Business Process Oriented Knowledge Management System ...digilib.mercubuana.ac.id/manager/t!@file_artikel_abstrak/Isi_Artikel... · Permenpan No.14 Tahun 2011 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan

The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 8 No. 2 (2015): 83-95

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]: May 14, 2015 ; Revised: September25 2015, Accepted: November 16, 2015DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2015.8.2.2Print ISSN: 1978-6956; Online ISSN: 2089-791X.Copyright@2015. Published by Unit Research and KnowledgeSchool of Business and Management-InstitutTeknologi Bandung

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Business Process Oriented Knowledge Management System Design(Case Study Development Center of Metrological Human Resources,

Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia)

Wicaksono Febriantoro1* and Kridanto Surendro2

1Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia2School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract. The aim of this study is to design a business process oriented Knowledge Management System (KMS) in governmenttraining institutions using knowledge modeling methods and knowledge infrastructure process design of Strohmaier. Lecturer(WI) business process is the main case study for this research. The preliminary identification and analysis showed that 7 of 10business processes have not been fully identified in terms of their knowledge processes. Further analysis showed that in general, allbusiness processes have not been optimized yet to fulfill all the components of knowledge creation to knowledge application. The resultsof the completed knowledge process design showed that there are 53 stages of the process (there are new additional 19 stages of theprocess). The new processes are largely on the knowledge transfer and knowledge application that have been defined. In addition,KMS architecture and IT tools as supporting knowledge infrastructure designs are defined. The IT tools are expected tosupport two knowledge process strategies :the codification strategy with the supporting IT Tools : content management system ,information retrieval system, expert locator and the personalization strategy with the supporting IT Tools such as communityof practice tool, virtual work space application and discussion group based application.

Keywords: business processes, knowledge process, knowledge management system, knowledge infrastructure, IT Tools

1. Introduction

Bureaucratic reforms of the Ministry /Agency and Local Government is intendedto promote the establishment of aneffective and efficient organization. Torealize such an organization, everygovernment agency must be prepared toutilize its wealth of knowledge, includinglearning from the experiences of the past.In general, it is manifested in the form ofrules and procedures within theorganization. Obstacles often encounteredis the fact that the knowledge andexperience of these organizations are oftenscattered, not well documented and mayeven still exist in the heads of eachindividual in the organization (Permenpan,2011).

Knowledge management is an efforttoimprove the organization's ability tomanage their intellectual assets: knowledgeand experience. The goal is toutilize theseassets to achieve better organizationalperformance to accelerate the goalachievement of bureaucratic reforms(Permenpan, 2011). Development Centerof Metrological Human Resources(DCMHR) is one of the Echelon II unitsin the Ministry of Trade responsible for thedevelopment of metrological HumanResources throughout Indonesia. One ofthe form for Metrological HumanResources Developmnt is Education andTraining. According to Permendag No.7 of2010, the metrological training aims toincrease knowledge and skills in themetrological field.

Febriantoro and Surendro, Business Process Oriented Knowledge Management System Design (Case Study Development Center of MetrologicalHuman Resources, Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia)

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The presence of senior teacher / lecturer(WI) which has not been supported by thesystematic knowledge transfer knowledge tothe junior lecturer will raise the risk oflosing training material knowledge. Theabsence of knowledge sharing cultureamong fellow lecturer along withsupporting media is also a noteworthyphenomenon. The impact for juniorlectureris they will require more time andmore effort to master a subject of teachingmaterials, as well as DCMHR will dependheavily on specific individuals who masterthe material because the teaching materialshave not been internalized intoorganizational knowledge.

Being viewed from the concept ofknowledge process modelling ofStrohmaier (2005) SECI and Ba (Nonaka,1998), it can be seen that there is no systemto regulate and organize the process ofknowledge creation, storage and retrieval,transfer and application that plays animportant role in the process of convertingtacit knowledge into explicit knowledge.Besides, media/space provided forlearning process is still limited inclassroom and laboratory course, it has notgiven much chance against the other media(e-learning via the web, mobile learning,etc.). Knowledge Management System(KMS), as a knowledge managementsupport system, (Alavi, 2001) is required toovercome the obstacles that arise in theprocess of Teaching and Learning Activitiesin DCMHR. The absence of systematicknowledge transfer from senior to juniorlecturer is one of the problems that makethe educational system in the long term willrun into many obstacles.

