Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies

8/2/2019 Burmas Environment: People, Problems, Policies

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BURMASENVIRONMENT:PEOPLE,PROBLEMS,POLICIES

The Burma Environmental Working Group (BEWG)


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BURMAS ENVIRONMENT:PEOPLE, PROBLEMS, POLICIES

ISBN: 978-974-350-515-7

Copyright June 2011

Published by:

The Burma Environmental Working Group (BEWG)Website: www.bewg.org

Printed by: Wanida Press, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Tel. 66 53 110503-4

Made in Thailand Copyright is reserved by The Burma Environmental Working Group (BEWG)


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................... ...................... ...................... ................ 08

RECOMMENDATIONS ................... ...................... ...................... .................... 10

1. INTRODUCTION .................... ...................... ..................... ...................... .. 13

2. COUNTRY FACTS ................... ...................... ...................... ...................... . 142.1 DEMOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 14

2.2 NATURAL RESOURCES .......................................................................... 15

3. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND POLICIES IN BURMA................................... 17! "#$!! %&'()&*!+(,,-..-()!/(0!1)2-0(),3)4&*!56&-0. .................................. 18! "#7!! 1)2-0(),3)4&*!8(*-9-3.!&):!;&&94!5..3..,3)4.!-)!?@0,& ............................................................. 19! "#A!! 1)2-0(),3)4&*!80(2-.-().!-)!4B3!7CCD!+().'4@'() ............................. ! 7C! "#E!! %&'()&*[email protected]&-)&G*3!H323*(>,3)4!F40&43IJ........................................ 21! "#K!! =)430)&'()&*!+(,,-4,3)4. ................................................................. 22! "#L!! 1)2-0(),3)4&*-.,!-)!?@0,& ................................................................. 26

4. LAW AND POLICY ON FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL LAND .................... 33! A#$!! M(03.40J!;&


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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5)(4B30!H323*(>,3)4!/(0!?@0,&

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Network for Environmental and Economic Development (NEED) !0(f4!%ON!3(>*3!(/!?@0,&!,&J!G3)3f4!/0(,!4B3!>0&9'93!(/!-):-I3)(@.!&):!B(*-.'9!:323*(>,3)4!.40&43I-3.d!G&.3:!()!39()(,-9&**Jd!3)2-0(),3)4&**Jd!&):!.(9-&**[email protected]&-)&G*3!-:3&.#!!%11H!9()93)40&43.!()!4B3!>0(,('()!(/!3)2-0(),3)4&*!9().302&'()[email protected]&-)&G*3!&I0-9@*4@03d!&):!39()(,-9!:323*(>,3)4!-)!?@0,!R3G.-43X! (@G*-.B3:!4B3!03>(04!Robbing the Future -)!]@)3!7CCj!&c30!434!%(#!E!F433*!Q-**!-)!FB&)!F4&43#!8\N!9()')@3.!4(!,()-4(0!4B3!.-4@&'()!&):!3:@9&43!9(,,@)-'3.!(/!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4&*!&):!.(9-&*!-,>&94.!(/!4B-.!&):!(4B30!,-)-)I!>0(a394.#!R3G.-43X! 0(439'()!&):!B@,&)!0-IB4.!-)!FB&)!F4&43d!?@0,!F&>&


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Notes to the reader

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M((4)(43.!&03!9*&0-f9&'()!>(-)4.!4(!I-23!4B3!03&:30!,(03!G&9TI0(@):!-)/(0,&'()!)393..&0J!4(!@):30.4&):!&!.39'()e.!9()43P4#!1):)(43.!*-.4!03/303)[email protected]:#!

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BURMAS ENVIRONMENT: PEOPLE, PROBLEMS, POLICIES

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Acronyms

AAC 5))@&*!5**(,3)4!?&)T5H/? 5)(4B30!H323*(>,3)4!/(0!?@0,&

5NR 50&T&)!N-*!R&49B

ASEAN 5..(9-&'()!(/!F(@4B3&.4!5.-&)!%&'().

?5%+5 ?-(:-230.-4J!&):!%&4@03!+().302&'()!5..(9-&'()

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FREDA M(03.4!Y3.(@093!1)2-0(),3)4!H323*(>,3)4!&):!+().302&'()!5..(9-&'()

GA O3)30&*!5..3,G*J

GEF i)-43:!%&'().!O*(G&*!1)2-0(),3)4!M&9-*-4JGMS O03&430!Q3T()I!F@G03I-()!U:3f)3:!GJ!4B3!5H?!&.!?@0,&d!SB&-*&):d!;&(d!

+&,G(:-&d!_-34)&,d!&):!\@))&)!80(2-)93d!+B-)&V

ILO =)430)&'()&*!;&G(0!N0I&)-W&'()

INGO =)430)&'()&*!%()I(230),3)4&*!N0I&)-W&'()

IUCN R(0*:!+().302&'()!i)-()!U=)430)&'()&*!i)-()!/(0!4B3!+().302&'()!(/!%&4@03V

KDNG Z&9B-)!H323*(>,3)4!%34

KEG Z&03))-!1230I033)!KESAN Z&03)!1)2-0(),3)4&*!&):!F(9-&*!59'()!%34


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KHRG Z&03)!`@,&)!Y-IB4.!O0(@>

KIA Z&9B-)!=):3>3):3)93!50,J

KIO Z&9B-)!=):3>3):3)93!N0I&)-W&'()

KNLA Z&03)!%&'()&*!;-G30&'()!50,J

KNU Z&03)!%&'()&*!i)-()

KORD Z&03)!N0I&)-W&'()!(/!Y3*-3/!&):!H323*(>,3)4!

ZSRO Z&03)!S3&9B30!R(0T-)I!O0(@>

LMC ;&):!Q&)&I3,3)4!+(,,-[33

LNDO ;&B@!%&'()&*!H323*(>,3)4!N0I&)-W&'()

PYO 8&gNB!\(@4B!N0I&)-W&'()

Q(5= Q-)-.40J!(/!5I0-9@*4@03!&):!=00-I&'()

MOGE QJ&),&0!N-*!&):!O&.!1)430>0-.3

MPCE QJ&),&0!8303))-&*!+0(>.!1)430>0-.3

MTE QJ&),&0!S-,G30!1)430>0-.3

%?F58 %&'()&*!?-(:-230.-4J!F40&43IJ!&):!59'()!8*&)

NCEA %&'()&*!+(,,-..-()!()!1)2-0(),3)4&*!56&-0.

NDAA %&'()&*!H3,(90&'9!5**-&)93!50,J!

NDAK %3

REDD Y3:@9-)I!1,-..-().!/0(,!H3/(03.4&'()!&):!M(03.4!H3I0&:&'()

ROAP i%18e.!Y3I-()&*!Nl93!/(0!5.-&!&):!4B3!8&9-f9

SLRD F3[*3,3)4!&):!;&):!Y39(0:.!H3>&04,3)4!

SPDC F4&43!83&93!&):!H323*(>,3)4!+(@)9-*!

