Buku Bhs Inggris Teknik Hasnur

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UNIT I APA COCOK DENGAN APA?

Sekarang Lampau YOU THEY WE THE STUDENTS ARE WERE MY FRIENDS

YOUR FRIENDS OUR FRIENDS THEIR FRIENDS HER FRIENDS HIS FRIENDS I AM

SHE HE THE STUDENT WAS WAS MY FRIEND

YOUR FRIEND IS OUR FRIEND THEIR FRIEND HIS FRIEND HER FRIEND It

Pada bab ini dijelaskan bahwa TO BE bentuk sekarang yaitu: am, is dan

are dan TO BE bentuk lampau yaitu: was dan were hanya bisa diikuti oleh lima kelompok kata di bawah ini, yaitu: 1. Adjective (kata sifat), contoh: diligent (rajin), patient (sabar), stupid

(bodoh), greedy (rakus), crazy (gila), angry (marah), hungry (lapar). 2. Noun (kata benda) contoh: Arman, a teacher (seorang guru), a president

(seorang presiden), a driver (seorang sopir), an engineer (seorang insinyur), a book (sebuah buku), etc.

3. Adverb of place/time (kata keterangan tempat / waktu) contoh: in school

(di sekolah), at supermarket (di pasar swalayan), outside (di luar), in classroom (dalam kelas), in Pagatan (di Pagatan) at eight o’clock (pada jam delapan) , etc.

4. K.K. I + Ing (kata kerja bentuk I + ing) contoh: smoking (sedang merokok),

writing (sedang menulis), speaking (sedang berbicara, swimming (sedang berenang).

5. K.K. III (kata kerja bentuk III) yang berarti di…/ter... contoh: invited

(diundang), called (dipanggil), amused (terhibur), killed (terbunuh), written (tertulis ).

1. Kata sifat

2. K.Benda

3. K.Keterangan

Tempat/waktu

4. K. Kerja I + ing

= sedang...

5. K. Kerja III yang

Berarti di…./ter…

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BERIKUT URAIANNYA:

1. A D J E C T I V E (KATA SIFAT)

Kata sifat adalah kata yang memberi penjelasan pada kata benda.

Adjective cocok dengan TO BE bentuk sekarang (am, are, is) dan lampau (was dan were.) Adjective yang bertemu dengan TO BE umumnya TO BE tidak diterjemahkan. Contoh kalimat: 1. He is clever. (=Dia pintar.) 2. Yesterday afternoon, my elder sister was aware of her mistake.(=Kemarin

sore kakak perempuan saya sadar akan kesalahannya.) 3. We are anxious about operation. (=Kami khawatir dengan operasi.) 4. Two days ago, we were welcome to use the car. (=Dua hari yang lalu kami

diperbolehkan memakai mobil itu.) 5. His parents are very religious. (=Orang tuanya sangat agamawan.) >> Catatan:

Untuk kalimat menyangkal tambahkan not di belakang TO BE dan untuk kalimat bertanya pindahkan TO BE di depan subjek atau kata ganti orang. Contoh Kalimat:

1. Is she clever? (=Apakah dia pintar?) 2. He is not clever. (=Dia tidak pintar.)

2. NOUNS (KATA BENDA)

Cocok dengan TO BE bentuk sekarang dan bentuk lampau. Noun yang bertemu dengan TO BE biasanya tidak diterjemahkan dan terkadang diterjemahkan ‘adalah’ Contoh kalimat:

1. He is a lawyer. (=Dia adalah seorang pengacara.) 2. They are bricklayers. (Mereka tukang batu.) 3. My father is a doctor while my mother is a nurse. (=Ayah saya adalah

seorang dokter sedangkan ibu saya adalah seorang perawat.) 4. Three years ago, my elder sister was a student of Lambung Mangkurat

University, and now she is a nerve specialist. (= Tiga tahun yang lalu kakak perempuan saya adalah seorang Mahasiswa Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, dan sekarang dia seorang dokter ahli syaraf.)

5. It is a wolf. (=Itu seekor srigala.) >> Catatan:

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Untuk kalimat negative (kalimat menyangkal) tambahkan not di belakang TO BE dan untuk kalimat interrogative (kalimat tanya) pindahkan TO BE di depan subjek.

3. ADVERB OF PLACE/TIME (KATA KETERANGAN TEMPAT/ WAKTU)

Adverb adalah kata yang menjelaskan kata kerja, kata sifat, kata

keterangan yang lain dan juga kadang menjelaskan suatu kalimat. Pada bahasan ini hendaknya dipahami bahwa kata keterangan tempat dan waktu bisa dipertemukan dengan TO BE. Kata keterangan yang bertemu dengan TO BE biasanya diterjemahkan ‘ada’ atau ‘berada’. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini!

1. He is in the mosque. (= Dia ada di mesjid.) 2. My wife’s uncle and my friend’s younger sister were in Banjarmasin two

months ago. (= Pamannya istri saya dan adik perempuannya teman saya itu berada di Banjarmasin dua bulan yang lalu.)

3. The carpenter was on the roof of Mr. Amin Roy’s home yesterday afternoon. (Tukang kayu itu ada di atas atap rumah bapak Amin Roy kemarin sore.)

4. We are at Kusan Berjuang course now. (= Kami berada di kursus Kusan Berjuang sekarang.)

5. It is half past two. (=Lewat tiga puluh menit jam dua.) 6. It is two o’clock. (=Jam dua.).

4. V E R B + I N G ( S E D A N G)

Cocok dengan TO BE sekarang yaitu: AM, ARE, IS dan TO BE lampau

yaitu: WAS and WERE. Verb + ing (kata kerja bentuk ing) ini diterjemahkan sedang/sementara mengekspresikan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi sekarang atau pada suatu kurun waktu tertentu. Contoh kalimat: 1. He is smoking now. (=Dia sedang merokok sekarang.) 2. They are writing some letters now. (=Mereka sedang menulis surat.) 3. She was studying English when you came. (=Dia sedang belajar bahasa

Inggris ketika kalian datang.) 4. We are thinking about our future life. (Kami sedang memikirkan masa

depan kami.) >> Catatan: Untuk kalimat menyangkal tambahkan NOT di belakang TO BE dan untuk kalimat bertanya pindahkan TO BE di depan subyek (kata ganti orang). Contoh kalimat negative (kalimat menyangkal) 1. They are not (aren’t) writing any letters right now. (=Mereka tidak sedang

menulis surat sekarang.)

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2. She is not reading a magazine now, but She is reading a novel. (=Dia tidak sedang membaca majalah tetapi dia sedang membaca sebuah novel.)

3. They were not listening to classical music this morning. (= Mereka tidak sedang mendengarkan musik klasik tadi pagi.)

Contoh kalimat interrogative (kalimat bertanya) 1. Are they writing any letters right now?.(=Apakah mereka sedang menulis

surat sekarang?) 2. Were you reading a magazine yesterday morning when I called you?

(=Apakah kamu sedang membaca sebuah majalah kemarin pagi ketika saya menelponmu? )

3. Were they studying English when you came? (=Apakah mereka sedang belajar bahasa Inggris ketika kalian datang?)

4. Is your wife cooking now?.(=Apakah istrimu sedang memasak sekarang?)

5. V E R B III (kata kerja bentuk III)

Cocok dengan TO BE present dan past. Verb III ini manakala berhadapan dengan TO BE cara menerjemahkannya memberi awalan di…../ter….. pada Verb III tersebut. Contoh kalimat: 1. This business letter was written by my aunt this morning. (=Surat bisnis itu

ditulis oleh tante saya tadi pagi.) 2. This book is written by Mr. Hengki. (=Buku ini ditulis oleh Pak Hengki.) 3. There were born in Batulicin. (Mereka dilahirkan di Batulicin) 4. My old motorcycle is being painted by my uncle. (= Sepeda motor tua saya

sedang diperbaiki oleh pamannya.) 5. The robbers were shoten last night (= Perampok –perampok itu tertembak

tadi malam.)