In addition, DCMHR does not have a detailguide of the business processes andstandard operating procedure (SOP) ofeach activity: pre-training, on training andpost-training process. Clear businessprocesses is necessary in order to managelecturer knowledge. The main concept ofthe KMS is that everyone has to manage hisown knowledge. Afterwards, theorganization can collect, organize and use

knowledge of human resources to becomea competitive advantage to face increasingcompetition (Hidayat, 2006).

The expected outcome of this research isthe organizational capabilities. KMS designthat is formed will be expected to supportthe lecturer competence and capacitybuilding activities. Furthermore, the KMSis expected to increase the capability ofDCMHR thus favoring the building of alearning organization, where the main assetof a learning organization is a living /intangible assets contained in theknowledge of all members of theorganization.

2. Literature Study

Figure 1. Knowledge Process Modelling(Strohmaier, 2005)

Figure 1 shows the framework that hasbeen developed by Strohmaier. Stages in theframework is as follow.1) Phase 1: business process modelling.

at this stage, the business process can berepresented by the method that isappropriate for modeling businessprocesses. Business processes wasobtained from: 1) analysis of existingbusiness process models 2) the interviewtowards business processes involved.The result is then modelled as workflowmethod.

2) Phase 2: identification of relationbetween knowledge domain and thebusiness process. at this stage, can beidentified several knowledge domainsand organizational roles involved in thebusiness processes. knowledge domainis the relevant knowledge in performingan action. Organizational roles are

The Asian Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 8 No. 2 (2015): 83-95

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parties that involved in the execution ofbusiness processes.

3) Phase 3: Knowledge Processinvestigation from the relationshipofknowledge domain and businessprocesses. Business processes areexpressed as knowledge creation if itgenerates new knowledge in businessprocess, expressed as knowledge storageif the knowledge is generated, stored asorganizational knowledge, stated asknowledge transfer if the knowledge ispassed on to other parties, andconsidered of knowledge application ifused in creating other knowledge.

3. Research Methodology

The design of KMS is divided into 6 (six)phase which using a qualitative method, asdescribed in Figure 2 as follows.

Problem

Identification

Objectives of asolutio

n

Designand

Development

Demonstration

+Evalutio

n

Communication

BUREAUCRACY REFORM

Permenpan No.14 Tahun 2011 tentang PedomanPelaksanaan Manajemen Pengetahuan

Vision and Mission

Permendag No.7 tahun 2010 tentangPenyelenggaran Diklat SDM Kemetrologian

Strategic Plan

Literature Review

Observation and Verificationfrom Authority Interview

Knowledge ManagementSystem Spesification

Design Evaluation using fit criteria, theory andregulation triangulation

Knowledge Process Model ofLecturer/WI business process

Business Process OrientedKnowledge Process Modelling

KnowledgeCreation

KnowledgeStorage

KnowledgeTransfer

KnowledgeApplication

SECI Model & Ba(Nonaka,Takeuchi)

Alavi, Leidner

KMS IT Tools and Architecture (7layer Amrit Tiwana)

Business Process OrientedKnowledge Process Modelling

(M.Strohmaier, 2005)

Business Process Oriented KMSModel

BP Trends Process RedesignMethodology

KMS IT Tools and architecture design aslecturer/WI knowledge process support

infrastructure

Demonstration in the form of a prototype is notperformed in this study

Figure 2. Research Method

4. Finding and Discussion

In this knowledge process identification,four processes used are as follows(Strohmaier, 2005):1. Knowledge creation:

Identify the need for knowledgebackground.

2. Knowledge application:Identify the knowledge required by eachknowledge domain.

3. Knowledge transfer:Compare the activity of existingcondition to the organizational roles thatneed.

4. Knowledge storage:Evaluate the content of storage,backgrounds and shapes.

Figure 3. KM Cycle of KD B (teachingmaterial preparation)

Figure 3 shows that knowledge creation ofteaching material preparation involvesknowledge of Learning Design (RB/RP)documents, which is then saved as ateaching material draft (softcopy). However,it can be seen in figure 2 that knowledgeapplication of teaching material preparationhas not been well defined, it means that thisknowledge has not been used by otherorganizational roles to create newknowledge. Similarly, knowledge transferhas not been well defined (marked withquestion marks). Being analyzed further, itis not only Learning Design (RB/RP)documents that have a role in the creationof knowledge regarding teaching materialpreparation, but also there are several otherknowledge background that affect it.


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Knowledge background is useful in thecreation of new knowledge, so that theresulting knowledge have more completeperspectives. Table 1 Identification of KDB Knowledge background identify the

knowledge background required by lecturerin generating knowledge about teachingmaterial preparation.