SLORC F4&43!;&,3)4!80(I0&,

UNEP i)-43:!%&'().!1)2-0(),3)4!80(I0&,

i%gY1HH i)-43:!%&'().!+(**&G(0&'23!80(I0&,!()!Y3:@9-)I!1,-..-().!/0(,!H3/(03.4&'()!&):!M(03.4!H3I0&:&'()!-)!H323*(>-)I!+(@)40-3.

iRF5 i)-43:!R&!F4&43!50,J!

R+F R(0*:!+().302&'()!F(9-34J


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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;&):!43)@03!03,&-).!230J!0-2&43!3)''[email protected](,&0J!*&):!0-IB4.!(0!-)/(0,&*!*&):!B(*:-)I.#!SB303!&03!)(!.&/3I@&0:.!4(!>0(4394!/&0,30.!/0(,!4B3!().*&@IB4!(/!9&>-4&*-.,!(0!,39B&)-.,.!4(!B3*>!4B3,!G3)3f4#

+()40(*!(230!)&4@0&*!03.(@093.!-.!&!,&a(0!9&@.3!(/!9()q-94!-)!34B)-9!&03&.d!*&93,3)4#!Y393)4*J!

--! &!:3*3I&'()!(/!&@4B(0-4J!GJ!&!93)40&*!I(230),3)4!4(!*(9&*!I(230)-)I!@)-4.


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4B303!B&.!G33)!B3-IB43)3:!-)4303.4!/0(,!9(@)40-3.!-)!4B3!03I-()!/(0!,(03!-)23.4,3)4!(>>(04@)-'3.#!O-23)!4B3!*&9T!(/!.(@):!39()(,-9!>(*-9J!&):!@)&94!()!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!9(,,@)-'3.!*-2-)I!-)!4B3.3!&03&.#

RB-*3!4B3J!:(!)(4!>0(2-:3!*(&).d!-)430)&'()&*!f)&)9-&*!-).'4@'().!.@9B!&.!4B3!R(0*:!?&)T!&):!=)430)&'()&*!Q()34&0J!M@):!03,&-)!3)I&I3:!-)!?@0,!!SB3!5.-&)!H323*(>,3)4!?&)T!-)!>&0'9@*&0!>0(2-:3.!&..-.4&)93!4B0(@IB!2&0-(@.!9B&))3*.!&):!/&9-*-4&43.!>0-2&43!-)23.4,3)4#

?@0,&!-.!9@003)4*J!/&9-)I!,&)J!4B03&4.!4(!4B3!)&4@0&*!3)2-0(),3)4!&):[email protected]&-)&G*3!*-23*-B((:.d!.@9B!&.!9().40@9'()!(/!*&0I3!:&,.d!(-*!&):!I&.!3P40&9'()d!,-)-)Id!:3/(03.4&'()d!*&0I3g.9&*3!&I0-9@*4@0&*!9()93..-().d!-**3I&*!(,3)4# =)23.4,3)4!9(,3.!/0(,!9(@)40-3.!(03d!]&>&)d!_-34)&,!&):!Z(03&!&03!&*.(!T3J!-)23.4(0.!*((T-)I!4(!-)903&.3!-)23.4,3)4.!&c30!4B3!3*39'().#!SB3.3!03.(@093!3P40&9'23!-)23.4,3)4.!:&,&I3!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!4B03&43)!*(9&*!03.(@093gG&.3:!*-23*-B((:.d!>&0'9@*&0*J!-)!34B)-9!&03&.#

=)!(0:30!4(!4&T3!.43>.!4(().-G*3!:323*(>,3)4!-)!?@0,&d!?@0,&!,@.4!B&23!&!.(@):!>(*-9J!/0&,30(439'()!&):[email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4!4B&4!3)&G*3.! 9-'W3).!4(! 4&T3!>&04! -)!:39-.-()! ,&T-)I!&G(@4!4B3-0!(,3)4d!&):!3).@03.!03.>().-G*3!>0-2&43!.394(0!-)23.4,3)4#!i)'*!4B3)d!)3*&)4&'()!.394(0.!.B(@*:!03/0&-)!/0(,!-)23.')I#!

1P-.')I!-)23.4(0.!.B(@*:!-,,3:-&43*J!93&.3!&**!>0(a394g03*&43:!&0'9@*&0*J!-)!.3).-'23!&03&.!4B0(@IB(@4!?@0,&!g!@)'*!&:3k@&43!.&/3I@&0:.!&03!-)!>*&93!4(!3).@03!-)23.4,3)4!:(3.!)(4!*3&:!4(!@))393..&0J!:3.40@9'()!(/!4B3!)&4@0&*!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!*(9&*!*-23*-B((:.#!54!4B3!.&,3!',3d!=)430)&'()&*!%ON.!&):!i%!&I3)9-3.!.B(@*:!3).@03!>3(>*3!&03!039(I)-W3:!&.!T3J!&94(0.!-)!4B3-0!(,3)4d!0&4B30!4B&)!>&..-23!039->-3)4.!(/!9(,,(:-'3.!&):!.302-93.r!&):!9-2-*!.(9-34J!(0I&)-W&'().!.B(@*:!3,>(


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RECOMMENDATIONS

To Burmas Government

1)2-0(),3)4&*!>(*-9J!&):!*&3940@,!(/!.4&T3B(*:30.!-)!:323*(>-)I!3)2-0(),3)4!*&(*-9-3.!G3/(03!4B3J!&03!&>>0(23:d!-)9*@:-)I!3.4&G*-.B-)I!&!:0&c-)I!9(,,-[33!03.3)4&'23.!/0(,!:-6303)4!.394(0.!&):!34B)-9!I0(@>.#!

1=5e.!&):!F=5e.!.B(@*:!G3!:0&c3:!-)!9().@*4&'()!.V!4B&4!&03!-)!&99(0:&)93!3):3)4!4B-0:!>&0'3.d!4B0(@IB!&!>0(93..!4B&4!3).@03.!&993..!4(!03*32&)4!-)/(0,&'()d!&:3k@&43!>&0'9->&'()!(/!&63943:!9(,,@)-'3.!&):!>@G*-9!B3&0-)I.!4(!,-'I&43!4B3!-,>&94!(/!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.!()!*(9&*!9(,,@)-'3.!&):!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4#!

H323*(>!&)!3k@-4&G*3!G3)3f4g.B&0-)I!.J.43,!-)!&**!-)/0&.40@94@03d!3P40&9'23d!3)30IJ!&):!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.#!

H323*(>!*&(*-9-3.!&):!-).'4@'().!4B&4!>0(4394!9(,,@)-'3.!&):!-):-2-:@&*!/&0,30.e!*-23*-B((:.!&):!*&):.!/0(,!4B3!-,>&94.!(/!(>3)-)I!)339-&**J!/0(,!:(,3.'9!

&):!-)430)&'()&*!&[email protected])3..3.#!

1)&94!*&):!*&(*-9-3.!4B&4!039(I)-W3!&):!03.>[email protected](,&0J!*&):!0-IB4.d!3)'4*3,3)4!&):!43)@03!0-IB4.#!!M(0!3P&,>*3d!p0(4&'()&*!/&0,-)Ie!.B(@*:!G3!039(I)-W3:!&.!()3!4J>3!(/!40&:-'()&*!&I0-9@*4@03!.J.43,!-)!@>*&):!&03&.#!

