• Business Ethics https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics- toolkit.html
Ethics - Business ethics
1 Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines
ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant
to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.
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Ethics - Business ethics
1 Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia
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Ethical - Business ethics
1 Business ethics has both Norm (philosophy)|normative and descriptive
dimensions. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily
normative. Academics attempting to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods. The range and
quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing
behavior with non-economic concerns.
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Ethical - Business ethics
1 Adam Smith said, People of the same trade seldom meet together, even
for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy
against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices.Smith, A
(1776/ 1952) An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations
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Ethical code - Code of ethics or a code of conduct? (corporate or business ethics)
1 Many companies use the phrases 'ethical code' and 'code of conduct'
interchangeably but it may be useful to make a distinction
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Jewish ethics - Business ethics
1 In the Torah, there are more commandments concerning the
kashrut (fitness) of one's money than the kashrut of food
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Jewish ethics - Business ethics
1 Business ethics received special emphasis in the teaching of Rabbi
Yisrael Lipkin Salanter (19th century), founder of the Musar movement in Eastern Europe
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Business ethics
1 'Business ethics' (also 'corporate ethics') is a form of applied ethics or
professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical
problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant
to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.
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Business ethics - History
1 Business ethics and the resulting behavior
evolved as well
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Business ethics - History
1 1. “No Smoking” signs must be conspicuously posted in areas where smoking
is prohibited.
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Business ethics - History
1 2. When smoking is permitted, as in offices in connection with
warehouses, “NO Smoking” signs and safe means for disposing of
lighted smoking materials shall be provided at each point of access to
the “NO Smoking” areas.
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Business ethics - History
1 3. Fire protection should be installed or provided in accordance with codes
and regulation of the authority having jurisdiction over the premises.
(See Section 8, Fire Protection and Control.)
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Business ethics - History
1 4. Water hoses and / or portable fire extinguishers, of the proper type to protect both building and contents
must be provided convenient, conspicuously accessible location (See Section 8, Fire Protection and
Control.)
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Business ethics - History
1 5. Fire extinguishers must not be blocked from view. Where material
could block the view of a fire extinguisher, some means of
identifying its location must be provided.
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Business ethics - History
1 6. Storage buildings should be kept clean and orderly, as well as free from insects, rodents and other
pests.
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Business ethics - History
1 7. Throughout any storage area, warehouse, etc. metal containers
with lids are to be available for waste disposal. Oily rags must always be
stored in metal containers with lids in place. Lids should be equipped with
fusible plugs in case of fire.
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Business ethics - History
1 8. In any storage area, aisleways and passageways must be well marked and free
from obstruction.
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Business ethics - History
1 9. Where mechanical equipment is used to move material within a
storage area, aisleways and passageways must be wide enough
to prevent congestion.
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Business ethics - History
1 10. Floors in storage areas must be kept clean and dry as well as free
from tripping hazards such as loose boards, protruding nails and other
material.
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Business ethics - History
1 11. All floor holes through which materials might fall and create a
hazard, must be properly guarded by a cover that leaves no openings
more than 1” wide, or if necessary, by a standard railing and toe board.
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Business ethics - History
1 12. Docks, floors and platforms need to be constructed of heavy material
and should be checked frequently for broken boards and dry rot.
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Business ethics - History
1 13. Floors, docks and other surfaces should be inspected periodically to ensure they are safe for employees. Any condition which could cause an
accident must be repaired as soon as possible.
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Business ethics - History
1 14. All wall opening, more than 1” but less than 30” wide through which
materials might fall and create a hazard are to be guarded.
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Business ethics - History
1 15. All platforms, open sided floors, walkways, decks, etc., which are more than four feet above the ground or floor level must be
equipped with guard rails, midrails and toe board.
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Business ethics - History
1 16. Floor load limit plates should be posted in a conspicuous place and
those load limits must be adhered to.
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Business ethics - History
1 17. When material is stored in bins, the heavier objects should be placed
in the lower bins with the lighter material stored in upper bins.
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Business ethics - History
1 18. Storage bins are to be constructed of material strong
enough to support the weight. Tall bins need to be secured so that they
cannot be easily upset.
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Business ethics - History
1 19. Storage bins should be so designed that material cannot easily fall out of them. Adequate stripping material should be used along the
leading edge to minimize this problem.
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Business ethics - History
1 20. Benches, boxes, bins, etc., must not be used to climb on. Only
approved ladders or step stools are to be used for that purpose.
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Business ethics - History
1 21. Ladders and other climbing equipment be kept in good condition
and replaced or repaired when needed. When finished using the
item it must be adequately stored.
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Business ethics - History
1 22. Stepladders are to be of commercial grade or, as minimum meet or exceed class ll
requirements.
