report the national average household size 4.4 and for the district Faridpur it is 4.5.
3.4 Age structure In Horai River Sub-project the productive or 15-59 years age group population is, with 61%, significantly higher than the two other groups (1-14 and 60 above). The non-productive population involves those who are able to work but enjoy the social benefit at the cost of productive people. Generally children younger than 15 and adults older than 60 are considered non productive people. The results for are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Age groups of population
Age group Percentage of total population Remarks
1-14 21 Not considered productive
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Male%
Female%
15- 59 61 Considered productive
60 and above 18 Not considered productive
Source: Project household sample survey 3.5 Male and Female Headed Household In Horai River female headed household was estimated 4% found. No national data is available to compare the male and female household percentage of the sub- project. However, the result is consistent with other sub-projects of the project where the percentage is less than 10%.
3.6 Occupation An occupation indicates the source of income derived from work, time spent in work as well as social position. The various occupations of the work force of Horai River is presented in the barchart and Table F3.
Source: PRRA Figure 1: Occupation of males and females, Horai River In all occupation categories the share of women is extremely poor. The main reason is that women work at home for housekeeping, agriculture product processing and storage, poultry and cattle rearing and vegetable gardening. These works except housekeeping are income generating or income substitution to meet the need of household demand. In spite of intensive gender advocacy by NGOs and civil society an official and social recognition of this work as occupation not much progress has yet been made.
Table 3: Occupation and employment days
Name of occupation
Percentages of total sample population
Average number of employment days in a year
Male Female Male Female
Farmer 55 0.63 241 193
Fisherman 2.51 0 197 0
Business 3.88 0,38 331 308
Labour 17.86 2.46 291 198
Rickshaw /van puller
2.77 0 311 0
Carpenter 0.69. 0 276 0
Mason 0.72 0 267 0
Mechanic 0.33 0 244 0
Service (wage employment)
3.36 1.21 281 266
Boatmen 0.39 0 210 0
Driver 0.79 0 305 0
Unemployed 2,18 7.54 - -
The table shows that highest percentage of people having an occupation in farming and labor. The employment days in a year show that farming is probably a part-time occupation.
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3.7 Educational Status The average literacy rate in the sub-project area is 61% with literate female and male ratio 1:1.14 is better than the national average. The national average for rural literacy rate as per BBS is 57% with a literate female and male ratio of 1:1.17. The schooling facilities and motivation of the people appeared to be the cause for such higher level of literacy rate.
3.8 Housing Characteristics Except for the sub-project Beel Sukunia, the housing structure was not included in the household survey for the other sub-projects. However, noted observations of the PRRA team showed that degraded, makeshift or thatched houses were hardly seen in sample villages. Observations of the PRRA team in the sub-project Horai River recorded its percentage as insignificant. The housing structures of most households are either corrugated sheet or brick walled.
3.9 Household Water Supply In the household survey within the sample villages of sub project Horai River Sub-project only few households were found who drink contaminated water (2%). The high rate of pure drinking water supply in the sub-project area is consistent with the national average which is 94.98% (BBS HIES Report 2011). The reasons are the large scale motivational campaigns by the Government and NGOs for the use of pure drinking water and the availability of low cost simple technology (hand tube well) for lifting groundwater. Sanitation Facility The present situation of sanitation in the sub-project are shown the table 4
Table 4: Sanitation in the sub-project
Type of Latrine Percentage of HHs
Ring slab/water sealed 49.00
Hanging/ pit (un hygienic) 49.33
Open 1.67
Source: Project HH survey. The table shows that 49% of the households within the sub-project area are using hygienic latrine sanitation, a figure slightly less than the national average (51%). A major portion of the households are still out of hygienic sanitation coverage. 3.10 Poverty The nationally poverty is based on the measurement of calorie intake converted into cost, a method called food poverty.This is the cost of food with daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost for non food items (clothes, medicines etc) of basic need. In Bangladesh this method is used to measure the poverty through expenditure survey. Within this concept of poverty measurement upper and lower poverty lines were established by Bangladesh Bureau of Statistic (BBS) The upper poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of foodwith daily nutritional requirement of 2122 k.cal plus an average cost of non food items. The lower poverty line is the per capita household expenditure to meet the cost of daily nutritional amount of 1810 K cal plus an average cost of non food items. People living in between the two lines are moderate poor and people living below the lower poverty line are extreme poor. BBS set the poverty lines for six divisions based on their Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES). As the sub-project area belong to Dhaka division, its upper and lower poverty lines is implied also for the sub-project area. Table 5: Upper and Lower Poverty line for Dhaka Division
Name of Division Upper Poverty Line in BDT Lower Poverty Line in BDT
Dhaka Rural 1497 1276
Dhaka Urban 1793 1314
Source: BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Report 2010 Following the class intervals of the upper and lower poverty line data for Dhaka rural the household monthly expenditure data for the sub-project area are presented per group in Table 6.
