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CONTENTS

1 Introduction

2 History

3 Classifications of rail transport in Japan

o 3.1 Types of operators

3.1.1 JR

3.1.2 Major private railways

o 3.1 Railway and tram

o 3.2 Cateories of railway

! Common features of Japanese railways

o !.1 "lectrification

o !.2 #oadin aue

o !.3 Tic$ets% fare and surc&ares

o !.! Types and names of trains

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o !.' Railway lines

' (u)ways and li&t rail transit

* Rail transport in Japanese culture

+ ,urt&er readin

References

INTRODUCTION

T&eShinkansenis a networ$ of &i&-speed railwaylines

in Japanoperated )y five Japan Railways roupcompanies. (tartin

wit& t&e T/$aid/ (&in$ansen0'1'.! $m% 32.3 mi in 1*!% t&e networ$

&as e4panded to currently consist of 2%+*!.* $m 01%+1+.5 mi of lines

wit& ma4imum speeds of 2!632 $m7& 01'62 mp&% 253.' $m

01+*.2 mi of Mini-s&in$ansenlines wit& a ma4imum speed of 13 $m7&

05 mp&% and 1.3 $m 0*.! mi of spur lines wit& (&in$ansen

services. T&e networ$ presently lin$s most major cities on t&e islands

of Hons&uand 8yus&u% and Ha$odate on nort&ern island of Ho$$aido%

wit& an e4tension to (apporo under construction and sc&eduled to

commence in Marc& 231. T&e nic$name bullet trainis sometimes used

in "nlis& for t&ese &i&-speed trains.

T&e oriinal T/$aid/ (&in$ansen% connectin t&e larest cities

of To$yoand 9sa$a% is t&e world:s )usiest &i&-speed rail line. Carryin

1'1 million passeners per year 0Marc& 25% and at over ' )illion total

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passeners it &as transported more passeners t&an any ot&er &i&-speed

line in t&e world. T&e service on t&e line operates muc& larer trains and

at &i&er fre;uency t&an most ot&er &i& speed lines in t&e world.

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countries w&ere t&e e4istin standard aueor)road auerail system

&ad more uprade potential.

eijin 0t&rou& a tunnel to 8orea and even (inapore% and )uild

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connections to t&e Trans-(i)erian Railwayand ot&er trun$ lines in y t&e mid-1's t&e T/$aid/ #ine was

operatin at full capacity% and t&e Ministry of Railways decided to revisitt&e (&in$ansen project. In 1'+% 9da$yu "lectric Railwayintroduced

its 3 series ("Romancecartrain% settin a world speed record of

1!' $m7& 0 mp& for a narrow aue train. T&is train ave desiners

t&e confidence t&at t&ey could safely )uild an even faster standard aue

train. T&us t&e first (&in$ansen% t&e series% was )uilt on t&e success of

t&e Romancecar.

< test facility for rollin stoc$% now part of t&e line% opened

in 9dawarain 1*2.

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trains% wit& t&eir classic )ullet-nosed appearance% were retired on 3

=ovem)er 25. < drivin car from one of t&e series trains was

donated )y JR @est to t&e=ational Railway Museumin Bor$% "nland

in 21.

NETWORK EXPANSION

T&e T/$aid/ (&in$ansen:s rapid success prompted an e4tension

westward to 9$ayama% Hiros&imaand ,u$uo$a0t&e (any/ (&in$ansen%

w&ic& was completed in 1+'. ?rime Minister 8a$uei Tana$awas an

ardent supporter of t&e (&in$ansen% and &is overnment proposed an

e4tensive networ$ parallelin most e4istin trun$ lines. Two new lines%

t&e T/&o$u (&in$ansenand J/etsu (&in$ansen% were )uilt followin t&is

plan. Many ot&er planned lines were delayed or scrapped entirely

as J=Rslid into de)t t&rou&out t&e late 1+s% larely )ecause of t&e

&i& cost of )uildin t&e (&in$ansen networ$. >y t&e early 15s% t&ecompany was practically insolvent% leadin to its privatiation in 15+.

(ince 1+% development &as also )een underway for t&e C&D/

(&in$ansen% a planned malevline from To$yo to 9sa$a. 9n 21

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influenced ot&er railways in t&e world and t&e importance and advantae

of &i&-speed rail&as conse;uently )een reevaluated.