5G(*-.B!4B3!$jE"!;&):!%&'()&*-W&'()!594!&):!@>B(*:!4B3!.'**!3P-.')I!$jK"!;&0(43943:!/0(,!9()f.9&'()!GJ!*&!,&):&4(0J!*&394!-):-2-:@&*!&):!9(,,@)-4J!0-IB4.!-)!4B3!>0(93..!(/!9(,>@*.(0J!&[email protected]'()!(/!*&):!-)!&99(0:&)93!0(2-.-()!(/!&:3k@&43!-)/(0,&'()d!9().@*4&'()d!&):!/&-0!&):[email protected]!9(,>3).&'()!(0!&:3k@&43!&*430)&'23!B(@.-)I!&):!*-23*-B((:!>0-(0!4(!32-9'()!/0(,!4B3!*&):#!H@0-)I!4B3!32-9'()d!4B303!,@.4!G3!)([email protected]!(/!2-(*3)93!(0!:-.>0(>(0'()&43!/(093#


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1.4&G*-.B!-):3>3):3)4!G(:-3.!.@9B!&.!&!%&'()&*!1)2-0(),3)4&*!+(,,-..-()d!%&'()&*!`@,&)!Y-IB4.!+(,,-..-()!&):!5)'g9(00@>'()!@)-4!(>0(>0-&43#

To the Private sector and state owned enterprises

1P-.')I!/(03-I)!-)23.4(0.d!&.!0-2&43!9(,>&)-3.d!.4&43!(0-.3.!&):!a(-)4!23)4@03.!>*J!-)430)&'()&*[email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4!>0-)9->*3.!&):!>0&9'93.!U.@9B!&.!M8=+d!f)&)9-&*!:-.9*(.@03d!G3)3f4!.B&0-)Id!9():@9')I!1=5!&):!F=5.V#!

+():@94!-)9*@.-23!&):!,3&)-)I/@*!1=5!&):!F=5.!-)!&99(0:&)93!0(93..!4B&4!3).@03.!&993..!4(!03*32&)4!-)/(0,&'()d!&:3k@&43!>&0'9->&'()!(/!&63943:!9(,,@)-'3.!&):!>@G*-9!B3&0-)I.!4(!,-'I&43!4B3!-,>&94!(/!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.!()!*(9&*!9(,,@)-'3.!&):!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4#

5G-:3!GJ!-)430)&'()&*[email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4!-)-'&'23.!&):!,39B&)-.,.d!.@9B!&.!I@-:3*-)3.!()[email protected]&-)&G*3!(-*!>&*,!:323*(>,3)4!&):!M(03.4!;&

Q&T3!3230J!36(04!4(!&2(-:!-)2(*@)4&0J!03.3[*3,3)4#!=)!9&.3.!*&)!/(0!03.3[*3,3)4!&):!9(,>3).&'()!>0(93..3.!/(0!03*(9&'()d!*&):!9()f.9&'()!(0!>0(>304J!:&,&I3!4(!&63943:!>3(>*3!&.!&!03.@*4!(/!*&0I3!.9&*3!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.!-,>*3,3)43:!GJ!>0-2&43!9(,>&)-3.d!.4&43!3)430>0-.3.!&):!I(230),3)4#!M(03-I)!-)23.4(0.!.B(@*:!/(**((*-9-3.!(/!4B3!=)430)&'()&*!M-)&)93!+(0>(0&'()#

=,,3:-&43*J!93&.3!&**!>0(a394g03*&43:!3(>*3!(/!?@0,&!9&)!,3&)-)I/@**J!>&0'9->&43!-)!:323*(>,3)4!:39-.-().d!>039():-'().!/(0!03.>().-G*3!-)23.4,3)4!&03!-)!>*&93d!&):!&:230.3!-,>&94.!9&)!G3!,-'I&43:#!


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+FN.!03.3)4!>3(>*3.e!2-3

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!"#86#0/*1)%*4#

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SB3!i%!.B(@*:!3).@03!4B&4!4B3!i%!H39*&0&'()!(/!4B3!Y-IB4.!(/!=):-I3)(@.!83(>*3.!U>&0'9@*&0*J!4B3!9()93>4!(/!M033!80-(0!=)/(0,3:!+().3)4V!-.!03&l0,3:!-)!&)J!Y1HHs!&I033,3)4d!&):!3).@03:!-)!4B3!-,>*3,3)4&'()!&):!,()-4(0-)I!()!Y1HHs#!

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=M=.!,@.4!,&T3!.@03!4B&4!&)J!/@4@03!)&'()&*!:323*(>,3)4!>*&)!/(0!?@0,&!-.!G&.3:!()!>0(>30!)33:.!&..3..,3)4.!&):!&!>&0'9->&4(0J!9().@*4&'()!>0(93..!3(>*3#!


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1. INTRODUCTION

SB-.!03>(04!GJ!4B3!?@0,&!1)2-0(),3)4&*!R(0T-)I!O0(@>!&-,.!4(!&9B-323!4B3!/(**((*-9-3.!&):!,39B&)-.,.d!&):!4B3!0(*3!(/!*(9&*!&):!-)430)&'()&*!%ON.!&):!i%!&I3)9-3.Vd!--V!4(!B-IB*-IB4!T3J!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(G*3,.!&):!4B3!-,>&94.!()!*(9&*!>3(>*3!&):! 4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!4(!---V!>0(2-:3!&)&*J.-.! ()!9()q-94!(230! )&4@0&*!03.(@093.!-)!34B)-9!&03&.!G3/(03!&):!&c30!4B3!3*39'().!-)!7C$C#!

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SB3!-:3&!/(0!4B-.!03>(04!(0-I-)&43:!&4!&)!5)(4B30!H323*(>,3)4!/(0!?@0,&!4B3,&'9!.3,-)&0!-)!3&0*J!7CCK!-)!+B-&)I!Q&-d!%&'()*&+,&-./,+().*&.01)+# #!=4!>(04@)-'3.!/(0!?-(:-230.-4J!+().302&'()!-)!QJ&),&0du!>@G*-.B3:!-)!7CCE!GJ!?-0:*-/3!=)430)&'()&*d!i%H8g?@0,&!&):!+0-'9&*!19(.J.43,.!8&04)30.B->!M@):!U+18MV#!SB3!03>(04!(@4*-)3.!T3J!G-(:-230.-4J!&03&.d!&!*-.4!(/!4B03&43)3:!.>39-3.d!&):!

9().302&'()!9(00-:(0.d!&.!BJ.-9&*!.9-3)93.!&):!439B)-9&*!3P>30'.3!*&93,3)4d!03&:!B@,&)!0-IB4.!&[email protected].!&):!3)2-0(),3)4&*!:3I0&:&'()d!&):!4B3!0(*3!(/!34B)-9!9(,,@)-'3.!-)!,&-)4&-)-)I!40&:-'()&*!)&4@0&*!03.(@093!,&)&I3,3)4!.J.43,.!0(4394!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4#!