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Table 6: Per capita monthly average expenditure Per capita expenditure group
Percentage of total sample HH
Total %
Remarks
M F
Less than TK. 1276 17.34 2.25 19.59 As per national definition of poverty this group is extreme poor (BBS HIES 2010)
TK. 1277 to 1497 23.22 1.59 24.81 As per national definition of poverty this group is absolute poor (BBS HIES 2010)
Total 40.56 3.84
44.40
Source: Project PRRA in Horai River The average incidence of poverty in the sub-project is 44.40%, a figure consistent with the district figure shown in poverty map of Bangadesh (ref: BBS web site- poverty map). In the map the poverty incidence for the district Rajbari is between 38-48%. The average rural poverty for Bangladesh is 34%. A more than average level of poverty therefore exists in the sub-project area.
3.11Livelihood Livelihood in general means living with most basic needs of life. The basic needs comprise an adequate quantity of food with required nutritional value, safe water, shelter, clothes etc. These require purchasing power of a person to acquire his needs. Purchasing power depends on income and income further depends on assets which generate income. There are physical and human assets. Land, rickshaw vans, fishing nets and boats, pumps, power tillers etc are generally physical assets for rural households and skills acquired through experience or training, education etc are the human asset. Both kinds of assets used to generate income build the purchasing power of a person to meet the basic needs of life or livelihood. Livelihood analysis therefore needs analysis of assets and income. Information on land, skills and income were collected through PRRAs undertaken by the project. The analysis of ownership of land and other assets are presented in Table 7 and 8.
Table 7: Category of land holdings/ownership
Category Landholding range
Male HH Female HH
Total % of household
Estimated number of landholding HH in each category for the whole sub-project
% of total household
% of total household
Total number M-HHs in each category
Total number F-HHs in each category
Total number HHs in each category
Landless HH
less than 5 decimal
20.71 2.24 22.95 5,151 557 5,708
Marginal farmer
5-49 decimal 34.55 1.64 36.29 8,594 408 9,002
Small farmer
50-249 decimal
25.89 0 25.89 6,440 0 6,440
Medium farmer
250-749 decimal
11.91 0 11.91 2,963 0 2,963
Large farmer
750 decimal and above
3.04 0 3.04 756 0 756
Total 96.02 3.98 100% 23,904 965 24,875
Source: Project PRRA /percentage calculated based on representative sample village data
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Table 8: Livelihood asset other than land
Type of Asset Ownership range (number)
Percentage of total sample households
Male Female
Cattle (cow-bullock/ buffalo)
1-2 23.39 0.12
3 - 5 6.70 0
Above 5 2.89 0
Goat
1-2 18.18 0.83
3 - 5 4.12 0
Above 5 0,62 0
Poutry/duck 1-2 14.29 1.43
3 - 5 67.84 2.00
Above 5 8.24 0.58
Rickshaw/van 1 3.37 0
Boat 1 2.76 0
Power tiller 1 3.65 0
Pump 1 11.61 0
Shop 1 6.15 0
Others: Auto bike/ tempo
1 1.11 0
Source: Project PRRA in sample (representative) villages
Table 9: Per capita household income
Capita income group
Percentage of total sample household
Whether this income is sufficient to maintain their livelihood
Male HH Female
Less then Tk. 1276
17.72 2 No
1276 to 1497 22.83 1.68 No
Tk. 1498 -2243 26 0.32 No
Tk. 2244 above 29 0 yes
Source: BBS HS Report 2010 and PRRA
The first two groups of income in Table F 10 belong to the below-poverty level. The third income group is above the poverty level which, however, according to FGD participants is not sufficient for a desired livelihood. The third group is more than the national average which is found to be sufficient for desired livelihood. If we consider household asset position and income and critically consider size of household (4), a monthly income of more than Tk.10,000 is needed to sustain a desired livelihood of minimum standard. Currently this is not the case for the majority of the households of the sub-project
3.12 Gender Situation The gender situation in the sub-project was assessed through PRRA/FGDs, using a qualitative matrix where 9 types of gender issues were distinguished. The dimensions of these gender issues were ranked as none, low, medium and high. The results are presented in Table 10.
