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Page No.
1 Types of Housing .......................................... 1
2 Rearing Program ......................................... 12
Note: Depending upon the age of the housing birds, nipple drinking system may be located suiting to the convenience of birds.
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Laying House
l Light bulbs or fluorescent tubes should be so located that the feeders and waterers receive light directly.
l Artificial light should be evenly distributed all over thehouse.
l Flourescent bulbs/tubes should be cleaned at regular intervals.
l Eggs should be able to roll out smoothly, avoiding collision or breakage.
l The height of the cage-stands should be such that the workers should be able to see them well enough to spotdead birds or non-functioning equipment.
l Adequate ventilation should be provided in the laying house. Sheds should be protected from extreme heat or cold by providing adequate insulation or curtains.
l Provide adequate clean feed storage
l Preventing the entry of rats, wild birds, parasites, etc. should be a point to remember while designing the poultry house.
l Dead birds should be removed daily and disposed off by burning them in an incinerator or by proper burial.
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the half way mark to an excellent BV-300 performance.
Brooding the chicks is an important and skillful part of good
poultry management. Brooding is the base for the production
of a good pullet.
Heating devices in the shed should be switched on at least
six hours before the expected arrival time of chicks in cool
seasons, so that the shed is heated to required temperature
before chicks are placed in the shed. Waterers should be
filled with water, electrolytes and anti-stress preparations.
Ensure that the tyre dip at the entrance of the farm is filled
with the right disinfectant in correct dilution, so that the
wheels of all incoming delivery vans containing chicks
will be disinfected at the entrance. The water in the tyre dip
should be changed periodically.
Water
Water to be given to the birds should be fresh, clean and
potable. (The table on next page gives standards for water
quality.)
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st th(1 to 20 week)
The BV-300 is equipped with the genetic potential of
producing 320 eggs in her commercial life. However,
this production can only be achieved if the chicks are
provided with all due care in its brooding stage. If
reared scientifically, the chicks will have standard and
uniform body weight and the mortality will be
negligible. Therefore, maximum attention should be
paid while rearing the chicks in their brooding stage.
A rearing program should satisfy the following goals:
l At least 80% of the birds should be in the range of the
standard body weight + 10%. The flock should be
uniform. Birds should not be fatty or underweight.
l Birds should be completely healthy, free from internal
and external parasites, and immune to all endemic viral
and bacterial infections.
Preparations for Arrival of Chicks
Well begun is half done. Conforming to this proverb,
a well managed brooding program is like meeting
Rearing Program
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Drinking Water Standards
Particulars Maximum Permissible Limit
No. of Bacteria/ml 10-50
No. of Coliforms/ml 00Hydrometric Level -30
Organic Substances 1 mg/litre
Nitrates 0-15 mg/litre
Ammonia 0 mg/litre
Cloudiness/Turbidity 5 U
Iron 0.3 mg/litre
Manganese 0.1 mg/litre
Copper 1.0 mg/litre
Zinc 5 mg/litre
Calcium 75 mg/litre
Magnesium 50 mg/litre
Sulphates 200 mg/litre
Chlorides 200 mg/litre
pH 6.8-7.5
While collecting water samples for bacterial/
microbiological testing, care should be taken regarding the
following:
l Water samples should be collected in sterile bottles.
Untreated water should be collected directly from the
source of water supply.
l Water treated with some water sanitizer should be
collected from storage tanks, water pipelines and
waterers.
Water Consumption
Water consumption of poultry birds varies substantially,
depending upon the ambient temperature, humidity,
temperature of water and age of birds. Please do not
restrict quantity of drinking water to be offered to the birds.
The following table gives the general guidelines on the
quantity of water consumed by 100 birds of different
age groups, daily at an ambient temperature of0 0 28 C (82 F):
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Age of Birds Water/100 Birds/Day(weeks) (litres)
1 & 2 4.80
3 5.40
4 7.50
5 10.50
6 12.00
7 13.20
8 14.40
9 14.70
10 15.00
11 15.30
12 16.20
13 16.80
14 17.40
15 18.00
16 18.60
17 18.90
18 19.80
19 22.50
20 24.60
Note: Water consumption would differ depending upon the temperature andagro-climatic conditions.