=4!3(>*3.!0(43943:ed!&):!4B&4!-)!?@0,&!*&0I3!.9&*3!9().302&4-()!-)-4-&4-23.!-)2(*23!3)I&I3,3)4!>0(&9B!(/!-)430)&'()&*!9().302&'()!(0I&)-W&'().!-.!(c3)!*&0I3*J!&)!39(*(I-9&**Jg93)403:!9().302&'()!&>>0(&9B!>0&9'93:!GJ!4B3!,&-)!&4!4B3!3P>3).3!(/!&)J!.(9-&*!(0!>3(>*3g/([email protected]:!9()930).d!&):!-)!9304&-)!9&.3.!*-)T3:!4(!B@,&)!0-IB4.!&[email protected].!&):!-)903&.3:!&993..!4(!9()43.43:!34B)-9!4300-4(0J#!SB-.!G0-)I.!-)4(!k@3.'()!4B3!03&*!,('2&'().!(/!4B3!I(230),3)4!-)!.3v)I!@>!*&0I3g.9&*3!9().302&'()!>0(a394.#!;&0I3g.9&*3!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(a394.d!>&0'9@*&0*J!-)!34B)-9!&03&.d!,-IB4!&*.(!,&.T!39()(,-9!(0!,-*-4&0J!(Ga39'23.!/(0!4B3!03I-,3#

5)!-:3&!3,30I3:!/(0!&!03>(04!()!4B3!.4&43!(/!3)2-0(),3)4!/0(,!34B)-9!>30.>39'23.!4B&4!@4!4(I34B30!4B3!.-4@&'()!-)!34B)-9!&03&.!&):! :3,().40&43!


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R-4B!4B3!7C$C!3*39'()!*((,-)I!&):!4B3!39()(,J!(>3)-)I!-4!G39&,3!-,>(04&)4!4(!B-IB*-IB4!G-*&430&*!03.(@093!3P40&9'()!&I033,3)4.!G34(0&'().!0(93..3.!4B&4!.@>>(04!>0-2&43!-)23.4,3)4!&):!4B3!*&9T!(/!&:3k@&43!.&/3I@&0:.!/(0!/&0,30.!4B0(@IB(@4!4B3!9(@)40J#!

SB3!?1RO!B(>3.!4B&4!4B3!03>(04!0(2-:3!>(*-9J!&):!>0&9'93!039(,,3):&'().!/(0!>(*-9J!,&T30.d!-)23.4(0.d!-)430)&'()&*!9(,,@)-4J!&):!9-2-*!.(9-34J!I0(@>.!(04!-.!03*32&)4!4(!4B3!3)'03!9(@)40J#!Q&)J!.39'().!/(9@.!,(03!)&00(,3)4!Y3>(04!0&)T3:!?@0,&!$"7!(@4!(/!$Kj!()!4B3!`@,&)!H323*(>,3)4!=):3P# ---!!$!54!&>>0(P-,&43*J!nA"E!iFHd!>30!9&>-4&!OH8!-)!?@0,&!0&)T.!&,()I.4!4B3!*((..-G*3!4(!I&@I3!4B3!3P&94!,&T3@>!(/!4B3!)&'()#3 !!SB3!*&.4!03*-&G*3!93).@.!(>@*&'()!I0(,3)4!=):3P!,3&.@03.!:323*(>,3)4!9(,G-)-)I!-):-9&4(0.!(/!3:@9&'()d!*-/3!3P>394&)9J!&):!-)9(,3! B[>XxxB:0#@):>#(0Ix3)x.4&'.'9.xB:-x #!


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http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/


19/106

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2.2 NATURAL RESOURCES

Q&)J!34B)-9!&):!-):-I3)(@.!>3(>*3.!-)!?@0,&!&03!:3>3):3)4!()!)&4@0&*!03.(@093.!/(0!4B3-0!*-23*-B((:.!&):!40&:-'()&**J!B&23!,&-)4&-)3:!)&4@0&*!03.(@093!,&)&I3,3)4!.J.43,.!4B&4!3).@[email protected]&-)&G-*-4J!(/!4B3.3!)&4@0&*!03.(@093.#!=)!0393)4!J3&0.d!,-*-4&0-W&'()d!*&0I3g.9&*3!03.(@093!3P40&9'()d!&):!-)/0&.40@94@03!:323*(>,3)4!&03!:3.40(J-)I!4B3!)&4@0&*!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!4B03&43)-)I!4B3.3!*(9&*!03.(@093!,&)&I3,3)4!.J.43,.!&0&**3*3:!&G@):&)93!(/!&)-,&*!&):!>*&)4!*-/3#!5*,(.4!&**!(/!4B3!9(@)40J!-.!*(9&43:!-).-:3!4B3!=):(g?@0,&!?-(:-230.-4J!`(4.>(4d!()3!(/!4B3!-9&*!/(03.4!39(.J.43,.#!Q&)J!:-6303)4!/(03.4!39(.J.43,.!3P-.4!-)!?@0,&d!-)9*@:-)I!H3*4&!,&)I0(23.d!*(-9&*!0&-)/(03.4.!-)!S3))&.30-,!H-2-.-()!US&)-)4B&0J-Vd!43&T!/(03.4.d!.3,-g:39-:@(@.!/(03.4.!/@04B30!)(04Bd!&):!.@Gg&*>-)3!-)!)(04B30)!Z&9B-)!F4&43d!&,()I!(4B30.#!=)!&::-'()d!?@0,&!>(..3..3.!4B3!


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C#EL!40-**-()!9@G-9!,3430.d!0(@IB*J!C#"!>3093)4!(/[email protected]!?@0,&e.!I&.!03.3023!*323*.!323)!B-IB30#27 !=)!7CCjg$C!)&4@0&*!I&.!&99(@)43:!/(0!"Dw!(/!?@0,&e.!3P>(04!3&0)-)I.d!(.-4.!-)9*@:-)I!4@)I.43)d!')d!W-)9d!.-*230d!9(>>30d!*3&:d!

9(&*d!I(&*d!&):!-):@.40-&*!,-)30&*.#29

!5)',()Jd!*-,3.4()3d!&):!,&0G*3!:3>(.-4.!&*.(!:(4!4B3!*&):.9&>3#"C!!O3,.4()3.!-)9*@:-)I!:-&,():[email protected]!a&:3d!&):!.&>>B-03.!9&)!&*.(!G3!/(@):!-)!?@0,!?@0,&!-.!,(.4!/&,(@.!/(0!-4.!B-IB!k@&*-4J!0@G-3.!&):!a&:3-43!U4B3!,(.4!3P>3).-23!/(0,!(/!a&:3V#!=4!-.!B&0:!4(!40&9T!.,&**!.9&*3!I3,[email protected])3..3.!&):!3.',&43!4B3!2&*@3!(/!I3,!40&:3!-)!?@0,&d!B(0(439')I!>3(>*3!&):!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4d!4B3!9(@)40J!*&9T.!4B3!)393..&0J!&:3k@&43!&:,-)-.40&'23!&):!*3I&*!.40@[email protected]!.4&):&0:.d!.&/3I@&0:.!&):!>(*-'9&*!0(2-.-().#!!=)!&::-'()d!&04J!4(!.3230&*!-)430)&'()&*!403&'3.!.@9B!&.!4B3!+()23)'()!()!?-(*(I-9&*!H-230.-4J!U+?HVd2!?@0,&!B&.!)(4!-)9(0>(0&43:!4B3!>0(2-.-().!9()4&-)3:!-)!4B3.3!&I033,3)4.!-)4(!:(,3.'9!*&*3d!)&'()&*!*&&94!&..3..,3)4.!U1=5V!(0!>@G*-9!>&0'9->&'()!GJ!*(9&*!9(,,@)-'3.!-)!4B3!:39-.-()g,&T-)I!>0(93..3.!(/!*&0I3g.9&*3!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.#!!SB303!&03!)(!*&03B3).-23*J!03I@*&43!>(**@'()d!)(!