Table 1.Identification of KD B knowledge background

No Code KnowledgeDomain

Description

1 A Learning Design

WI can use Learning Design as guidelinefor the teaching material preparation includingthe ability to be owned by the students afterattending lesson as success indicators, subject,teaching methods, media and time allocation

2 BTeaching Material

andTraining Modules

WI can take reference from previous teachingmaterial. From this knowledge lecturer canlearn from the best practice of teachingmaterial design

3 C Presentation SlideWI can process any information frompresentation slide to complete the teachingmaterial

4 D Face to FaceLearning

WI can process any knowledge arisingfrom the discussion in the class, including acase study in aParticular area, local regulations, etc. to renewteachingMaterial

5 E Exams

WI can process any information contained onthe exam that has been published as referencematerial for teaching material (which are relevantto the subject).

6 F Essay Guidance WI can use research finding/analysis from thetraining participants essay to renew teachingmaterial (which are relevant)

7 G Training MaterialWI can use and process the knowledge gainedfrom the training module to renew and updateteaching material

8 H Scientific PaperWI can use the results of the research / study /analysis made in scientific papers toupdate the teaching material.

9 I Translation

WI can process and use the results oftranslation journals, reference standard or thelatest from abroad to renew and enrich itsteaching material

10 J Event Reports(Moderator/Speaker) WI can use the knowledge of the event report to

renew and enrich its teaching materials

Furthermore it will be showed knowledge that use the KD B and organizational roles that use it.


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Table 2. Knowledge Application of KD B

No KD Knowledge Involved Code Organizational Roles1 A Learning Design Document WI Widyaiswara2 B Teaching Material WI Widyaiswara3 C Presentation Slide WI Widyaiswara4 D Face to Face Learning WI Widyaiswara5 E Exams WI Widyaiswara6 F Essay Guidance WI Widyaiswara7 G Training Material WI Widyaiswara8 H Scientific Material WI Widyaiswara9 I Translation WI Widyaiswara10 J Event Reports (Speaker, Moderator) WI Widyaiswara

Table 2 noted that KD B is used by lecturer(WI) organizational role. Therefore,knowledge transfer to the lecturer must beensured in the business processes tofacilitate this. As knowledge transfer occurs

between one lecturer (WI) and the others,then alternative forms of transfer areshown as follows, in Table 3.

Table 3. Knowledge Transfer of KD B

No KD Knowledge Involved Transfer Knowledge Transfer1 A Learning Design Document WI - WI

Teaching Materialcoordination Meeting with WI(lecturer) in one expertisegroup, if required can be heldmore extensive and depthdiscussion on particular topicthrough all of WI meeting orIn House Seminars, etc

2 B Teaching Material WI - WI3 C Presentation Slide WI - WI4 D Face to Face Learning WI - WI5 E Exams WI - WI6 F Essay Guidance WI - WI7 G Training Material WI - WI8 H Scientific Material WI - WI9 I Translation WI - WI10 J Event Reports (Speaker, Moderator) WI - WI

The last step is about knowledge storage.To design a good knowledge storage thereare several things to note as follows:

1. Teaching materials knowledge should bestored properly and the changes /improvements made from year to yearare recorded.

2. Knowledge background about thechanges / repairs of teaching materialmust also be clearly recorded in neatchronological order changes. Supposethere are regulatory changes that resultedin an improvement in the teachingmaterial, the changes and the reasons (of

the change log) should be written clearly.Later the lecturer and trainingparticipants can learn from thesechanges.

3. The form of knowledge storage mustalso be considered, it should bestructured in electronic files both inwriting and storage. More details aboutthe form of knowledge storage will beaddressed in designing the technologyfor supporting knowledge infrastructure.

The above analysis can be summarized intoa cycle of knowledge management that hasbeen completed as follows in Figure 4.


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Knowledge Storage

Stored1. Teaching Material2. Track Record (Change

Teaching material

Knowledge Transfer

Through activities on

process1. Content VerificationTraining2. Coordination Meeting

WI in one expertise

Knowledge Application

Used to1. Learning Design2. Teaching3. Slide4. Used in face to face5. Exams6. Used in essay7. Used as acomplementthe reports and8. Used as Scientific

9. Used as translation10. Used as

Knowledgeteaching

Knowledgeteaching

Knowledgeteaching

Knowledgeteaching

Knowledge Creation

Knowledge Involved1. Learning2. Teaching3. Presentation4.Face to Face5.6. Essay7. Training8. Science9.10. Event

Figure 4. KM Cycle that have been completed from KDB

4.1. Business Process Oriented KMS DesignOnce the knowledge process completed,the next step is preparing a businessprocess-oriented KMS model. Modeling isvisualized using knowledge identificationprocess from Strohmaier (2005). KMSmodels are designed to accommodate the

latest changes. With these changes the flowof knowledge from KM cycle is welldefined so that the KM cycle can be createdsmoothly. More detailed diagram can beseen from the figure 5 below.