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While the genetic potential of BV-300 for egg production
has made consistent and considerable progress,
simultaneously the bird's adaptability to various agro-
climatic conditions, feeding practices and management
practices has also improved tremendously over the last few
decades. However, to optimise profits, it is necessary to
provide economic but nutritionally balanced feed to obtain
desired production.
There are a number of agro-climatic zones with varying
seasons and temperatures. As nutritional requirements
vary from area to area and season to season, you may need
to consult the local BV-300 expert for designing feed
formulation. However, in subsequent pages we have
described general nutritional requirements for BV-300.
Summer makes the bird eat less and hence, efforts should
be made to increase their nutritional density and bring
down the temperature in the house by various means.
Similarly birds tend to eat more in winter and therefore,
there is a need to make necessary changes in feed
formulations. Feed consumption should also be correctly
monitored so that correct nutrient levels can be provided.
Feeding
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Feed used in all phases of the life cycle of poultry birds must meet the following criteria:
l Nutrients should be supplied in proper proportions and
in a form which is bio-available to the birds.
l Texture, color, taste of feed must be acceptable to the
birds.
l Feed must not be dusty.
l Ideally feed must be free from following contaminants :
a. All pathogenic organisms
b. Harmful chemicals and
c. Toxins
If animal by-products like meat-meal, fish-meal, liver-
meal, blood-meal and hydrolysed feather-meal are used,
care should be taken to ensure that they are absolutely
free from all types of contaminants.
l Soybean meal, used in poultry feed, must have been
properly roasted. Inadequate or excess heat during
processing of soybean for oil extraction will damage the
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nutritional value of soybean. The level of roasting of
soybean can be judged by feed analytical laboratories.
l Calcium should be added to the feed in form of oyster-
shell with particle size of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm If calcium rd
is to be added in form of limestone, 2/3 should be used rd
as large particles (3-5 mm) and only 1/3 in the form of
powder. Limestone so used, should be low in
magnesium.
l Contamination of feed during storage, transport and
delivery must be avoided. Wild-birds and rodents can
contaminate the feed in any of the above stages.
l If you are making your own feed, formulate your feed
according to the season, age & body weight and
production level of the birds. The formulations should
be based on the actual weight of different ingredients
and the accurate valuation of each feed ingredient
before they are added together.
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Feeding Recommendations for BV-300
Chick Mash
Chick mash should be fed to the birds from its arrival until
the average body weight of the birds reaches 580 gms.
This is a feed-to-weight program rather than feed-to-age
program. Body weight gains are better with pelleted/
crumbled feed compared to mash feed. Therefore it is
recommended to use pelleted/crumbled chick feed.
Grower Mash
The grower feed should be fed till flock reaches an average
body weight of 1100 gms. Do not administer prelay feed
to the birds weighing below 1100 gms.
Prelay Feed
Care should be taken to ensure prelay feed is introduced
after the flock attains an average body weight of 1100 gms
and usually for two to three weeks.
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Layer Feed
Layer feed offered to the laying birds should be formulated
according to the age of the birds and egg production.
Accordingly, layer feed can be divided into three groups
i.e. Phase I , Phase II and Phase III. Phase I feed should be
given upto the age of 40 weeks and later Phase II ration
may be given. Phase III feed should be given after the age
Choline mg/kg (added) 600 250Note: Additional 0.05 mg/kg biotin should be given in feed to the chicks
brooded in cages or where feed is mixed with bajra or millet.• Expected crude fibre level : Chick feed - 5% maximum Grower feed - 7% maximum• Summer : Consult Nutritionist to decide
Feed Consumption and Body Weight Targets of BV-300 (Growing Phase)
Type of Feed Age Grams of Feed per Bird Body Weight
Weeks Days Per Day Cumulative in gms
1 1 0-7 11 77 70
1 2 8-14 16 189 120
1 3 15-21 18 315 170
1 4 22-28 25 490 230
1 5 29-35 35 735 310
1 6 36-42 40 1015 410
1 7 43-49 44 1323 490
1/2 8 50-56 48 1659 580
1/2 9 57-63 49 2002 660
2 10 64-70 50 2352 740
2 11 71-77 51 2709 820
2 12 78-84 54 3087 900
2 13 85-91 56 3479 970
2 14 92-98 58 3885 1030
2 15 99-105 60 4305 1070
3 16 106-112 62 4739 1110
3 17 113-119 63 5180 1160
3/4 18 120-126 66 5642 1200
4 19 127-133 75 6167 1280
4 20 134-140 82 6741 1360
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Note:
l **Care should be taken to ensure that Prelay feed is introduced after the birds attain a body weight of1100 gms.