.4&):&0:.!4(!&:3k@&43*J! >0(4394!G-(:-230.-4Jd! :323*(>!03.3[*3,3)4! >*&).d! (0!>0(2-:3!9(,>3).&'()#!SB3!*&9T!(/!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()!*3I-.*&'()!B&.!*3c!0((,!/(0!@)&G&43:!39(*(I-9&*!:3I0&:&'()# 32 SB303!&03d!B((>@*&'().#!!

SB-.!.39'()!032-30(,([email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4!&):!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()#!

2! ?@0,&!G39&,3!&!>&04J!4(!4B3!+?H!-)!$jjA#!!50'9*3!$AU$VU&V!(/!4B3!+()23)'()!03k@-03.!&)!1=5!&):!50'9*3!DUaV!,&):&43.!-):-I3)(@.!>&0'9->&'()!&94!()!G-(:-230.-4J#!


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3.1 National Commission for Environmental Affairs

1)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()!-)!?@0,&!I3)30&**J!9(,3.!@):30!4B3!&@4B(0-4J!(/!4B3!%&'()&*!+(,,-..-()!/(0!1)2-0(),3)4&*!56&-0.!U%+15Vd!/(0,3:!-)!$jjC# 2-!i)'*!7CCEd!4B3!Q-)-.430!(/!M(03-I)!56&-0.!(**@'()d!&):!4(!903&43!.B(04g!&):!*()Ig430,!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>(*-9-3.!,3)4!03k@-03,3)4.# 34 !!`((04!:()3!-)!9(**&G(0&'()!,3)4!?&)T!U5H?Vd!i)-43:!%&'().!1)2-0(),3)4&*!80(I0&,,3!

Ui%18Vd!=).4-4@43!(/! O*(G&*!1)2-0(),3)4&*!F40&43I-3.d!&):!4B3! %&4-()&*! =).4-4@43! /(0!1)2-0(),3)4&*!F4@:-3.!(/!]&>&)#!=)!7CCK!4B3!QJ&),&0!185!@G*-.B3:!&.!>&04!(/!&!G0(&:30!>0(I0&,!9&**3:!4B3!%&'()&*!830/(0,&)93!5..3..,3)4!&):!F40&43I-9!1)2-0(),3)4!M0&,3,3)4!-)!4B3!OQF!4B0(@IB!4B3!903&'()!(/!)&'()&*!&):!.@Gg03I-()&*!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>30/(0,&)93!&..3..,3)4!.J.43,.!&):!:323*(>,3)4!(/!)&'()&*!&):!.@Gg03I-()&*!9&>&9-'3.!/(0!-,>*3,3)')I!.@9B!&..3..,3)4.#!!SB3!QJ&),&0!185!>0(2-:3.!.(,[email protected]/@*!G&.3*-)3!:&4&!9(230-)I!.323)!T3J!3)2-0(),3)4&*!9()930).d!-)9*@:-)I!/(03.4!03.(@093.d!G-(:-230.-4Jd!*&):!:3I0&:&'()d!,&)&I3,3)4!(/!0(G*3,.!&..(9-&43:!(.&*d!9().40@9'()!(/!*&0I3!:&,.d!*&0I3g.9&*3!9(,,309-&*!&I0-9@*4@03d!I&.gf3*:!:323*(>,3)4d!(0!>->3*-)3!&):!0(&:!9().40@9'()#!SB3!03>(04!&*.(!:(3.!)(4!,3)'()!4B3!40&:-'()&*!)&4@0&*!03.(@093!,&)&I3,3)4!.J.43,.!>0&9'93:!GJ!34B)-9!>3(>*3!4B0(@IB(@4!4B3!9(@)40J#!!

2-! `(39'23!:3>&04,3)4.!4B&4!&03!.4&4@4(0-*J!.3>&0&43!/0(,!4B3!%+15!&03!03.>().-G*3!/(0!&9@43!3)2-0(),3)4&*!-..@3.!-)9*@:-)I!/(03.4!:3I0&:&'()d!


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3.2 Environmental Policies and Laws

5!)&'()&*!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>(*-9J!4.!4B3!/(**((*-9JX!SB3!(*-9J!-.!&-,3:!&4!&9B-32-)I!B&0,()J!&):!G&*&)93!G34,3)4!>0(93..!4(!3)B&)93!4B3!k@&*-4J!(/!4B3!*-/3!(/!&**!-4.!9-'W3).#!1230J!)&'()!B&.!4B3!.(2303-I)!0-IB4!4(!@'*-.3!-4.!)&4@0&*!

03.(@093.!-)!&99(0:&)93!(*-93.r!G@4!I03&4!9&03!,@.4!G3!4&T3)!)(4!4(!3P933:!-4.!a@0-.:-9'()!(0!-)/0-)I3!@>()!4B3!-)4303.4.!(/!(4B30!)&'().#!=4!-.!4B3!03.>().-G-*-4J!(/!4B3!F4&43!&):!3230J!9-'W3)!4(!>03.3023!-4.!)&4@0&*!03.(@093.!-)!4B3!-)4303.4.!(/!>03.3)4!&):!/@4@03!I3)30&4-().#!1)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()!.B(@*:!&*0-,&0J!(Ga39'23!-)!.33T-)I!:323*(>,3)4 39 .

SB303!-.d!B(@4!

/0(,!&)!3)2-0(),3)4&*!*&304!/@):3:!GJ!i%18dAC

!G@4!-4!B&.!)(4!G33)!,&:3!-)4(!*&>0(23:d!4B303!&93!4(!03I@*&43!3)2-0(),3)4&*!k@&*-4J!&):!9():@94!1=5e.!&):!F=5e.!/(0!-)/0&.40@94@03!&):!-)23.4,3)4!>0(a394.!/@):3:!GJ!4B3!I(230),3)4!&):!>0-2&43!.394(0#!`((*-'9&*!0()I3:!&>>0(&9B!4([email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4#!SB3!QJ&),&0!5I3):&!7$!039(I)-W3.!4B3!)33:!/(0!1)2-0(),3)4&*!=,>&94!5..3..,3)4.# 41 !QJ&),&0!5I3):&!7$!9&**.!/(0!-)43I0&43:!,&)&I3,3)4!(/!)&4@0&*!03.(@093.!&):!>0(2-:3.!&!G*@3>0-)4!/(0!&9B-32-)[email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4#!!

