BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS - Republic the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ... Ilocos Region 137.61 146.73 156.41 156.11 4.34 ... CALABARZON 149.33 164.74 159.65 160.93 2.68

GENDER‐BASED INDICATORS OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

Department of Agriculture BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 1184 Ben-Lor Bldg., Quezon Avenue, Quezon City

Tel. No.: +63(2) 372-3820 Fax. No.: +63(2) 372-3820

[email protected]

URL: http://bas.gov.ph

ISSN-2012-0435

OCTOBER 2010



TERMS OF USE Agricultural Indicators System (AIS) Report is a publication of the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS), Department of Agriculture. The BAS reserves exclusive right to reproduce this publication in whatever form. Should any portion of this publication be included in a report/article, the title of the publication and the BAS should be cited as the source of data. The BAS will not be responsible for any information derived from the processing of data contained in this publication.

ISSN‐2012‐0435

Please direct technical inquiries to the Office of the Director BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS Ben‐Lor Building, 1184 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines 1100 Email : [email protected] Website : www.bas.gov.ph



FOREWORD

This is Module 8 of the Agricultural Indicators System (AIS) report, which is published annually by the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS). The module is entitled Gender‐Based Indicators of Labor and Employment in Agriculture and it deals with indicators reflecting the extent of participation of males and females in the labor market, particularly in the agriculture sector. In addition, the module presents information on agricultural wages and involvement in various production activities. The statistical tables cover the years 2006 to 2009. The BAS continues to conduct review and improvement of the AIS to meet the demand for statistics and indicators of its clients and stakeholders. It welcomes suggestions and comments from readers on how this report can be further improved.

The BAS would like to acknowledge the sources of data used in this module. These are the National Statistics Office (NSO) and Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics (BLES).

ROMEO S. RECIDE Director

Quezon City. Philippines October 2010

i



Table 7.2aDaily real wage rate of male agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 121.72 122.42 122.43 122.28 0.15

CAR 126.26 124.35 129.99 132.22 1.58Ilocos Region 137.61 146.73 156.41 156.11 4.34Cagayan Valley 128.60 135.14 141.00 135.67 1.88Central Luzon 169.57 175.36 172.39 174.49 0.98CALABARZON 149.33 164.74 159.65 160.93 2.68MIMAROPA 134.83 135.53 136.95 139.70 1.19Bicol Region 109.57 111.95 111.01 106.83 -0.81Western Visayas 119.74 121.45 121.78 117.75 -0.54Central Visayas 97.67 102.72 96.48 95.88 -0.51Eastern Visayas 107.10 117.48 106.83 101.60 -1.42Zamboanga Peninsula 112.70 112.97 102.45 100.64 -3.61Northern Mindanao 112.85 114.65 113.96 111.61 -0.36Davao Region 107.91 107.16 102.51 99.47 -2.67SOCCSKSARGEN 116.48 116.98 112.36 110.47 -1.73Caraga 127.78 134.10 123.95 122.76 -1.19ARMM 117.49 111.66 106.26 103.80 -4.04

REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

33



Table 8.1bPercentage of farm households employing female workers, by farm activity,Philippines, 2006-2009

Plowing 0.53 0.21 0.46 0.52Harrowing 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.33Furrowing 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.11Levelling 0.07 0.02 0.04Care of seedlings - 0.07 -Land Preparation 0.44 0.21 0.04 0.21Pulling & bundling of seedlings 32.95 15.85 17.26 8.21Planting/transplanting 37.20 33.15 32.46 45.08Irrigation/watering 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.39Care of crops Mechanical weeding 0.07 0.05 0.05 9.48 Manual weeding 17.73 13.73 12.81 11.16 Fertilizer application 11.96 5.16 5.2 13.89 Spraying/chemical application 0.18 0.16 0.11 3.28 Picking of snail 0.18 0.02 0.04 0.15Off-barring 0.43 0.11 0.11 0.35Hilling-up 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.43Clearing of underbrush 0.05 0.42Rolling over of cover crops 0.04 -Harvesting 26.33 39.70 39.47 13.19Threshing 8.80 4.31 3.70 12.41Gathering/piling of nuts - 0.32 0.36 1.58Shelling 6.57 2.52 2.35 11.24Husking 0.20 0.09 0.09 0.42Spitting of nuts - 0.18 0.20 1.20Removal of coconut meat - 0.74 0.57 3.89Hauling 1.24 1.20 0.64 2.45Drying 1.57 1.07 1.01 1.05

FARM ACTIVITY 2007 200920082006

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii 36

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ i

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... iii


Table 1.1a Total male household population 15 years old and over by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 .................................... 9

Table 1.1b Total female household population 15 years old and over by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 .................................... 10

Table 2.1a Male labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............. 11

Table 2.1b Female labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ......... 12

Table 2.2a Male labor force participation rate, by region, Phillippines, 2006‐2009 .............................................................. 13

Table 2.2b Female labor force participation rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ................................................................ 14

Table 3.1a Number of employed males, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ...................................................................................... 15

Table 3.1b Number of employed females, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 16

Table 3.2a Male employment rate, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 17

Table 3.2b Female employment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 18

Table 4.1a Number of unemployed males, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 19

Table 4.1b Number of unemployed females, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 20

Table 4.2a Male unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 21

Table 4.2b Female unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 22



Table 8.1aPercentage of farm households employing male workers, by farm activity,Philippines, 2006-2009

Plowing 64.05 65.34 65.62 86.54Harrowing 47.82 50.04 51.21 65.64Furrowing 43.71 20.45 18.72 55.2Levelling 10.22 5.79 2.81 6.42Land Preparation 2.74 3.64 3.68 1.94Care of seedlings 0.25 0.23 0.05 7.64Pulling & bundling of seedlings 46.1 23 22.12 21.73Planting/transplanting 53.64 63.7 64.5 66.28Irrigation/watering 5.06 7.07 7.06 13.56Care of crops Mechanical weeding 1.29 1.39 1.05 46.36 Manual weeding 34.38 29.76 29.77 26.08 Fertilizer application 33.88 29.79 31.53 35.79 Spraying/chemical application 15.2 20.82 22.60 24.92 Picking of snail 0.75 0.14 0.14 12.67Off-barring 46 15.03 14.16 27.76Hilling-up 53.31 17.14 16.41 50.99Clearing of underbrush 37.55 4.96 4.88 27.93Rolling over of cover crops 9.7 0.99 1.09 6.94Harvesting 85.39 82.63 83.47 66.71Threshing 85.51 42.53 43.45 94.87Gathering/piling of nuts 72.15 8.59 7.9 40.64Shelling 48.07 16.12 16.57 52.92Husking 15.6 4.21 4.48 10.98Spitting of nuts 56.4 7.3 6.76 27.61Removal of coconut meat 54.57 6.77 6.46 49.31Hauling 60.19 52.21 43.88 80.90Drying 28.22 24.63 24.89 36.97

FARM ACTIVITY 2006 2007 20092008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

35 iv

Table 5.1a Number of visibly underemployed males, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 23

Table 5.1b Number of visibly underemployed females , by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 24

Table 5.2a Male visible underemployment rate, by region,Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 25

Table 5.2b Female visible underemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 26

Table 6.1a Number of employed males in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 27

Table 6.1b Number of employed females in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 28

Table 6.2a Proportion of employed males in agriculture to total male employment, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 .................. 29

Table 6.2b Proportion of employed females in agriculture to total female employment, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..... 30

Table 7.1a Daily nominal wage rate of male agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 31

Table 7.1b Daily nominal wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 32

Table 7.2a Daily real wage rate of male agricultural workers,by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 33

Table 7.2b Daily real wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 34

Table 8.1a Percentage of farm households employing male workers, by farm activity, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ................ 35

Table 8.1b Percentage of farm households employing female workers, by farm activity, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ................ 36



Table 7.2bDaily real wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 111.02 117.03 115.41 116.04 1.53

CAR 112.26 117.07 125.47 125.23 3.76Ilocos Region 127.45 132.91 145.25 146.54 4.82Cagayan Valley 124.98 130.90 136.59 134.18 2.44Central Luzon 139.82 149.17 148.14 150.63 2.56CALABARZON 140.35 156.49 150.23 129.96 -2.00MIMAROPA 120.83 131.46 127.39 126.08 1.56Bicol Region 108.91 111.50 120.50 118.39 2.90Western Visayas 104.96 111.85 111.53 111.14 1.98Central Visayas 88.06 97.30 91.20 91.59 1.55Eastern Visayas 92.86 113.17 104.01 99.06 3.01Zamboanga Peninsula 109.49 112.10 101.15 99.75 -2.92Northern Mindanao 107.17 110.08 104.62 100.60 -2.03Davao Region 101.91 103.34 98.02 94.37 -2.49SOCCSKSARGEN 111.23 112.45 107.14 106.76 -1.33Caraga 112.20 114.25 110.60 114.72 0.79ARMM 110.63 110.07 107.46 100.02 -3.27


34

G ENDER‐BASED I NDICATORS OF L ABOR AND E MPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE



Working Age Population Gender‐specific information on the number of persons, 15 years old and over, indicates the distribution of males and females who are available for work. This serves as Input for assessing the surplus and shortages of males and/ or females in the labor market and in the formulation and implementation of relevant programs and policies. In 2009, the working age population of 15 years and over in the country was estimated at 59.23 million of whom 29.46 million were males and 29.77 million were females. This grew by an annual average of more than 2.0 percent for both groups over the years 2006 to 2009. By region, NCR reported the biggest working age population at 3.69 million males and 4.08 million females. Annually, working age population grew by 1.7 percent for males while by 1.9 percent for females. The least count of working age population was recorded in CAR at half a million each of males and females. In this region, population of working age males increased by 2.7 percent and 2.4 percent for females.

Male working age population increased faster in MIMAROPA, Northern Mindanao and Caraga at 2.9 percent each. Likewise, MIMAROPA had the highest expansion of female working age population at 3.3 percent, followed by Bicol Region and SOCCSKSARGEN at 2.8 percent each. Increasing population of working age males and females were noted in the rest of the regions (Tables 1.1a and 1.1b). Labor Force

Sex‐disaggregated data on labor force gives the composition of population 15 year old and over, whether employed or unemployed, who contributed to the production of goods and services in the country. It also indicates the extent of males and females of working age who join the labor force stream.