ROUTING

(&in$ansen routes are completely separate from conventional rail lines

0e4cept Mini-s&in$ansenw&ic& oes t&rou& to conventional lines.

Conse;uently% t&e s&in$ansen is not affected )y slower local or frei&t

trains% and &as t&e capacity to operate many &i&-speed trains

punctually. T&e lines &ave )een )uilt wit&out road crossins at rade.

Trac$s are strictly off-limits wit& penalties aainst trespassin strictly

reulated )y law. It uses tunnels and viaductsto o t&rou& and over

o)stacles rat&er t&an around t&em% wit& a minimum curve radius of

!% meters 02%' meters on t&e oldest T/$aid/ (&in$ansen.

TRACK

(&in$ansen standard auetrac$% wit& welded rails to reduce vi)ration

T&e (&in$ansen uses 1%!3' mm 0! ft 5 1E2in standard auein contrast

to t&e 1%*+ mm 03 ft * in narrow aue of older lines.Continuous

welded railand swinnose crossinpoints are employed% eliminatin

aps at turnouts and crossins. #on rails are used% joined )y e4pansion

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joints to minimie aue fluctuation due to t&ermal elonation and

s&rin$ae.

< com)ination of)allastedand sla) trac$are used% wit& sla) trac$

e4clusively employed on concrete )ed sections suc& as viaducts and

tunnels. (la) trac$ is sinificantly more cost-effective in tunnel sections%

since t&e lower trac$ &ei&t reduces t&e cross-sectional area of t&e

tunnel% t&ere)y reducin construction costs )y up to 3F.G1'However%

t&e smaller diameter of (&in$ansen tunnels compared to some ot&er

&i&-speed lines &as resulted in t&e issue of tunnel )oom)ecomin a

concern for residents livin close to tunnel portals.

SIGNAL SYSTEM

T&e (&in$ansen employs an

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railway manufacturers were traditionally reluctant% or una)le to use

distri)uted traction confiurations 0e.. Taloutilised

t&elocomotiveconfiuration wit& t&e

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were no casualties amon t&e 1'! passeners. eltmealopolis% met two primary oalsK

However% t&e initial (&in$ansen prudence ave way to political

considerations to e4tend t&e mode to far less populated reions of t&e

country% partly to spread t&ese )enefits )eyond t&e $ey centres

of 8antoand 8in$i. In some areas reional e4tension was frustrated )y

protracted land ac;uisition issues% sometimes influenced )y fierce

protests from locals aainst e4pandin=arita airport:s runways to &andle

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more traffic t&at e4tended well into t&e 2s. To$yo:s airports were

already at or near capacity and t&ere was no room for anot&er civilian

airport iven t&e eorap&y and re;uired ( military presence.

(&in$ansen lines were e4tended to sparsely populated areas wit& t&e

intent t&e networ$ would disperse t&e population away from t&e capital.

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operational noise% particularly t&e tunnel )oomp&enomenon caused

w&en trains transit tunnels at &i& speed.

EARTH!UAKE

>ecause of t&e ris$ of eart&;ua$es% t&e rent "art&;ua$e etection and

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FUTURE

Construction of Ho$uri$u (&in$ansenin ,u$ui

S"ee# in$rea%e%

TOHOKU SHINKANSEN

"' seriestrains% capa)le of up to 32 $m7& 02 mp& 0initially limited

to 3 $m7&% were introduced on t&e T/&o$u (&in$ansenin Marc&

211. 9peration at t&e ma4imum speed of 32 $m7&

)etween tsunomiyaand Morio$aon t&is route commenced on 1*Marc& 213% and reduced t&e journey time to around 3 &ours for trains

from To$yo to (&in-

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ecause

of t&is and ot&er weat&er-related factors cited )y JR "ast and JR

Ho$$aido% t&e fastest journey time )etween To$yo and (&in-Ha$odate-

Ho$uto is currently ! &ours% 2 minutes. T&e new section ta$es *1

minutes from (&in-y 215% it is proposed to allow one (&in$ansen service eac& day to