3.3 Impact Assessments in Burma

N)3!(/!4B3!,(.4!-,>(04&)4!-)430)&'()&**Jg&993>43:!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()!,34B(:.!-.!4(!9():@94!&)!3)2-0(),3)4&*!-,>&94!&..3..,3)4!U1=5V!>0-(0!4(!-,>*3,3)')I!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.#!!RB3)!:()3!>0(>30*Jd!&)!1=5!-:3)'f3.d!>03:-94.d!32&*@&43.d!&):!,-'I&43.!4B3!G-(>BJ.-9&*d!.(9-&*d!&):!(4B30!03*32&)4!36394.!(/!:323*(>,3)4!>0(>(.&*.!>0-(0!4(!,&a(0!:39-.-().!G3-)I!4&T3)!&):!9(,,-4,3)4.!,&:3# 42 !!SB3!1=5!-.!.@>>(.3:!4(!>0(2-:3!&>>0(>0-&43!(>>(04@)-'3.!4(!-)/(0,!&):!-)2(*23!.4&T3B(*:30.!-)!&!>0(a394# 2--

2--! SB3!=)430)&'()&*!5..(9-&'()!/(0!=,>&94!5..3..,3)4!B&.!I@-:3*-)3.!()!4B3!(Ga39'23.!&):!>0-)9->*3.!(/!&)!1=5!.33!B[>Xxx@G*-9&'().x80-)9->*3.w7C(/w7C=5z:/


19
http://www.iaia.org/publicdocuments/special-publications/Principles%20of%20IA_web.pdfhttp://www.iaia.org/publicdocuments/special-publications/Principles%20of%20IA_web.pdf


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=)!?@0,&d!)(!*&&94!5..3..,3)4!UF=5V2--- G3/(03!&!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394!-.!-,>*3,3)43:#!!8@G*-9!&993..!4(!I(230),3)4!-)/(0,&'()!-.!03.40-943:d!&):!>0-(0!&>>0(2&*!/0(,!&I3)9-3.!-.!03k@-03:!4(!03*3&.3!-)/(0,&'()!&G(@4!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.# 43 N)I(-)I!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.!-)!?@0,&!.@9B!&.!9().40@9'()!(/!0(&:.!&):!:&,.d!,-)-)Id!*(II-)Id!&.!&94.!4(!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!4B3!*(9&*!>3(>*3d!&):!4B3!-,>*3,3)')I!&I3)9-3.!&03!)(4!03k@-03:!GJ!4B3!*&(0(a394.!-)!4B3!9(@)40J#

=)!&!0393)4!&0'9*3d!&)!(l9-&*!0(>(.3:!&)!1=5!>0(93..!/(0!?@0, 45 SB3!>0(>(.3:!>0(93..!B&.!.3230&*!.B(049(,-)I.#!M-0.4d!4B3!>0(93..!&**((0')I!32-:3)93d!4B&4!&!>0(a394!&94#u!RB3)!.@9B!&! :39-.-()!-.!4&T3)d!&)!1=5! -.!)(4!03k@-03:#!! SB-.!0(2-:3!&)!(G2-(@.!*((>B(*3!-)!&)J!0-I(0(@.!&..3..,3)4!(/!4B3!>(43)'&*!3)2-0(),3)4&*!&):!.(9-&*!-,>&94!/0(,!&!>0(a394#!M@04B30,(03d!&04J!4(!9():@94!4B3!&..3..,3)4!.4@:Jd!@):30!4B-.!>0(>(.&*d!4B3!>0(a394!>0(>()3)4!B&.!4B3!03.>().-G-*-4J!/(0!>03>&0-)I!4B3!1=5d!0(2-:3.!&)!3&.J!,39B&)-.,!4(!B-:3!(0!-I)(03!

.-I)-f9&)4!-,>&94.#!M-)&**Jd!>@G*-9!>&0'9->&'()!-.!)(4!,&):&4(0Jd!&):!(99@0.!4((!*&43!-)!4B3!>0(93..#!=4!-.!@>!4(!4B3!I(230),3)4!4(!:3430,-)3!-/!>@G*-9!>&0'9->&'()!-.!t03k@-03:du!&**(@G*-9!>&0'9->&'()!/(0!9()40(230.-&*!>0(a394.#!

5)(4B30!4((*!&:2(9&43:!GJ!B@,&)!0-IB4.!&):!(4B30!9-2-*!.(9-34J!(0I&)-W&'().!-.!B@,&)!0-IB4.!-,>&94!&..3..,3)4. U`Y=5.V!4(!&..3..!4B3!-,>&94!(/!I(230),3)4!&):!(4B30!>(*-9-3.!()!B@,&)!0-IB4.d!-#3#!B3&*4B#46

3.4 Environmental Provisions in the 2008 Constitution

i):30!4B3!)30(4394!&):!9().3023!4B3!)&4@0&*!3)2-0(),3)4u!U+B&>430!$d!F39'()!AEV#47 !!SB3!)&'()&*!*3I-.*&4@03!9&)d!G@4!:(3.!)(4!)33:!4(d!3)&94!*&0(4394!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!&):!B3*>!03.4(03!&03&.!:3I0&:3:!(0!:&,&I3:!GJ!,-)-)I!&):!/(03.40J!&9'2-'3.!(0!4B(.3!4B&4!B&23!3P>30-3)93:!:3.40@9'()!(/!>*&)4.d!430!Ad!F39'()!jKV#48 !!F4&43!&):!H-2-.-()!;3I-.*&4@03.!&*.(!B&23!4B3!>(0(439'()d!G@4!430!Ad!F39'()!$jKV#49 !!=)!&::-'()d!3230J!9-'W3)!B&.!4B3!:@4J!

2---! F=5.!.B(@*:!9(230!p&**!.(9-&*!&):!9@*4@0&*!9().3k@3)93.!4(!B@,&)!>(>@*&'().!(/!&)J!>@G*-9!(0! >0-2&43!&9'().!4B&4!&*430!4B3!*3!*-23d!*&Jd!03*&43!4(!()3!&)(4B30d!(0I&)-W3!4(!,334!4B3-0!)33:.d!&):!I3)30&**J!9(>3!&.!,3,G30.!(/!.(9-34Je!&):!p9@*4@0&*!-,>&94.!-)2(*23!9B&)I3.!4(!4B3!)(0,.d!2&*@3.d!

&):!G3*-3/.!(/!-):-2-:@&*.!4B&4!I@-:3!&):!0&'()&*-W3!4B3-0!9(I)-'()!(/!4B3,.3*23.!&):!4B3-0!.(9-3'3.eY#]#!?@0:I3!&):!M#_&)9*&Jd!M#d!pF(9-&*!-,>&94!&..3..,3)4X!&!9()40-G@'()4(!4B3!.4&43!(/!4B3!&04!.30-3.ed!=,>&94!5..3..,3)4d!$jjK#


20


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4(!t&..-.4u!4B3!I(230),3)4!-)!9&00J-)I!(@4!3)2-0(),3)4&*!9().302&'()!U+B&>430!Dd!F39'()!"jCV#EC

R-4B!03I&0:!4(!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()d!4B3!7CCD!+().'4@'()!:(3.!)(4!I@&0&)433!4(!4B3!>3(>*3!4B3!0-IB4! 4(!&! 9*3&)!&):!B3&*4BJ!3)2-0(),3)4! &*4B(@IB! ,&)J! (4B30!)&'()&*!9().'4@'().!>0(2-:3!.@9B!&!0-IB4# -P!!SB3!9().'4@'()!:(3.!)(4!B&23!&)J!9*3&0!*&)I@&I3!()[email protected]&-)&G*3!:323*(>,3)4!&):!039(I)-'()!(/!4B3!0-IB4.!(/!9-2-*!.(9-34J!.@9B!&.!/033:(,!(/!-)/(0,&'()d!>&0'9->&'()!-)!)&4@0&*!03.(@093!,&)&I3,3)[email protected](,&0J!*&):!(d!-)/(0,&'()!-)!*(9&*!*&)I@&I3.d!&):!3k@-4&G*3!G3)3f4!.B&0-)I#