1 32

Table 7.1bDaily nominal wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 153.10 165.95 178.89 185.66 6.66

CAR 157.17 166.95 194.85 201.61 8.80Ilocos Region 177.66 189.93 226.30 236.36 10.17Cagayan Valley 165.98 177.89 204.62 211.74 8.56Central Luzon 187.50 205.26 226.51 239.19 8.47CALABARZON 192.84 220.49 228.65 204.17 2.44MIMAROPA 160.71 180.63 193.13 197.06 7.12Bicol Region 147.78 156.43 185.10 190.13 8.97Western Visayas 140.75 154.35 170.76 178.27 8.23Central Visayas 125.58 141.77 147.38 152.04 6.67Eastern Visayas 123.60 155.16 162.04 162.75 10.14Zamboanga Peninsula 147.05 155.70 159.51 162.99 3.50Northern Mindanao 149.29 159.17 168.33 169.11 4.28Davao Region 143.39 149.64 156.45 157.59 3.21SOCCSKSARGEN 148.38 155.07 164.89 171.03 4.86Caraga 154.17 160.52 178.52 193.76 7.96ARMM 159.97 167.09 183.76 180.33 4.19

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008



The 2009 labor force comprised of 23.17 million males and 14.72 million females. Over the four‐ year period, male labor force expanded by an average of 2.0 percent while female labor force went up by 2.5 percent annually. Across the regions, the biggest number of males in the labor force was noted in CALABARZON at 2.8 million in 2009. The number rose by 1.9 percent per year. Female labor force was highest in NCR at 2.06 million in 2009 with yearly average increase of 1.4 percent. In contrast, labor force population in CAR consisted of only 0.42 million males and 0.29 million females. Correspondingly, the numbers went up by average growth rates of 2.4 percent and 2.1 percent annually. Male labor force grew at a faster rate in MIMAROPA at 3.0 percent and in Zamboanga Peninsula at 3.1 percent. Meanwhile, female labor force recorded an average yearly expansion of 5.4 percent in ARMM. This was 4.7 percent in MIMAROPA (Tables 2.1a and 2.1b). During the reference years, the labor force participation rates (LFPR) of males were consistently higher than those of the females. At the national level, male LFPR stood at 78.6 percent in 2009 which dropped by yearly average of 0.3 percent while female LFPR at 49.4 percent inched up by 0.1 percent. MIMAROPA posted the biggest male LFPR at 83.5 percent. It increased by an annual average of 0.1 percent. For females, LFPR was highest in Northern Mindanao at 58.3 percent and it declined by 1.0 percent yearly. The lowest LFPRs were reported by NCR for males at 73.6 percent and ARMM for females at 33.2 percent. The rate in NCR contracted by 0.5 percent while that in ARMM expanded by 2.6 percent. More regions exhibited declining LFPRs of males than females (Tables 2.2a and 2.2b). Employment Sex‐disaggregated data on employment indicates the rate of absorption of available males and females in the production of goods and services. It is also a measure of gender equality in the labor market.

31 2

Table 7.1aDaily nominal wage rate of male agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 167.86 173.59 189.77 195.65 5.28


REGION 2006 2007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2008 2009



The number of employed males reached 21.40 million in 2009 and posted an average yearly gain of 2.3 percent during the four‐year period. Employed females increased to 13.66 million and had an average increment of 2.7 percent per year. At the regional level, male employment was biggest in CALABARZON at 2.50 million and NCR at 2.34 million and each expanded by about 2.0 percent. The least number of employed males was noted in CAR at 0.40 million but it grew by 2.80 percent. MIMAROPA with 0.72 million employed males posted bigger growth of 3.3 percent. Meanwhile, female employment was bigger in NCR and CALABARZON numbered at more than 1.8 million each with corresponding employment gains of 1.9 percent and 2.7 percent. Similarly, CAR had the lowest number of employed females at 0.28 million. However, the number was growing by an average of 2.0 percent yearly. Despite the lesser female employment in ARMM, it expanded by 6.7 percent. Employment of both males and females was increasing in the rest of the regions (Tables 3.1a and 3.1b). The 2009 national employment rates (ERs) were 92.4 percent for males and 92.8 percent for females. These registered average annual gains of 0.2 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively. Across regions, high employment rates (ER) for males were observed in ARMM at 98.7 percent and for females in Cagayan Valley at 96.9 percent. Male ER in ARMM grew by 0.5 percent while female ER in Cagayan Valley rose by 0.2 percent. In contrast, the least employment rate was registered in NCR at 86.1 percent for males and 88.6 percent for females and these inched up by 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent, respectively. Decreasing ERs of both males and females were reported in Western and Eastern Visayas. In addition, downtrends in the female ERs were noted in CALABARZON, Bicol Region, Zamboanga Peninsula and Caraga (Tables 3.2a and 3.2b). Unemployment Unemployment by sex indicates the incapacity of the labor market to absorb the available males and females to contribute to production activities.

3 30

Table 6.2bProportion of employed females in agriculture to total female employment, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 23.6 23.2 23.2 22.5 -1.6

NCR 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 -11.1CAR 51.7 49.6 52.2 49.1 -1.6Ilocos Region 28.1 25.3 25.1 24.8 -4.0Cagayan Valley 51.6 49.9 48.1 48.5 -2.0Central Luzon 10.7 11.4 11.3 10.8 0.4CALABARZON 9.5 9.3 8.8 9.1 -1.4MIMAROPA 40.3 38.7 38.2 36.4 -3.3Bicol Region 27.0 27.3 27.7 24.7 -2.8Western Visayas 29.6 28.6 28.2 25.8 -4.4Central Visayas 22.3 23.4 24.7 24.7 3.5Eastern Visayas 30.0 28.2 27.1 26.0 -4.7Zamboanga Peninsula 41.3 40.6 38.9 39.8 -1.2Northern Mindanao 37.0 34.2 35.7 34.8 -1.9Davao Region 28.5 28.0 29.0 27.6 -1.0SOCCSKSARGEN 36.1 36.0 37.0 35.9 -0.2Caraga 30.4 29.6 30.4 29.1 -1.4ARMM 54.3 60.1 56.3 57.5 2.2

GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009



Nationwide, there were 1.77 million unemployed males and 1.06 million unemployed females in 2009. Unemployment of males contracted by 0.4 percent while that of the females rose by 1.1 percent during the reference years. Majority of the unemployed persons were found in NCR consisting of 0.38 million males and 0.24 million females. Unemployment levels went down by 2.5 percent for males and 1.4 percent for females. CAR, Cagayan Valley and ARMM accounted for the least numbers of unemployed which ranged from 11,000 to 25,000 males and 14,000 to 16,000 females. ARMM exhibited bigger reduction in the unemployment averaging 21.2 percent for males and 11.2 percent for females over the four‐year period. Declining unemployment levels of both sexes were also noted in Central Luzon, Northern Mindanao, Davao Region and SOCCSKSARGEN. Meanwhile, unemployment increases were highest in Eastern Visayas at 9.5 percent for males and Zamboanga Peninsula at 8.1 percent for females (Tables 4.1a and 4.1b). In 2009, the country’s unemployment rate (UR) of males remained at 7.6 percent, higher than that of female at 7.2 percent. The rates were decreasing by 2.4 percent for males and 1.7 percent for females. By region, NCR topped in male and female URs at 13.9 percent and 11.4 percent, respectively. The region’s URs registered average declines of 3.7 percent for males and 2.7 percent for females. The lowest UR of males was noted in ARMM at 1.3 percent. For females, UR was least in Cagayan Valley at 3.1 percent. Both male and female URs were going down in Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Northern Mindanao, Davao Region, ARMM and SOCCSKSARGEN. The declines were biggest in ARMM at 22.8 percent for males and 15.8 percent for females. Significant increment of male UR was observed in Eastern Visayas at 6.3 percent. In Caraga, female UR had gone up by 5.9 percent (Tables 4.2a and 4.2b). Visible Underemployment Persons who are visibly underemployed are those who work for less than 40 hours during the reference week and are still wanting additional hours of work.

29 4

Table 6.2aProportion of employed males in agriculture to total male employment,by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 43.5 42.7 42.9 41.9 -1.2

NCR 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 -4.5CAR 58.6 57.9 57.5 57.5 -0.6Ilocos Region 48.8 47.1 47.0 47.2 -1.1Cagayan Valley 66.7 65.4 64.7 65.3 -0.7Central Luzon 30.0 29.5 29.4 28.9 -1.2CALABARZON 25.7 24.5 25.0 24.0 -2.2MIMAROPA 63.7 62.0 62.3 62.3 -0.7Bicol Region 56.8 54.7 56.4 54.0 -1.6Western Visayas 52.0 52.5 52.5 49.3 -1.7Central Visayas 39.2 37.6 38.0 37.4 -1.5Eastern Visayas 60.2 59.4 58.9 57.2 -1.7Zamboanga Peninsula 60.8 59.6 58.6 57.9 -1.6Northern Mindanao 52.2 51.7 52.2 50.0 -1.4Davao Region 51.3 50.6 50.9 48.9 -1.6SOCCSKSARGEN 62.3 61.9 61.5 61.2 -0.6Caraga 52.9 51.8 51.6 49.5 -2.2ARMM 77.5 78.4 78.1 77.4 -0.1


REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009



In 2009, the country’s visibly underemployed persons consisted of 2.79 million males and 1.35 million females. Correspondingly, the numbers posted negative growth rates which averaged 2.7 percent for males and 3.2 percent for females. Most underemployed persons were found in Western Visayas with 0.37 million males and 0.16 million females. The numbers were increasing by 3.6 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively. In contrast, CAR had only 31,000 males and 21,000 females who were visibly underemployed in 2009. Average reduction of 3.9 percent was noted for males while it was 4.1 percent for females. Most of the regions experienced decreasing underemployment of males and females throughout the reference years. The biggest increments in visible underemployment were registered in MIMAROPA at 9.4 percent for males and 8.0 percent for females (Tables 5.1a and 5.1b). The 2009 national underemployment rate of males slid to 13.0 percent. It was going down by an average of 4.9 percent yearly. In the same year, female underemployment rate was 9.8 percent. It contracted by 5.8 percent per year. Bicol Region topped in the underemployment rates at 25.4 percent for males and 18.2 percent for females. These rates declined by more than 3.0 percent each. NCR had the lowest male and female underemployment rates at 4.7 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively. These recorded average declines of around 12 percent each yearly. Again, MIMAROPA exhibited the highest increments in the underemployment rates at 5.8 percent in males and 3.3 percent in females. Most regions exhibited downtrends in underemployment in levels and rates for both sexes (Tables 5.2a and 5.2b). Employment in Agriculture Information on the employment of male and female agricultural workers indicates gender differences in the use of agricultural labor.

5 28

Table 6.1bNumber of employed females in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 2,973 3,022 3,047 3,078 1.2

NCR 6 5 3 3 -18.9CAR 135 136 142 136 0.3Ilocos Region 168 157 157 165 -0.5Cagayan Valley 245 247 233 244 0.0Central Luzon 129 142 145 145 4.1CALABARZON 158 161 151 163 1.2MIMAROPA 164 162 165 170 1.2Bicol Region 190 195 204 186 -0.5Western Visayas 318 314 306 294 -2.6Central Visayas 228 250 272 278 6.9Eastern Visayas 180 170 160 162 -3.4Zamboanga Peninsula 184 190 188 200 2.9Northern Mindanao 263 248 260 261 -0.2Davao Region 170 166 178 170 0.1SOCCSKSARGEN 184 192 200 208 4.2Caraga 105 102 107 105 0.1ARMM 146 185 175 187 9.4


REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009



Male dominated employment in agriculture by around 75 percent. In 2009, there were about 8.96 million males and 3.08 million females employed in agriculture. The numbers expanded by an average of 1.0 percent each annually over the years 2006 to 2009. Across regions, Western Visayas recorded the biggest number of agricultural workers at 0.86 million males and 0.29 million females. On the average, employment of males in the region grew by 0.1 percent while that of the females declined by 2.6 percent annually. NCR posted the least numbers of male and female workers in agriculture at 28,000 and 3,000, respectively. The region’s employment was going down at 1.9 percent for males and 18.9 percent for females. Declining agricultural employment of both sexes was noted in Bicol Region. CALABARZON exhibited declining male employment. Meanwhile, the numbers of female agricultural workers dropped in Ilocos Region, Eastern Visayas and Northern Mindanao. Employment growth among the males was biggest in CAR, MIMAROPA and SOCCSKSARGEN at more than 2.0 percent each. On the average, the number of female agricultural workers grew at a faster rate in ARMM at 9.4 percent (Tables 6.1a and 6.1b).