EXERCISE II

Betulkan kata-kata yang bergaris bawah pada titik-titik jalur kanan bila kata tersebut salah. Dan tulislah huruf “T” bila dianggap sudah betul

1. My classmates is very clever 1. ....are.......................

2. Are your father a doctor? 2. .is..........................

3. They is in the office last night 3. ...........................

4. Asmar and Zul live at. Ayani street no.1 4. ...........................

5. Are your brother invited to have a lunch 5. ...........................

6. My parents is watching TV now 6. ...........................

7. Your dictionaries is on the table 7. ...........................

8. Are their sister in the dining room? 8. ...........................

9. My father was at home now 9. ...........................

10. I like studying English. It was easy. 10. ...........................

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Translate Into English the Sentences Below

1. Apakah teman mereka sibuk?

2. Paman kami sangat malu.

3. Apakah dia mengantuk?

4. Saya tidak cemburu.

5. Itu bukan sebuah paku tapi itu adalah jarum

6. Itu bukan surat kabar tapi itu adalah majalah.

7. Apakah dia seorang dokter gigi?

8. Dia bukan seorang pemimpin.

9. Kami bukan wartawan tapi kami adalah pengacara

10. Ayah saya berada di Pagaruyung minggu lalu.

11. Zulkifli tidak berada di Pelajau sekarang tapi dia berada di Sebamban.

12. Mereka biasanya diajar bahasa Inggris oleh Pak Hengki.

13. Mereka sedang diajar Akuntansi oleh Ibu Ratna.

14. Mereka selalu berada di Pagatan.

15. Apakah ayahmu sedang bermain tenis.

16. Kami selalu didenda.

17. Lelaki itu terbunuh tadi malam.

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UNIT II

DO AUXIALIARY

TO DO (DO, DOES, DID) dipakai untuk membuat kalimat menyangkal dan kalimat bertanya, tidak dipakai untuk membuat kalimat biasa (positive). TO DO ini hanya bisa berhadapan dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama murni tanpa embel-embel di belakangnya. Untuk mencermati Subyek yang cocok dengan TO DO, perhatikanlah bagan di bawah ini! Sekarang Lampau I YOU WE THEY DO THE EMPLOYEES MY FRIENDS

YOUR FRIENDS OUR FRIENDS THEIR FRIENDS DID HIS FRIENDS OLIS AND ATI SHE HE OLIS DOES ATI THE EMPLOYEE MY FRIEND

YOUR FRIEND OUR FRIEND THEIR FRIEND HIS FRIEND IT

Contoh kalimat:

1. Does he play football every Sunday afternoon? (=Apakah dia bermain sepak bola setiap minggu?)

2. Do they always go to school on foot? (=Apakah mereka selalu berjalan kaki ke sekolah?)

3. Did Ratna go to the zoo yesterday? (Apakah Ratna pergi ke kebun binatang kemarin?)

4. Did the dog bark loudly last night ? (= Apakah anjing itu menyalak dengan keras tadi malam?)

5. Does the Inn contain fifteen rooms (= Apakah penginapan itu memiliki lima belas kamar?)

6. Yuliani doesn’t love you. (=Yuliani tidak mencintai anda.) 7. Did Dedi meet you last night? (=Apakah Dedi menemui kamu tadi malam?) 8. Anang doesn’t always finish his work well. (= Anang tidak selalu

menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan baik?)

Verb 1 (murni)

hanya dipakai

untuk bertanya dan

menyangkal

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>> Catatan :

Untuk kalimat positif, yang menggunakan subyek seperti: she, he, Ratna, Olis, paman dan it, maka kata kerjanya akan mengalami perubahan sebagai berikut: a. Pada umumnya, kata kerjanya hanya ditambah huruf –s Contoh kalimat:

1. He works in the yard every morning (=Dia bekerja di halaman setiap pagi) 2. Ratna reads some newspapers every Sunday morning (= Ratna

membaca beberapa surat kabar setiap minggu pagi) b. Tetapi kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan : -es, -ch, -sh, -x, dan o

bukan huruf –s yang ditambahkan melainkan –es Contoh kalimat:

1. He passes my house every week. (= Dia melewati rumah saya setiap minggu.)

2. Mis Eta finishes her work well. (Nona Eta menyelesaikan pekerjaannya dengan baik.)

3. My uncle fixes his motorcycle every three months. (= Paman saya memperbaiki sepeda motornya setiap tiga bulan.)

4. Mr. Hengki teaches us English three times a week. (= Pak Hengki mengajar kami bahasa Inggris tiga kali seminggu.)

5. His younger brother sometimes goes to school on foot (=Adik laki-lakinya kadang-kadang berjalan kaki ke sekolah.)

6. Jhon does her homework everyday. (=Jhon mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya setiap hari.)

c. Kata-kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf –y dan didahului oleh huruf

mati. –y diganti dengan –i kemudian ditambahkan dengan –es. Contoh Kalimat:

- Study = Roy studies English - Carry = Mr. Jaka carries a box - Fly = The bird flies in the sky d. Kata- kata yang berakhiran dengan –y dan didahului oleh huruf hidup,

langsung ditambah –s di belakangnya. Contoh:

- Play = The boy always plays football in front of his house. - Buy = My wife buys new dress every month.

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EXERCISE II

Betulkan kata-kata yang bergaris bawah pada titik-titik jalur kanan bila kata tersebut salah. Dan tulislah huruf “T” bila dianggap sudah betul 1. Do your brother go to office everyday ? 1. .............................

2. My friends doesn’t speak Banjarese at school 2. .............................

3. We don’t go to the hospital last night. 3. .............................

4. My boy friend don’t like tea 4. .............................

5. Dani don’t want to go to the movie 5. .............................

6. This car don’t belong to you 6. .............................

7. Do your friends like cigarette ? 7. ............................

8. Mr. Medi and I doesn’t live in a dormitory 8. .............................

9. Does she watch Sinetron “Disini ada Setan” last night 9. .............................

10. Does their father have a motorcycle 10. .............................

Translate into English these following sentences!

1. Apakah ibu mereka selalu membuat kue dadar?

2. Siapa yang kamu tabrak tadi malam?

3. Robin digiring ke penjara minggu lalu.

4. Apakah dia mencintai anda?

5. Dia tidak sering mendengar lagu-lagu Pop.

6. Apakah ayahmu membaca surat kabar setiap pagi?

7. Ibuku tidak selalu mengeluh.

8. Apakah anda berbahasa bugis ?

9. Apakah pacarnya suka makan Bakso?

10. Apakah anda menghadiri Pesta Laut di Pagatan setiap tahun?

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UNIT III

TO HAVE Sekarang Lampau I YOU WE THEY HAVE THE EMPLOYEES MY FRIENDS

YOUR FRIENDS OUR FRIENDS THEIR FRIENDS HIS FRIENDS HER FRIENDS

HAD SHE HE NORHOLIS THE EMPLOYEE HAS MY FRIEND

YOUR FRIEND OUR FRIEND THEIR FRIEND HIS FRIEND IT

To Have (have, has, dan had) cocok dengan kata kerja bentuk III, tidak cocok dengan kata kerja bentuk I dan II.

To Have yang ditambahkan BEEN setelahnya cocok dengan : (1) Noun (kata benda), (2) Adjective ( kata sifat ) (3) Adverb of place/time (kata keterangan tempat/waktu) (4) Verb I + ing, (kata kerja bentuk I + ing) (5) Verb III (kata kerja III), contoh: written (ditulis), eaten (dimakan), punished (dihukum) Etc.

Berikut kata kerja bentuk III yang berhadapan dengan To Have yang tidak ada BEEN –nya.

Contoh Kalimat:

1. Arman has written a letter for you (=Arman telah menulis surat untuk anda)

2. Have you had your dinner already ? (= Sudahkah anda makan malam?) 3. You had slept when we came. (=Anda sudah tidur ketika kami datang.) 4. I have saved a lot of money, and now I can buy a new car (= Saya telah

menabung banyak uang dan sekarang saya dapat membeli sebuah mobil baru.)