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Business ethics - History
1 23. Commodities which are incompatible with on another must not be stored together. If they must
be stored in the same area they shall be separated by distance or partition which is adequate to eliminate the
danger.
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Business ethics - History
1 24. Commodities which qualify as ordinary combustibles are not to be
stored in piles exceeding 21’ in height and no material be stored within 18 inches of the ceiling or
sprinkle heads.
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Business ethics - History
1 25. Commodities which may be hazardous in combination should not
be stored where they can come in contact with each other.
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Business ethics - History
1 26. Materials such as PUP joints, tall valves, short steel bar stock, small diameter cylinders, etc., should be
placed suitable racks or securely tied so they cannot fall over.
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Business ethics - History
1 27. Nails should not be used for hooks or
to support heavy objects.
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Business ethics - History
1 28. When uncrating material and opening barrels, kegs, boxes, crates,
etc., all projecting nails, wires, straps, etc., should be removed before the job of unpacking is
started.
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Business ethics - History
1 29.When cutting or removing metal straps from bales, crates or other
packages, the workmen should stand clear where flying ends cannot strike
them.
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Business ethics - History
1 30.In preparing material for shipment, employees should : 1.Use
the proper type of container or package for the material to be
shipped.
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Business ethics - History
1 3.Be sure the container is built to meet
requirements for strength.
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Business ethics - History
1 4.Do not leave protruding nails or
splinters.
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Business ethics - History
1 5.Be sure that wire and metal band and straps are pulled tight and that
no sharp ends are left exposed.
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Business ethics - History
1 32. All skids and runways should be securely fastened as soon as they are put in position.
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Business ethics - History
1 1. All yard storage material should be neatly stored in designated areas, convenient for truck unloading and
loading.
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Business ethics - History
1 2. Sufficient safe clearance for movement of all necessary vehicles
must be provided in warehouse yards.
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Business ethics - History
1 3. Clearance limits signs should be posted wherever
necessary.
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Business ethics - History
1 4. Permanent aisles, roadways and passageways must be kept clear of
obstructions.
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Business ethics - History
1 5. Except for large tanks, material should not be stored on the bare
ground. Racks, sacks, shoring, planks or other material should be under all
stored items.
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Business ethics - History
1 6. Storage areas should be kept as free of vegetation and
as possible.
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Business ethics - History
1 7. Trash, junk and rubbish is to be cleaned up and placed in proper receptacles.
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Business ethics - History
1 8. Open pits, ditches, etc., must
be guarded to protect personnel.
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Business ethics - History
1 9. Stored material should be stacked in a manner that makes it secure against sliding
or collapse.
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Business ethics - History
1 10. Material should not be left, piled or stacked within 8’-6” of the center of a railroad
track.
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Business ethics - History
1 11. Derail and / or bumper blocks are to be provided where a rolling
freight car could contact other cars enter a building, work or traffic area.
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Business ethics - History
1 12. Skids used for moving pipe and other materials must be substantially built and should be designed for their
particular use.
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Business ethics - History
1 13. All skids are to be securely fastened at one end at leas, and at both ends if possible.
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Business ethics - History
1 14. Pipe racks should be built substantially enough to carry the
load for which they are intended and must be kept in good repair.
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Business ethics - History
1 15. Pipe should not be racked in tiers higher than five feet. Tiers should be separated with stripping and should be securely blocked at the outside
joints of pipe on each tier.
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Business ethics - History
1 16. Pipe should in a yard can create hazards if precautions are not taken.
Appropriate racks should be provided, spacing between racks is necessary and choking of prevent it from rolling off a stack is required. Other material to stored in a yard shall not be placed on top pipe.
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Business ethics - History
1 17. Stripping for 4-inch pipe and smaller should be 1-inch material. for
pipe larger than 4-inch, 2-inch material shall be used.
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Business ethics - History
1 18. All pipe under 6-inch should be blocked with 1-inch material nailed to the stripping, 6-inch and larger pipe shall blocked with 2-inch material,
nailed to the stripping.
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Business ethics - History
1 19. Where old or bent material is stored on pipe racks, particular care
should be taken in stacking and handling it to and from the rack.
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Business ethics - History
1 20. Bins for heavy junk must be substantially built and must be kept in good repair.
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Business ethics - History
1 21. Heavy gloves and shoes should be worn, and extreme care must be
taken whenever it is necessary to get into a junk bin to load or unload the
material
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Business ethics - History
1 2005, History of Business Ethics, paper delivered at The Accountable Corporation, the third biennial
global business conference sponsored by the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara
University) as availed on March 30, 2010– observes, on the origin of business ethics
discourse, The Second World War was over, the Cold War was ever present, and the War in Viet
Nam fostered a good deal of opposition to official public policy and to the so-called military-
industrial complex, which came in for increasing scrutiny and criticism
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Business ethics - History
1 Velasquez, Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases.
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Business ethics - History
1 This scuttled the discourse of business ethics both in media and academia.Chomsky, N
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Business ethics - Overview
1 Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a
company's purpose is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to
other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility. Corporate entities are legally considered as persons in USA and in most nations. The 'corporate persons' are legally entitled to the rights and liabilities due to
citizens as persons.