Of the total male employment, the proportion of employed males in agriculture went down to 41.9 percent in 2009. This decreased by an average of 1.2 percent annually. On the other hand, the proportion of female agricultural workers to total female employment went down to 22.5 percent by 1.6 percent annually.

ARMM contributed the highest proportions of agricultural employment to total employment at 77.4 percent for male workers and 57.5 percent for female workers. The proportion was declining for males by 0.1 percent while it was increasing for females by 2.2 percent. In contrast, NCR had the least proportions of agricultural employment and it also posted the highest average reduction for both sexes. Decreasing proportions of male agricultural workers were observed in all regions. For females, the proportions were declining except in Central Luzon, C t l Vi d ARMM (T bl 6 d 6 b)

27 6

Table 6.1aNumber of employed males in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 8,709 8,764 8,983 8,965 1.0

NCR 30 30 26 28 -1.9CAR 217 224 227 231 2.1Ilocos Region 546 532 549 569 1.4Cagayan Valley 562 562 560 588 1.5Central Luzon 628 638 647 650 1.2CALABARZON 608 596 612 600 -0.4MIMAROPA 417 420 437 449 2.5Bicol Region 692 682 712 689 -0.1Western Visayas 861 884 899 861 0.1Central Visayas 572 567 579 578 0.4Eastern Visayas 580 588 601 594 0.8Zamboanga Peninsula 475 477 487 496 1.5Northern Mindanao 521 520 554 540 1.3Davao Region 524 534 551 533 0.6SOCCSKSARGEN 581 597 611 628 2.6Caraga 301 298 309 305 0.5ARMM 594 615 622 627 1.8

-Details may not add up to totals due to rounding

REGION 2006 2007 2008GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2009



Central Visayas and ARMM (Tables 6.2a and 6.2b). Agricultural Wage Rates Agricultural wage rate is an indicator of progress and welfare of agricultural workers. It tracks the rate of payment received by workers on the basis of some units of payment for services rendered in farm operations. Sex‐disaggregated information on wage rates indicates the wage differential between male and female workers in agriculture. The wage rates for male agricultural workers were higher than those for the female workers. In 2009, the nominal wage rate of males averaged P195.65 per day, higher by P9.99 from the female wage rate of P185.66 per day. Over the four‐year period, the agricultural wage rates of males moved up at a slower rate of 5.28 percent compared to that of the females which increased by 6.66 percent annually. In real terms, the daily wage rates paid to male and female agricultural workers in 2009 were estimated at P122.28 and P116.04, respectively. There was a wage differential of P6.04 per day. The average yearly increases in real wages were 0.15 percent for males and 1.53 percent for females. By region, Central Luzon reported the highest daily nominal wage rates in 2009 at P277.08 for males and P239.19 for females. These went up by annual averages of 6.82 percent and 8.47 percent, respectively. Real wage rates of males were computed at P174.49 per day and that of females, at P150.63 per day. The corresponding wage rates recorded average growth rates of 0.98 percent and 2.56 percent. On the contrary, the lowest nominal daily wage rates paid to male and female agricultural workers were observed in Central Visayas at more than P150. Annual wage rate gains were 4.57 percent for males and 6.67 percent for females. In real terms, the wage rates were less than P100 per day for both sexes. There was an average decline of 0.51 percent in the male wage rates while wages for the females increased by 1.55 percent annually. For both sexes, the nominal wage rates exhibited uptrends in all regions.

d i l d i i h

7 26

Table 5.2bFemale visible underemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 11.8 10.1 9.7 9.8 -5.8

NCR 6.0 4.8 3.9 3.9 -12.9CAR 10.0 7.3 9.6 7.6 -5.4Ilocos Region 12.9 9.5 10.5 9.2 -9.4Cagayan Valley 16.4 10.1 11.4 9.5 -14.1Central Luzon 7.7 5.0 4.4 4.0 -18.7CALABARZON 8.8 6.8 7.0 8.7 1.5MIMAROPA 15.2 16.2 17.1 16.7 3.3Bicol Region 20.5 19.3 18.1 18.2 -3.8Western Visayas 14.7 13.8 13.3 14.3 -0.7Central Visayas 9.4 7.9 7.0 7.5 -6.7Eastern Visayas 17.5 14.0 14.2 14.3 -6.0Zamboanga Peninsula 14.6 13.7 11.4 14.3 0.8Northern Mindanao 17.9 16.1 14.0 15.4 -4.4Davao Region 11.2 9.0 9.1 9.7 -4.0SOCCSKSARGEN 14.9 12.6 13.3 10.5 -10.3Caraga 11.6 12.2 12.8 12.5 2.6ARMM 11.2 15.9 12.9 9.2 -1.9

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008



Downtrends in real wage rates were noted in some regions. These were mostly observed in the agricultural wage rates of males than in female workers (Tables 7.1a‐7.1b and 7.2a ‐7.2b). Participation in Farming Activities The extent of participation of male and female workers in agriculture describes the level of involvement and the roles of male and females in agricultural production. Generally, the involvement of male workers in various agricultural activities was higher than that of female workers. Based on the 2009 results of the Agricultural Labor Survey (ALS), the participation of male worker was highest in plowing, threshing and hauling as reported by 81 to 95 percent of the farming households. Around 66 percent cited the use of male workers in harrowing, planting/transplanting and harvesting. Female workers were actively engaged in planting/transplanting with 45 percent reporting. The services of female labor were also noted in manual weeding, fertilizer application, harvesting, threshing and shelling. This was reported by 11 to 14 percent of the farming households (Tables 8.1a and 8.1b).

25 8

Table 5.2aMale visible underemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 15.2 13.3 13.1 13.0 -4.9

NCR 7.0 5.0 4.6 4.7 -11.5CAR 10.0 7.0 8.1 7.7 -6.4Ilocos Region 14.7 12.2 11.7 11.9 -6.5Cagayan Valley 18.3 12.1 13.4 11.2 -13.2Central Luzon 8.6 6.7 5.9 5.4 -14.2CALABARZON 12.4 10.2 10.1 11.0 -3.3MIMAROPA 17.1 18.5 20.5 20.2 5.8Bicol Region 28.3 26.5 26.5 25.4 -3.5Western Visayas 20.1 19.4 19.3 21.1 1.8Central Visayas 10.8 10.1 9.2 9.2 -5.1Eastern Visayas 22.5 19.8 20.1 19.1 -5.2Zamboanga Peninsula 19.7 17.1 16.1 17.1 -4.3Northern Mindanao 22.4 19.3 16.7 17.5 -7.5Davao Region 16.2 13.4 13.2 13.6 -5.2SOCCSKSARGEN 18.4 17.0 16.5 14.2 -8.2Caraga 17.9 16.3 18.9 19.8 3.9ARMM 9.5 12.2 11.4 9.6 2.0

REGIONGROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2006 2007 2008 2009



9 24

Table 1.1a Total male household population 15 years old and over by region,Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 27,521 28,184 28,784 29,464 2.3

NCR 3,503 3,564 3,638 3,686 1.7CAR 503 521 537 545 2.7Ilocos Region 1,547 1,576 1,619 1,676 2.7Cagayan Valley 1,041 1,066 1,091 1,115 2.3Central Luzon 3,016 3,081 3,125 3,209 2.1CALABARZON 3,428 3,515 3,585 3,670 2.3MIMAROPA 827 845 872 901 2.9Bicol Region 1,579 1,621 1,649 1,685 2.2Western Visayas 2,252 2,312 2,372 2,422 2.5Central Visayas 2,087 2,135 2,150 2,221 2.1Eastern Visayas 1,246 1,292 1,333 1,354 2.8Zamboanga Peninsula 1,001 1,026 1,053 1,078 2.5Northern Mindanao 1,270 1,307 1,348 1,382 2.9Davao Region 1,341 1,370 1,389 1,412 1.7SOCCSKSARGEN 1,200 1,232 1,261 1,299 2.7Caraga 741 758 781 808 2.9ARMM 939 963 983 1,004 2.3

REGION 2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2006 2007 2008

Table 5.1bNumber of visibly underemployed females, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 1,494 1,312 1,274 1,345 -3.2

NCR 104 86 69 71 -11.4CAR 26 20 26 21 -4.1Ilocos Region 77 59 66 61 -6.4Cagayan Valley 78 50 55 48 -12.9Central Luzon 93 62 56 53 -16.1CALABARZON 146 117 120 156 4.2MIMAROPA 62 68 74 78 8.0Bicol Region 144 138 133 137 -1.6Western Visayas 158 151 145 163 1.3Central Visayas 96 85 77 84 -3.9Eastern Visayas 105 84 84 89 -4.7Zamboanga Peninsula 65 64 55 72 5.1Northern Mindanao 127 117 102 116 -2.3Davao Region 67 53 56 60 -2.7SOCCSKSARGEN 76 67 72 61 -6.6Caraga 40 42 45 45 4.0ARMM 30 49 40 30 6.7


2007 2008



23 10

Table 1.1b Total female household population 15 years old and over by region,Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 27,708 28,381 29,064 29,773 2.4

NCR 3,860 3,946 4,000 4,078 1.9CAR 487 503 514 523 2.4Ilocos Region 1,541 1,565 1,595 1,640 2.1Cagayan Valley 971 989 1,017 1,035 2.2Central Luzon 3,075 3,147 3,243 3,322 2.6CALABARZON 3,624 3,719 3,830 3,926 2.7MIMAROPA 792 810 837 872 3.3Bicol Region 1,525 1,551 1,595 1,657 2.8Western Visayas 2,236 2,281 2,335 2,391 2.3Central Visayas 2,128 2,178 2,231 2,285 2.4Eastern Visayas 1,206 1,244 1,270 1,304 2.6Zamboanga Peninsula 972 996 1,019 1,032 2.0Northern Mindanao 1,250 1,289 1,320 1,354 2.7Davao Region 1,270 1,297 1,329 1,347 2.0SOCCSKSARGEN 1,117 1,155 1,173 1,214 2.8Caraga 709 727 751 766 2.6ARMM 950 985 1,005 1,027 2.6


2006 2007 2008

Table 5.1aNumber of visibly underemployed males, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 3,038 2,731 2,744 2,790 -2.7

NCR 154 115 106 110 -9.8CAR 37 27 32 31 -3.9Ilocos Region 164 138 137 143 -4.1Cagayan Valley 154 104 116 101 -11.3Central Luzon 179 144 130 122 -11.8CALABARZON 294 248 248 276 -1.5MIMAROPA 112 125 144 146 9.4Bicol Region 345 330 334 324 -2.0Western Visayas 333 326 331 369 3.6Central Visayas 158 152 141 142 -3.4Eastern Visayas 217 196 205 198 -2.8Zamboanga Peninsula 154 137 134 146 -1.4Northern Mindanao 224 194 177 189 -5.1Davao Region 166 141 143 148 -3.4SOCCSKSARGEN 172 164 164 146 -5.2Caraga 102 94 113 122 6.8ARMM 73 96 91 78 4.0