Juga perhatikanlah kata sifat, kata benda, kata keterangan tempat/ waktu. Kata kerja I + ing dan kata kerja bentuk III yang diletakkan BEEN di depannya, seperti pada contoh kalimat berikut :

Cocok dengan

Kata Kerja

Bentuk III

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Contoh Kalimat: 1. She has been very busy lately (= Akhir-akhir ini dia sudah sangat sibuk) 2. They have been ill for three months (= Mereka telah sakit selama tiga bulan) 3. You have been late (= Kamu sudah terlambat) 4. You had been ill before he came here (= Kamu sudah sakit sebelum dia ke sini) Contoh Kalimat:

1. She had been a doctor before I became a teacher ( = Dia sudah jadi seorang dokter sebelum saya menjadi guru).

2. They had been doctors when they went abroad. (= Mereka sudah jadi dokter saat mereka ke luar negeri)

3. I hadn’t been a businessman when I went to Australia at the time. (= Saya belum jadi pengusaha saat saya pergi ke Australia)

4. She has been a professor (= Dia sudah jadi profesor)

Contoh Kalimat :

1. We had been in Surabaya when they came from Makassar (=Kami sudah berada di Surabaya ketika mereka datang dari Makassar)

2. I had been here since two hours (= Saya sudah berada di sini selama dua jam)

3. Had you been in Aceh when it was devastated by Shunami earthquake (= Apakah kamu sudah berada di Aceh ketika daerah itu diguncang oleh gempa tsunami ?)

4. We have been in Batulicin for three months (= Kami sudah berada di Batulicin selama tiga bulan)

Contoh kalimat : 1. They have been learning English since seven o’clock (=Mereka telah

sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sejak jam delapan) 2. She had been being sick two week when we went to America (=Dia sudah

sakit selama dua minggu ketika kami pergi ke Amerika) 3. Angga hadn’t been studying English at Kusan Berjuang course when Mr.

Hengki came from Banjarmasin. (= Angga belum belajar bahasa Inggris di Kusan Berjuang kursus ketika Pak Hengki datang dari Banjarmasin)

Contoh Kalimat :

1. BEEN ADJECTIVE

2. BEEN NOUN diterjemahkan “sudah menjadi”

3. BEEN ADVERBS OF PLACE/TIME diterjemahkan “berada atau ada”

5. BEEN VERB III diterjemahkan “di ….”/ter…

4. BEEN V ERB + ING sedang ..

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1. The letter has been written by Wira (=surat itu telah ditulis oleh Wira) 2. The book had been copied by him before we came home (= buku itu telah

dipotokopi oleh dia sebelum kami pulang )

Berikut jenis kata keterangan frequency dan kata keterangan lainnya yang sering disisipkan diantara TO HAVE (HAS, HAD) dan kata kerja bentuk III yaitu:

Already = sudah Just = saja Ever = pernah Never = tidak pernah Sometime = kadang-kadang Occasionally = sekali-sekali Often = usually Always = selalu Almost = hampir Penggunaan dalam kalimat :

1. ALREADY (Sudah)

Dipakai dalam kalimat positif dan interrogative dan letaknya sebelum verb III atau pada akhir kalimat. Contoh : 1. I have already posted the letter = I have posted the letter already. (=saya

telah memposkan surat itu) 2. Roy has finished his work already = Roy has already finished his work.

(=Roy telah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya)

2. YET (Belum)

Dipakai dalam kalimat menyangkal dan kalimat tanya. Dan letaknya pada akhir kalimat. Contoh Kalimat:

1. I havn’t seen the film yet (=saya belum melihat filem itu) 2. Haven’t you read the book yet? (= belumkah kamu baca buku itu ?)

3. JUST (Saja)

Letaknya sebelum kata kerja III Contoh kalimat :

1. I have just received a short massage of hers (=Saya baru saja menerima SMS-nya)

2. They have just arrived. (=Mereka baru saja tiba)

4. EVER AND NEVER (Pernah/Tidak pernah)

Letaknya sebelum kata kerja “EVER” dipakai dalam kalimat positive dan kalimat tanya, sedangkan “NEVER” dipakai dalam kalimat positive. Contoh kalimat :

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1. Have you ever gone to Surabaya? (=Sudah pernah ke Surabaya) 2. Has she ever come here? (=Sudah pernah ke sini) 3. I have never smoke in class.(= Saya belum pernah merokok di dalam

kelas)

5. SOMETIMES (Kadang-kadang)

Dipakai dalam kalimat positive dan interrogative dan letaknya sebelum Verb III. Contoh kalimat : 1. I have sometimes been late (=Saya kadang-kadang datang terlambat) 2. Have they sometimes come here?. (=Apakah mereka kadang-kadang

datang ke sini ?)

EXERCISE V

1. Saya belum melihat dia sejak bulan Januari

2. Apakah anda sudah tinggal di Tanah Bumbu sejak 2003?

3. Dia sudah selalu menelpon saya

4. Sekarang jam 3, tapi kami belum makan siang

5. Saya belum mendengar dari dia sejak bulan lalu

6. Saya sudah mendengar dari dia sebelum berangkat ke Australia.

7. Anda telah ketinggalan kereta api dan sekarang anda harus menunggu

kereta api berikutnya.

8. Kami telah menjawab lima pertanyaan dari pak Hengki hari ini

9. Pamannya sudah jadi dokter.

10. Staf-staf Pemkab. Tanah Bumbu sudah berada di Gedung serbaguna.

Mereka menunggu bapak Bupati.

11. Kami telah menunggu anda selama 1 ½ jam

12. Pak Bupati sudah sangat sibuk akhir-akhir ini.

13. Wanita itu sudah sangat cantik

14. Pembunuh keluarga tetangga saya sudah ditembak mati

15. Materi pelajaran ini sudah dijelaskan oleh Mr. Hengki .

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UNIT IV MODAL AUXILIARY

PRESENT PAST

I YOU THEY WE THE STUDENTS THEIR FRIENDS My FRIENDS HER FRIENDS SHE HE THE STUDENT THEIR FRIEND My FRIEND HER FRIEND IT Modal Auxiliary berhadapan dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama murni, yang tidak mendapat tambahan –s dan –es sesudahnya, dan perlu diingat kata kerja tersebut tanpa to.

Modal auxiliary tersebut bisa diikuti oleh kelima kelompok kata yang sudah dijelaskan pada bab terdahulu tetapi sebelumnya diletakkan BE. Contoh Kalimat :

1. She will be rich. (= Dia akan kaya.) 2. She will be a nurse. (= Dia akan jadi perawat.) 3. She will be in Pagatan at 10 o’clock (=Dia akan berada di Pagatan pada

jam 10.) 4. She will be studying English at Kusan Berjuang Course at 4 o’clock p.m. (= Dia akan belajar bahasa Inggris di Kusan Berjuang pada jam empat sore ) 5. They will be taught English by Mr. Hengki Berikut kalimat modal auxiliary yang tidak mengikuti kaidah yang semestinya. Contoh:

1. Salah = She can to speak English fluently Benar = She can speak English Fluently. (= dia dapat berbahasa

Inggris dengan lancar.) 2. Salah = He must works hard Benar = He must work hard. (=Dia harus bekerja keras.)

Penggunaan modal auxiliary >> Diingat!!!

false

V E R B I

CAN COULD

WILL WOULD

SHALL SHOULD

MAY MIGHT

MUST -

OUGHT TO -

NEED -

DARE -

USED TO -

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Dalam sebuah kalimat tidak boleh ada dua buah modal auxiliary, berikut contoh kalimat yang menggunakan dua buah kata bantu modal, sehingga kalimat berikut ini adalah kalimat yang salah:

I must can speak English well (=Saya harus dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan baik) Mestinya : I must be able to speak English well.