l. Sodium chloride and Sodium bi-carbonate may be used proportionately to balance sodium and chlorine ions.
rdl Calcium may be incorporated in the proportion of 1/3
rdpowder form and 2/3 grit form.
l. If the above given calcium levels are maintained, then there is no need of top dressing of shellgrit or marblegrit.
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The information regarding gains in body weight indicates
the growth of a bird. A sample of approximately 100 birds
will provide adequate information. However, it is
recommended that the sample should be minimum 5% of
the flock at the ages of 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. In cages, the
birds should be selected from boxes in different rows to
represent the flock. As far as possible weigh the same cage
birds every time. The underweight birds indicate excessive
crowding, lack of feeder and waterer space, disease
conditions, different types of stress and imbalanced or
inadequate feed among other reasons. The information on
body weights of birds will give the indication about the
uniformity of the flock.
Flock Uniformity
Flock of ready-to-lay pullets should have uniform weights.
Uniform flocks attain better peaks in productivity and
sustain for a longer period than flocks showing wide
variation in body weights. The following chart gives the
criteria to decide the range of uniformity among the birds:
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Percentage of Pullets within Uniformity Rating
+10% of Average Flock Weight
85 % and Over Excellent
80-85 % Very Good
70-75 % Fair
Less than 70 % Unsatisfactory
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Double Beak Trimming Programme
Debeaking is a standard practice among poultry men. This
operation reduces feed wastage and also mortality in birds
resulting from pecking and subsequent cannibalism.
Debeaking should be done in time and by following proper
procedures. It is recommended that the beak trimming be rd
done in chicks at the age of 6 to 10 days. 1/3 of the beak
should be removed with the least possible stress to the
chicks and minimising the bleeding by proper
cauterization. Gentle pressure on the bird's throat with the
index finger on the neck will retract the tongue of the bird
to prevent it from burning. Debeaking results in one of the
greatest single stress events in pullet rearing and hence
anti-stress medication is advised before, during and after
debeaking. Pullets may be debeaked again at the age of
12-14 weeks using methods and equipment suitable for the
birds of that age. However, debeaking should never be
adapted after the age of 16 weeks. As a preventive measure
administer Vitamin K in water one day before and on the
day of debeaking.
Single Beak Trimming Programme
The best age for one-time beak trimming is 6 to 10 days of
age or as per recommendation of machine manufacturer.
Debeaking
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Ensure that vaccines to be used are sourced from reputed
manufacturers. The products of such manufacturers are
produced under rigid standards of production and quality
control. Vaccines should be transported in insulated,
cooled and secured packing and should be stored under
conditions specified by the manufacturer.
Consult your local BV-300 Technical Representative or
Veterinary expert, to decide the vaccination schedule for
your farm. It is desirable to undertake serological
monitoring for better designing of vaccine schedule.
Vaccination
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Types of Lighting
Two types of light sources are available for use in poultry
houses. These are - fluorescent and incandescent.
Lighting Program
The poultry house should be provided with required
warmth for chicks and enough natural light to locate
feeders and waterers. During the brooding period,
artificial lights should necessarily be provided for the
initial 48 hours. Subsequently, depending upon climatic
conditions and brooding management, the need of artificial
lights may be decided in consultation with a local technical
person.
Light Distribution
It is important to place bulbs in such a way so as to achieve
equal distribution of light of the specific intensity
throughout the poultry house.
Time Switches
Good quality time switches can be installed for poultry
houses. This enables the availability of an exact quantity of
Lighting
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artificial light to the birds. One has to monitor clocks,
make adjustments for increasing or decreasing day
lengths, power failures, etc.
Light during Growing Period
In India the day length varies from region to region and
also between summer and winter. The total duration of
lighting to be provided to the birds should take into
consideration the available natural light.
Light has a direct effect on sexual maturity. The period of
light made available to the flock affects the time the first
egg is laid. Decreasing day length during growing period
increases their growing period or helps in delaying sexual
maturity.