20072006 2008



Table 4.2bFemale unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 7.6 7.0 7.1 7.2 -1.7

NCR 12.5 10.9 11.4 11.4 -2.7CAR 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.8 3.5Ilocos Region 8.3 7.9 7.2 7.5 -3.2Cagayan Valley 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.1 -5.5Central Luzon 9.4 9.4 8.5 8.4 -3.6CALABARZON 8.5 7.8 8.7 9.3 3.4MIMAROPA 4.9 4.1 5.7 4.7 1.7Bicol Region 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.2 3.5Western Visayas 6.0 5.6 6.4 6.4 2.5Central Visayas 6.0 5.6 6.1 6.5 2.9Eastern Visayas 5.2 5.2 4.8 5.6 3.0Zamboanga Peninsula 3.7 4.1 3.6 4.0 3.2Northern Mindanao 5.6 5.7 4.6 4.8 -4.4Davao Region 7.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 -5.7SOCCSKSARGEN 6.8 5.3 5.2 4.6 -11.8Caraga 5.5 6.0 5.9 6.5 5.9ARMM 7.9 6.4 5.2 4.7 -15.8

2008 2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007

11 22

Table 2.1aMale labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 21,811 22,217 22,673 23,173 2.0

NCR 2,618 2,634 2,675 2,713 1.2CAR 392 405 415 421 2.4Ilocos Region 1,227 1,238 1,278 1,320 2.5Cagayan Valley 868 884 896 925 2.1Central Luzon 2,353 2,410 2,434 2,494 2.0CALABARZON 2,660 2,709 2,751 2,818 1.9MIMAROPA 688 705 725 752 3.0Bicol Region 1,291 1,310 1,332 1,353 1.6Western Visayas 1,774 1,812 1,849 1,883 2.0Central Visayas 1,597 1,622 1,650 1,684 1.8Eastern Visayas 1,009 1,038 1,066 1,097 2.8Zamboanga Peninsula 808 830 861 885 3.1Northern Mindanao 1,058 1,071 1,115 1,135 2.4Davao Region 1,096 1,119 1,145 1,154 1.7SOCCSKSARGEN 981 1,009 1,036 1,068 2.9Caraga 602 617 634 650 2.6ARMM 789 805 810 821 1.3


2007REGIONGROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2006 2008 2009



Table 2.1b

Female labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 13,653 13,995 14,132 14,719 2.5

NCR 1,977 2,002 2,010 2,062 1.4CAR 273 285 284 290 2.1Ilocos Region 652 673 676 719 3.3Cagayan Valley 493 512 502 519 1.8Central Luzon 1,334 1,378 1,406 1,462 3.1CALABARZON 1,821 1,869 1,872 1,985 2.9MIMAROPA 428 437 457 491 4.7Bicol Region 746 760 784 802 2.4Western Visayas 1,141 1,162 1,160 1,216 2.2Central Visayas 1,089 1,134 1,170 1,206 3.5Eastern Visayas 635 635 620 661 1.4Zamboanga Peninsula 463 488 501 524 4.2Northern Mindanao 753 770 763 790 1.6Davao Region 646 633 655 658 0.6SOCCSKSARGEN 546 563 572 608 3.7Caraga 365 367 373 387 2.0ARMM 292 329 328 341 5.4

2006 2008GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2007 2009REGION

Table 4.2aMale unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 8.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 -2.4

NCR 15.8 13.2 14.2 13.9 -3.7CAR 5.6 4.4 4.8 4.5 -6.2Ilocos Region 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.6 -1.1Cagayan Valley 2.9 2.8 3.5 2.7 -0.4Central Luzon 11.2 10.4 9.7 9.7 -4.6CALABARZON 11.1 10.2 10.9 11.2 0.5MIMAROPA 4.8 4.0 3.3 4.3 -1.3Bicol Region 5.7 4.9 5.3 5.6 -0.1Western Visayas 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.3 2.9Central Visayas 8.5 7.2 7.6 8.2 -0.6Eastern Visayas 4.5 4.6 4.3 5.3 6.3Zamboanga Peninsula 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 1.1Northern Mindanao 5.7 6.2 4.8 4.9 -3.9Davao Region 6.8 5.7 5.5 5.6 -6.0SOCCSKSARGEN 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.8 -8.1Caraga 5.5 6.8 5.5 5.4 0.9ARMM 2.9 2.6 1.7 1.3 -22.8


2006 2007 2008 2009

21 12



Table 2.2a

Male labor force participation rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 79.3 78.8 78.8 78.6 -0.3

NCR 74.7 73.9 73.5 73.6 -0.5CAR 77.9 77.7 77.3 77.2 -0.3Ilocos Region 79.3 78.6 78.9 78.8 -0.2Cagayan Valley 83.4 82.9 82.1 83.0 -0.2Central Luzon 78.0 78.2 77.9 77.7 -0.1CALABARZON 77.6 77.1 76.7 76.8 -0.3MIMAROPA 83.2 83.4 83.1 83.5 0.1Bicol Region 81.8 80.8 80.8 80.3 -0.6Western Visayas 78.8 78.4 78.0 77.7 -0.5Central Visayas 76.6 76.0 76.7 75.8 -0.3Eastern Visayas 81.0 80.3 80.0 81.0 0.0Zamboanga Peninsula 80.7 80.9 81.8 82.1 0.6Northern Mindanao 83.3 81.9 82.7 82.1 -0.5Davao Region 81.7 81.7 82.4 81.7 0.0SOCCSKSARGEN 81.8 81.9 82.2 82.2 0.2Caraga 81.2 81.4 81.2 80.4 -0.3ARMM 84.0 83.6 82.4 81.8 -0.9

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008

Table 4.1bNumber of unemployed females, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 1,031 978 1,002 1,062 1.1

NCR 248 219 229 236 -1.4CAR 12 11 12 14 5.8Ilocos Region 54 53 49 54 0.3Cagayan Valley 18 17 17 16 -3.8Central Luzon 126 129 120 123 -0.7CALABARZON 155 146 163 184 6.2MIMAROPA 21 18 26 23 6.2Bicol Region 42 45 47 50 6.0Western Visayas 68 65 74 78 4.9Central Visayas 65 64 72 78 6.4Eastern Visayas 33 33 30 37 4.7Zamboanga Peninsula 17 20 18 21 8.1Northern Mindanao 42 44 35 38 -2.4Davao Region 50 41 42 42 -5.2SOCCSKSARGEN 37 30 30 28 -8.5Caraga 20 22 22 25 7.9ARMM 23 21 17 16 -11.2

2006GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 20092007 2008

13 20



Table 2.2b

Female labor force participation rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 49.3 49.3 48.6 49.4 0.1

NCR 51.2 50.7 50.3 50.6 -0.4CAR 56.0 56.7 55.3 55.4 -0.3Ilocos Region 42.3 43.0 42.4 43.8 1.2Cagayan Valley 50.8 51.8 49.4 50.1 -0.4Central Luzon 43.4 43.8 43.4 44.0 0.5CALABARZON 50.3 50.3 48.9 50.6 0.2MIMAROPA 54.1 54.0 54.6 56.3 1.3Bicol Region 48.9 49.0 49.2 48.4 -0.3Western Visayas 51.0 50.9 49.7 50.9 0.0Central Visayas 51.2 52.1 52.4 52.8 1.0Eastern Visayas 52.6 51.0 48.8 50.7 -1.2Zamboanga Peninsula 47.7 48.8 49.2 50.8 2.1Northern Mindanao 60.2 59.7 57.8 58.3 -1.0Davao Region 50.9 48.8 49.3 48.8 -1.4SOCCSKSARGEN 48.9 48.7 48.8 50.1 0.8Caraga 51.5 50.5 49.7 50.5 -0.6ARMM 30.8 33.4 32.6 33.2 2.6

20092006 2007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2008

Table 4.1aNumber of unemployed males, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 1,798 1,675 1,714 1,770 -0.4

NCR 414 347 379 377 -2.5CAR 22 18 20 19 -4.0Ilocos Region 109 108 110 114 1.5Cagayan Valley 25 25 31 25 1.5Central Luzon 263 250 235 241 -2.8CALABARZON 295 277 300 316 2.5MIMAROPA 33 28 24 32 1.3Bicol Region 73 64 71 76 1.9Western Visayas 118 129 136 138 5.4Central Visayas 136 116 125 138 1.2Eastern Visayas 45 48 46 58 9.5Zamboanga Peninsula 27 29 30 30 3.6Northern Mindanao 60 66 54 56 -1.5Davao Region 74 64 63 65 -4.0SOCCSKSARGEN 48 44 43 41 -5.1Caraga 33 42 35 35 3.5ARMM 23 21 14 11 -21.2


2007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 20092008

19 14



Table 3.1a

Number of employed males, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 20,013 20,542 20,959 21,404 2.3

NCR 2,204 2,287 2,295 2,336 2.0CAR 370 387 395 402 2.8Ilocos Region 1,118 1,130 1,169 1,206 2.6Cagayan Valley 843 859 866 901 2.3Central Luzon 2,090 2,160 2,199 2,253 2.5CALABARZON 2,365 2,432 2,451 2,502 1.9MIMAROPA 655 677 701 721 3.3Bicol Region 1,218 1,246 1,262 1,277 1.6Western Visayas 1,656 1,683 1,712 1,745 1.8Central Visayas 1,461 1,506 1,525 1,547 1.9Eastern Visayas 964 990 1,020 1,039 2.5Zamboanga Peninsula 781 801 831 856 3.1Northern Mindanao 998 1,005 1,061 1,080 2.7Davao Region 1,022 1,055 1,082 1,089 2.1SOCCSKSARGEN 933 965 994 1,026 3.2Caraga 569 575 599 616 2.7ARMM 766 784 796 810 1.9



2008REGION 2006 2007 2009

Table 3.2bFemale employment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 92.4 93.0 92.9 92.8 0.1

NCR 87.5 89.1 88.7 88.6 0.4CAR 95.6 96.1 95.8 95.5 0.0Ilocos Region 91.7 92.1 92.6 92.6 0.3Cagayan Valley 96.3 96.7 96.4 96.9 0.2Central Luzon 90.6 90.6 91.5 91.6 0.4CALABARZON 91.5 92.2 91.2 90.7 -0.3MIMAROPA 95.1 95.9 94.5 95.1 0.0Bicol Region 94.4 94.1 93.9 93.8 -0.2Western Visayas 94.0 94.4 93.7 93.6 -0.1Central Visayas 94.0 94.4 93.9 93.4 -0.2Eastern Visayas 94.8 94.8 95.2 94.4 -0.1Zamboanga Peninsula 96.3 95.9 96.4 96.0 -0.1Northern Mindanao 94.4 94.3 95.4 95.1 0.2Davao Region 92.3 93.5 93.6 93.8 0.5SOCCSKSARGEN 93.2 94.7 94.6 95.4 0.8Caraga 94.5 94.0 94.4 93.3 -0.4ARMM 92.1 93.6 94.8 95.3 1.1

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008

15 18



17 16

Table 3.1bNumber of employed females, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 12,622 13,018 13,130 13,657 2.7