1. CAN & COULD CAN

Can dipakai untuk menyatakan :

1. Kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang.

Contoh Kalimat :

1. She can sing beautifully. (=Dia dapat menyanyi dengan merdu) 2. We can speak English well. (= Dia dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan

baik) 3. She can drive a car. ( = Dia dapat mengendarai mobil dengan cepat)

2. Minta izin

Contoh Kalimat : 1. Can I borrow your book ? (=Bisakah saya meminjam buku anda ?) 2. Can I come to your house ? (=Bisa saya datang kerumah anda?) 3. You can go home now (= anda bisa pulang sekarang) 4. Can I go to the party with you to night ? (=Bisa saya pergi kepesta itu

dengan anda sebentar malam ?) 3. Kemungkinan

1. She can be at home at noon. (=Dia mungkin berada di rumah pada siang hari.)

2. He can be ill (Mungkin dia sakit.) 4. Untuk menyatakan suatu “Power /Ability” atau Kemampuan / Kecakapan.

Dalam hal ini “CAN” mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan “know how to” (=Tahu bagaimana caranya), dan dapat digantikan oleh “to be able to”.

Contoh Kalimat :

= Rince can sing a song very well = Rince is able to sing a song very well = Rince knows how to sing a song very well.

COULD Could selain digunakan untuk kata ganti lampau dari can juga dapat digunakan untuk menghaluskan suatu permohonan dan memberikan kesan sopan dari pada “can”. Contoh kalimat :

1. Could you give me a favor? 2. Could you help me a moment? 3. Could you hand me that book ?

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4. Could you spare me a few minutes? 5. Could I go with her?

2. MAY & MIGHT Kedua kata kerja bantu ini dapat digunakan untuk: 1. Menyatakan suatu “PERMISSION” (pemberian izin). Dalam hal ini “MAY”

atau MIGHT” dapat dipergantikan dengan TO BE PERMITTED TO atau BE ALLOWED TO (boleh / diizinkan).

Contoh Kalimat :

= You may go home now (= Kamu boleh pulang sekarang) = You are allowed to go home now = You are permitted to go home now.

MIGHT MIGHT ini adalah lampau dari “MAY” Contoh Kalimat :

= He said we might stay here last night (Dia berkata kita bisa tinggal di sini tadi malam).

= He said we were allowed to stay here last night. = He said we were permitted to stay here last night.

2. Menyatakan suatu “Possibility/Probability” atau suatu kemungkinan. Dalam

hal ini yang lebih keras daripada MIGHT.

1. Susi looks pale, she may supper from Anemia. (Susi nampak pucat, kemungkinan besar dia menderita anemia). 2. I don’t remember where I put my key, I may leave it at home.

NOTES: MAY dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengharapan atau kemungkinan (“Wish”). Dalam hal ini kata kerja bantu MAY ditempatkan pada bagian kalimat depan. Contoh Kalimat :

1. May God bless you. (= Semoga tuhan memberkatimu) 2. May you success in your life ( = Semoga kamu sukses dalam menjalani

hidup ini.) 3. May God always forgive you (= Semoga Tuhan selalu mengampunimu.) 4. May all your dreams become true. (= Semoga mimpi-mimpimu menjadi

kenyataan.) 5. May all the happiness be with you (= Semoga kebahagiaan

bersamamu.) 6. May you enjoy good health. (= Semoga kau sehat walafiat.)

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3. MUST Kata kerja bantu ini digunakan untuk : 1. Menyatakan “Necessity”/“Compulsion” atau suatu “keperluan”/

“keharusan”. Contoh Kalimat: :

1. You must obey this regulation. (= Kamu harus mentaati aturan ini.) 2. You must study hard of fail the exam (= Kamu perlu belajar dari

kegagalan pada ujian itu.) 2. Menyatakan tujuan atau niat yang sudah pasti. Contoh Kalimat :

1. I must repair my car before I go (= Saya harus memperbaiki mobil saya sebelum saya pergi.)

2. I must marry the girl, in all risk ( = Saya hurus menikahi gadis itu, apa pun resikonya.)

3. Menyatakan tugas atau kewajiban. Contoh Kalimat:

1. We must pay the income tax to the government. (=Kamu harus membayar pajak kepada pemerintah.)

2. You must pay your debts (= Kamu harus membayar semua utangmu.) 3. All students must do the their homework. (= Semua siswa harus

mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya) 4. Menyatakan suatu keyakinan yang kuat pada suatu fakta . Contoh Kalimat:

1. Hi, you look so happy today, you must have much money. (= He..., kamu nampak sangat bahagia, kamu pasti punya banyak uang.)

2. She has beautiful wife, he must be happy (= Dia mempunyai istri yang cantik, dia pasti bahagia)

3. She must be in hospital by this time. (= Dia pasti berada di rumah sakit sekarang.)

5. Bentuk Must not (mustn’t) untuk menyatakan larangan. Contoh Kalimat:

1. You mustn’t smoke. (=Kamu tidak boleh merokok.) 2. You mustn’t go alone. It is too risk (= Kamu tidak boleh pergi sendirian.

Itu terlalu beresiko.) 3. You mustn’t smoke near gasoline tank. (Kamu tidak boleh merokok di

dekat tangki bensin.) Notes:

MUST saat digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keharusan bisa dipergantikan dengan have to; Contoh kalimat:

Must

Have to

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We know what’s going on (kami harus tahu apa yang sedang terjadi) Jhon return this book to the library Contoh kalimat:

1. Hi, you looks so happy today, you must have much money 2. She beautiful wife, he must be happy 3. She must be in hospital by this time

Bentuk MUSTN’T digunakan untuk menyatakan larangan: Contoh Kalimat:

1. You mustn’t smoke here ( Kamu dilarang merokok di sini ) 2. You mustn’t go alone. It is too risk ( Kamu jangan pergi sendirian. Itu

sangat beresiko) 3. You mustn’t smoke near gasoline tank. (Kamu dilarang merokok dekat

tangki bensin)

4. WILL & WOULD WILL “WILL” mempunyai beberapa kegunaan, yakni: 1. Menyatakan keadaan atau kegiatan yang akan terjadi. Contoh Kalimat:

1. I will go to Surabaya tomorrow 2. The examination will begin on Monday

2. Menyatakan permintaan secara halus atau sopan.

1. Will you help me, please? 2. He will you come in, please? 3. Will you go to mosque with me?

3. Menyatakan janji atau tekad yang akan dilakukan Contoh Kalimat:

1. I will ask her when I see her 2. He will do better on next time.

WOULD

“Would” mempunyai beberapa kegunaan, yakni: 1. Sebagai bentuk lampau “will” dan kegunaan dalam jalinan kalimat lampau: Contoh Kalimat:

Must

Has to

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1. He said that he would come in time (dia berkata dia akan datang tepat waktu)

2. You promised me that you would buy me a new car 3. I knew that she would come yesterday 4. He would buy that house, but he had not much money.

2. “Would” digunakan pula dalam menyatakan perintah atau permintaan

secara lebih halus dari pada “will”. Contoh Kalimat:

1. Would you opeh your book, please? 2. Would you give this book to Anis? 3. Would you like something to drink? 4. Would you like some coffee?

NOTES:

Untuk menjawab would you like …. please, dipakai salah satu di antara ungkapan berikut : 1. Sure, I will 2. Okey , I will 3. of course, I will 4. All right 5. Yes, I will. 6. Why not. Ect.

5. SHALL, SHOULD & OUGHT TO

SHALL Shall digunakan untuk menyatakan : 1. berarti “akan” dalam bentuk future tense. Contoh kalimat:

1. I shall go to London tomorrow. (Saya akan pergi ke London besok) 2. We shall buy a new motorcycle next week. (Kami akan membeli

sebuah motor baru minggu depan) Catatan : Dalam British English, untuk subyek “I” dan “We” dipakai “SHALL” dan untuk selainnya yaitu You, She, He, They digunakan “WILL”. 2. Menawarkan bantuan

Contoh kalimat:

1. Shall I open window? 2. Shall I make coffee for you?

3. Janji (perjanjian)

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Contoh Kalimat:

1. I shall meet her tomorrow. 2. You shall have a motorcycle.

SHOULD Should mempunyai beberapa kegunaan yakni: 1. Untuk menghaluskan suatu permintaan atau permohonan. Contoh:

1. You call me” Johari”. That’s is not my name. You should call me “Jauhari”

2. You dialed 46667; but it should be 47766 3. Should dapat juga menyatakan suatu ”Weak Obligation” atau kewajiban

yang lemah.