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Table 10: Gender dimension on key issues Sl. No
Dimension Issues Women Men
None L M H None L M H
1 Control over HHs resources (Land, Crop, Cow etc.) √ √
2 Control over water management/irrigation √ √
3 Mobility inside the community (relative, shop, group meeting etc.)
√ √
4 Mobility outside the community (market, labour, crop field, hospital, bank, fair, movie etc.)
√ √
5 Control over income generating activities √ √
6 Control over micro credit management √ √
7 Participation at the HHs Decision :
a. Decision to have new children √ √
b. Decision to undertake new economic activity √ √
c. Decision to purchase / sell of property √ √
d. Decision to children schooling √ √
e. Decision to children marriage √ √
f. Decision to buy inputs and daily essentials √ √
8 Participation at the Community Decision :
a. Participation in the Mosque / mondir committee √ √
b. Participation in village development activity √ √ √
c. Participation in school management committee √ √
d. Participation in village salish √ √
e. participation in union parishad √ √
9 Knowledge and Awareness :
a. Law related to marriage and divorce √ √
b. Law related to inheritance rights √ √
c. Legal process to torture and inhuman treatment √ √
NB : L = Low ; M = Medium ; H = High, Source: PRRA
Although in a few cases like mobility within the community, control over micro credit, decision making on children schooling, daughters marriage, purchasing daily essentials, family planning/new children and participation in local government women decision making position ranked medium level, men‟s positions are still high in most social and economic respects. The gender situation in Horai River can therefore be characterized as a low women empowerment situation with gender inequality in most social and economic respects..
3.13 Social Safeguards
Under the project frame work social safeguard issues have been looked into following ADB guideline in Hand Book on Poverty and Social Analysis and in consultation with Water Board and relevant project staff. The issues which have been considered are resettlement, indigenous people, labor, affordability and other risks/vulnerabilities. Resettlement is not an issue, since land acquisition or loss of land property will not take place. There are no indigenous people living in de SP area. Where labor is concerned, neither labor displacement nor job loss is expected, on the contrary, it is likely that the project will generate additional employment. No relation was found between the proposed SP‟s rehabilitation work and poor and other vulnerable group access to goods and services. Affordability issues are therefore not implied to the sub project. There are poor and vulnerable communities in the sub project. However, no negative effect is foreseen for the poor and vulnerable communities because of the project‟s rehabilitating work. Rather, the project is expected to reduce poverty through agriculture, fisheries and livelihood improvement program.
3.14Strategies for Livelihood Improvement, Poverty Reduction and Gender Development The analysis and assessment of existing socio economic, livelihood, and poverty and gender situation in Horai River Sub-project reveals the need for undertaking a programme especially on livelihood improvement, poverty reduction and gender development to disseminate the benefits of the proposed water management sub-project to all sections of the community. For this purpose the following strategies are proposed. Targeting the number of households with inadequate asset and low income for project assistance
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Criteria for selecting and organizing households with inadequate/no assets and low income are suggested as follows:
Households with land from 0-49 decimal monthly per capita income Tk. 1497 (upper poverty line).