20092007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2008REGION 2006

Table 3.2aMale employment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 91.8 92.5 92.4 92.4 0.2

NCR 84.2 86.8 85.8 86.1 0.8CAR 94.4 95.6 95.2 95.5 0.4Ilocos Region 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.4 0.1Cagayan Valley 97.1 97.2 96.7 97.4 0.1Central Luzon 88.8 89.6 90.3 90.3 0.6CALABARZON 88.9 89.8 89.1 88.8 0.0MIMAROPA 95.2 96.0 96.7 95.9 0.2Bicol Region 94.3 95.1 94.7 94.4 0.0Western Visayas 93.3 92.9 92.6 92.7 -0.2Central Visayas 91.5 92.8 92.4 91.9 0.1Eastern Visayas 95.5 95.4 95.7 94.7 -0.3Zamboanga Peninsula 96.7 96.5 96.5 96.7 0.0Northern Mindanao 94.3 93.8 95.2 95.2 0.3Davao Region 93.2 94.3 94.5 94.4 0.4SOCCSKSARGEN 95.1 95.6 95.9 96.1 0.3Caraga 94.5 93.2 94.5 94.8 0.1ARMM 97.1 97.4 98.3 98.7 0.5


2006 2007 2008 2009



17 16

Table 3.1bNumber of employed females, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 12,622 13,018 13,130 13,657 2.7


20092007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2008REGION 2006

Table 3.2aMale employment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 91.8 92.5 92.4 92.4 0.2

NCR 84.2 86.8 85.8 86.1 0.8CAR 94.4 95.6 95.2 95.5 0.4Ilocos Region 91.1 91.3 91.5 91.4 0.1Cagayan Valley 97.1 97.2 96.7 97.4 0.1Central Luzon 88.8 89.6 90.3 90.3 0.6CALABARZON 88.9 89.8 89.1 88.8 0.0MIMAROPA 95.2 96.0 96.7 95.9 0.2Bicol Region 94.3 95.1 94.7 94.4 0.0Western Visayas 93.3 92.9 92.6 92.7 -0.2Central Visayas 91.5 92.8 92.4 91.9 0.1Eastern Visayas 95.5 95.4 95.7 94.7 -0.3Zamboanga Peninsula 96.7 96.5 96.5 96.7 0.0Northern Mindanao 94.3 93.8 95.2 95.2 0.3Davao Region 93.2 94.3 94.5 94.4 0.4SOCCSKSARGEN 95.1 95.6 95.9 96.1 0.3Caraga 94.5 93.2 94.5 94.8 0.1ARMM 97.1 97.4 98.3 98.7 0.5


2006 2007 2008 2009



Table 3.1a

Number of employed males, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 20,013 20,542 20,959 21,404 2.3

NCR 2,204 2,287 2,295 2,336 2.0CAR 370 387 395 402 2.8Ilocos Region 1,118 1,130 1,169 1,206 2.6Cagayan Valley 843 859 866 901 2.3Central Luzon 2,090 2,160 2,199 2,253 2.5CALABARZON 2,365 2,432 2,451 2,502 1.9MIMAROPA 655 677 701 721 3.3Bicol Region 1,218 1,246 1,262 1,277 1.6Western Visayas 1,656 1,683 1,712 1,745 1.8Central Visayas 1,461 1,506 1,525 1,547 1.9Eastern Visayas 964 990 1,020 1,039 2.5Zamboanga Peninsula 781 801 831 856 3.1Northern Mindanao 998 1,005 1,061 1,080 2.7Davao Region 1,022 1,055 1,082 1,089 2.1SOCCSKSARGEN 933 965 994 1,026 3.2Caraga 569 575 599 616 2.7ARMM 766 784 796 810 1.9



2008REGION 2006 2007 2009

Table 3.2bFemale employment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 92.4 93.0 92.9 92.8 0.1

NCR 87.5 89.1 88.7 88.6 0.4CAR 95.6 96.1 95.8 95.5 0.0Ilocos Region 91.7 92.1 92.6 92.6 0.3Cagayan Valley 96.3 96.7 96.4 96.9 0.2Central Luzon 90.6 90.6 91.5 91.6 0.4CALABARZON 91.5 92.2 91.2 90.7 -0.3MIMAROPA 95.1 95.9 94.5 95.1 0.0Bicol Region 94.4 94.1 93.9 93.8 -0.2Western Visayas 94.0 94.4 93.7 93.6 -0.1Central Visayas 94.0 94.4 93.9 93.4 -0.2Eastern Visayas 94.8 94.8 95.2 94.4 -0.1Zamboanga Peninsula 96.3 95.9 96.4 96.0 -0.1Northern Mindanao 94.4 94.3 95.4 95.1 0.2Davao Region 92.3 93.5 93.6 93.8 0.5SOCCSKSARGEN 93.2 94.7 94.6 95.4 0.8Caraga 94.5 94.0 94.4 93.3 -0.4ARMM 92.1 93.6 94.8 95.3 1.1

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008

15 18



Table 2.2b

Female labor force participation rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 49.3 49.3 48.6 49.4 0.1

NCR 51.2 50.7 50.3 50.6 -0.4CAR 56.0 56.7 55.3 55.4 -0.3Ilocos Region 42.3 43.0 42.4 43.8 1.2Cagayan Valley 50.8 51.8 49.4 50.1 -0.4Central Luzon 43.4 43.8 43.4 44.0 0.5CALABARZON 50.3 50.3 48.9 50.6 0.2MIMAROPA 54.1 54.0 54.6 56.3 1.3Bicol Region 48.9 49.0 49.2 48.4 -0.3Western Visayas 51.0 50.9 49.7 50.9 0.0Central Visayas 51.2 52.1 52.4 52.8 1.0Eastern Visayas 52.6 51.0 48.8 50.7 -1.2Zamboanga Peninsula 47.7 48.8 49.2 50.8 2.1Northern Mindanao 60.2 59.7 57.8 58.3 -1.0Davao Region 50.9 48.8 49.3 48.8 -1.4SOCCSKSARGEN 48.9 48.7 48.8 50.1 0.8Caraga 51.5 50.5 49.7 50.5 -0.6ARMM 30.8 33.4 32.6 33.2 2.6

20092006 2007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2008

Table 4.1aNumber of unemployed males, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 1,798 1,675 1,714 1,770 -0.4

NCR 414 347 379 377 -2.5CAR 22 18 20 19 -4.0Ilocos Region 109 108 110 114 1.5Cagayan Valley 25 25 31 25 1.5Central Luzon 263 250 235 241 -2.8CALABARZON 295 277 300 316 2.5MIMAROPA 33 28 24 32 1.3Bicol Region 73 64 71 76 1.9Western Visayas 118 129 136 138 5.4Central Visayas 136 116 125 138 1.2Eastern Visayas 45 48 46 58 9.5Zamboanga Peninsula 27 29 30 30 3.6Northern Mindanao 60 66 54 56 -1.5Davao Region 74 64 63 65 -4.0SOCCSKSARGEN 48 44 43 41 -5.1Caraga 33 42 35 35 3.5ARMM 23 21 14 11 -21.2


2007GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 20092008

19 14



Table 2.2a

Male labor force participation rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 79.3 78.8 78.8 78.6 -0.3

NCR 74.7 73.9 73.5 73.6 -0.5CAR 77.9 77.7 77.3 77.2 -0.3Ilocos Region 79.3 78.6 78.9 78.8 -0.2Cagayan Valley 83.4 82.9 82.1 83.0 -0.2Central Luzon 78.0 78.2 77.9 77.7 -0.1CALABARZON 77.6 77.1 76.7 76.8 -0.3MIMAROPA 83.2 83.4 83.1 83.5 0.1Bicol Region 81.8 80.8 80.8 80.3 -0.6Western Visayas 78.8 78.4 78.0 77.7 -0.5Central Visayas 76.6 76.0 76.7 75.8 -0.3Eastern Visayas 81.0 80.3 80.0 81.0 0.0Zamboanga Peninsula 80.7 80.9 81.8 82.1 0.6Northern Mindanao 83.3 81.9 82.7 82.1 -0.5Davao Region 81.7 81.7 82.4 81.7 0.0SOCCSKSARGEN 81.8 81.9 82.2 82.2 0.2Caraga 81.2 81.4 81.2 80.4 -0.3ARMM 84.0 83.6 82.4 81.8 -0.9

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008

Table 4.1bNumber of unemployed females, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 1,031 978 1,002 1,062 1.1

NCR 248 219 229 236 -1.4CAR 12 11 12 14 5.8Ilocos Region 54 53 49 54 0.3Cagayan Valley 18 17 17 16 -3.8Central Luzon 126 129 120 123 -0.7CALABARZON 155 146 163 184 6.2MIMAROPA 21 18 26 23 6.2Bicol Region 42 45 47 50 6.0Western Visayas 68 65 74 78 4.9Central Visayas 65 64 72 78 6.4Eastern Visayas 33 33 30 37 4.7Zamboanga Peninsula 17 20 18 21 8.1Northern Mindanao 42 44 35 38 -2.4Davao Region 50 41 42 42 -5.2SOCCSKSARGEN 37 30 30 28 -8.5Caraga 20 22 22 25 7.9ARMM 23 21 17 16 -11.2

2006GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 20092007 2008

13 20



Table 2.1b

Female labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 13,653 13,995 14,132 14,719 2.5


2006 2008GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2007 2009REGION

Table 4.2aMale unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 8.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 -2.4

NCR 15.8 13.2 14.2 13.9 -3.7CAR 5.6 4.4 4.8 4.5 -6.2Ilocos Region 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.6 -1.1Cagayan Valley 2.9 2.8 3.5 2.7 -0.4Central Luzon 11.2 10.4 9.7 9.7 -4.6CALABARZON 11.1 10.2 10.9 11.2 0.5MIMAROPA 4.8 4.0 3.3 4.3 -1.3Bicol Region 5.7 4.9 5.3 5.6 -0.1Western Visayas 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.3 2.9Central Visayas 8.5 7.2 7.6 8.2 -0.6Eastern Visayas 4.5 4.6 4.3 5.3 6.3Zamboanga Peninsula 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 1.1Northern Mindanao 5.7 6.2 4.8 4.9 -3.9Davao Region 6.8 5.7 5.5 5.6 -6.0SOCCSKSARGEN 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.8 -8.1Caraga 5.5 6.8 5.5 5.4 0.9ARMM 2.9 2.6 1.7 1.3 -22.8


2006 2007 2008 2009

21 12



Table 4.2bFemale unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 7.6 7.0 7.1 7.2 -1.7

NCR 12.5 10.9 11.4 11.4 -2.7CAR 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.8 3.5Ilocos Region 8.3 7.9 7.2 7.5 -3.2Cagayan Valley 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.1 -5.5Central Luzon 9.4 9.4 8.5 8.4 -3.6CALABARZON 8.5 7.8 8.7 9.3 3.4MIMAROPA 4.9 4.1 5.7 4.7 1.7Bicol Region 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.2 3.5Western Visayas 6.0 5.6 6.4 6.4 2.5Central Visayas 6.0 5.6 6.1 6.5 2.9Eastern Visayas 5.2 5.2 4.8 5.6 3.0Zamboanga Peninsula 3.7 4.1 3.6 4.0 3.2Northern Mindanao 5.6 5.7 4.6 4.8 -4.4Davao Region 7.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 -5.7SOCCSKSARGEN 6.8 5.3 5.2 4.6 -11.8Caraga 5.5 6.0 5.9 6.5 5.9ARMM 7.9 6.4 5.2 4.7 -15.8