2. Keharusan atau yang seharusnya dilakukan. Dalam hal ini pengertian Should sama dengan “Ought to” (=seharusnya). Contoh Kalimat:

1. You should do your homework everyday (=You ought to do your homework everyday)

2. You should come to this party earlier (= You ought to come to this party earlier)

3. He should be more careful (= He ought to be more careful) 4. You should do what I told you (=You ought to do what I told you)

3. Bentuk lampau dari Shall Contoh kalimat:

1. He said that he should go home right away. 2. I told that lady I should be in her house a little late. 3. We informed her that we should take her to a movie.

6. USED TO

Digunakan untuk menyatakan pengertian kebiasaan atau perbuatan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang pada masa lampau, tetapi kebiasaan ini tidak lagi dilakukan. Contoh:

1. She used to sing when she was young. (Dia biasa menyanyi ketika ia muda)

2. He used to cry when he was a child. ( Dia biasa menangis ketika ia masih kecil)

3. She used to come here every week. (Dia biasa datang setiap minggu) Bentuk kalimat tanya dan kalimat menyangkal dapat menggunakan kata

bantu DID, biasa juga tidak.

Contoh Kalimat:

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1. Used you to sleep after lunch? Yes, I used to/ No usedn’t to. 2. She usedn’t to sleep after lunch. 3. Did you use to sleep after lunch ? No, I didn’t / Yes I did. 4. She didn’t use to visit me regularly.

9. NEED Need adalah kata kerja yang berarti “perlu” yang dapat digunakan sebagai kata kerja bantu, terutama membuat kalimat negatif dan jawaban dari pertanyaan dengan must. Contoh kalimat:

1. I must go now (positif) (=Saya harus pergi sekarang). 2. I needn’t go now (negatif) (=Saya tidak boleh pergi sekarang). Bukan :I musnt’t go now. Karena kalimat ini berarti : Saya melarang

pergi sekarang). 3. Must I go now ? hendaknya dijawab : NO, you needn’t atau yes you

must (=haruskah saya pergi sekarang ? ) (Tidak, kamu tidak boleh pergi, ya kamu boleh pergi).

10. DARE

DARE mempunyai arti “berani” (have the courage to) dapat digunakan sebagai : 1.Kata kerja bantu Contoh Kalimat:

1. He dare go there alone 2. Dare she do it 3. I dare not to climb the tree Tidak memakai “S” untuk orang ketiga tunggal untuk kalimat nomor 1, Bukan S H E / H E D A R E S

2. Kata kerja biasa Maka kalimat tanya dan negatif menggunakan Auxiliary Verb.

Contoh kalimat:

1. She doesn’t dare to go there alone. 2. Does he dare to come alone ? 3. I don’t dare to come alone.

Dalam bentuk Past Tense, DARE terkadang dipakai untuk kalimat tanya dan kalimat menyangkal.

Contoh kalimat:

1. He dare not to go alone yesterday = (He didn’t dare to go alone) 2. Dared he go there alone? Atau = (Did he dare to go? )

EXERCISE VI

1. Bisakah saya datang kerumah anda?

2. Dia Mungkin ada di rumah pada siang hari

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3. Mungkin ia sakit

4. Saya akan pergi ke Kotabaru besok pagi

5. Dia lelah, dia sebaiknya beristirahat

6. Kamu sakit, kamu sebaiknya ke dokter

7. Dia akan dihukum mati sebelum ia melarikan diri.

8. Maukah saudara pergi ke sana?

9. Saya mau makan

10. Saya lebih suka menjadi dokter daripada menjadi seorang guru

11. Anda dilarang merokok di dalam kelas.

12. Kamu kemarin harus berjumpa dengan saudara perempuanku.

13. Dia biasa menangis ketika ia masih kecil.

14. Dia berani pergi sendirian ke sana

15. Kemarin saya pergi sendirian ke teater itu.

16. Mereka harus membayar semua utang-utangnya kepada saya.

17. Semoga Allah selalu menunjukimu jalan yang lurus.

ATURAN TEORI KUNCI PERTANYAAN

BAHASA INGGRIS 1. What Am.......... 1. Adjective 2. What book Are ......... 2. Noun 3. Whose Is ........... 3. Adverb of place 4. Whose book time 5. Which was ....... 4. Verb I + ing were ...... sedang 5. Verb. III = di...... 6. Which book Do ......... 7. Who Does ..... Verb I 8. Whom (Who) Did ........ 9. Where 10. When 11. Why Have ...... 12. How (keadaan/cara) Has ........ Verb III 13. How old Had ........ 14. How many times 16. How many books Will ....... 17. How much Shall ........ 18. How much wine Can ........

May ....... Must ...... Verb I Should ... Might ...... Could ..... Would ....

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Semua kunci pertanyaan di atas tidak bisa digunakan dalam kalimat tanya tanpa diikuti langsung oleh salah satu dari keempat kelompok kata bantu berikut ini, yaitu: TO BE, TO DO, TO HAVE, MODAL AUXILIARY Contoh kalimat: Salah : Why you always cry ? Betul : Why do you always cry ? (=Mengapa kamu selalu menangis ?) Salah : Where you were you born Betul : Where were you born (= Dimana anda lahir ?) Salah : What she has done ? Betul : What has she done? (= Apa yang sudah dia lakukan?) Salah : Whose son they will invite? Betul : Whose son will they invite ? (=Putranya siapa yang mereka

akan undang ?) dan e.t.c. Salah : Who you did call yesterday? Betul : Who did you call yesterday ? (= Siapa yang kamu panggil

kemarin?)

Pengecualian

Kata-kata who, what.., which..., whose..., manakala digunakan untuk menanyakan Subyek maka kata-kata tersebut langsung diikuti kata kerja. Contoh : Salah : Who did call you yerterday ? Betul : Who called you yesterday? (= Siapa menelpon kamu

kemarin). Salah : Whose daughter do love you ? Betul : Whose daugther loves you? ( = Putrinya siapa yang mencintai

kamu). Salah : Which man do like you very much ? Betul : Which man likes you very much ( Lelaki mana yang sangat

menyukai kamu ) Salah : What does make you disappointed ? Betul : What makes you disappointed ? (Apa yang membuatmu kecewa).

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UNIT V

QUESTION TAG POLA POKOK A. , , B. n , , , C , , , D , Penjelasan:

“QUESTION TAG” adalah pertanyaan singkat yang ditambahkan pada akhir kalimat/pernyataan yang dalam bahasa Indonesia terkadang diterjemahkan bukan?, Maukan? Tooo?. Ciri-cirinya adalah: 1. Bila pernyataan Positif (+), maka question tag-nya harus Negatif (-) 2. Bila pernyataan Negatif (-), maka tag-nya harus positif (+) 3. Subyek dalam question tag harus pronoun 4. Jika statement menggunakan kata kerja bantu maka ia harus diulang dalam

tag-nya. 5. Jika statement tidak menggunakan auxiliary maka pakailah do, does, did

dalam tag-nya Berikut uraiannya:

Contoh kalimat::

1. You are a student, aren’t you? (Kamu seorang siswa bukan? 2. You were in Pagatan last week, weren’t you? (Kamu tidak berada di

Pagatan minggu lalu bukan?) 3. She is studying English now, isn’t she? (= Dia sedang belajar bahasa

Inggris sekarang, bukan?) 4. They are being taught English by Mr. Hengki, aren’t they? (= Mereka

sedang diajar bahasa Inggris oleh Pak Hengki bukan ?)