3.5 National Sustainable Development Strategy

SB3!%&'()&*[email protected]&-)&G*3!H323*(>,3)4!F40&43IJ!U%FHFV!-.!>&04!(/!&!G0(&:30!>0(I0&,!(/!4B3!i%[email protected]&-)&G*3!H323*(>,3)4!+(,,-..-()!.34!@>!&c30!4B3!R(0*:!F@,,-4!()[email protected]&-)&G*3!H323*(>,3)4!-)!7CC7#!1230J!9(@)40J!-)9*@:-)I!?@0,&!4B&4!.-I)3:!5I3):&!7$ P!&4!4B3!1&04B!F@,,-4! -)!Y-(!H3! ]&)30-(!-)$jj7d!&I033:!4(! :323*(>!&)!%FHF!GJ!7C$C!-)!*-)3!,3)4!O(&*.!UQHO.V#!!i%18!>0(2-:3:!/@):-)I!/(0!?@0,&!4(!:323*(>!&)!%FHF#!SB3! ,&-)!&-,! (/!4B3!>0(93..!!&)!%FHF!-)!*-)3!&94.!&03!,-'I&43:!*3,3)')I!:323*(>,3)4!>0(a394.# 51 !!SB3!%+15!-)!?@0,&!4((T!&!*3&:!-)!:323*(>-)I!4B3!.40&43IJ!-)!9().@*4&'()!,3)4!&):[email protected]&-)&G*3!.(9-&*!:323*(>,3)4#!F>39-f9!.40&43I-3.!&03!(@4*-)3:!@):30!3&9B!I(&*#!M(0!3P&,>*3d!4B3!I(&*!/([email protected]&-)&G*3!

Q&)&I3,3)4!(/!%&4@0&*!Y3.(@[email protected].!.40&43I-3.!/(0!/(03.4!03.(@093!,&)&I3,3)[email protected]&-)&G*3!3)30IJ!>0(:@9'()!&):!9().@,>'()d!G-(:-230.-4J!9().302&'()[email protected]&-)&G*3!/03.B&04,3)4.!&):!*(9&*!&@4B(0-'3.d!i%!(0I&)-W&'().d!&):!-)430)&'()&*!&):!*(9&*!%ON.#!SB3!,&-)!*-,-4&'()d!B(03B3).-23!)&'()&*!>(*-9-3.!()!*&):[email protected]!3)30IJ!&):!3)2-0(),3)4d!*3,3)4!4B3!.40&43I-3.!9()4&-)3:!-)!4B3!%FHF#!!SB303!-.!&*.(!&!)33:!4(!9().@*4!,(03!%ON.!-)!4B3!>0(93..#!SB3!i)-43:!%&'().!1)2-0(),3)4!80(I0&,!B&.!.4&43:!4B&4!4B303!&03!(>>(04@)-'3.!4(!032-3!4B3!.40&43IJ!-)!4B3!/@4@03#53

-P! M(0!3P&,>*3!4B3!8B-*->>-)3.e!+().'4@'()!>0(2-:3.X!tSB3!F4&43!.B&**!>0(4394!&):!&:2&)93!4B3!0-IB4!(/!4B3!>3(>*3!4(!&!G&*&)93:!&):!B3&*4B/@*!39(*(IJ!-)!&99(0:!Xxx


26/106

3.6 International Commitments

?@0,&!B&.!.-I)3:!"$!-)430)&'()&*!403&'3.!03*&43:!4(!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!U.33!S&G*3!$V#!=4!-.!@)9*3&0d!B(4B!:[email protected]()!(/!4B3!,(.4!.-I)-f9&)4!9()23)'().!-)!4B3!9()43P4!(/!3)2-0(),3)4&*!>0(439'()!-)!?@0,&!4(:&J#!

Table 1 !o!=)430)&'()&*!&):!03I-()&*!403&'3.!9()930)-)I!4B3!3)2-0(),3)4!4(!&04J!U-)!9B0()(*(I-9&*!(0:30V!

Name

1 8*&)4!80(439'()!5I033,3)4!/(0!4B3!F(@4B3&.4!5.-&!&):!8&9-f9!Y3I-()

2 S03&4J!?&))-)I!%@9*3&0!R3&>().!S3.4.!-)!4B3!54,(.>B303!-)!N@430!F>&93!&):!

i):30!R&430!3 N@430!F>&93!S03&4JX!S03&4J!()!80-)9->*3.!O(230)-)I!4B3!59'2-'3.!(/!F4&43.!

-)!4B3!1P>*(-4&'()!&):!i.3!(/!N@430!F>&93!-)9*@:-)I!4B3!Q(()!&):!(4B30!+3*3.'&*!?(:-3.

4 S03&4J!()!4B3!80(B-G-'()!(/!4B3!1,>*&93,3)4!(/!%@9*3&0!R3&>().!&):!(4B30!R3&>().!(/!Q&..!H3.40@9'()!()!4B3!F3&g?3:!&):!N93&)!M*((0!&):!-)!4B3!F@G.(-*!4B303!(/!UF3&G3:!S03&4JV

5 +()23)'()!()!4B3!80(B-G-'()!(/!4B3!!H323*(>,3)4d!80(:@9'()!&):!F4(9T>-*-)I!(/!?&9430-(*(I-9&*!&):!S(P-)!R3&>().d!&):!4B3-0!H3.40@9'()

6_-3))&!+()23)'()!/(0!4B3!80(439'()!(/!4B3!NW()3!;&J30

7 Q()403&*!80(4(9(*!()[email protected]&)93.!4B&4!H3>*343!4B3!NW()3!;&J308 Q5Y8N;X!=)430)&'()&*!+()23)'()!/(0!4B3!80323)'()!(/!8(**@'()!/0(,!FB->.

9 Q5Y8N;X!=)430)&'()&*!+()23)'()!/(0!4B3!80323)'()!(/!8(**@'()!/0(,!FB->.!&.!&,3):3:!$jLD

$C 5I033,3)4!()!4B3!%34*343!4B3!NW()3!;&J30

12 i)-43:!%&'().!M0&,3().

14 =+5NX!5%%1{!$K!5))3P!4(!4B3!+()23)'()!()!=)430)&'()&*!+-2-*!52-&'()!1)2-0(),3)4&*!80(439'()!_(*#!=d!==d!5-090&c!%(-.3

15 i)-43:!%&'().!+()23)'()!4(!+(,G&4!H3.30'f9&'()16 _-3))&!+()23)'()!/(0!4B3!80(439'()!(/!NW()3!;&J30!

17 Q()403&*!80(4(9(*!()[email protected]&)93.!4B&4!H3>*343!4B3!NW()3!;&J30!

18 ;():()!5,3):,3)4!4(!4B3!Q()403&*!80(4(9(*!

