Business research methods_chapter16

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2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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Chapter 16Chapter 16

DataDataPreparationPreparationandand

DescriptionDescription


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Learning Objectives

Understand . . .importance of editing the collected raw data

to detect errors and omissionshow coding is used to assign number andother symbols to answers and to categorizeresponsesuse of content analysis to interpret andsummarize open questions


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Learning Objectives

Understand . . .problems and solutions for dont know

responses and handling missing dataoptions for data entry and manipulation


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Exhibit 16-1 Data Preparationin the Research Process


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Editing

Criteria

Consistent

Uniformlyentered

Arranged for simplification

Complete

Accurate


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Field Editing

Field editing reviewEntry gaps identifiedCallbacks madeValidate results


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Central Editing

B e familiar with instructionsgiven to interviewers and coders

Do not destroy the original entry

Make all editing entries identifiable and instandardized form

Initial all answers changed or supplied

Place initials and date of editing

on each instrument completed


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Exhibit 16-2Sample Codebook


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Exhibit 16-3 Precoding


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Exhibit 16-3 Coding Open-Ended Questions


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Coding Rules

Categoriesshould be

Appropriate to the

research problemExhaustive

Mutually exclusive Derived from oneclassification principle


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Content Analysis

QSR s X S ightsoftware for

content analysis.


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Types of Content Analysis

S yntactical

Propositional

R eferential

Thematic


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Exhibit 16-4 & 16-5Open-Question Coding

L ocus of R esponsibility Mentioned Not Mentioned

A. Company ________________________ ________________________

B. Customer ________________________ ________________________

C. Joint Company-Customer ________________________ ________________________

F. Other ________________________ ________________________

L ocus of R esponsibility Frequency ( n = 100)

A. Management1. Sales manager 2. Sales process3. Other

4. No action area identifiedB. Management1. Training

C. Customer 1. Buying processes2. Other 3. No action area identified

D. Environmental conditions

E. TechnologyF. Other

10207

3

15

1285

20


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Exhbit 16-7 HandlingDont Know Responses

Q uestion: Do you have a productive relationshipwith your present salesperson?

Years of Purchasing Yes No Don t Know

Less than 1 year 10% 40% 38%

1 3 years 30 30 32

4 years or more 60 30 30

Total100%

n = 650100%

n = 150100%

n = 200


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Data Entry

DatabasePrograms

OpticalR ecognition

Digital/B arcodes

Voicerecognition

Keyboarding


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Missing Data

L istwise Deletion

Pairwise Deletion

R eplacement


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Key Terms

Bar codeCodebookCodingContent analysisData entryData field

Data fileData preparationDatabase

Dont know response

EditingMissing dataOptical character recognitionOptical mark recognitionPrecoding

RecordSpreadsheetVoice recognition


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Frequencies

Unit S alesIncrease (%) Frequency Percentage

CumulativePercentage

567

89Total

123

219

11.122.233.3

22.211.1

100.0

11.133.366.7

88.9100

Unit S alesIncrease (%) Frequency Percentage

CumulativePercentage

Origin, foreign (1) 678

122

11.122.222.2

11.133.355.5

Origin, foreign (2) 5679

Total

11119

11.111.111.111.1

100.0

66.677.788.8

100.0

A

B


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Distributions


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Characteristics of Distributions


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Measures of Central Tendency

Mean ModeMedian


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Measures of Variability

Interquartilerange

Quartiledeviation

DispersionRange

Standarddeviation

Variance


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SummarizingDistributions with Shape


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V a r ia b le P o p u l a t io n S a m p l e

M e a n X

P r o p o r t i o n p

Va r i a n c e W2 s 2

S t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n W s

S iz e N n

S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n Wx S x

S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e p r o p o r t i o n Wp S p

_ _

_

Symbols


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Key Terms

Central tendencyDescriptive statistics

Deviation scoresFrequency distributionInterquartile range(IQR)KurtosisMedianMode

Normal distributionQuartile deviation (Q)

SkewnessStandard deviationStandard normaldistributionStandard score (Z score)VariabilityVariance

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