PERNYATAAN

Ali is here

Tag -?

Isn’t he

PERNYATAAN

Ali isn’t there

Tag-+

Is he

PERINTAH

Stop that noise

Will you?

Will you?

Let”s ......... (Ajakan)

Let’s go

Shall we

Shall we

1. Pernyataan Positif, Tag-nya Negatif

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5. She likes drinking tea, doesn’t she? (=Dia suka minum teh, bukan ?) 6. They have met you, haven’t you? ( = Mereka telah menemui kamu,

bukan?) 7. Ninis will leave, won’t she? ( =Ninis akan berangkat, bukan?)

Contoh kalimat :

1. You are not a nurse, are you ? (=Kamu bukan perawat, bukan) 2. You don’t like tea, do you? 3. They haven’t left, have they? 4. You were not busy, were you? 5. He was not at home, was he? 6. Ali seldom goes to school, does he? 7. She is never late, is she? 8. There is nothing to do now, is there?

Contoh : 1. Mr. Jhohari is in, isn’t he? 2. The ladies are friendly, aren’t they? 3. That is your cat, isn’t it? 4. This is her, isn’t it? 5. That is your cat, isn’t it?

PENGECUALIAN:

Kata “There“ yang ada pada pernyataan tetap menggunakan There pada Tag-nya.

Contoh: 1. There were a lot of people at the party, weren’t there? 2. There is a book on your table, isn’t there?

Kata-kata “these, those dan kata benda jamak”, seperti books, pens harus menggunakan “They” pada Tag-nya.

Contoh Kalimat:

1. Those are your pens, aren’t they? 2. These are mine, aren’t they

Kata-kata “everybody, everyone, somebody, none, someone, neither harus menggunakan “They” pada tag-nya.

Contoh kalimat:

1. Everybody is ready, aren’t they? 2. Nobody is absent, are they? 3. None of them cried, did they? 4. Neither she nor you went, did they? (Baik dia maupun kamu tidak pergi,

bukan?)Etc.

2. Pernyataan Negatif, Tag-nya Positif

3. Tag Harus Menggunakan kata Ganti (Pronoun).

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Contoh Kalimat :

1. They are sick, aren’t they? 2. He won’t go, will he?

KECUALI TO BE “AM” pada pernyataan positif diganti dengan “ARE” pada Tag-nya. Contoh Kalimat :

- I am late, aren’t I ? - I am not late, am I ?

- Contoh Kalimat :

1. You write a letter every month, don’t you? 2. She speaks English everyday, doesn’t she ? 3. They went to Pagatan last week, didn’t they?

Contoh Kalimat :

1. Come here tomorrow, will you? 2. Be carefull, will you ? 3. Let’s read loudly, shall we ? 4. Let’s study, shall we ?.

4. Auxiliary yang ada pada pernyataan diulang pada taq

5. Statement tanpa auxiliary menggunakan “do, does, dan did “ pada tag-nya

6. Perintah/ajakan memakai tag “will”

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UNIT VI MISCELLANEOUS EXPRESSIONS

(SERBA ANEKA UNGKAPAN)

1. THERE IS & THERE ARE

There is & there are berarti ada. There is diikuti kata benda tunggal (Singular Nouns) atau kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung (uncountable Nouns). There are diikuti kata benda jamak (plural noun ) atau kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Contoh kata benda tak dapat dihitung (Uncountable Noun): 1. Beer = bir 2. Gasoline/petrol = bensin 3. Blood = darah 4. Grass = rumput 5. Ccorn = jagung 6. Sand = pasir 7. Powder = tepung/bedak Etc. Contoh kata benda dapat dihitung (Countable Noun): 1. Book = buku 2. Dictionary = kamus 3. File folder = map Contoh kalimat :

1. There is a boy in the classroom 2. There is an engineer in the building 3. There is some sugar in the cupboard 4. There are three English books on the table 5. There are two new cars in the garage.

2. SOME AND ANY Some berarti beberapa manakala diikuti oleh kata benda yang dapat dihitung (Countable Noun) dan berarti sedikit untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (Uncountable Noun). Some digunakan dalam kalimat positif. Contoh kalimat :

1. He has some English book.(=Dia mempunyai beberapa buku bahasa inggris)

2. She has some money in her pocket. (Dia mempunyai sedikit uang ) 3. I have some English dictionaries. (=Saya mempunyai beberapa kamus

bahasa Inggris Any mempunyai arti sama dengan some, tetapi Any digunakan dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat interrogative. Contoh Kalimat :

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1. He doesn’t have any English books. (=Dia tidak mempunyai beberapa kamus bahasa Inggris)

2. Mrs. Santi doesn’t have any money in her pocket. (= Ibu Santi tidak mempunyai sedikit uang)

3. Doesn’t she have any novels on her table? (=Tidakkah ia mempunyai beberapa novel di atas mejanya)

4. Doesn’t Miss Tenri have any friends here? (= Tidakkah nona Tenri mempunyai beberapa teman di sini

Pengecualian:

Some dapat digunakan dalam kalimat interrogative, jika Si penanya tahu jawabannya pasti Yes. Contoh Kalimat:

Do you have some money? Si penanya sudah tahu bahwa kamu punya uang. Jadi jawabannya pasti Yes.

3. MANY & MUCH MANY

Many berarti banyak dan diikuti kata benda jamak. Many digunakan dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat tanya. Contoh Kalimat :

1. He doesn’t have many friends 2. Did he have many apples?

Untuk kalimat positif digunakan a lot of Contoh Kalimat :

1. He has a lot of friends (Dia mempunyai banyak teman ) 2. They have a lot of money (Mereka mempunyai banyak uang ) 3. We have a lot of milk (Kami mempunyai banyak susu) 4. She has a lot of dictionaries (Dia mempunyai banyak kamus)

MUCH

MUCH berarti banyak dan diikuti oleh benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. MUCH digunakan dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Contoh : She has a lot of sugar in the cupboard. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada table berikut :

Untuk Countable Noun (benda yang dapat dihitung)

Untuk uncountable Noun (benda yang tak

dapat dihitung)

Keterangan

Some Any Many A lot of

Some Any Much A lot of

+, ? -, ? -, ? +

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4. ONE & ONES

Dalam bahasa Inggris kita selalu menghindari pemakaian kata-kata yang sama secara berulang. ONE digunakan untuk menggantikan kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung (a singular countable noun). Ones untuk menggantikan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung. Contoh Kalimat :

1. This is a blue bag and that is a red bag = This is a blue bag and that is red one.

2. This car is mine, but that car is yours = This car is mine, but that one is yours.

3. These are brown rules and those are yellow rules = These are brown rules and those are yellow ones.

4. These are six pencils, the ones are on the tables, and the four ones are on the chair.

5. FEW & A FEW Few dan a Few dipakai untuk Countable Nouns (Kata benda dapat dihitung) A few = beberapa Few = tidak banyak (Hampir tidak ada) Contoh kalimat :

1. I have a few dictionaries of English (Saya punya beberapa kamus bahasa Inggris).

2. She has few dictionaries of English (Dia tidak punya banyak kamus

bahasa Inggris (hampir tidak ada)).

6. LITTLE & A LITTLE Little dan a little dipakai untuk Uncountable Nouns (Kata benda tidak dapat dihitung) a little = sedikit little = tidak banyak (hampir tidak ada). Contoh :

1. I have a little time = Saya punya sedikit waktu 2. I have little time = Saya tidak punya banyak waktu (hampir tidak

ada)

7. TOO-VERY Too berarti = terlampau, terlalu Very berarti = amat sangat Too dan very dapat digunakan baik dengan adjective maupun adverb. Dan letak Too serta Very selalu sebelum adjective/verb.

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Contoh Kalimat :

1. Hasan speaks too rapidly. We can’t understand him. 2. The blue jacket is too small. I can’t wear it. 3. Olis is very brave student. 4. Ratih speaks English very clearly. We can understand her.