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Business ethics - Overview
1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V-HO7Bn2T14Cpg=PA9 Activist Business Ethics]
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Business ethics - Overview
1 Business Ethics: A manual for managing a responsible business
enterprise in emerging market economies
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Business ethics - Overview
1 Ethical issues include the rights and duties between a company and its
stakeholder theory|employees, suppliers, customers and neighbors,
its fiduciary responsibility to its shareholders
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Business ethics - Overview
1 According to [http://ibe.org.uk/index.asp?upid=1 IBE]/ [http://www.ipsos-mori.com/ Ipsos MORI] research published in late 2012, the three major areas of public concern regarding business ethics in Britain are executive pay,
corporate tax avoidance and bribery and corruption.For a summary of the
study see http://www.ibe.org.uk/userfiles/attitu
des_to_be2012.pdf
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Business ethics - Finance
1 Fundamentally, finance is a social science
discipline
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Business ethics - Finance
1 In financial analysis, a channel check is third-party research on a
company's business based on collecting information from the
distribution channels of the company. It may be conducted in order to value
the company, to perform due diligence in various contexts, and the
like.
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Business ethics - Finance paradigm
1 Aristotle said, the end and purpose of the polis is the good life.Aristotle 1948 Politics E
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Business ethics - Finance paradigm
1 Neoliberal recommendations to developing countries to
unconditionally open up their economies to transnational finance corporations was fiercely contested
by some ethicists.Escobar, A
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Business ethics - Finance paradigm
1 Dobson observes, a rational agent is simply one who pursues personal material advantage ad infinitum
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Business ethics - Other issues
1 Bowie (Ed.), [http://books.google.com/books?id=CHtbwX11oUICpg=PA145 The
Blackwell guide to business ethics] (pp
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Business ethics - Human resource management
1 Human resource management occupies the sphere of activity of recruitment selection, orientation,
performance appraisal, training and development, industrial relations and
Occupational safety and health|health and safety issues.Walsh, A
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Business ethics - Human resource management
1 Bowie (Ed.), The Blackwell guide to business ethics (pp
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Business ethics - Human resource management
1 Discrimination by age (preferring the ageism|young or the seniority|old), sex discrimination|gender/sexual harassment, racial discrimination|
race, religious discrimination|religion, disability, weight and attractiveness. A common approach to remedying discrimination is affirmative action.
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Business ethics - Human resource management
1 Potential employees have ethical obligations to employers, involving intellectual property protection and
whistle-blowing.
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Business ethics - Human resource management
1 Employers must consider Occupational safety and health|
workplace safety, which may involve modifying the workplace, or
providing appropriate training or hazard disclosure.
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Business ethics - Human resource management
1 Larger economic issues such as immigration, trade policy, globalization and trade unionism
affect workplaces and have an ethical dimension, but are often beyond the purview of individual companies.Legge, K. The ethics of HRM in dealing with individual employees without collective representation. Morehead,
A., Steele, M., Stephen, K., and Duffin, L. (1997). Changes at Work: The 1995
Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. Melbourne: Longman
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Business ethics - Trade unions
1 Unions for example, may push employers to establish due process for workers, but may also cost jobs
by demanding unsustainable compensation and work
rules.Reinhold, R
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Business ethics - Trade unions
1 Unionized workplaces may confront union busting and strike breaking
and face the ethical implications of work rules that advantage some
workers over others.
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Business ethics - Management strategy
1 Among the many people management strategies that companies employ are a soft
approach that regards employees as a source of creative energy and
participants in workplace decision making, a hard version explicitly
focused on control and Theory Z that emphasizes philosophy, culture and
consensushttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Business ethics - Sales and marketing
1 Marketing ethics came of age only as late as 1990s. Marketing ethics was
approached from ethical perspectives of virtue or virtue
ethics, deontology, consequentialism, pragmatic ethics|
pragmatism and relativism.
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Business ethics - Sales and marketing
1 Ethics Marketing deals http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Business_ethicsaction=editsection=10s with the principles, values and/or ideals by
which marketers (and marketing institutions) ought to act.Brenkert, G. K.
[http://books.google.com/books?id=PDXVnfyKHBICpg=PA179 Marketing ethics].
Marketing ethics is also contested terrain, beyond the previously described issue of
potential conflicts between profitability and other concerns.