travel at 2* $m7& 01* mp& 0t&e ma4imum speed proposed for t&e

tunnel )y ensurin no frei&t trains are sc&eduled to travel on t&e dual

aue section at t&at time. To ac&ieve t&e full )enefit of (&in$ansen

trains travellin on t&e dual aue section at 2* $m7& 01* mp&% ot&er

alternatives are )ein considered% suc& as a system to automatically slow

(&in$ansen trains down to 2 $m7& 012' mp& w&en passin narrow-

aue trains% and loadin frei&t trains onto special NTrain on TrainN

standard-aue trains 0a$in to a covered piy)ac$ flatcar train )uilt to

wit&stand t&e s&oc$ waveof oncomin (&in$ansen trains travelin at

full speed. T&is would ena)le a travel time from To$yo to (&in-

Ha$odate-Ho$uto of 3 &ours and !' minutes% a savin of 1+ minutes on

t&e current timeta)le.

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HOKURIKU EXTENSION

T&e Ho$uri$u (&in$ansenis )ein e4tended from 8anaawa to Tsurua

0proposed for completion )y 223 at an estimated cost of 3.! trillion

yen 0in 212 currency. T&ere are furt&er plans to e4tend t&e line from

Tsurua to 9sa$a% and t&ere are currently four routes under

consideration% plus a fift& proposal )y a local politician. 9n 1 Marc&

21*% a overnment committee investiatin t&e options decided to

narrow down t&e five routes to t&e t&ree to 8yoto% i.e. t&e 8osei route%

t&e second 9)ama route and t&e Maiuru route.

THE OBAMA ROUTE

T&rou& ,u$ui prefectureto 9)amaand t&en sout& to 9sa$a% )ypassin

8yoto.

T&is option is favoured naturally )y t&e ,u$ui overnment and it:s

overnor. 9sa$a to Tsurua on t&is proposed route would ta$e 33

minutes. T&e 123 $m route is t&e most e4pensive option at L' )illion%

wit& an averae daily riders&ip of 2*% passeners.

The Kosei or Western Lake Route

,ollowin t&e western s&oreline of #a$e >iwato 8yoto.

9sa$a to Tsurua on t&is proposed route would ta$e 3' minutes. T&e

51 $m route is costed at L++ )illion% wit& an averae daily riders&ip of

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31% passeners. T&is route may re;uire transfer to t&e conested

To$aido line at 8yoto.

The Maibara Route

(&ortest option t&rou& (&iaprefecture to terminate at Mai)ara%

re;uirin transfer to To$aido #ine.

9sa$a to Tsurua on t&is proposed route would ta$e !' minutes% due to

need to transfer trains. T&e !! $m route is t&e c&eapest option at L''

)illion% wit& an averae daily riders&ip of 33% passeners. 9riinally

supported )y several 8ansai overnments in 213 )ecause it was t&e

simplest and c&eapest option% t&is route &as )ecome unpopular due to t&e

need to transfer onto t&e conested To$aido (&in$ansen.

Second Obama Route

=ew option put forward )y JR @est - Tsurua to 9)ama and t&en sout&

to 8yoto.

9sa$a to Tsurua on t&is proposed route &as not )een calculated yet for

travel times% passener demand or construction costs. T&is route may

re;uire transfer to t&e conested To$aido line at 8yoto.

The Maizuru Route

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8yoto politician% (&oji =is&ida:s proposal from Tsurua% via 9)ama% to

Maiuru t&en sout&-east to 8yoto% eastern 9sa$a and 8ansai ase and several nuclear power

stations put forward as reasona)le traffic enerators. T&e option to

e4tend t&e line sout& of 8yoto to a new 9sa$a station 0located to t&e

sout& east of 9sa$a and onwards to 8ansai International

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appro4imately +*F in tunnels% includin major tunnels suc& as 9s&ima

0O2*.' $m% Teine 0O15.5 $m and (&iri)es&i 0O15 $m.

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travel time from (&inaawa to (&in-9sa$a is 1 &our + minutes.

Currently t&e To$aido (&in$ansen &as a minimum connection time of 2

&ours 1 minutes.

T&e route for t&e =aoya to 9sa$a section is also contested. It is planned

to o via=ara% a)out ! $m sout& of 8yoto. 8yoto is lo))yin to &ave

t&e route moved nort& and )e larely alined wit& t&e e4istin To$aido

(&in$ansen% w&ic& services 8yoto and not =ara.