Light Day (total light in hours)should not be allowed to
increase during growing period.
In India we have open sided houses. BV-300 needs no special
lighting programme during growing period. Therefore, do
not give any artificial lights after the 8th week of age.
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Increasing Natural Day Length during
Growing Period
Monitor feed consumption and see that increase in the
length of day light at sexual maturity coincides with an
increase in feed consumption. During the initial period of
lay, egg production rises rapidly and there is a rise in body
weight too. Each of these changes need additional feed
intake. In areas where longer day length coincides with
summer, one must take additional care for making feed
allotments in cooler parts of the day to induce feed
consumption.
Light during the Laying Period
Sexual maturity is controlled by the lighting program
during the rearing period. The length of day i.e. number of
hours of light per day and the intensity of light, are both
factors that need to be considered. Lighting programs are
designed to have a flock lay 5% production at the 19th
week of age and attain over 90% production by 25th week
of age. The average body weight of a BV-300 pullet at the
age of 20 weeks should be 1360 gms.
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Many farmers use Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL)
during laying period. CFLs of 12 watts are economical, as
they save on electricity, provide an even distribution of
light and whose results are comparable.
Natural light should be made use of till the flock achieves
the desired body weight and 80% production. Later,
increase the artificial light by ½ hour every week till it
reaches 15 hours, inclusive of natural light.
Things to Remember
Do not increase the light suddenly.
Ensure the length of the day (natural + artificial), intensity and equal distribution of light in poultry house.
Never allow rise in day length for more than one hour. Preferably, increase ½ hour per week to reach required period of maximum 15 hours.
As a thumb rule, provide 1 watt per 4 sq.feet areaor 5 to 10 lux.
Keep bulbs clean.
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Cleaning and disinfection plays a vital role in the
management of poultry, helping to avoid various bacterial,
viral, fungal and protozoal diseases.
After vacating the shed of all birds, preferably in one
operation or in the shortest possible time, the house should
be disinfected and kept vacant thereafter for sufficient time
until arrival of new flock.
Cleaning and Disinfection
l Remove all waterers, feeders, curtains, bamboo basket
brooders (hovers). Clean and wash them thoroughly
with water jets and then washing soda solution.
Afterwards dip them in a virucidal disinfectant as per the
manufacturer's instructions for time and dilution rate.
Then sun dry for a day or so.
l Remove all organic material e.g. manure, litter,
feathers, dust, etc., preferably after spraying 5% to 10%
formalin and collecting the above in closed containers
e.g. gunny bags or plastic bags. All organic matter
mentioned above should be disposed off, away from
Disinfection & Biosecurity
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farm premises (in deep pits with formalin spray, caustic
soda, salt, etc.).
l Measures should be taken for controlling the entry of
rodents and wild-birds.
l Clean all fans, bulbs/tubes, wirenets and water tanks.
(For automatic drinking system, remove all water from
pipeline. Fill the whole watering system with 5% to 10%
solution of sodium hypochlorite, keep it overnight or at
least 3 to 4 hours. Flush the system with plain water to
remove the solution.)
l Bamboo basket brooders from all IBD affected sheds
should be disposed off by burning and new brooders should
be used for new batch.
l Chemical Treatment: Floors should be soaked with
strong solution of caustic soda flakes (NaOH) with pH
above 12 for 12 hours to 24 hours. Then drain out water
completely.
Dose: Caustic soda flakes (NaOH)* 11 to 12 gms per litre of
water.100 litres of such solution should be used for 1000
sq.feet. Washing Soda (Na2CO3) 4 to 5 times the above dose
i.e. 50 to 60 gms/litre of water or 5 to 6 kg/1000 sq.feet.
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Rewash the flooring by spraying any of the below
mentioned disinfectants e.g.
a. Quarternary Ammonium compound or chlorine
10 to 20 ppm to be used either in the form of
bleaching powder or sodium hypochlorite
(containing 20% available chlorine)
b. Iodine in dilution to provide 1000 ppm
*Caution: It is necessary to use hand gloves andgum-boots during use of caustic soda treatment.
In case of ticks, mite and lice infestation, the shed may
be sprayed with Cythion at the rate of 80 ml to 160 ml
per 10 litres of water. Here it is very important and
mandatory to follow the safety precautions, as spraying
of this type of insecticides is hazardous.