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Business ethics - Sales and marketing
1 in Normative Theory and Business Ethics
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Business ethics - Sales and marketing
1 Marketing ethics, regardless of the product offered or the market
targeted, sets the guidelines for which good marketing is practiced
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Business ethics - Sales and marketing
1 in Cutting Edge Issues in Business Ethics
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Business ethics - Sales and marketing
1 Marketing ethics involves pricing practices, including illegal actions
such as price fixing and legal actions including price discrimination and price skimming also the main two issues of pricing involve overprice and price markups and markdowns which may lead to a monopolistic
position, force (seller), or ignorance on behalf of the buyer
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Business ethics - Production
1 This area of business ethics usually deals with the duties of a company to ensure that products and production processes do not needlessly cause
harm
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Business ethics - Property
1 The etymological root of property is the Latin
'proprius'[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=property Online
Etymology Dictionary]
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Business ethics - Modern history of property rights
1 Modern discourse on property emerged by the turn of 17th century within theological discussions of that
time
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Business ethics - Modern history of property rights
1 In 1802 Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham stated, property and law are born
together and die together.Bentham, J
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Business ethics - Modern history of property rights
1 One argument for property ownership is that it enhances
individual liberty by extending the line of non-interference by the state
or others around the person
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Business ethics - Slaves as property
1 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, slavery spread
to European colonies including America, where colonial legislatures defined the legal status of slaves as
a form of property.Ely, J
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Business ethics - Slaves as property
1 Combined with theological justification, property was taken to be essentially naturally ordained by God.In this regards Ross (1994:14) notes,
within the liberal context the private nature of property is naturalized and universalized, as
though other forms are somehow less ethically defensible Property, which later gained meaning
as ownership and appeared natural to Locke, Jefferson and to many of the 18th and 19th
century intellectuals Rose observes, What is the purpose of property under this
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Business ethics - Slaves as property
1 However, for a slave to be considered property of another
person, under the Kantian Categorical Imperative, the slave is
no longer considered a person. According to Kant, all people must be
treated as ends themselves, and when converted to property, that is
no longer the case. Ethically speaking one can never possess
another human being, it is immoral.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct
1 Neoliberals hold that private property rights are a non-negotiable natural right.Tom Bethell Private Property
[http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=23
Digital History]
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Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct
1 In common parlance property rights
involve a 'bundle of rights'Cooter, R
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Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct
1 Menon claims that the autonomous individual, responsible for his/her
own existence is a cultural construct moulded by Western culture rather
than the truth about the human condition.Menon observes, Atomy, in
short, is selfishness and free fulfillment of sovereign self at the
cost of the other
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Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct
1 In the neoliberal literature, property is part of the private side of a
public/private dichotomy and acts a counterweight to state power
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Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct
1 Private property has never been a universal doctrine, although since the end of the Cold War is it has
become nearly so
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Business ethics - Natural right vs social construct
1 Property does not exist in isolation, and so property
rights too
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 Intellectual property (IP) encompasses expressions of ideas, thoughts, codes and
information
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 International standards relating to Intellectual Property Rights are enforced through Agreement on
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).Drahos and Braithwaite write, When in 1994 we
interviewed a former US trade negotiator, he remarked that 'less
than 50 individuals' were responsible for TRIPS
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 The US Constitution included the power to protect intellectual
property, empowering the Federal government to promote the progress
of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to
their respective writings and discoveries.Steelman, A
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 One attack on IPR is moral rather than utilitarian, claiming that
inventions are mostly a collective, cumulative, path dependent, social
creation and therefore, no one person or firm should be able to
monopolize them even for a limited period
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 Mindeli and Pipiya hold that the knowledge economy is an economy
of abundance because it relies on the infinite potential of knowledge and
ideas rather than on the limited resources of natural resources, labor
and capital
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 Ethical and legal issues include: Patent infringement, copyright infringement,
trademark infringement, patent misuse|patent and copyright misuse, submarine patents, biological patents, patent troll|
patent, copyright troll|copyright and trademark trolling, Employee raiding and
monopolizing talent, Bioprospecting, biopiracy and industrial espionage,
digital rights management.
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Business ethics - Intellectual property
1 Notable IP copyright cases include AM Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.|
Napster, Eldred v. Ashcroft and Air Pirates.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international
business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new practical issues
arose out of the international context of business. Theoretical issues such as cultural relativity of ethical values receive more emphasis in this field. Other, older issues can be grouped here as well. Issues and subfields
include:
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Business ethics - International issues
1 * The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behaviour.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 * Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries. Also on the basis of their respective GDP
and [Corruption rankings].