MINI.SHINKANSEN

Mini-s&in$ansen is t&e name iven to t&e routes w&ere former narrow

aue lines &ave )een converted to standard aue to allow (&in$ansen

trains to travel to cities wit&out t&e e4pense of constructin full

(&in$ansen standard lines.

Two mini-s&in$ansen routes &ave )een constructedK t&e Bamaata(&in$ansenand

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T&e ma4imum speed on t&ese lines is 13 $m7&% &owever t&e overall

travel time to7from To$yo is improved due to t&e elimination of t&e need

for passeners to c&ane trains at,u$us&imaand Morio$arespectively.

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are operated )y different companies. T&e To$aido (&in$ansen is not

p&ysically connected to t&e lines of t&e To&o$u (&in$ansen at To$yo

(tation. T&erefore% t&ere is no t&rou& service )etween t&ose lines.

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In addition% t&e >asic ?lan specified t&at t&e J/etsu (&in$ansen s&ould

start from (&inju$u% not To$yo (tation% w&ic& would &ave re;uired

)uildin an additional 3 $m of trac$ )etween (&inju$u and Pmiya.

@&ile no construction wor$ was ever started% land alon t&e proposed

trac$% includin an underround section leadin to (&inju$u (tation%

remains reserved. If capacity on t&e current To$yo6Pmiya section

proves insufficient% at some point% construction of t&e (&inju$u6Pmiya

lin$ may )e reconsidered.

T&e=arita (&in$ansenproject to connect To$yo to=arita International

asic ?lan

overnin (&in$ansen construction. ?arts of its planned ri&t-of-way

were utilied )y t&e=arita ($y

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(1*

'

1"

'(1 1i

8yus&u(&in$ansen0@est

8yus&u Route

2* 1* **.+ !1.! 2 ,B222

Ho$uri$u

(&in$ansen?&as

e 3 08anaawa 6

Tsurua

2* 1*12.

++'. 212 ,B223

Ho$$aido

(&in$ansen?&as

e 2 0(&in-

Ha$odate-Ho$uto

6 (apporo

2* 1*211.

3

131.

3

212 ,B23

LIST OF TRAIN MODELS

Trains are up to si4teen cars lon. @it& eac& car measurin 2' m 052 ft

in lent&% t&e lonest trains are ! m 017! mile end to end. (tations are

similarly lon to accommodate t&ese trains. (ome of Japan:s &i&-speed

malev trains are considered (&in$ansen%G!'w&ile ot&er slower malev

trains 0suc& as t&e #inimomalev train line servin local community

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near t&e city of=aoyain

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1 seriesK "ntered service in 15'% and featured)ilevel carswit&

restaurant car and compartments. Ma4imum operatin speed was

23 $m7& 01!' mp&. #ater used only on (anyo

(&in$ansenKodamaservices. @it&drawn in Marc& 212.

3 seriesK "ntered service in 12% initially onNozomiservices

wit& ma4imum operatin speed of 2+ $m7& 01+ mp&. @it&drawn

in Marc& 212.

' seriesK Introduced onNozomiservices in 1+% wit& an

operatin speed of 3 $m7& 015' mp&. (ince 25% sets &ave )een

s&ortened from 1* to 5 cars for use on (anyo

(&in$ansenKodamaservices.

KYUSHU SHINKANSEN

600 series: In serice since ,00$ )n Tsubameserices2

with a 'a&i'(' s*eed )7 ,#0 k'-h .!#0 '*h1%

=+-+75 seriesIn service since Marc& 211

onMizuhoand Sakuraservices wit& a ma4imum speed of 3 $m7&

015' mp&.

T)h)k(2 8)ets(2 and H)k(rik( Shinkansen

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"' series

2 seriesK T&e first type introduced on t&e To&o$uand Joetsu

(&in$ansenin 152 and wit&drawn in Marc& 213. Ma4imum speed

was 2! $m7& 01' mp&. T&e final confiuration was as 1-car sets.

12-car and 1*-car sets also operated at earlier times. @it&drawn in

213.

"1 seriesK >ilevel12-car trains introduced in 1! and wit&drawn

in (eptem)er 212. Ma4imum speed was 2! $m7& 01' mp&.