Painting: White wash the shed with lime solution with
1% kerosene and 5% formalin. (Details on page No. 41)
In case of previous batch history with high mor tal ity,
suitable virucidal disinfectants may be sprayed as per
manufacturer's recommendation.
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l Fumigation: Refix all washed and disinfected curtains
and fumigate as below:
Fumigation with Formaldehyde gas is a common
practice. However check with your local authorities
whether it is permissible. Single strength concentration
is obtained by mixing 40 ml of formalin with 20 gms of
potassium permanganate for a volume of 100 cubic
feet. Double strength is sometimes used in specialized
needs. Fumigation is more effective in presence of
humid atmosphere than dry. Hence, spraying the walls
and floors with water before fumigation is necessary.
All the cracks, crevices and windows should be sealed
while the fumigation is in process (normally 40 hours).
Formalin is poured over the potassium permanganate,
into the pots beginning from the farthest end of the
house.
Caution: Fumigation should be done under supervision of competent person.
For effective fumigation it is desirable to have wetness 0
(humidity) inside the house and temperature above 24 C.
Note: In case the distance between houses is short, or
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the birds are present in the neighbouring sheds, then
fumigation may be undesirable and hence be avoided.
Wherever fumigation is not possible it is suggested to
wet the flooring and walls up to 3 ft height with
formaline solution (5%) for a period of at least 6 hours.
At the end, use spray of virucidal disinfectants
commercially available in the market. Consult local
technical expert/veterinary expert for choosing the
disinfectants and follow manufacturer's instructions
for the usage.
After cleaning and disinfection, keep the house vacant
for a period of 15 days.
It is advisable to undertake spraying of virucidal
disinfectant 48 to 72 hours before actual arrival of
chicks.
Note:
a. The litter material such as rice-husk, saw dust,
etc. that is to be used in deep litter house need to
be fumigated before use.
b. Laboratory monitoring for ensuring proper
disinfection.
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Whitewash
Given below is the formula, which gives proportion of
different ingredients to be included in lime.
13.5 litre Cream of lime (prepared by mixing 4.5 kg of
quicklime in 9 litre of water)
500 ml Formaline
1 litre Kerosene
6.5 litre Water
To the whitewash thus prepared, add following
ingredients for special effects.
450 gms Alum (to prevent rubbing off of white wash)
600 ml Molasses (for better penetration in wood)
450 gms Bar soap dissolved in 4.5 litre of boiling water
(to give it oil paint like gloss)
White washing of house with this mixture will serve the
basic purpose.
41
Biosecurity
All In All Out
The system is strongly recommended for maximum
extraction of genetic potential of birds. It is suggested to
have separate brooding and growing facility away from
laying facility.
Restriction on Men & Material
Sales persons, egg buyers, servicemen and visitors should not be allowed to enter in. Workers' movement from one age group to other should be minimised to the extent possible.
Under no circumstances should men move from laying houses
to brooding.
Foot Baths
Foot baths should be provided at the entry of the farm
necessarily and each house wherever possible. This
foot bath should contain suitable disinfectant in
necessary dilution. Water from foot baths should be
changed periodically.
Foot Wear
Foot wears (preferably rubber slippers) should be used
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for changing the foot wear before entering the farm.
Disposal Methods of Dead Birds
The immediate burning or burying of dead birds is an
important part of a good disease prevention program.
Incinerators: A good incinerator is probably the best
means of disposal, especially in an area where there is
poor soil drainage or a danger of contaminating the
water supply.
Important - when operating an incinerator, be very sure that birds are completely burnt to a white ash.
Disposal Pit: A less desirable but acceptable method of
dead bird disposal is through the use of an adequately
designed and tightly covered disposal pit. A pit of 6 ft
(1.83 m) in diameter and 6 ft deep (1.83 m) is large
enough to take care of one 10,000 capacity layer unit. It
is necessary to remove all dead birds immediately and
they should be disposed off properly.
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Record Keeping
Accurate record keeping is essential to monitor the
performance and profitability of layers, and to enable
forecasting, programming and preparing cash flow
projections. It also serves to provide an early warning of
potential problems, and so is invaluable to all round good
management.