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Business ethics - International issues
1 * Ethical issues arising out of international business transactions; e.g., bioprospecting and biopiracy in the pharmaceutical industry; the fair
trade movement; transfer pricing.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 * Issues such as globalization and cultural imperialism.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 * Varying global standards—e.g., the use
of child labor.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 * The way in which multinationals take advantage of international differences, such as outsourcing
production (e.g. clothes) and services (e.g. call centres) to low-wage
countries.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 The success of any business depends on its financial performance.
Financial accounting helps the management to report and also
control the business performance.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 The information regarding the financial performance of the
company plays an important role in enabling people to take right decision
about the company. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand how to record based on accounting conventions and concepts ensure unambling and accurate records.
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Business ethics - International issues
1 Foreign countries often use dumping as a competitive threat, selling products at prices lower than their normal value. This can lead to problems in domestic markets. It becomes
difficult for these markets to compete with the pricing set by foreign markets. In 2009,
the International Trade Commission has been researching anti-dumping laws. Dumping is
often seen as an ethical issue, as larger companies are taking advantage of other less
economically advanced companies.
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Business ethics - Economic systems
1 Political economy and political philosophy have ethical implications, particularly regarding the distribution of economic benefits. John Rawls and
Robert Nozick are both notable contributors. For example, Rawls has
been interpreted as [http://works.bepress.com/julian_friedland/3/ offering a critique of offshore
outsourcing] on social contract grounds, whereas Nozick's libertarian philosophy rejects the notion of any positive corporate social obligation.
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Business ethics - Law and regulation
1 Very often it is held that business is not bound by any ethics other than abiding by the
law
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Business ethics - Law and regulation
1 Counter to Friedman's logic it is observed that legal procedures are
technocratic, bureaucratic, rigid and obligatory where as ethical act is conscientious, voluntary choice beyond normativity.Agamben, G
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Business ethics - Law and regulation
1 Utilitarianist philosophers agree with Friedman's view that businesses
should not be held to ethical standards. These utilitarianists argue
that allowing businesses to do whatever they want will allow for a greater increase in happiness than
would otherwise be achieved.Gustafson, Andrew, In Defense of a Utilitarian Business Ethic (Fall 2013). Business and
Society Review, Vol. 118, Issue 3, pp. 325-360, 2013.
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Business ethics - Law and regulation
1 Followers of Kantian Ethics also advocate ethical conduct for
business, derived from the belief that every person and organization must
follow ethical maxims.Johnson, Robert (2008). Kant's Moral
Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics programs, many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the
ethical conduct of employees
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Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 An increasing number of companies also require employees to attend
seminars regarding business conduct, which often include
discussion of the company's policies, specific case studies, and legal
requirements. Some companies even require their employees to sign
agreements stating that they will abide by the company's rules of
conduct.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 Many companies are assessing the environmental factors that can lead employees to engage in unethical conduct. A competitive business
environment may call for unethical behaviour. Lying has become
expected in fields such as trading. An example of this are the issues
surrounding the unethical actions of the Saloman Brothers.
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Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 Not everyone supports corporate policies that govern ethical conduct. Some claim that ethical problems are better dealt with by depending upon
employees to use their own judgment.
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Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 Others believe that corporate ethics policies are primarily rooted in
utilitarian concerns, and that they are mainly to limit the company's
legal liability, or to curry public favour by giving the appearance of
being a good corporate citizen. Ideally, the company will avoid a
lawsuit because its employees will follow the rules. Should a lawsuit
occur, the company can claim that the problem would not have arisen if the employee had only followed the
code properly.
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Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 Sometimes there is disconnection between the company's code of ethics and the company's actual
practices. Thus, whether or not such conduct is explicitly sanctioned by management, at worst, this makes
the policy duplicitous, and, at best, it is merely a marketing tool.
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Business ethics - Corporate policies
1 For instance, US Department of Commerce ethics program treats
business ethics as a set of instructions and procedures to be followed by 'ethics officers'., some
others claim being ethical is just for the sake of being ethical
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Business ethics - Ethics officers
1 In 1991, the [ http://www.theecoa.org Ethics Compliance Officer
Association] (ECOA)—originally the Ethics Officer Association (EOA)—was
founded at the [ http://www.bentley.edu/cbe Center
for Business Ethics] (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a
professional association for those responsible for managing
organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices
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Business ethics - Ethics officers
1 Another critical factor in the decisions of companies to appoint ethics/compliance officers
was the passing of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations in 1991, which set
standards that organizations (large or small, commercial and non-commercial) had to follow to obtain a reduction in sentence if they should
be convicted of a federal offense. Although intended to assist judges with sentencing, the influence in helping to establish best practices
has been far-reaching.