Figure 5. Knowledge Process Modelling of KD B


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4.2. KMS Technology AnalysisThe design framework of knowledgeinfrastructure from Strohmaier (2005) will

be used to design aspects of technology(knowledge infrastructure) as follows inFigure 6.

Figure 6. Design step of Knowledge Infrastructure (Strohmaier, 2005)

According to the framework, there are threesteps to design knowledge infrastructure asfollows.1. Knowledge Process Definition

At this early stage, as-is and to beknowledge processes are defined. At thisstage the fit criteria (objectives to beachieved by designing knowledgeinfrastructure) are also defined. Fitcriteria will be used in the validation ofknowledge infrastructure.

2. Design of Knowledge Infrastructure.At this stage IT Architecture and ITTools will be designed based on fitcriteria and analysis result of businessprocess knowledge modelling along withalternative technologies derived fromliterature studies. The design on thispaper will focus on IT Tools particularlyon the data, infrastructure andknowledge service layers. Besides ITTools, KMS conceptual model is alsodescribed at this stage.

3. Knowledge Infrastructure DesignValidationValidation step is the final step of thedesign knowledge infrastructure. At thisstep, validation is conducted in terms ofsupport for knowledge process using fitcriteria. In this phase it can bedetermined whether the design meetsthe criteria or do not, if not then secondstage of process can be repeated again.In addition to the fit criteria validation,

comparisons to theory and regulationare used resulting triangulationvalidation.

4.3. Definition of Knowledge ProcessKnowledge model process identificationcan be seen in Figure 3, while the design ofprocess knowledge that has been completedcan be seen in Figure 4 and 5. From here fitcriteria will be designed as a knowledgeinfrastructure design purposes (KI). FitCriteria will be designed based on sometheory of KMS (Strohmaier, 2005) (Alavi,2001) and in accordance with the regulationof KemenPAN on knowledge managementin government agencies (PermenPAN,2011). The summary of fit criteria are asfollows:1. Organizational Roles should be able to

access the knowledge they need.2. Organizational Roles should be able to

provide / fill knowledge in KI.3. The stored Knowledge must be

supported and managed by KI.4. KI should handle knowledge transfer

smoothly.5. KI should be able to facilitate knowledge

collaboration between knowledge worker.6. Collaboration model should also

facilitate the need for collaborationanytime and anywhere (not confined tothe office only).


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4.4. Design of Knowledge InfrastructureFrom the design of lecturer (WI) businessprocess knowledge flow, there are twostrategies related to the way individuals(lecturer) acquire and share knowledgerequired to perform duties as lecturer. Thestrategies will affect the design ofknowledge infrastructure. The strategies areas follows (M. Ribiere. 2006).1. Codification Strategy: This strategy

focuses on the collection, codificationand dissemination of information(explicit). This strategy will dependheavily on IT. One advantage is the reuseof existing knowledge. Codificationstrategy at lecturer business process canbe seen in Table 4.

2. Personalization strategy: This strategyfocuses on developing a network toconnect people so that tacit knowledgecan be shared. This strategy emphasizesthe dialogue between individuals.Personalization lecturer businessprocesses can be seen in Table 5.

Table 4. Knowledge Process and supportingtechnologies (codification)

KnowledgeProcess

SupportingTechnologies

ContentDocumentation

Doc/ ContentManagement(Wiki, blog)

Search andInformationRetrieval

Search Engine/InformationRetrieval System,Expert Locator

Interconnectionamong knowledgeworkers

Intranet

Table 5. Knowledge Process andsupporting technologies (personalization)

KnowledgeProcess

SupportingTechnologies

WIDiscussion

Mentoring/Tutoring

Meeting anddiscussionwith WI onone groupexpertise

Working Group /Communities of Practice(expert locator, collaboration,virtual work spaceapplication, knowledgerepositories, discussion groupbased application)

WI ForumIn HouseSeminar

The following are the proposed designbased on the results of the analysis and fitcriteria (design of data and knowledgesources, infrastructure services andknowledge services) (Maier, 2007).1. Data and knowledge sources: Here all

the database of lecturer (WI) businessprocesses (knowledge domain D to J) arestored.