2008 2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007

11 22

Table 2.1aMale labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 21,811 22,217 22,673 23,173 2.0

NCR 2,618 2,634 2,675 2,713 1.2CAR 392 405 415 421 2.4Ilocos Region 1,227 1,238 1,278 1,320 2.5Cagayan Valley 868 884 896 925 2.1Central Luzon 2,353 2,410 2,434 2,494 2.0CALABARZON 2,660 2,709 2,751 2,818 1.9MIMAROPA 688 705 725 752 3.0Bicol Region 1,291 1,310 1,332 1,353 1.6Western Visayas 1,774 1,812 1,849 1,883 2.0Central Visayas 1,597 1,622 1,650 1,684 1.8Eastern Visayas 1,009 1,038 1,066 1,097 2.8Zamboanga Peninsula 808 830 861 885 3.1Northern Mindanao 1,058 1,071 1,115 1,135 2.4Davao Region 1,096 1,119 1,145 1,154 1.7SOCCSKSARGEN 981 1,009 1,036 1,068 2.9Caraga 602 617 634 650 2.6ARMM 789 805 810 821 1.3


2007REGIONGROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2006 2008 2009



23 10

Table 1.1b Total female household population 15 years old and over by region,Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 27,708 28,381 29,064 29,773 2.4

NCR 3,860 3,946 4,000 4,078 1.9CAR 487 503 514 523 2.4Ilocos Region 1,541 1,565 1,595 1,640 2.1Cagayan Valley 971 989 1,017 1,035 2.2Central Luzon 3,075 3,147 3,243 3,322 2.6CALABARZON 3,624 3,719 3,830 3,926 2.7MIMAROPA 792 810 837 872 3.3Bicol Region 1,525 1,551 1,595 1,657 2.8Western Visayas 2,236 2,281 2,335 2,391 2.3Central Visayas 2,128 2,178 2,231 2,285 2.4Eastern Visayas 1,206 1,244 1,270 1,304 2.6Zamboanga Peninsula 972 996 1,019 1,032 2.0Northern Mindanao 1,250 1,289 1,320 1,354 2.7Davao Region 1,270 1,297 1,329 1,347 2.0SOCCSKSARGEN 1,117 1,155 1,173 1,214 2.8Caraga 709 727 751 766 2.6ARMM 950 985 1,005 1,027 2.6


2006 2007 2008

Table 5.1aNumber of visibly underemployed males, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 3,038 2,731 2,744 2,790 -2.7

NCR 154 115 106 110 -9.8CAR 37 27 32 31 -3.9Ilocos Region 164 138 137 143 -4.1Cagayan Valley 154 104 116 101 -11.3Central Luzon 179 144 130 122 -11.8CALABARZON 294 248 248 276 -1.5MIMAROPA 112 125 144 146 9.4Bicol Region 345 330 334 324 -2.0Western Visayas 333 326 331 369 3.6Central Visayas 158 152 141 142 -3.4Eastern Visayas 217 196 205 198 -2.8Zamboanga Peninsula 154 137 134 146 -1.4Northern Mindanao 224 194 177 189 -5.1Davao Region 166 141 143 148 -3.4SOCCSKSARGEN 172 164 164 146 -5.2Caraga 102 94 113 122 6.8ARMM 73 96 91 78 4.0



20072006 2008



9 24

Table 1.1a Total male household population 15 years old and over by region,Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 27,521 28,184 28,784 29,464 2.3

NCR 3,503 3,564 3,638 3,686 1.7CAR 503 521 537 545 2.7Ilocos Region 1,547 1,576 1,619 1,676 2.7Cagayan Valley 1,041 1,066 1,091 1,115 2.3Central Luzon 3,016 3,081 3,125 3,209 2.1CALABARZON 3,428 3,515 3,585 3,670 2.3MIMAROPA 827 845 872 901 2.9Bicol Region 1,579 1,621 1,649 1,685 2.2Western Visayas 2,252 2,312 2,372 2,422 2.5Central Visayas 2,087 2,135 2,150 2,221 2.1Eastern Visayas 1,246 1,292 1,333 1,354 2.8Zamboanga Peninsula 1,001 1,026 1,053 1,078 2.5Northern Mindanao 1,270 1,307 1,348 1,382 2.9Davao Region 1,341 1,370 1,389 1,412 1.7SOCCSKSARGEN 1,200 1,232 1,261 1,299 2.7Caraga 741 758 781 808 2.9ARMM 939 963 983 1,004 2.3


2006 2007 2008

Table 5.1bNumber of visibly underemployed females, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 1,494 1,312 1,274 1,345 -3.2

NCR 104 86 69 71 -11.4CAR 26 20 26 21 -4.1Ilocos Region 77 59 66 61 -6.4Cagayan Valley 78 50 55 48 -12.9Central Luzon 93 62 56 53 -16.1CALABARZON 146 117 120 156 4.2MIMAROPA 62 68 74 78 8.0Bicol Region 144 138 133 137 -1.6Western Visayas 158 151 145 163 1.3Central Visayas 96 85 77 84 -3.9Eastern Visayas 105 84 84 89 -4.7Zamboanga Peninsula 65 64 55 72 5.1Northern Mindanao 127 117 102 116 -2.3Davao Region 67 53 56 60 -2.7SOCCSKSARGEN 76 67 72 61 -6.6Caraga 40 42 45 45 4.0ARMM 30 49 40 30 6.7


2007 2008



Downtrends in real wage rates were noted in some regions. These were mostly observed in the agricultural wage rates of males than in female workers (Tables 7.1a‐7.1b and 7.2a ‐7.2b). Participation in Farming Activities The extent of participation of male and female workers in agriculture describes the level of involvement and the roles of male and females in agricultural production. Generally, the involvement of male workers in various agricultural activities was higher than that of female workers. Based on the 2009 results of the Agricultural Labor Survey (ALS), the participation of male worker was highest in plowing, threshing and hauling as reported by 81 to 95 percent of the farming households. Around 66 percent cited the use of male workers in harrowing, planting/transplanting and harvesting. Female workers were actively engaged in planting/transplanting with 45 percent reporting. The services of female labor were also noted in manual weeding, fertilizer application, harvesting, threshing and shelling. This was reported by 11 to 14 percent of the farming households (Tables 8.1a and 8.1b).

25 8

Table 5.2aMale visible underemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 15.2 13.3 13.1 13.0 -4.9

NCR 7.0 5.0 4.6 4.7 -11.5CAR 10.0 7.0 8.1 7.7 -6.4Ilocos Region 14.7 12.2 11.7 11.9 -6.5Cagayan Valley 18.3 12.1 13.4 11.2 -13.2Central Luzon 8.6 6.7 5.9 5.4 -14.2CALABARZON 12.4 10.2 10.1 11.0 -3.3MIMAROPA 17.1 18.5 20.5 20.2 5.8Bicol Region 28.3 26.5 26.5 25.4 -3.5Western Visayas 20.1 19.4 19.3 21.1 1.8Central Visayas 10.8 10.1 9.2 9.2 -5.1Eastern Visayas 22.5 19.8 20.1 19.1 -5.2Zamboanga Peninsula 19.7 17.1 16.1 17.1 -4.3Northern Mindanao 22.4 19.3 16.7 17.5 -7.5Davao Region 16.2 13.4 13.2 13.6 -5.2SOCCSKSARGEN 18.4 17.0 16.5 14.2 -8.2Caraga 17.9 16.3 18.9 19.8 3.9ARMM 9.5 12.2 11.4 9.6 2.0


2006 2007 2008 2009



Central Visayas and ARMM (Tables 6.2a and 6.2b). Agricultural Wage Rates Agricultural wage rate is an indicator of progress and welfare of agricultural workers. It tracks the rate of payment received by workers on the basis of some units of payment for services rendered in farm operations. Sex‐disaggregated information on wage rates indicates the wage differential between male and female workers in agriculture. The wage rates for male agricultural workers were higher than those for the female workers. In 2009, the nominal wage rate of males averaged P195.65 per day, higher by P9.99 from the female wage rate of P185.66 per day. Over the four‐year period, the agricultural wage rates of males moved up at a slower rate of 5.28 percent compared to that of the females which increased by 6.66 percent annually. In real terms, the daily wage rates paid to male and female agricultural workers in 2009 were estimated at P122.28 and P116.04, respectively. There was a wage differential of P6.04 per day. The average yearly increases in real wages were 0.15 percent for males and 1.53 percent for females. By region, Central Luzon reported the highest daily nominal wage rates in 2009 at P277.08 for males and P239.19 for females. These went up by annual averages of 6.82 percent and 8.47 percent, respectively. Real wage rates of males were computed at P174.49 per day and that of females, at P150.63 per day. The corresponding wage rates recorded average growth rates of 0.98 percent and 2.56 percent. On the contrary, the lowest nominal daily wage rates paid to male and female agricultural workers were observed in Central Visayas at more than P150. Annual wage rate gains were 4.57 percent for males and 6.67 percent for females. In real terms, the wage rates were less than P100 per day for both sexes. There was an average decline of 0.51 percent in the male wage rates while wages for the females increased by 1.55 percent annually. For both sexes, the nominal wage rates exhibited uptrends in all regions.

d i l d i i h

7 26

Table 5.2bFemale visible underemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 11.8 10.1 9.7 9.8 -5.8

NCR 6.0 4.8 3.9 3.9 -12.9CAR 10.0 7.3 9.6 7.6 -5.4Ilocos Region 12.9 9.5 10.5 9.2 -9.4Cagayan Valley 16.4 10.1 11.4 9.5 -14.1Central Luzon 7.7 5.0 4.4 4.0 -18.7CALABARZON 8.8 6.8 7.0 8.7 1.5MIMAROPA 15.2 16.2 17.1 16.7 3.3Bicol Region 20.5 19.3 18.1 18.2 -3.8Western Visayas 14.7 13.8 13.3 14.3 -0.7Central Visayas 9.4 7.9 7.0 7.5 -6.7Eastern Visayas 17.5 14.0 14.2 14.3 -6.0Zamboanga Peninsula 14.6 13.7 11.4 14.3 0.8Northern Mindanao 17.9 16.1 14.0 15.4 -4.4Davao Region 11.2 9.0 9.1 9.7 -4.0SOCCSKSARGEN 14.9 12.6 13.3 10.5 -10.3Caraga 11.6 12.2 12.8 12.5 2.6ARMM 11.2 15.9 12.9 9.2 -1.9

2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008



Male dominated employment in agriculture by around 75 percent. In 2009, there were about 8.96 million males and 3.08 million females employed in agriculture. The numbers expanded by an average of 1.0 percent each annually over the years 2006 to 2009. Across regions, Western Visayas recorded the biggest number of agricultural workers at 0.86 million males and 0.29 million females. On the average, employment of males in the region grew by 0.1 percent while that of the females declined by 2.6 percent annually. NCR posted the least numbers of male and female workers in agriculture at 28,000 and 3,000, respectively. The region’s employment was going down at 1.9 percent for males and 18.9 percent for females. Declining agricultural employment of both sexes was noted in Bicol Region. CALABARZON exhibited declining male employment. Meanwhile, the numbers of female agricultural workers dropped in Ilocos Region, Eastern Visayas and Northern Mindanao. Employment growth among the males was biggest in CAR, MIMAROPA and SOCCSKSARGEN at more than 2.0 percent each. On the average, the number of female agricultural workers grew at a faster rate in ARMM at 9.4 percent (Tables 6.1a and 6.1b).