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Business ethics - Ethics officers
1 In the wake of numerous corporate scandals between 2001 and 2004 (affecting large corporations like
Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International|Tyco), even small and
medium-sized companies have begun to appoint ethics officers
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Business ethics - Ethics officers
1 The effectiveness of ethics officers is not clear
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Business ethics - Ethics officers
1 The foundation for ethical behaviour goes well beyond corporate culture
and the policies of any given company, for it also depends greatly
upon an individual's early moral training, the other institutions that
affect an individual, the competitive business environment the company is in and, indeed, society as a whole.
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Business ethics - Ethics services
1 Some organizations offer services to help others implement corporate
ethics, to evaluate codes of conduct or to rank companies by their ethics.
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Business ethics - Ethics services
1 Such organizations may be op to criticism for conflicts of
interest.
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Business ethics - Ethics services
1 For example, the journalist Will Evans (journalist)|Will Evans
criticizedhttp://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2010/03/
its_all_good.single.html, Article of 19 March 2010 on Slate by Will Evans
criticizing Ethisphere. the Ethisphere Institute in March 2010 on Slate
(magazine)|Slate magazine
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Business ethics - Ethics services
1 and for including McDonald's in their
awards.
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Business ethics - Academic discipline
1 As of 2009, sixteen academic journals devoted to various business ethics issues existed, with Journal of Business Ethics and Business Ethics Quarterly considered the leaders.
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Business ethics - Academic discipline
1 The Charter is directed by Harvard, MIT, and Fulbright Scholars, and it
includes graduate-level coursework in economics, politics, marketing,
management, technology, and legal aspects of business development as
it pertains to business ethics
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Business ethics - Religious views
1 Business Ethics
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Business ethics - Related disciplines
1 Business ethics operates on the premise, for example, that the ethical operation of a private
business is possible—those who dispute that premise, such as
libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists, (who contend that
business ethics is an oxymoron) do so by definition outside of the
domain of business ethics proper.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Business ethics - Related disciplines
1 The philosophy of business also deals with questions such as what, if any, are the social responsibility|social
responsibilities of a business; business management theory; theories of individualism vs. collectivism; free will among
participants in the marketplace; the role of selfishness|self interest;
invisible hand theories; the requirements of social justice; and natural rights, especially property rights, in relation to the business
enterprise.
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Business ethics - Related disciplines
1 Business ethics is also related to political economy, which is economic analysis from political and economic
history|historical perspectives. Political economy deals with the
distributive consequences of economic actions. It asks who gains
and who loses from economic activity, and is the resultant
distribution of wealth|distribution fair or just, which are central ethical
issues.
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Corporate social entrepreneurship - Business ethics perspective
1 and Maclagan, P.W., Managers Personal Values as Drivers of
Corporate Social Responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics, 50(1),
March (I), pp.33–44
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Philosophy of healthcare - Business ethics
1 Weber, Business Ethics in Healthcare: Beyond Compliance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 30
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Rotman School of Management - Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics Board Effectiveness
1 The Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics and Board Effectiveness (CCBE) is the locus of corporate
governance research and communications at the Rotman
School of Management
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Rotman School of Management - Clarkson Centre for Business Ethics Board Effectiveness
1 Since 2002, CCBE’s annual Board Shareholder Confidence Index has
become the standard by which Canadian governance best practices
are measured.
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Teleology - Business ethics
1 Businessmen commonly think in terms of purposeful action as in, for
example, management by objectives. Teleological analysis of business
ethics leads to consideration of the full range of Stakeholder (corporate)|
stakeholders in any business decision, including the management,
the staff, the customers, the shareholders, the country, humanity
and the environment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Haram - Business ethics
1 Riba, any excessive addition over and above the principal, such as
usury and interest, is prohibited in Islam in all forms. Interest goes
against the Islamic pillar of Zakāt which allows wealth to flow from the
rich to the poor. Riba is prohibited because it keeps wealth in the hands
of the wealthy and keeps it away from the poor. It is also believed that riba makes a man selfish and greedy. In relation to this, Cashback reward
program are also prohibited.
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Haram - Business ethics
1 All business and trade practices that do not result in free and fair
exchange of goods and services are considered haram, such as bribery,
stealing, and gambling. Therefore, all forms of deceit and dishonesty in business are prohibited in Islam.
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Haram - Business ethics
1 There are a number of Quranic verses that relate to the prohibition
of unethical business practices:
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Journal of Business Ethics Education
1 The 'Journal of Business Ethics Education' is a Peer review|peer-reviewed academic journal that
examines the particular challenges facing business ethics educators
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Journal of Business Ethics Education - Notable contributors
1 * Joanne B. Ciulla
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Facilitation payment - Business ethics
1 While being legal, facilitating payments are still considered to be questionable from the point of view
of business ethics.Argandoña, Antonio (2005). Corruption and
Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments, Journal of Business Ethics,
vol. 60, 251-264.Bailes, Robert (2006). Facilitation Payments:
Culturally Acceptable or Unacceptable Corrupt? Business
Ethics: A European Review, 15(3), 293-298. The following arguments
have been made:
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Facilitation payment - Business ethics
1 *Unfair competition: smaller business have fewer opportunities and less
financial possibilities to grease foreign officials.