2. Infrastructure Service: The mainsupporting Infrastructure is intranetnetwork via Local Area Network (LAN)and Wi-Fi to connect all the knowledgeworker with the KMS. Intranet is alsoconnected to the Internet via an InternetService Provider (ISP) to access externalonline databases.

3. Knowledge Services: In this layer there isa service of the application to be used tosupport the knowledge process. Basedon the fit criteria and KMS strategy, theapplications to be used are described inTable 6 as follows.


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Table 6. Knowledge Process supporting application (knowledge process)

Fit Criteria KnowledgeProcess

IT Tools

Organizational Roles must beable to provide / fill knowledge inKI.

KnowledgeCreation

Learning Tools

Knowledge that is storedshould be supported andmanaged by KI.

KnowledgeStorage andRetrieval

Wiki, Blog,Document/ContentManagement System

Organizational Roles should beable to access the necessaryknowledge.

SearchEngine/InformationRetrieval System,Expert Locator

Knowledge must be able totransferred byKI

KnowledgeTransfer

Discussion groupbased application

4.5. KMS Conceptual Model

Figure 7. KMS Conceptual Model on DCMHR

Conceptual model in Figure 7 can beexplained as follows:1. Knowledge background needed to

support creation process in teachingmaterial preparation consists of 10business processes identified earlier (Table1), for example: earlier teaching material

is used at the beginning of the preparationof the teaching material, then updatedcontent (may be added or lessened) isadjusted by: RB / RP, reports of technicaltraining (both national and international),the scientific papers of trainingparticipants, the translation of


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internationally accepted standards (ofcourse in accordance with prevailingregulations in Indonesia), the discussionsof the participants and other relevantinformation. The initial content can beput into a wiki where later it will contain ateaching material according to the subjectstaught. Before writing to a wiki, a lecturermust access portal (as a one stopinformation system) that serves as anaccess and authentication systems (givingaccess to the application based on rolesand responsibilities). It is necessary tomanage all applications KMS well. Themain principle is that the access to theapplication (read only, write and edit orfull access) is given to the organizationroles in accordance with his or her needs.All KMS application can only be accessedthrough this portal (also functions toprovide guidance of each application).

2. Knowledge creation can not be separatedfrom knowledge storage and retrieval, thisis actualized by the codification strategy(knowledge storage). Point 1 has explainedthat the main content for storage(teaching material) can be stored in wiki,then the supporting content as knowledgebackground to update the content can bestored on a blog. The stored content canbe varied, ranging from text, images, audio,video, animation and other multimediacontent. Later, any change (either increaseor decrease the contents of the teachingmaterial) on the wiki will automatically beadded to his description of the change(change log) including what changes weremade and when those changes occured.At this stage a specific mechanism as afunction of approval of the updatedcontent can be added. Knowledge storageand retrieval are also equipped with searchand retrieval systems for ease of findingthe desired information and knowledge.Besides, expert locator function is alsoadded to make it easier to find people whoare experts in a particular field.

3. Personalization strategy is located onknowledge transfer. This stage emphasizesthe management of tacit knowledge

where new knowledge that emerged fromdiscussions between lecturer and forum orin-house seminars. For example in adiscussion that will determine whether anew test method can be included or not ina teaching material, if all the participantspresent at the same time and place, thenthe process of knowledge sharing /knowledge transfer / discussion can takeplace via the meeting or discussion forum.Then the results are incorporated into thewiki based on an agreement on thediscussion forum. KMS enables a widerdiscussion forum, if there is oneparticipant who was not present or at adifferent place, for example, thediscussion can still be done via supportingtechnologies such as: video conference,discussion groups based application,virtual workspace application and others.In essence KMS enables knowledgetransfer and knowledge sharing anytimeand anywhere.

4. The last stage is knowledge application inthe form of the application /implementation of existing knowledge inorder to provide value-added (continuousimprovement) on the other processes.From the identification results was foundthat the process of developing a teachingmaterial can be used to increase the 10other processes. As described in Figure3, it is a repeating cycle. To speed upthe implementation process knowledge,KMS can help in terms of linkinginformation from multiple sources andmake it accessible to organizational rolesthat need it easily and quickly. KMS canfurther support the application ofknowledge in a way embedding knowledgeinto the organization's business processesthrough expert / workflow system (codifyand automate business processes).