Of the total male employment, the proportion of employed males in agriculture went down to 41.9 percent in 2009. This decreased by an average of 1.2 percent annually. On the other hand, the proportion of female agricultural workers to total female employment went down to 22.5 percent by 1.6 percent annually.

ARMM contributed the highest proportions of agricultural employment to total employment at 77.4 percent for male workers and 57.5 percent for female workers. The proportion was declining for males by 0.1 percent while it was increasing for females by 2.2 percent. In contrast, NCR had the least proportions of agricultural employment and it also posted the highest average reduction for both sexes. Decreasing proportions of male agricultural workers were observed in all regions. For females, the proportions were declining except in Central Luzon, C t l Vi d ARMM (T bl 6 d 6 b)

27 6

Table 6.1aNumber of employed males in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 8,709 8,764 8,983 8,965 1.0

NCR 30 30 26 28 -1.9CAR 217 224 227 231 2.1Ilocos Region 546 532 549 569 1.4Cagayan Valley 562 562 560 588 1.5Central Luzon 628 638 647 650 1.2CALABARZON 608 596 612 600 -0.4MIMAROPA 417 420 437 449 2.5Bicol Region 692 682 712 689 -0.1Western Visayas 861 884 899 861 0.1Central Visayas 572 567 579 578 0.4Eastern Visayas 580 588 601 594 0.8Zamboanga Peninsula 475 477 487 496 1.5Northern Mindanao 521 520 554 540 1.3Davao Region 524 534 551 533 0.6SOCCSKSARGEN 581 597 611 628 2.6Caraga 301 298 309 305 0.5ARMM 594 615 622 627 1.8


REGION 2006 2007 2008GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

2009



In 2009, the country’s visibly underemployed persons consisted of 2.79 million males and 1.35 million females. Correspondingly, the numbers posted negative growth rates which averaged 2.7 percent for males and 3.2 percent for females. Most underemployed persons were found in Western Visayas with 0.37 million males and 0.16 million females. The numbers were increasing by 3.6 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively. In contrast, CAR had only 31,000 males and 21,000 females who were visibly underemployed in 2009. Average reduction of 3.9 percent was noted for males while it was 4.1 percent for females. Most of the regions experienced decreasing underemployment of males and females throughout the reference years. The biggest increments in visible underemployment were registered in MIMAROPA at 9.4 percent for males and 8.0 percent for females (Tables 5.1a and 5.1b). The 2009 national underemployment rate of males slid to 13.0 percent. It was going down by an average of 4.9 percent yearly. In the same year, female underemployment rate was 9.8 percent. It contracted by 5.8 percent per year. Bicol Region topped in the underemployment rates at 25.4 percent for males and 18.2 percent for females. These rates declined by more than 3.0 percent each. NCR had the lowest male and female underemployment rates at 4.7 percent and 3.9 percent, respectively. These recorded average declines of around 12 percent each yearly. Again, MIMAROPA exhibited the highest increments in the underemployment rates at 5.8 percent in males and 3.3 percent in females. Most regions exhibited downtrends in underemployment in levels and rates for both sexes (Tables 5.2a and 5.2b). Employment in Agriculture Information on the employment of male and female agricultural workers indicates gender differences in the use of agricultural labor.

5 28

Table 6.1bNumber of employed females in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in '000 persons)

Philippines 2,973 3,022 3,047 3,078 1.2

NCR 6 5 3 3 -18.9CAR 135 136 142 136 0.3Ilocos Region 168 157 157 165 -0.5Cagayan Valley 245 247 233 244 0.0Central Luzon 129 142 145 145 4.1CALABARZON 158 161 151 163 1.2MIMAROPA 164 162 165 170 1.2Bicol Region 190 195 204 186 -0.5Western Visayas 318 314 306 294 -2.6Central Visayas 228 250 272 278 6.9Eastern Visayas 180 170 160 162 -3.4Zamboanga Peninsula 184 190 188 200 2.9Northern Mindanao 263 248 260 261 -0.2Davao Region 170 166 178 170 0.1SOCCSKSARGEN 184 192 200 208 4.2Caraga 105 102 107 105 0.1ARMM 146 185 175 187 9.4


REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009



Nationwide, there were 1.77 million unemployed males and 1.06 million unemployed females in 2009. Unemployment of males contracted by 0.4 percent while that of the females rose by 1.1 percent during the reference years. Majority of the unemployed persons were found in NCR consisting of 0.38 million males and 0.24 million females. Unemployment levels went down by 2.5 percent for males and 1.4 percent for females. CAR, Cagayan Valley and ARMM accounted for the least numbers of unemployed which ranged from 11,000 to 25,000 males and 14,000 to 16,000 females. ARMM exhibited bigger reduction in the unemployment averaging 21.2 percent for males and 11.2 percent for females over the four‐year period. Declining unemployment levels of both sexes were also noted in Central Luzon, Northern Mindanao, Davao Region and SOCCSKSARGEN. Meanwhile, unemployment increases were highest in Eastern Visayas at 9.5 percent for males and Zamboanga Peninsula at 8.1 percent for females (Tables 4.1a and 4.1b). In 2009, the country’s unemployment rate (UR) of males remained at 7.6 percent, higher than that of female at 7.2 percent. The rates were decreasing by 2.4 percent for males and 1.7 percent for females. By region, NCR topped in male and female URs at 13.9 percent and 11.4 percent, respectively. The region’s URs registered average declines of 3.7 percent for males and 2.7 percent for females. The lowest UR of males was noted in ARMM at 1.3 percent. For females, UR was least in Cagayan Valley at 3.1 percent. Both male and female URs were going down in Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Northern Mindanao, Davao Region, ARMM and SOCCSKSARGEN. The declines were biggest in ARMM at 22.8 percent for males and 15.8 percent for females. Significant increment of male UR was observed in Eastern Visayas at 6.3 percent. In Caraga, female UR had gone up by 5.9 percent (Tables 4.2a and 4.2b). Visible Underemployment Persons who are visibly underemployed are those who work for less than 40 hours during the reference week and are still wanting additional hours of work.

29 4

Table 6.2aProportion of employed males in agriculture to total male employment,by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 43.5 42.7 42.9 41.9 -1.2

NCR 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 -4.5CAR 58.6 57.9 57.5 57.5 -0.6Ilocos Region 48.8 47.1 47.0 47.2 -1.1Cagayan Valley 66.7 65.4 64.7 65.3 -0.7Central Luzon 30.0 29.5 29.4 28.9 -1.2CALABARZON 25.7 24.5 25.0 24.0 -2.2MIMAROPA 63.7 62.0 62.3 62.3 -0.7Bicol Region 56.8 54.7 56.4 54.0 -1.6Western Visayas 52.0 52.5 52.5 49.3 -1.7Central Visayas 39.2 37.6 38.0 37.4 -1.5Eastern Visayas 60.2 59.4 58.9 57.2 -1.7Zamboanga Peninsula 60.8 59.6 58.6 57.9 -1.6Northern Mindanao 52.2 51.7 52.2 50.0 -1.4Davao Region 51.3 50.6 50.9 48.9 -1.6SOCCSKSARGEN 62.3 61.9 61.5 61.2 -0.6Caraga 52.9 51.8 51.6 49.5 -2.2ARMM 77.5 78.4 78.1 77.4 -0.1


REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009



The number of employed males reached 21.40 million in 2009 and posted an average yearly gain of 2.3 percent during the four‐year period. Employed females increased to 13.66 million and had an average increment of 2.7 percent per year. At the regional level, male employment was biggest in CALABARZON at 2.50 million and NCR at 2.34 million and each expanded by about 2.0 percent. The least number of employed males was noted in CAR at 0.40 million but it grew by 2.80 percent. MIMAROPA with 0.72 million employed males posted bigger growth of 3.3 percent. Meanwhile, female employment was bigger in NCR and CALABARZON numbered at more than 1.8 million each with corresponding employment gains of 1.9 percent and 2.7 percent. Similarly, CAR had the lowest number of employed females at 0.28 million. However, the number was growing by an average of 2.0 percent yearly. Despite the lesser female employment in ARMM, it expanded by 6.7 percent. Employment of both males and females was increasing in the rest of the regions (Tables 3.1a and 3.1b). The 2009 national employment rates (ERs) were 92.4 percent for males and 92.8 percent for females. These registered average annual gains of 0.2 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively. Across regions, high employment rates (ER) for males were observed in ARMM at 98.7 percent and for females in Cagayan Valley at 96.9 percent. Male ER in ARMM grew by 0.5 percent while female ER in Cagayan Valley rose by 0.2 percent. In contrast, the least employment rate was registered in NCR at 86.1 percent for males and 88.6 percent for females and these inched up by 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent, respectively. Decreasing ERs of both males and females were reported in Western and Eastern Visayas. In addition, downtrends in the female ERs were noted in CALABARZON, Bicol Region, Zamboanga Peninsula and Caraga (Tables 3.2a and 3.2b). Unemployment Unemployment by sex indicates the incapacity of the labor market to absorb the available males and females to contribute to production activities.

3 30

Table 6.2bProportion of employed females in agriculture to total female employment, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in percent)

Philippines 23.6 23.2 23.2 22.5 -1.6

NCR 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 -11.1CAR 51.7 49.6 52.2 49.1 -1.6Ilocos Region 28.1 25.3 25.1 24.8 -4.0Cagayan Valley 51.6 49.9 48.1 48.5 -2.0Central Luzon 10.7 11.4 11.3 10.8 0.4CALABARZON 9.5 9.3 8.8 9.1 -1.4MIMAROPA 40.3 38.7 38.2 36.4 -3.3Bicol Region 27.0 27.3 27.7 24.7 -2.8Western Visayas 29.6 28.6 28.2 25.8 -4.4Central Visayas 22.3 23.4 24.7 24.7 3.5Eastern Visayas 30.0 28.2 27.1 26.0 -4.7Zamboanga Peninsula 41.3 40.6 38.9 39.8 -1.2Northern Mindanao 37.0 34.2 35.7 34.8 -1.9Davao Region 28.5 28.0 29.0 27.6 -1.0SOCCSKSARGEN 36.1 36.0 37.0 35.9 -0.2Caraga 30.4 29.6 30.4 29.1 -1.4ARMM 54.3 60.1 56.3 57.5 2.2


REGION 2006 2007 2008 2009



The 2009 labor force comprised of 23.17 million males and 14.72 million females. Over the four‐ year period, male labor force expanded by an average of 2.0 percent while female labor force went up by 2.5 percent annually. Across the regions, the biggest number of males in the labor force was noted in CALABARZON at 2.8 million in 2009. The number rose by 1.9 percent per year. Female labor force was highest in NCR at 2.06 million in 2009 with yearly average increase of 1.4 percent. In contrast, labor force population in CAR consisted of only 0.42 million males and 0.29 million females. Correspondingly, the numbers went up by average growth rates of 2.4 percent and 2.1 percent annually. Male labor force grew at a faster rate in MIMAROPA at 3.0 percent and in Zamboanga Peninsula at 3.1 percent. Meanwhile, female labor force recorded an average yearly expansion of 5.4 percent in ARMM. This was 4.7 percent in MIMAROPA (Tables 2.1a and 2.1b). During the reference years, the labor force participation rates (LFPR) of males were consistently higher than those of the females. At the national level, male LFPR stood at 78.6 percent in 2009 which dropped by yearly average of 0.3 percent while female LFPR at 49.4 percent inched up by 0.1 percent. MIMAROPA posted the biggest male LFPR at 83.5 percent. It increased by an annual average of 0.1 percent. For females, LFPR was highest in Northern Mindanao at 58.3 percent and it declined by 1.0 percent yearly. The lowest LFPRs were reported by NCR for males at 73.6 percent and ARMM for females at 33.2 percent. The rate in NCR contracted by 0.5 percent while that in ARMM expanded by 2.6 percent. More regions exhibited declining LFPRs of males than females (Tables 2.2a and 2.2b). Employment Sex‐disaggregated data on employment indicates the rate of absorption of available males and females in the production of goods and services. It is also a measure of gender equality in the labor market.