8. ENOUGH (Cukup)

1. Dapat digunakan baik dengan adjective maupun adverb. Dan letak Enough selalu setelah adjective/adverb. Contoh Kalimat :

1. This book is simple enough. We can understand it. 2. Amir is strong enough. He can lift a big box. 3. Farida wrote sentence clearly enough. We like her. 4. Aminah speaks politely enough. We like her. 5. Enough dapat digunakan sebelum dan sesudah noun.

2. ENOUGH dapat digunakan sebelum dan sesudah noun. Contoh Kalimat :

1. There are enough apples for the children. 2. There is enough milk for you 3. She will invite us dinner. She has enough food. Atau She has food

enough 4. Have we got enough rice? 5. Do you have enough time to come to my house?

3. ENOUGH Of ... digunakan sebelum article (kata sandang), possessive

atau demonstrative, yang pada noun dan juga dapat digunakan dengan pronoun.

Contoh kalimat :

1. Is there enough of the blue material? 2. Is there enough blue material? 3. Have we got enough bread? 4. We didn’t buy enough of them.

9. NO- NOT

Mengatakan tidak dalam bahasa Inggris ada 2 cara, yaitu no dan not, tetapi penggunaannya dalam kalimat berbeda. No harus bergandengan tempatnya dengan (sebelum) kata-kata nama sesuatu, seperti orang, barang, tempat, waktu, binatang dan sebagainya. Misalnya : No book (tidak ada buku) No friend (tidak ada teman) No time (tidak ada waktu) No money (tidak ada uang) etc. Contoh kalimat:

1. I have no friend in Pagatan

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2. She has no money to buy the book. 3. He has no time to come here. 4. No cigarette is completely harmless. 5. No tourist came to Batulicin last week. Ect.

No dapat diganti dengan not any dan artinya tetap tidak berubah. Contoh Kalimat:

1. I have no time to help you = I have not any time to help you. 2. There is no more sugar = There is not any more sugar 3. They have seen nobody = They have not seen any body.

Not harus selalu bergandengan (tempatnya) sesudah auxiliary verb (modal) dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri.

Contoh Kalimat :

1. I cant not go out today because I have no money. 2. He will not come again.

10. ALL, EVERY & EACH

ALL (=Segenap, semua) dapat diikuti : 1. Bentuk jamak kata benda dapat dihitung. 2. Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.

Contoh kalimat :

1. All the pencils are black 2. All the children can be naughty sometimes 3. I have all the powder

11. ALSO, TOO, & AS WELL Also dapat ditempatkan di mana saja dalam kalimat positif, dan kalimat tanya. Dan dalam kalimat negative diganti dengan “Either” Contoh Kalimat :

1. I can do that also. 2. I also can do that. 3. I can also do that. Tetapi, dalam kalimat negatif. 4. I can not do that either.

As well dan Too hanya dapat ditempatkan pada akhir kalimat atau pada bagian akhir suatu kalimat. Dan as well lebih sering dipakai dalam pergaulan sehari-hari. Contoh Kalimat :

1. I can do that too. 2. I can do that as well. 3. we have been there too. 4. we have been there as well.

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12. AGAIN, ANY MORE, & ANY LONGER

Ketiga kata tersebut berarti lagi, tetapi mempunyai cara menggunakan yang berbeda. Any more dan Any longer digunakan untuk kalimat negative. Contoh Kalimat :

1. Ani doesn’t live here any more (Ani tidak tinggal disini lagi). 2. Linda isn’t working in this office any longer (Linda tidak bekerja di kantor

ini lagi). 3. He promised to come here again (Dia janji datang ke sini lagi).

Catatan:

1. No longer =Not any more, digunakan untuk menyatakan ungkapan

negatif yang berkaitan dengan waktu. 2. No more, digunakan untuk menyatakan tentang kuantitas atau tingkatan.

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UNIT VII

ADVERBS

Adverbs adalah kata yang menjelaskan : bagaimana caranya, dimana tempatnya, kapan waktunya, berapa kali suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Fungsi adverbs yaitu menjelaskan atau memberi keterangan terhadap verbs, adjective, adverbs yang lain atau seluruh kalimat. Dalam bahasa Inggris ada banyak jenis adverb yang sangat penting fungsinya dalam kalimat.

1. Adverb of manner 2. Adverb of place and direction 3. Adverb of time 4. Adverb of degree 5. Adverb of frequency 6. Adverb of quatity 7. Interogative adverb 8. Relative adverb

1. Adverb of Manner adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan bagaimana caranya sesuatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.

Contoh Kalimat :

1. He sings quickly. ((dia lari dengan cepat) 2. Yuli sings sweetly. (Yuli bernyanyi dengan merdu) 3. She is typing neatly. (dia mengetik dengan rapi)

2. Adverb of Place and direction adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan tempat terjadi dan arah terjadinya tindakan atau peristiwa. Contoh Kalimat :

1. She will come here again. 2. They will go abroad. 3. I can’t find any glasses everywhere

3. Adverb of Time adalah kata keterangan yang waktu terjadinya suatu pekerjaan atau peristiwa. Ada dua macam keterangan waktu:

1. Definite Time (tertentu). Misalnya :Yesterday, now Saturday night,

today, tomorrow, lastweek etc. 2. Indefinite time (tak tertentu). Misalnya: recently, soon, already, just, still,

nowdays first, next, later,etc. Contoh kalimat :

1. I am studying English now 2. She arrived here yesterday 3. Wira has just finished working.

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4. Adverb of Degree adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan tingkat, derajat atau seberapa jauh sesuatu hal itu. Ada dua macam adverb of degree, yaitu:

1. Yang menunjukkan how much berkenaan dengan Adjective atau Adverb.

Misalnya: very, too, rather (agak), somewhat, (agak,sedikit), extremely (luar biasa sekali), fairly (hampir), exceedingly (sangat)

Contoh kalimat :

1. She become quite angry with me. 2. He always walks rether quickly 3. This coffee is very hot

2. Yang menunjukkan how complete (seberapa sempurna) Misalnya: almost nearly, partially, wholly, utterly, practicall, entirely etc.

1. He has almost finished working. 2. He has now partially recovered form his ill. 3. She completely misunderstood her husband remark. 4. They are practically ready to begin this show. 5. The men were uttery exhausted. ( Lelaki itu amat letih)

3. Adverb of Frequency adalah kata keterangan yang menyatakan frekuensi-sering tidaknya suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Misalnya: Usually, always, often, sometime, rarely, scarcely, hardly,ever, never etc.

Contoh Kalimat :

1. She sometimes come late 2. He always wakes up early 3. He often studies in the night.

5. Adverb of quantity adalah kata keterangan yang menjelaskan jumlah atau berapa kali suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.

Contoh Kalimat :

1. She studies English little 2. He has won the price twice.

6. Interrogative Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang digunakan untuk membuat pertanyaan. Misalnya: Why, Where, when, How long etc.