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Facilitation payment - Business ethics
1 *sustaining questionable business practices.
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Facilitation payment - Business ethics
1 *dependence on irregular payments creates additional risk and hence discourages
investment
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Facilitation payment - Business ethics
1 Many companies therefore restrict or severely limit making facilitating
payments in their policies, however this practice is not yet widespread
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Jewish business ethics
1 'Jewish Business Ethics' is a form of applied Jewish ethics that
examines ethical issues that arise in a business environment
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Jewish business ethics - Ethical perspective
1 Talmudic tradition (Shabbat (Talmud)|Shabbat [http://www.mechon-
mamre.org/b/l/l2102.htm 31a]) that in one's Afterlife#Olam Haba|
judgement in the next world the first question asked is: were you honest in
business? In addition to this, and numerous other Talmudic passages,
the Musar literature|Mussar and Chassidic literature also discuss business ethics at great length
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Jewish business ethics - Ethical perspective
1 Aggadah|Aggadic and Midrashic discussions relating to honesty in business include the
following
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Jewish business ethics - Ethical perspective
1 Rabbi Yisrael Lipkin Salanter (19th century), founder of the Musar
movement in Eastern Europe, put a great deal of emphasis on business ethics, and taught that just as one checks carefully to make sure their food is kosher, so too should one
check to see if his money is earned in a kosher fashion.Chofetz Chaim, Sfat
Tamim, chapter 5 The Chofetz Chaim’s first published work
concerned honesty in weights and measures.
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Jewish business ethics - Ethical perspective
1 Some examples in Chassidic thought follow; for further resources here see chabad.org :
[http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/9419/jewish/Business-Ethics.htm Business Ethics] and.The Rohr Jewish
Learning Institute: [http://www.myjli.com/index.html?task=courses_detailcid=1006 Money Matters: Jewish
Business Ethics] Based on a Maamar of the Lubavitch Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, it is learned that meditation
and prayer, while spiritually transformative, do not match the power of doing business ethically
([http://chabadlibrary.org/books/default.aspx?furl=/admur/mlukat/2/4 Padah B’Shalom, 5739]).Tzvi Freeman:
[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1748866/jewish/The-Kabbalah-of-Making-Money.htm The Kabbalah of Making
Money]
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Jewish business ethics - Ethical perspective
1 :“The Mezzuzah that we affix to the doorpost is connected to the things that we bring in and take out of our
houses
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Jewish business ethics - Legal treatment
1 As mentioned, there are over 100 Mitzvot (commandments) concerning commercial and business conduct– a few examples are discussed in the
following sub-sections
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Jewish business ethics - Legal treatment
1 Meir Tamari [http://www.torah.org/learning/business-ethics/archives.html The Challenge of Wealth] as well
as the resources listed at;[http://www.besr.org/DCPage.aspx?PageID=200
The Business Ethics Center of Jerusalem] for discussion relating to specific contemporary issues
see Yeshivat Darche Noam [http://www.darchenoam.org/ethics/business/bus_home.htm Judaism in the Workplace: Professional Ethics
Halakha] and #Contemporary_applications|below; for a more holistic Halachic discussion, with detailed
references, see the works by Marburger and Wagschal in references.
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Jewish business ethics - Requirement of accurate weights and measures
1 According to the Book of Leviticus (19:35-36): “You shall not falsify measures of length, weight, or
capacity. You shall have an honest balance, an honest weight, an honest
ephah, and an honest hin.”
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Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of monetary deception (ona'at mamon)
1 Leviticus 25:14 teaches: “When you sell anything to your neighbor or buy
anything from your neighbor, you shall not deceive one another.” The Talmud (Bava Metzia 49b and 50b) and later codes (Rambam, Mekhira, Chapter 12) expand on this verse to
create a series of specific laws prohibiting ona'ah, monetary
deceptionhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of monetary deception (ona'at mamon)
1 Either seller or purchaser, whether merchant or one in private life, may
make the complaint, notwithstanding the opinion to the contrary of R.
Judah ben Ilai. The purchaser imposed upon may ask either for rescission of the transaction or for
the return of the excess paid by him.
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Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of monetary deception (ona'at mamon)
1 In the case of changing money it was suggested that a lack in weight of even one
in twelve should be sufficient ground for complaint, but the prevailing opinion fixed here also the ratio of one in six. Within a
great city the time for complaint extends until the money in question can be shown to a
money-changer; in villages, where no money-changer is to be found, until the eve of the Sabbath, when the party deceived is apt to
tender the coin in payment for his purchases.
