55_BUTLER.JCI.FINAL_ONREMAND.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 2/18/20148:46AM 55 Standing Up to Clapper: How to Increase Transparen cy and Oversight of FISA Surveillance ALAN BUTLER I.INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. ... 56 A.A Brief Overview of Modern FISA Surveillance .................... ...... 57 B.The Problem: Inadequate Transparency and Public Accountability ................................................................................... 63 II.THE INJURIES ALLEGED IN CLAPPERARE NO LONGER SPECULATIVE ,BUT THE COURT MADE IT MORE DIFFICULT TO ESTABLISH ARTICLE IIISTANDING IN SURVEILLANCE CASES. ..................................................... 67 A.The Court’s Adoption of a New “Certainly Impending” Test, Rather Tha n the Traditional “Substantial Risk” Test, Will Make It Harder to Challenge Future Unlawf ul Activities. .......... ......... 69 B.The Harms Alleged in Clapper Are No Longer Speculative. ..... 75 C.The Court’s New “Fairly Traceable” Standard Could Preclude Future Challenges to Gov ernment Surveillance. ........................ 78 III.AFRAMEWORK FOR TRANSPARENCY AND PUBLIC OVERSIGHT OF FISASURVEILLANCE......................................................................................... 82 A.There Should Be Additional Public Reporting About FISA Activ ity .............................................................................................. 83 B.The Legal Interpretations of the FISC Should Be Disclosed to the Public. .................................................................................... ............ 86 C.Any Lawmaking at the FISC Should Be the Result of An Adversarial Process Between the Government and a Public Advoc ate. ........................................................................................... 88 IV.OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS FOR FISAREFORM...................... ..... 91 A.Reforms Proposed During the FAA Reauthorization Process ... 92 B.Current Proposals in the House and Senate ................................. 94 Appellate Advocate Counsel, Electronic Privacy Information Center; J.D., UCLA School of Law; B.A., magna cum laude , Economics, Washington University in St. Louis. I would like to thank David Brody, Julia Horwitz, and the rest of the EPIC staff for advice and support with this article. Also Nicolle Kownacki for her constant support and inspiration.
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