The household member to be involved with the project should have a working age preferably below 50 and above 18.
The household member should be a permanent setter of project area.
The household member to be involved with the project should have interest to join skill, business and marketing training for livelihood enhancement.
He or she should guarantee that after the training he or she undertake IGA with self finance with micro credit for NGOs
He or she must join as member in the local WMG to be formed under the sub project
3.15 Implementation Arrangements Government agencies including BWDB may have technical expertise for implementing technical activities like design, construction, technology, demonstration etc, but they do not have the capacity and expertise to handle the poor directly at the grassroots level as required for poverty reduction, gender development livelihood enhancement The programme therefore should be implemented by outsourcing the development activities through appropriate NGOs working in the relevant project area under the supervision of this project. Selection of Appropriate Activities for the Programme Livelihood enhancement/improvement deserves activities to be undertaken which generating income for the target group. The proposed activities are: Potential IGAs: For sub-project area feasible IGAs with a need for initial capital and a yearly estimated income are shown in Table F 11. The households to be involved with the sub-project may select IGAs from this list. Financial/credit support: The project has no provision to support its beneficiaries with cash or credit. There are NGOs and MFIs active in the sub-project area (Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASHA, Palli Unnayan Samity or outsourcing NGOs) that may be linked to provide financial support Skill business and marketing training: The selected members of the households would need to have the capacity to manage IGAs. Therefore skill, business and marketing training needs to be provided by the project through the outsourcing to NGOs. Involvement of women: This is a key strategic activity of gender development under the project. At least one third of the project beneficiaries in WMG, 50% in IGA skill, business and marketing training should be women. This is important for women empowerment and minimizing gender inequality
Table 11: Feasible income generating activities
Name of opted IGA
Approximate initial capital required to initiate business/IGA
Yearly profit rate
Approximate yearly income
Remarks
Farming /pulse/onion/vegetable/oil seeds etc
@ Tk. 300 per decimal for 50 decimal Tk. 15,000
Approximately Tk. 150% (with two crops a year)
Tk. 22,500 Initial capital may be available from local NGOs/MFIs
Milk cow rearig and beef fattening
For two calfs Tk. 20,000
Approximately 75%
TK. 15,000 “ “
Seed processing & business
Tk. 20,000 Approximately 100% with two times turn over in two rice seasons
20,000 “ “
Small scale fish culture
Tk. 20,000 to 25,000
Approximately 100%
Tk. 20,000 to 25,000
“ “
Rice fish culture Tk. 40,000 Approximately 100%
Tk. 40,000 This activity may be suitable for marginal and
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small farmers The may get loan from NGOs/MFIs
Rice based dry food making/puffed rice/pressed rice/sweetened rice ball etc
Tk. 10,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 15,000 This is a women friendly activity and they may get loan for the activity from NGOs
Pulse, spices and other agro trading
Tk. 20,000-30,000 Approximately 150% with year round turn over
Tk. 30,000-45,000
For this activity NGO/MFI loan is available locally
Masonry and rod binding
Not needed, wage based activity
- Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
Employment in project construction works and maintenance in or around project area. Activity need skill training
Pump and power tiller mechanics
Not needed, wage based activity
Tk. 80,000 for 200 days employment
Needs skill training
Source: Project PRRA
3.16 Livelihood improvement for vulnerable households In addition to poor households there are vulnerable households living inHorai River Sub-project They do not posses any livelihood assets and hardly have any income. Household heads with disability also included in this group. They live on other‟s support/ begging/alms taking etc. Socially they are also called destitute. Their number is not significant. An estimate with the help of Upazila parishad shows that their number in the 173 villages of Horai River sub-project could be approximately 400. Training and credit linkage normally do not work to improve their livelihood (NGOs normally do not give any credit to this group). Separate strategy is needed to be taken to improve their livelihood. Direct asset support through grant in kind showed useful result in improving their livelihood. They project may consider to distribute among them poultry/duck or goat/sheep or Rickshaw van to generate income.