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Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of verbal deception (ona'at devarim)
1 Leviticus 25:17 teaches: “Do not deceive one another, but fear your God, for I the Lord am your God.”
Since Leviticus 25:14 was understood as referring to monetary deception, the Talmud concludes that Leviticus
25:17 refers to verbal deception, ona'at devarim.
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Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of verbal deception (ona'at devarim)
1 In Baba Metziah (iv
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Jewish business ethics - Prohibition of verbal deception (ona'at devarim)
1 On the authority of R
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Jewish business ethics - Geneivat da’at (“stealing a person’s mind”)
1 Geneivat da'at, literally stealing of the mind/knowledge), refers to a kind
of dishonest misrepresentation or deception
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Jewish business ethics - Geneivat da’at (“stealing a person’s mind”)
1 Rabbi David Golinkin has explained the principle's application to business ethics as
follows:
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Jewish business ethics - Geneivat da’at (“stealing a person’s mind”)
1 We would call it false packaging or false labeling. The Talmud gives a number of specific examples: One
should not sift the beans at the top of the bushel because he is “deceiving the eye” by making the customer
think that the entire bushel has been sifted. It is forbidden to paint animals or utensils in order to improve their
appearance or cover up their defects (Bava Metzia 60a-b).
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Jewish business ethics - Geneivat da’at (“stealing a person’s mind”)
1 Such behavior is clearly forbidden by Jewish
law.[http://www.uscj.org/Basic_Principles_of_6097.html Some Basic
Principles of Jewish Business Ethics]
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Jewish business ethics - Putting a stumbling block before the blind
1 A statement in the Torah (Leviticus 19:14) prohibits placing a stumbling
block before the blindness|blind. Jewish tradition sees this as a
figuratively expressed prohibition against misleading people. When it
comes to business ethics, Rabbi David Golinkin has pointed to the following examples of what this
principle prohibits:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Jewish business ethics - Putting a stumbling block before the blind
1 A real estate agent should not dupe a young couple into buying a home
with structural faults simply in order to make a fast buck. A stockbroker
should not sell his client a bad investment just to collect the
commission. A salesman should not convince his customer to buy an
expensive item he really has no use for.
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Jewish business ethics - Contemporary applications
1 There are numerous published responsa dealing with specific
contemporary issues; a few of many examples are discussed below. For
further cases here, see.
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Jewish business ethics - Treatment of workers
1 Rabbi Jill Jacobs (rabbi)|Jill Jacobs authored a responsum in 2008,
approved by Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and
Standards, which argued that Jews are obligated to pay their workers on
time, strive to pay their workers a living wage, and to treat their
workers with dignity and respect
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Jewish business ethics - Whistleblowing
1 Rabbi Barry Leff authored a responsum in 2007, approved by
Conservative Judaism's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards,
regarding an employee's obligation to report wrongdoing on the part of
his or her employer
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Journal of Business Ethics
1 The 'Journal of Business Ethics' is a Peer review|peer-reviewed academic
journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering methodological and disciplinary
aspects of ethical issues related to business, including systems of
production, consumption, marketing, advertising, social and economic accounting, labor relations, public
relations and organizational behaviorhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
Journal of Business Ethics - Abstracting and indexing
1 The journal is abstracted and indexed in: ABI/INFORM, Business Source Alumni Edition, Business Source Complete, Business Source Elite, Business Source Plus, Cengage,
Communication Abstracts, Corporate ResourceNet, ERIH, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and The Philosopher's
Index.
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Journal of Business Ethics - Mergers
1 In 2004 the Journal of Business Ethics merged with the International Journal
of Value-Based Management and Teaching Business Ethics.
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Business Ethics Quarterly
1 Business Ethics Quarterly is an official journal of the Society for
Business Ethics and is published on a non-profit basis by the Philosophy
Documentation Center
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Business Ethics Quarterly - Abstracting and indexing
1 According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.702.
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Hoya Corporation - Business ethics and corporate social responsibility
1 In 2008 the glass disk subsidiary in Thailand was involved in a labour dispute. After the involvement of some customers that the dismissed workers were reinstated, and
both management and union accepted to participate in harmonious communication.[http://goodelectronics.org/news-en/hoya-
glass-disk-thailand-a-long-road-to-unionisation Hoya Glass Disk (Thailand) - a
long road to unionisation]
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Teleological - Business ethics
1 Business people commonly think in terms of purposeful action as in, for
example, management by objectives. Teleological analysis of business
ethics leads to consideration of the full range of Stakeholder (corporate)|
stakeholders in any business decision, including the management,
the staff, the customers, the shareholders, the country, humanity
and the environment.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-business-ethics-toolkit.html
For More Information, Visit:
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The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com