31 2

Table 7.1aDaily nominal wage rate of male agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 167.86 173.59 189.77 195.65 5.28



2008 2009



Working Age Population Gender‐specific information on the number of persons, 15 years old and over, indicates the distribution of males and females who are available for work. This serves as Input for assessing the surplus and shortages of males and/ or females in the labor market and in the formulation and implementation of relevant programs and policies. In 2009, the working age population of 15 years and over in the country was estimated at 59.23 million of whom 29.46 million were males and 29.77 million were females. This grew by an annual average of more than 2.0 percent for both groups over the years 2006 to 2009. By region, NCR reported the biggest working age population at 3.69 million males and 4.08 million females. Annually, working age population grew by 1.7 percent for males while by 1.9 percent for females. The least count of working age population was recorded in CAR at half a million each of males and females. In this region, population of working age males increased by 2.7 percent and 2.4 percent for females.

Male working age population increased faster in MIMAROPA, Northern Mindanao and Caraga at 2.9 percent each. Likewise, MIMAROPA had the highest expansion of female working age population at 3.3 percent, followed by Bicol Region and SOCCSKSARGEN at 2.8 percent each. Increasing population of working age males and females were noted in the rest of the regions (Tables 1.1a and 1.1b). Labor Force

Sex‐disaggregated data on labor force gives the composition of population 15 year old and over, whether employed or unemployed, who contributed to the production of goods and services in the country. It also indicates the extent of males and females of working age who join the labor force stream.

1 32

Table 7.1bDaily nominal wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 153.10 165.95 178.89 185.66 6.66


2009GROWTH RATE (%) 2006-2009

REGION 2006 2007 2008



Table 7.2aDaily real wage rate of male agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 121.72 122.42 122.43 122.28 0.15

CAR 126.26 124.35 129.99 132.22 1.58Ilocos Region 137.61 146.73 156.41 156.11 4.34Cagayan Valley 128.60 135.14 141.00 135.67 1.88Central Luzon 169.57 175.36 172.39 174.49 0.98CALABARZON 149.33 164.74 159.65 160.93 2.68MIMAROPA 134.83 135.53 136.95 139.70 1.19Bicol Region 109.57 111.95 111.01 106.83 -0.81Western Visayas 119.74 121.45 121.78 117.75 -0.54Central Visayas 97.67 102.72 96.48 95.88 -0.51Eastern Visayas 107.10 117.48 106.83 101.60 -1.42Zamboanga Peninsula 112.70 112.97 102.45 100.64 -3.61Northern Mindanao 112.85 114.65 113.96 111.61 -0.36Davao Region 107.91 107.16 102.51 99.47 -2.67SOCCSKSARGEN 116.48 116.98 112.36 110.47 -1.73Caraga 127.78 134.10 123.95 122.76 -1.19ARMM 117.49 111.66 106.26 103.80 -4.04


33



Table 7.2bDaily real wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006-2009(in P per day)

Philipines 111.02 117.03 115.41 116.04 1.53

CAR 112.26 117.07 125.47 125.23 3.76Ilocos Region 127.45 132.91 145.25 146.54 4.82Cagayan Valley 124.98 130.90 136.59 134.18 2.44Central Luzon 139.82 149.17 148.14 150.63 2.56CALABARZON 140.35 156.49 150.23 129.96 -2.00MIMAROPA 120.83 131.46 127.39 126.08 1.56Bicol Region 108.91 111.50 120.50 118.39 2.90Western Visayas 104.96 111.85 111.53 111.14 1.98Central Visayas 88.06 97.30 91.20 91.59 1.55Eastern Visayas 92.86 113.17 104.01 99.06 3.01Zamboanga Peninsula 109.49 112.10 101.15 99.75 -2.92Northern Mindanao 107.17 110.08 104.62 100.60 -2.03Davao Region 101.91 103.34 98.02 94.37 -2.49SOCCSKSARGEN 111.23 112.45 107.14 106.76 -1.33Caraga 112.20 114.25 110.60 114.72 0.79ARMM 110.63 110.07 107.46 100.02 -3.27


34

G ENDER‐BASED I NDICATORS OF L ABOR AND E MPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE



Table 8.1aPercentage of farm households employing male workers, by farm activity,Philippines, 2006-2009

Plowing 64.05 65.34 65.62 86.54Harrowing 47.82 50.04 51.21 65.64Furrowing 43.71 20.45 18.72 55.2Levelling 10.22 5.79 2.81 6.42Land Preparation 2.74 3.64 3.68 1.94Care of seedlings 0.25 0.23 0.05 7.64Pulling & bundling of seedlings 46.1 23 22.12 21.73Planting/transplanting 53.64 63.7 64.5 66.28Irrigation/watering 5.06 7.07 7.06 13.56Care of crops Mechanical weeding 1.29 1.39 1.05 46.36 Manual weeding 34.38 29.76 29.77 26.08 Fertilizer application 33.88 29.79 31.53 35.79 Spraying/chemical application 15.2 20.82 22.60 24.92 Picking of snail 0.75 0.14 0.14 12.67Off-barring 46 15.03 14.16 27.76Hilling-up 53.31 17.14 16.41 50.99Clearing of underbrush 37.55 4.96 4.88 27.93Rolling over of cover crops 9.7 0.99 1.09 6.94Harvesting 85.39 82.63 83.47 66.71Threshing 85.51 42.53 43.45 94.87Gathering/piling of nuts 72.15 8.59 7.9 40.64Shelling 48.07 16.12 16.57 52.92Husking 15.6 4.21 4.48 10.98Spitting of nuts 56.4 7.3 6.76 27.61Removal of coconut meat 54.57 6.77 6.46 49.31Hauling 60.19 52.21 43.88 80.90Drying 28.22 24.63 24.89 36.97

FARM ACTIVITY 2006 2007 20092008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

35 iv

Table 5.1a Number of visibly underemployed males, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 23

Table 5.1b Number of visibly underemployed females , by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 24

Table 5.2a Male visible underemployment rate, by region,Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 25

Table 5.2b Female visible underemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 26

Table 6.1a Number of employed males in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 27

Table 6.1b Number of employed females in agriculture, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................................... 28

Table 6.2a Proportion of employed males in agriculture to total male employment, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 .................. 29

Table 6.2b Proportion of employed females in agriculture to total female employment, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..... 30

Table 7.1a Daily nominal wage rate of male agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 31

Table 7.1b Daily nominal wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 32

Table 7.2a Daily real wage rate of male agricultural workers,by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 33

Table 7.2b Daily real wage rate of female agricultural workers, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............................................ 34

Table 8.1a Percentage of farm households employing male workers, by farm activity, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ................ 35

Table 8.1b Percentage of farm households employing female workers, by farm activity, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ................ 36



Table 8.1bPercentage of farm households employing female workers, by farm activity,Philippines, 2006-2009

Plowing 0.53 0.21 0.46 0.52Harrowing 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.33Furrowing 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.11Levelling 0.07 0.02 0.04Care of seedlings - 0.07 -Land Preparation 0.44 0.21 0.04 0.21Pulling & bundling of seedlings 32.95 15.85 17.26 8.21Planting/transplanting 37.20 33.15 32.46 45.08Irrigation/watering 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.39Care of crops Mechanical weeding 0.07 0.05 0.05 9.48 Manual weeding 17.73 13.73 12.81 11.16 Fertilizer application 11.96 5.16 5.2 13.89 Spraying/chemical application 0.18 0.16 0.11 3.28 Picking of snail 0.18 0.02 0.04 0.15Off-barring 0.43 0.11 0.11 0.35Hilling-up 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.43Clearing of underbrush 0.05 0.42Rolling over of cover crops 0.04 -Harvesting 26.33 39.70 39.47 13.19Threshing 8.80 4.31 3.70 12.41Gathering/piling of nuts - 0.32 0.36 1.58Shelling 6.57 2.52 2.35 11.24Husking 0.20 0.09 0.09 0.42Spitting of nuts - 0.18 0.20 1.20Removal of coconut meat - 0.74 0.57 3.89Hauling 1.24 1.20 0.64 2.45Drying 1.57 1.07 1.01 1.05

FARM ACTIVITY 2007 200920082006

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii 36

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ i

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... iii


Table 1.1a Total male household population 15 years old and over by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 .................................... 9

Table 1.1b Total female household population 15 years old and over by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 .................................... 10

Table 2.1a Male labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ............. 11

Table 2.1b Female labor force, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ......... 12

Table 2.2a Male labor force participation rate, by region, Phillippines, 2006‐2009 .............................................................. 13

Table 2.2b Female labor force participation rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ................................................................ 14

Table 3.1a Number of employed males, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ...................................................................................... 15

Table 3.1b Number of employed females, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 16

Table 3.2a Male employment rate, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 17

Table 3.2b Female employment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 18

Table 4.1a Number of unemployed males, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 19

Table 4.1b Number of unemployed females, by region, Philippines,2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 20

Table 4.2a Male unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 21

Table 4.2b Female unemployment rate, by region, Philippines, 2006‐2009 ..................................................................................... 22


BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 23 37

Modules of the Agricultural Indicators System

1. Agricultural Structures and Resources

2. Agricultural Credit

3. Output and Productivity

4. Agricultural Exports and Imports

5. Food Self‐sufficiency and Security

6. Population and Labor Force

7. Food Consumption and Nutrition

8. Gender‐Based Indicators of Labor and Employment in Agriculture 9. Redistribution of Land

10. Economic Growth

11. Prices and Marketing of Agricultural Commodities

12. Inputs



Department of Agriculture BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 1184 Ben-Lor Bldg., Quezon Avenue, Quezon City

Tel. No.: +63(2) 372-3820 Fax. No.: +63(2) 372-3820

[email protected]

URL: http://bas.gov.ph

ISSN-2012-0435

OCTOBER 2010

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS - Republic the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics ... Ilocos Region 137.61 146.73 156.41 156.11 4.34 ... CALABARZON 149.33 164.74 159.65 160.93 2.68

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