"2 seriesK 571-car sets in service since 1+ wit& a ma4imum

speed of 2+' $m7& 01+ mp&.

"! seriesK >ilevel5-car trains in service since 1+ wit& a

ma4imum speed of 2! $m7& 01' mp&.

"' seriesK 1-car sets in service since Marc& 211 wit& a ma4imumspeed of 32 $m7& 02 mp&.

"+ seriesK 12-car trains operated on t&e Ho$uri$u (&in$ansensince

Marc& 21!% wit& a ma4imum speed of 2* $m7& 01* mp&.G!*

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@+ seriesK 12-car trains operated on t&e Ho$uri$u (&in$ansen

since Marc& 21'% wit& a ma4imum speed of 2* $m7& 01* mp&.G!*

YAMA9ATA AND AKITA SHINKANSEN

"* seriesand "3 series

! seriesK T&e first Mini-s&in$ansentype% introduced in 12

on Bamaata (&in$ansenTsubasaservices wit& a ma4imum speed of

2! $m7&. @it&drawn in

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H series: !0car sets entered serice 7r)' March ,0!#

)n the H)kkaid) Shinkansenwith a 'a&i'(' s*eed )7

/,0 k'-h .,00 '*h1%

Taiwan Hi+h S*eed Rai4

+T series0Taiwan Hi& (peed Rail% a.k.a. Taiwan ShinkansenK

T&e first (&in$ansen type e4ported outside Japan. 12-car trains )ased

on + seriesentered service in 2+% wit& a ma4imum speed of

3 $m7& 01 mp&.

EXPERIMENTAL TRAINS

Cla%% 23334 2562

Class '16 1*

Class *16 1+3

Class *26 1+

'- series N@I=3'N6 12

Class '27'3 N(T

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Class "'' N,astec& 3*N6 2'

Ma+le0 train%

M#Q1at Bamanas&itest trac$% =ovem)er 2'

#(M2 6 1+2

M#1 6 1+2

M#1< 6 1+'

M#-' 6 1++

M#-'R 6 1+

M#1 6 151

M#2 6 15+

M#2= 6 13

M#Q1 6 1*

# series6 212

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MAINTENANCE EHICLES

11 Type diesel locomotive

12 Type diesel locomotive

15 Type diesel locomotive

1 Type diesel locomotive

!1 Type 0rescue train

21 Type 0trac$ inspection car

22 Type 0Doctor ellowsets T1% T2% T3

23 Type 0Doctor ellowsets T!% T'

2' Type 0Doctor ellowsets (1% (2

"2* Type 0!ast i

LIST OF TYPES OF SERICES

To$yo (tation To$aido (&in$ansen platforms% July 2'

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T&e (&in$ansen fare system is interated wit& Japan:s low-speed

intercity railway lines% )ut a surc&are is re;uired to ride t&e (&in$ansen.

Here% an ordinary tic$et from To$yotoTa$amatsuis coupled wit& a

(&in$ansen surc&are tic$et from To$yo to 9$ayama% allowin use of

t&e (&in$ansen from To$yo to 9$ayama and use of local lines from

9$ayama to Ta$amatsu. ,or trips e4clusively on one (&in$ansen% t&e

ordinary fare and (&in$ansen surc&are may )e com)ined on one tic$et.

9riinally intended to carry passener and frei&t trains )y day and

ni&t% t&e (&in$ansen lines carry only passener trains. T&e system s&uts

down )etween midni&t and *K every day for maintenance. T&e few

overni&t trains t&at still run in Japan run on t&e older narrow aue

networ$ t&at t&e (&in$ansen parallels.

T7(ai#7 San87 an# K8u%'u S'in(an%en

Nozomi,/a%t9 T&(ai#& an# San8&-

"ikari0semi-fast%To$aido and (anyo

"ikari Rail Star0semi fast% (anyo

Kodama0local%To$aido and (anyo

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Sakura0semi-fast% (anyo and 8yus&u

Mizuho0fast% (anyo and 8yus&u

Tsubame0local% 8yus&u

T7'&(u9 H&((ai#&9 Ya1a+ata an# A(ita S'in(an%en

Hayabusa,/a%t9 T&'&(u : H&((ai#&9 u%in+ E; %erie%*H;

%erie%train%-

"ayate0fast% To&o$u S Ho$$aido

amabiko0semi-fast% To&o$u

Nasuno0all-stations% To&o$u

#oba0discontinued

Komachi0

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H&(uri(u S'in(an%en

Kagayaki

"akutaka

Tsurugi

#sama

MAGLE TRAINS

# (eries (&in$ansen% unconventional world speed record &older

0*3 $m7& or 3+!.+ mp&

COMPETITION WITH AIR

Compared wit& air transport% t&e (&in$ansen &as several advantaes%

includin sc&edulin fre;uency and fle4i)ility% punctual operation%

comforta)le seats% and convenient city-center terminals.