3.17 Institutional arrangements through WMG: Institutional arrangements for gender and livelihood enhancement programme deserve a special attention. BWDB promotes their water management programme through Water Management Groups (WMGs) at farmers level. In Horai River sub-project 31 WMGs are likely to be formed. Gender and livelihood programmes may be integrated with this grass root level organization for selection of beneficiaries and supportive action with outsourcing to a NGO.
3.18 Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Action Based on strategies proposed in Chapter 5 an action plan with budget has been formulated to implement the activities under the proposed project strategies
Table 12: Action Plan for Gender & Livelihood improvement / Enhancement Target/output Main Activities Responsibilities Support Needed Time Frame
NGO for outsourcing the programme implementation selected
Select NGOs, provide ToR, , issue work order, provide administrative and financial support to implement the GLEP
PMO of BWDB Financial support from PMO and technical support from relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within 2 months project inception
2487 (10% of total HH) beneficiary from poor households selected for project support
Finalize beneficiary selection criteria
PMO Relevant technical expert from consultant firm
Within a week after selection of NGO
Select households to be supported through KI survey from each village
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consultant
Within two months after criteria finalization
Form beneficiary group under WMG
NGO under the supervision of PMO and consult
Within two months after beneficiary selection
Orientation /training for 432 WMG committee (36) members on gender dimension /action organized
Training delivery on gender dimension
NGO/Resource person Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Within month of formation of WMG
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Orientation for 83 beneficiary groups (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) on gender dimension organized
Orientation of beneficiaries in groups for awareness raising on gender dimension
Partner NGO with collaboration from WMGs
Financial support from PMO and technical support from consultant
Continue for 6 month after formation of beneficiary group and WMG
ToT for 30 skills, business and marketing trainers (20 skills and 10 business and marketing trainers conducted
Deliver ToT for skills and business trainers (if it is done for other sub-project, not necessary for this sub-project)
Resource person to / NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
Within 1 month after selection of skills and business trainers
Skills, business and marketing training for 2487 beneficiaries (each group 30 beneficiaries with 50% women) organized
Conduct skills, business and marketing training
NGO in coordination with PMO
Financial support by PMO and technical support by consultant
1 year after completion of orientation on gender dimension
Provide certificate to trainees NGO Own initiative of NGO At the end of training
Assess post training support/financial support for starting IGA or employment linkage
NGO Own initiative of NGO Within 4 weeks after training completion
Livelihood support to 200 vulnerable/destitute households
Identify vulnerable/destitute households for support through grant with livelihood asset
NGO with WMG‟s involvement
Project grant After identification of vulnerable households
GLEP action plan Follow up and monitoring of livelihood improvement process
PMO monitors/NGO Own initiative of NGO Continue till end of project
3.19 Budget Costs have been estimated for implementation of livelihood improvement and promotion of gender awareness activities based on the action plan presented in Chapter 6. Four major cost components have been identified which are as follows
Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for WMG management committee members (includes participant and resource person allowance, food, venue, training materials and logistics)
Per participant cost for 4 days of ToT (including one day for gender) on skills, business and marketing (including trainees and trainer allowance, venue and training material cost)
Per beneficiary the trainee cost for an average 15 days training ( included 2 days orientation on gender) on skills and business training
NGO service charge (including staff salary) for implementing the gender and livelihood enhancement programme.(selection of beneficiaries, group formation, organizing training and orientation, supervising, monitoring and follow up and documentation
The basis of estimation is the rate proposed or used in Narail and Chenchuri Beel which is currently being implemented.
Table 13: Budget for gender and livelihood support
Sl. No
Cost item description Average training cost per participant (Tk.)
No of participants /trainees(
Total cost for each item/ activity (Tk.)