4.6.Validation of Knowledge Infrastructure DesignBeside fit criteria, validation is performedalso by comparing to the theory / otherliterature as well as to applicable regulationsin order to make sure the validity of thedesign. It is shown in Table 7 and 8.


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Table 7. Theory Based Validation

No Research Findings Supporting Theory1 The role of IT in

supporting themanagement of explicitcodified) and tacit(personalization)knowledge

Alavi (2001) states that the role of IT in the management ofKM as follows: coding and sharing of best practices, creationof corporate knowledge directories, creation of knowledgenetworks

2 IT is use to support themanagement of tacitknowledge (workinggroup / CoP) andexplicit knowledge(document managementsystem)

Moffet and McAdam (2003) stated that KM Tools consists of3: collaborative tools, content management and businessintelligence. Collaborative tools such as groupware,discussion forum (tacit), content management systems suchas document management, office automation system, etc

3 Knowledgedissemination viacollaboration model(anytime, anywhere)

Nonaka (2000) stated that SECI Model consist of,Socialization Originating Ba (same time same place),externalisation interacting ba, combination cyber ba(differenttime different place), and internalization exercise ba.

Tabel 8. Regulatory/Policy Based Validation

No Research Findings Regulation1 Knowledge Process which will be

managed consists of knowledgecreation, storage and retrieval,transfer and application

According to PermenPAN No.14 Tahun2011 regarding Guidelines for KnowledgeManagement, there are three basic processes inKnowledge Management,the process ofknowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing anduse of knowledge

2 Knowledge Transfer foundconsists of two strategies,codification (explicit) andpersonalization (tacit)

According to PermenPAN No.14 Tahun2011 transfer process can be a discussion andthrough technology-based medium

3 The study consisted of twophases, knowledge modeling anddesign process knowledgeinfrastructure

According to PermenPAN No.14 Tahun2011 stages on knowledge managementimplementation planning consist of IdentifyingKnowledge Management Context within theorganization, identify Knowledge ManagementPractices (knowledge modeling process) and theuse of technology strategy (knowledgeinfrastructure).

4 Document/Content ManagementSystem, Search Engine,discussiongroup

According to PermenPAN No.14 Tahun2011 , in the technological aspects of dataacquisition using an electronic system torecord data, tools for communication andcollaboration (portal and intranet) and electronicdiscussion forums and search and retrieval system


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5. Conclusion

Lecturer (WI) knowledge process modelingcan be done using a knowledge processmodeling framework from Strohmaier (2005)which is modified using PermenPAN No.12tahun 2012 on business process guidelines.The further analysis showed that in general,all business processes have not beenoptimized yet to fulfill all the components ofknowledge creation to knowledge application.Starting from the knowledge creation, it wasfound that the Lecturer (WI) businessprocess knowledge background in creating anew knowledge has not yet been fullyidentified, then in knowledge storage yetusing a structured system and it is easy to beaccessed again, knowledge transfer is also notyet optimal due to not support the activitiesof the collaboration, cooperation andteamwork while for knowledge applicationloads that has not been defined so thatutilization of knowledge not optimal.

From the results of the knowledgeinfrastructure design indicates that there aretwo strategies used to support the Lecturer(WI) knowledge process as follows:1. Codification Strategy is an explicit strategy

(managing documented knowledge) andthe supporting IT Tools as follow:Document/Content Management of Wikiand Blog, as well as SearchEngine/Information Retrieval System andan Expert Locator.

2. Personalization Strategy where the Thisstrategy focuses on the management oftacit knowledge (discussion betweenlecturer, lecturer forum, in house seminar,etc) with the supporting IT Tools asfollows: Working Group/Community ofPractice Tool, virtual work spaceapplication and discussion group basedapplication.

6. Further Research

Further research can be done to develop anIT Tools prototype that have been proposed,such as making KMS Portal application thatconsists of Wiki, blogs, expert locator andCommunity of Practice tools in the form of

virtual work space application and discussiongroup based application to be applied in theDCMHR of the Ministry of Trade.

Prototype development of IT tools shouldkeep abreast of the latest technology in orderto get the IT tools that are truly effective andefficient. The use and integration of socialnetwork software (wikis, blogs, microblog,forums, social networks, etc) should bestudied in depth so that the function of KMSto connect information and knowledge fromvarious sources and make theme asily andquickly accessible can be achieved. Furtherresearch can be done with the main focus ofthe people aspects of KMS (organizationalculture, motivation, awareness, reward,regulatory support) to complete process andtechnology aspect. Further research canbe done in the aspect of KnowledgeManagement Maturity Model Measurement/ Assesment.

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