19 +()23)'()!+()930)-)I!4B3!80(439'()!(/!4B3!R(0*:!+@*4@0&*!&):!%&4@0&*!`30-4&I3

7C +()23)'()!()!?-(*(I-9&*!H-230.-4J!U+?HV


22


27/106

Name

21 i)-43:!%&'().!+()23)'()!()!4B3!;&

22 =)430)&'()&*!S0(>-9&*!S-,G30!5I033,3)4!U=SS5V23 +()23)'()!()!=)430)&'()&*!S0&:3!-)!1):&)I303:!F>39-3.!(/!R-*:!M&@)&!&):!

M*(0&!U+=S1FV

24 5F15%!5I033,3)4!()!4B3!+().302&'()!(/!%&4@03!&):!%&4@0&*!Y3.(@093.25 +&4&I3)&!80(4(9(*!()!?-(.&/34J

26 5F15%!5I033,3)4!()!S0&).G(@):&0J!`&W3!8(**@'()27 ZJ(4( 80(4(9(*!4(!4B3!i)-43:!%&'().!M0&,3-*-)I!&):!i.3!(/!+B3,-9&*!R3&>().!&):!()!4B3-0!H3.40@9'()

29 F4(9TB(*,!+()23)'()!()!830.-.43)4!N0I&)-9!8(**@4&)4.

"C Y&,.&0!+()23)'()!()!R34*&):.!31 +(>3)B&I3)!5,3):,3)4!4(!Q()403&*!80(4(9(*!()[email protected]&)93.!4B&4!:3>*343!4B3!

NW()3!;&J30!

3.6.1 Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous Peoples

Convention on Biological Diversity

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23


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Q(03(230d!?@0,&e.!%?F58!>0(93..!-4.3*/!4B@.!/&0!B&.!,&0I-)&*-W3:!-):-I3)(@.!>3(>*3e.!9()40-G@'()!4(!G-(:-230.-4J!9().302&'()#!%(!-):-I3)(@.!>3(>*3.!(0!3)2-0(),3)4&*!I0(@>.!03.3)4&'()!-).-:3!(0!G&.3:!(@4.-:3!(/!?@0,&!B&23!G33)!9().@*43:!-)!

4B3!>0(93..!(/!:323*(>-)I!4B3!%?F58#!SB-.!-.!-)!:-0394!9()40&:-9'()!4(!4B3!>0-)9->*3.!(/!4B3!+?Hd!4B3!%?F58!I@-:3*-)3.!&):!O1M!,&):&43.#!KC

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

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3.6.2 CITES

?@0,&!-.!&!.-I)&4(0J!4(!4B3!+()23)'()!()!=)430)&'()&*!S0&:3!-)!1):&)I303:!F>39-3.!(/!R-*:!M&@)&!&):!M*(0&!U+=S1FV.!+=S1F!.-I)&4(0-3.d!-)9*@:-)I!?@0,&d!&I033!4(!03I@*&43!(0!>0(B-G-4!40&:3!-)!3):&)I303:!.>39-3.!(0!&)-,&*!>&04.!.@9B!&.!G()3.d!B(0).d!(0!/@0d!&99(0:-)I!4(!4B3!.>39-3.e!*323*!(/!3):&)I30,3)4!*-.43:!-)!4B3!&>>3):-93.!(/!+=S1F# P-2 =)!?@0,&d!4B3!M(03.4!:3>&04,3)4!.3023.!&.!4B3!+=S1F!,&)&I3,3)4!&@4B(0-4J#!=)!$jjA!4B3!80(439'()!(/!R-*:*-/3!&):!R-*:!8*&)4.!&):!+().302&'()!(/!%&4@0&*!503&.!;&39-3.!9&)!G3!/(@):!-)!,&0T34.!4B0(@IB(@4!?@0,&d!4&'()!U%585V#!SB3!=%+!-.!4(!-,>*3,3)4!50'9*3!K!(/!4B3!i%M+++P2#!SB3!9@003)4!=%+!>0(a394!-.!&!.4(9T4&T-)I!3P309-.3!/(0!&)&*JW-)I!*323*.!(/!I033)B(@.3!I&.!3,-..-()d!9*-,&43!9B&)I3!.93)&0-(.d!&..(9-&43:!0-.T.!&):!2@*)30&G-*-'3.d!>(43)'&*!,3&.@03.!&):!439B)(*(IJ!40&)./30!/(0!,-'I&')I!9*-,&43!9B&)I3!&):!4B3!:3I033!(/!>@G*-9!&0(93..!@):30!4B3! i)-43:!%&'().!M0&,30-(0-4J!&9'2-'3.!

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25
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3.7 Environmentalism in Burma

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SB3!Q344&!H323*(>,3)4!M(@):&4-()!UQ344&V!-.!&)!%ON!3.4&G*-.B3:!-)!$jjD!4(!&..-.4!9(,,@)-4-3.!039(230-)I!/0(,!4B3!:32&.4&4-)I!9().3k@3)93.!(/!9()/*-94!&):!B@,&)-4&0-&)!3,30I3)9J#!Q3[&!0(a394.#!Q3[& G&.3.!-4.!(,3)4!>0(a394.!.@9B!&.!9(,,@)-4J!/(03.40Jd!9(,,@)-4JgG&.3:!03.3&09Bd!>3&93gG@-*:-)I!40&-)-)I.d!&):!9().40@9'23!:-&*(I@3!&,()I.4!:-6303)4!>&0'3.#!FB&*(,!,3)4!%ON.d!4B303!&03!&*.(!,&)J!-)430)&'()&*!%ON.!-4&*.!-)!.4&43.x:-2-.-().!30&43!>0(a394.#!Q(.4!(/!4B3.3!(0I&)-W&'().!>0(&9B#!F(,3!(/!4B3!,(03!&9'23!(0I&)-W&'().!-)9*@:3!R(0*:!+()930)[email protected]!R3*4B@)I30!`-*/3!UHR` d!/(0,30*J!O30,&)!5I0(!59'()!(0!O55Vd!5:23)'.4!H323*(>,3)4!&):!Y3*-3/!5I3)9J!U5HY5Vd!F.d!H&)-.B!+B@09B!5-:!UH+5Vd!+().(0'@,!(/!H@49B!%ON.!U+H%Vd!59'()!9()40&!*&!/&-,!U5+MV!&):!59'()5-:#!RB-*3!4B3J!(>30&43!:-6303)4*J!&):!-)23.4!4B3-0!03.(@093.!-)!:-6303)4!>0(a394.!&90(..!4B3!9(@)40J!U&*4B(@IB!,(.4*J!-)!34B)-9!&03&.!&):!4B3!=00&0(2-)I!*(9&*!*-23*-B((:.#!!


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3.7.2 UN Interventions on Environmental Protection

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3.7.3 Ethnic Environmental Organizations based in Thailand

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Community Development

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4. LAW AND POLICY ON FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURALLAND

4.1 Forestry Laws and Policies

4.1.1 Ministry of Forestry

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4.1.3 Community Forestry

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4.2.2 Customary Land Rights

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4.2.4 Case Study: Yuzana Concession in Hugawng Valley

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Burma’s Environment: People, Problems, Policies

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