(&in$ansen fares are enerally competitive wit& domestic air fares.

,rom a speed and convenience perspective% t&e (&in$ansen:s mar$et

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s&are &as surpassed t&at of air travel for journeys of less t&an +' $m%

w&ile air and rail remain &i&ly competitive wit& eac& ot&er in t&e 56

$m rane and air &as a &i&er mar$et s&are for journeys of more

t&an 1% $m.

To$yo 6 =aoya 03!2 $m% To$yo 6 (endai 032' $m% To$yo

6 Hanama$i0Morio$a 0!* $m% To$yo 6 =iiata 03 $mK T&ere were

air services )etween t&ese cities% )ut t&ey were wit&drawn after

(&in$ansen services started. (&in$ansen runs )etween t&ese cities in

a)out two &ours or less.

To$yo 6 9sa$a 0'1' $mK (&in$ansen is dominant )ecause of fast

02 &ours 3 minutes and fre;uent service 0up to every 1 minutes

)yNozomiA &owever% air travel &as a certain s&are 0O263F.

To$yo 6 9$ayama 0*+* $m% To$yo 6 Hiros&ima 0521 $mK

(&in$ansen is reported to &ave increased its mar$et s&are from O!F

to O*F over t&e last decade. T&e (&in$ansen ta$es a)out t&ree to

four &ours and t&ere areNozomitrains every 3 minutes% )ut airlines

may provide c&eaper fares% attractin price-conscious passeners.

To$yo 6 ,u$uo$a 01%* $mK T&e (&in$ansen ta$es a)out five

&ours on t&e fastestNozomi% and discount carriers &ave made air

travel far c&eaper% so most people c&oose air.

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(u)way#ine 1connects t&e

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Class 3' in t&e nited 8indom% (eptem)er 2

Railways usin (&in$ansen tec&noloy are not limited to t&ose in Japan.

E)i%tin+

Taiwan

Taiwan Hi& (peed Railoperates +T (eriessets )uilt )y 8awasa$i

Heavy Industries.

;hina

T&e C&ina Railways CRH2% )uilt )y C(R (ifan #oco S Rollin stoc$s

corporation% wit& t&e license purc&ased from a consortium formed of

8awasa$i Heavy Industries% Mitsu)is&i "lectric Corporation%

and Hitac&i% is )ased on t&e "2-1 seriesdesin.

United Kin+d)'

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Class 3'"Ms were )uilt )y Hitac&i )ased on (&in$ansen tec&noloy

for use on &i&-speed commuter services in >ritain on t&e Hi& (peed

1line.

Un#er $&ntra$t

India

In ecem)er 21'% India and Japan sined an areement for t&e

construction of India:s first &i& speed rail lin$ connectin Mum)ai to

anerjeeon 15

ecem)er 2G'*envisaes t&e implementation of reional &i&-speed

rail projects to provide services at 2'63' $m7&.

urin Indian ?rime Minister Manmo&an (in&:s visit to To$yo in

ecem)er 2*% Japan assured cooperation wit& India in creatin a &i&-

speed lin$ )etween =ew el&i and Mum)ai. In January 2% t&e t&en

Railway Minister #alu ?rasadrode a )ullet train travellin from To$yo

to 8yoto.

7/25/2019 Bulet Train

42/43

In ecem)er 213 a Japanese consortium was appointed to underta$e a

feasi)ility study of a O' $m &i&-speed line

)etween Mum)aiand

7/25/2019 Bulet Train

43/43

REFERENCES

&ttpK77www .en.wi$ipedia.or

&ttpK77www .oole.com

&ttpK77www.acprail.com7

www.japan-uide.com