1 Per participant cost for 2 days gender dimension orientation for 432 WMG management committee members
1000 432(144) 432,000
2 Per participant cost for 4 days ToT (1 day gender) for skills and business trainer
Not needed, ToT organized for Beel Sukinia will serve the purpose for all sub-projects
- -
3 Per beneficiary trainee average 15 days Skill and business training
2,500 2,487(746) 6,217,500
4 Livelihood asset support through grant in kind to 200 vulnerable/destitute household
5,000 200 1,000,000
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households
Sub total 7,649,500
5 NGO service cost (10% of sub total) 764,950
Total for GLEP 8,414,450
A detailed break down of costs for each item or activity may be done by the PMO during implementation based on the implementation plan, type of skills, trade, locality and venue.
3.20 Economic and Social Benefits of the Gender and Livelihood Programme a. Economic benefits Undertaking wage based and self employed proposed IGAs by the trained beneficiaries under the project will increase their income. It is expected that as a result of the increased per capita income the poverty will decrease. This will contribute to increase per capita national income. b. Social benefits Poverty is not only an economic issue; it is also a social issue. The poor people are the burden of the society. Social and political instability, crime, violence, backwardness, underdevelopment and many other social problems are associated with the poverty. Reducing poverty through increased income and employment contribute to bring social stability, contribute to gender empowerment, make the society more peaceful and harmonious and create an environment for further development in the field of education, health and culture.
3.21 Monitoring Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out side by side: GFP / PMO / SMO / ASG / project personnel / MC of WMG will form a monitoring committee and will provide a quarterly report to the PMO / Project authority, copy to Gender and Poverty Component (GPC). For this purpose monitoring indicators based on action or implementation plan is suggested to be developed.
3.22 Implementation of Gender policy In line with the national gender policy, the policies for women participation in water management have already been proposed/recommended for other sub-projects currently being implemented under this project. These policies should also be taken into consideration for promotion of gender equality in Horai River sub-project. The WMGs may be the focal point to implement these polices. The policies are as follows:
- Participation in water resources operation and maintenance for women capacity building needs to be stressed
- Minimum 70% poor / non poor women are always beneficiary of any water related program. - Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted for any other IGA participation. - Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are targeted for various IGA / Skill / WMG / leader ship
empowering / capacity building / agri based / fish farm / O&M of water structures training. - Minimum 50% poor / non poor women are always beneficiary of WMG programs. - Establish equality between men and women in all spheres of livelihood. - Ensure women‟s security in all spheres of state, society and family. - Ensure empowerment of women in the fields of politics, administration and the economy. - Financial / credit facility as per WMG activity for IGA. - 100% poverty / impoverished reduced for women participation require is always of any water resource
program. - Establish women‟s human rights. - Develop women as educated and efficient human resources. - Free women from the curse of poverty. - Eliminate existing discrimination against men and women. - Acknowledge women‟s contribution in social and economic sphere. - Eradicate all forms of oppression on women and girls. - Establish equality between men and women in administration, politics, education, culture, sports and
all other economic activities. - Devise and import technology congenial to the interest of women and ban use of technology harmful to
women. - Take adequate measures to ensure women‟s health and nutrition. - Ensure priority of women in the arrangement of hoisting and providing suitable shelter for women. - Meet the needs of women especially in difficult circumstances. - Ensure security for widows, divorced, unmarried and childless women. - Reflect gender perspective in mass-media by projection positive image of women. - Provide assistance on flourishing creativity of meritorious and talented women. - Provide support services in the advancement of women.