Daily records should monitor
Feed consumption
Water consumption
Maximum and minimum temperature
Mortality & laboratory diagnostic reports
Medication
Vaccination
Feed, gas, litter deliveries, etc.
Body weight records
Record on a flock basis
Electricity usage
Gas/oil usage
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Stocking density
Feed samples which should be retained from each load
delivered and stored in airtight, vermin-proof
containers
Compare financial returns on a flock to flock
basis, using the following records
Income from sale of eggs and culls
Cost of chicks
Cost of feed
Cost of labour
Other variable costs
From this information, arrive at a formula for measuring
profitability, by determining the return on capital, i.e. the
net profit as a percentage of capital invested. To do this
calculate the gross profit by taking the total income and
deduct all the costs shown above. Then, from gross profit
deduct all administration, management and overhead
expenses to give net profit. Capital should include fixed
capital items such as plant and building, as well as work
capital.
45
Production Standards
Age in Livability Prod. % Egg/HH/ Cummu. Egg Recommended Weeks Weeks H.H. Daily Feed
19 100 5 0.35 0.35 75
20 100 15 1.05 1.40 82
21 100 38 2.66 4.06 90
22 99.9 64 4.48 8.54 93
23 99.9 83 5.80 14.34 96
24 99.9 89 6.22 20.56 102
25 99.8 92 6.43 26.99 104
26 99.8 94 6.57 33.56 106
27 99.7 94 6.56 40.12 108
28 99.7 95 6.63 46.75 108
29 99.6 96 6.69 53.44 109
30 99.6 97 6.76 60.20 111
31 99.6 97 6.76 66.96 111
32 99.5 97 6.76 73.72 115
33 99.4 96 6.68 80.40 115
34 99.3 96 6.67 87.07 115
35 99.2 96 6.67 93.73 115
36 99.1 96 6.66 100.39 115
37 99.0 95 6.58 106.98 114
38 98.9 95 6.58 113.55 114
39 98.8 95 6.57 120.13 114
40 98.7 95 6.56 126.69 113
41 98.6 94 6.49 133.18 113
42 98.5 94 6.48 139.66 113
43 98.4 94 6.47 146.13 113
44 98.3 93 6.40 152.53 113
45 98.2 93 6.39 158.92 113
46 98.1 93 6.39 165.31 113
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Sta
nd
ard
s fo
r C
om
mercia
l L
ay
er F
lock
s
Age in Livability Prod. % Egg/HH/ Cummu. Egg Recommended Weeks Weeks H.H. Daily Feed
47 98.0 93 6.38 171.69 113
48 97.9 93 6.37 178.06 113
49 97.8 92 6.30 184.36 113
50 97.7 92 6.29 190.65 112
51 97.6 91 6.22 196.87 112
52 97.5 90 6.14 203.01 112
53 97.5 89 6.07 209.08 112
54 97.4 89 6.07 215.15 112
55 97.3 89 6.06 221.21 112
56 97.2 89 6.06 227.27 112
57 97.2 89 6.06 233.33 112
58 97.1 88 5.98 239.31 112
59 97.0 88 5.98 245.29 112
60 96.9 88 5.97 251.26 112
61 96.9 88 5.97 257.22 110
62 96.8 87 5.90 263.12 110
63 96.7 87 5.89 269.02 110
64 96.6 86 5.82 274.84 110
65 96.5 86 5.81 280.65 110
66 96.5 86 5.81 286.46 110
67 96.4 85 5.74 292.20 110
68 96.3 84 5.66 297.86 110
69 96.3 84 5.66 303.52 110
70 96.2 83 5.59 309.11 110
71 96.1 82 5.52 314.63 110
72 96.0 81 5.44 320.07 110
320.00 41.25
Note: Recommendations and performance shown in this management guide should not be taken as a warranty or guarantee of the performance. Climatic conditions & various other reasons may affect the actual flock performance.
47
Sta
nd
ard
s for C
om
mercia
l Lay
er F
lock
s
Performance Goals
The following performance goals are expected to be
achieved during the 52 weeks of laying circle:
1. Livability 96%
2. Egg yield 320 eggs cumulative hen housed
3. Feed consumption 41.25 kg/bird during laying
4. Peak production (above 90%) 25 weeks to52 weeks of age