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3.23 Conclusions and Recommendations
Considering the socio-economic aspects within the sub-project of Horai River further development support is needed. Although a number of the criteria such as household size (4.6), male and female literacy rate, sex ratio, drinking water supply, electricity use, housing condition etc are close to the national values, figures on poverty, literacy, gender and livelihood justify project interventions. The general experience is that with such a situation, further development initiatives will become relatively easier on the ground of people‟s exposure and motivation to adapt the benefit of development. This accelerates a process of social induction process where people adopt new technologies following his fellow neighbor or other members of the society. The current poverty situation which is more than the national average, the inadequate livelihood means and a low gender dimension in the sub-project area justifies project interventions. In the PRRAs conducted in the sub-project area to assess the socio economic, gender and livelihood situation and options for further improvement, both women and men participated spontaneously. The assessment of the existing situation and the opinion of participants for further improvements lead the PRRA team to believe that the community living within the sub-project is socially prepared to adopt the development interventions to be undertaken under the sub-project. Strategies and action plan for gender and livelihood enhancement have already been proposed in this report. Further to these, some recommendations to be focused while undertaking the gender and livelihood programme are as follows:
The approach of gender equality promotion and livelihood enhancement should be integrated within the capacity building process of WMG management body;
WMGs are recommended to be the focal point to oversee the implementation of GLEP;
Resources as proposed in the budget are not overestimated, but minimum amounts, and the provisions in the overall sub-project budget may therefore deserve special consideration;
Target/output proposed in the action plan may be further extended, but recommended not to be squeezed to avoid social risks of bypassing the underprivileged section of the community and gender dimension;
Employing women in operation and maintenance of water structure; that is another gender dimension to enhance the livelihood of vulnerable women (FHH). Generally men are employed in operation and maintenance of the water structure and they get financial benefit. It is here suggested that along with men equal number of women must also be given opportunity for this activity;
Detailed planning of GLEP is recommended to be made in coordination with the other components of the sub project.
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APPENDIX-14Alfadanga-Boalmari Sub-Project
Table 1: List of Villages
Sl. No.
List of Villages Union Upazila District Number of HHs
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Survey of HH, Socio-economic (including Agi.Fishery & IGA) and Gender & Livelihood Information
Union: …………………
Upazilla: ……………….. District: ………
Supervisor Name:………….….Facitator Name:………....
Training received from any organization( 1.Agri.2.Fishery,3.Other income gen.4.Financial,5.Others)
Source of drinking water & status (1= Pond, 2= TW)
Sanitation Status Per HHs Total irrigated areas (dec) What type of problem women are facing in your area 1. Divorce 2. Early marriage 3. Unemployment 4. Lack of training 5. Others
Your suggesion about the activities for socio-economic development of women in your area.
Remarks
pond/ TW
If T.water Quality tested (Y-1/N-2)
Presence of Arsenic (Y-1/N-2)
1-pucca/concrit, 2-Ringslub, 3-kaccha/unhygenic
No. of user
LLP (1)
STW (2)
DTW (3)
Total irrigated areas (dec)
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
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Photo Gallery
ISPMC Team with Patgati Chairman Households Survey Team Members
Training provioled to the Enumerator Discussion with the Public Representative
Discussion with the Public Representative Discussion with the Farmers
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Meeting with local people Meeting with UP Chairman & Members
Discussion Meeting wth Team Members Meeting at Patgati Union
Survey conducted by Enumerator Survey conducted by Enumerator
BWDB – Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project-Additional Financing
Socio-Economic Survey Report 287
Focus Group Discussion with Farmers Supervisior conducted FGD with Farmers
FGD conducted with Farmers Survey conducted by Enumerator
Discussion with Local People FGD with Local People
BWDB – Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project-Additional Financing
Socio-Economic Survey Report 288
Discussion with Local Farmers Household Survey conducting by Enumerator
Survey conducted by Enumerator Survey conducted by Enumerator
Household Survey conducted by Enumerators Monitoring Survey Work by ISPM consultant
BWDB – Southwest Area Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management Project-Additional Financing
Socio-Economic Survey Report 289
ISPMC Team Members Monitor Survey Work Household Survey conducted by enumerator
Data Collection from Local Women of Ramsil-Kafulabari
Fiishery Specialist Collect Data from the Farmers
Meeting with Agriculture Officer Chowgacha Meeting with DFO Jeshore