Contoh Kalimat :

1. Where did you buy this book? 2. How didi she come here? 3. Why were you absent yesterday?

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Relative Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Misalnya: therefore, accordingly, moreover, besides, however, nevertheles, where, why, Contoh Kalimat:

1. She is very busy, accordingly she can’t see me. 2. I don’t know why he is absent today. 3. They wanted to go out eventough it was rainning (Mereka ingin keluar

meskipun hujan)

UNIT VIII P H A R A S E

PHARASE adalah rangkaian kata yang sudah mengandung suatu pengertian, tetapi tidak mempunyai subject dan predicate, dan merupakan bagian dari suatu kalimat. Contoh Kalimat :

1. The girl at the door is my sister 2. The book on the table is mine. 3. The man with the red hat is my teacher. 4. The boys in the street are students. Berdasarkan penggunaannya pharase dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 macam yaitu: 1. Sebagai Noun Pharase. 2. Sebagai Pharase Adjective. 3. Sebagai Adverbial Pharase. Noun Phrase adalah pharase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai noun. Contoh kalimat :

1. Dedy went to the store for some books. 2. My new car near the door is old enough. 3. The desk in this room is small.

Adjctive Pharase adalah pharase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective, memberi sifat kepada noun atau pronoun. Contoh Kalimat :

1. The girl with long hair my friend. 2. His success in life began early.

Adverbial Pharase adalah pharase yang digunakan /berfungsi sebagai adverbial, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

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Contoh kalimat :

1. He shouted on house top. 2. Udin fishes in the big lake. 3. He put the money into his pocket.

Adverbial pharase dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan

(mengekspresikan) beberapa hubungan; seperti mengekspresikan hubungan waktu (expressing a relation of time), place (tempat),manner(cara), degree (tingkat /derajat), cause (sebab), purpose (tujuan/maksud), condition (syarat), atau concession or contrast (pertentangan). Contoh Kalimat :

1.Expressing a relation of time 1. she has been ill since two days ago. 2. We have been studying English for three years.

2. Expressing a relation of place 1. I live near the school. 2. He hurried into the classroom. 3. The children’s toys were all over the room

3. Expressing a relation of manner 1. He cut it with a knife. 2. She writes an angry letter in red ink.

4. Expressing a relation of degree.

1. I love her very much. 2. You must study English more liligently.

5. Expressing a relation of cause

1. She was injured because of the bus accident. 2. I was late because of the rain. 3. Your father is very angry with you for staying out so late.

6. Expressing a relation of purpose

1. She has come come to tell you the latest news. 2. I leave for Jakarta to buy some books

7. Expressing a relation of concession or contrast

1. In spite of the reain he went out. 2. Regardless of the rain he always brings an umbrella.

8. Expressing a relation of condition.

- We’ll go if necessa. PHARASE dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu: 1. Prepositional pharase 2. Principle pharase 3. Infinitive pharase 4. Gerund pharase

Prepositional pharase adalah ungkapan yang mengandung preposisi (kata depan); dan biasanya dapat dipakai/berfungsi sebagai Noun, Adjective, atau Adverb.

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Contoh Kalimat :

1. The report will be sent in a few days. 2. He is sometimes angry with his wife. 3. I am sorry for having come late. 4. The traffict sign points to the left.

Principle Pharase adalah ungkapan yang mengandung participle yang biasanya berfungsi sebagai adjective. Contoh kalimat :

1. Not knowing anyone in town he felt very lonesome 2. Having finished his assigment, he went home. 3. Having lost all my money, I went home. 4. Student arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall

(arriving late menjelaskan student). 5. We heard the children crying.

Arti atau pengertian dari kalimat yang mengandung participle pharase dapat menunjukkan: 1. Waktu

a. After (=setelah) Having finished all the work, she went home. (Sesudah menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan, dia pulang) b. While or when (=ketika) Walking along the street, I met afriend whom I had not seen for long

time. (Ketika berjalan sepanjang jalan, saya bertemu teman yang telah

lama saya tidak berjumpa). 2. Cause (= sebab)

Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vocation. (Karena telah bekerja keras sepanjang hidupnya, maka dia mengambil

libur yang panjang).

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QUESTIONS OR STATEMENTS AND THEIR ANSWERS

1. A. It’s nice to meet you Ekspresi ini dipakai bila bertemu pertama

kali.

(How do you do) Sekali seumur hidup

B. Pleased to meet you

(How do you do)

2. A. What’s your name? Siapa nama anda?

B. My name is Olis Nama saya Olis

3. A How are you? Apa kabar

(How are you doing)

B. Fine, thanks Baik-baik saja

How about you? Bagaimana anda?

4. A. Have a seat! Silahkan duduk

B. Yes. (Thank you) Terima kasih

5. A. See you later Sampai jumpa kemudian

B. Hope so Semoga

6. A. Can you help me with this? Bisa minta tolong ini ?

B. Of course (sure) Tentu saja.

Why not. Kenapa tidak

7. A. Thanks Terima Kasih

B. You are welcome Sama-sama

That’s all right) (No problem)

8. A. Excuse me Tabek, maaf

B. That’s O.K Heee.... eee (tidak apa-apa)

9. A. I’m sorry Maaf. (merasa bersalah)

B. It’s O.K. Tidak apa-apa

10. A. Congratulations! Selamat!

B. Thank you Terima kasih.

11. A. May I close the window? Boleh saya tutup jendela?

B. Sure. Go ahead! Ya silahkan! (Terus!)

12. A. How old is he? Berapa usianya?

B. He is thirteen years old (13 tahun)

(thirteen)

13. A. What year /grade/ semester Kelas /tingkat / semester/ berapa?

/ are you in?

B. I’m in the first year / grade / Kelas / tingkat Saturday

14. A. How long have you been studying Sudah berapa lama anda belajar bahasa

English ? Inggris ?

B. For six months Selama enam bulan

(since 1986) (sejak 1986)

15. A. Where do you live? Dimana anda tinggal?

B. I live on jalan S. Parman Di jalan S. Parman

I live in Banjarmasin Di Banjarmasin

I live at Jalan S Parman number 2 Di jalan S. Parman nomor 2

16. A. Excuse me, I’d like to ask you Maaf saya ingin menanyakan beberapa per

a couple of questions tanyaan

B. Sure, go right ahead! Apa masalahnya

What is the problem?

17. A. What day is today? Hari ini hari apa?

B. It’s Monday Hari senin

18. A. Where have you been? Dari mana anda (baru-baru ini)

B. I have been outside. Dari luar

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19. A. How did you come here? Naik apa datang ke sini

B. On foot. Jalan kaki

By car. Naik mobil

By ship. Naik kapal

20. A. How do you like living here? Bagaimana? Senang tinggal di sini?

B. I like this city very much. Saya sangat suka kota ini.

It’s cold. Dingin

21. A. It was nice talking to you. I have Senang sekali ngomong-ngomong dengan

to run to class. anda. Saya ke kelas dulu.

B. OK, may be we can meet Baiklah, barangkali kita bisa ketemu

kapan-

sometime soon. kapan.

22. A. Yeah! Love to. Why don’t you try Ya! Baiklah. Singgah-singgah di rumahku

kalau to drop my house sometime. ada waktu!

B. Great. See you soon. Insya Allah. Sampai jumpa

23 A. What time do you usually go to Jam berapa biasanya anda pergi tidur

pada

bad at night ? malam hari?

B It is nine thirty. Jam 9. 30

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THE LIST OF BASIC STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH

1. How are you (How do you do) (Bagaimana kabar anda ?) 2. May I have your ... (name) please ? (Boleh saya tahu nama anda ?) 3. What is your nickname? (Siapa nama samaran anda?) 4. Where do you come from ? (Anda berasal darimana ?) 5. When and where were you born? (Kapan dan di mana anda dilahirkan ?) 6. How old are you? (Berapa usia anda) 7. What is your height /hait/ ?(Berapa tinggi anda?) 8. What is your weight /weit /? (Berapa berat anda?) 9. Where do you live ? / What is your address? (Di mana alamat anda ?) 10. Do you have a telephone at home? (Apakah anda mempunyai tlp di

rumah)? > What is the number? (Nomor berapa?) > Who always calls you most? (Siapa yang paling sering menelpon

anda?) 11. Do you know the telephone of airport? (Apakah anda tahu telepon

bandara?) 12. With whom do you live? (Dengan siapa anda tinggal?) 13. Is your house far from here? (Apakah rumah anda jauh dari sini ?) 14. Are your neighbours kind and friendly (Apakah tetangga-tetanggamu baik

dan ramah) 15. Do you have special group? (Apa anda punya grup khusus?) 16. May I come to your house someday? (Boleh saya datang ke rumah anda

di suatu hari?) 17. How can I get your house from here? (Bagaimana caranya saya dapat

menemukan rumah anda dari sini?) 18. What bus goes to your house? (Mobil apa yang ke rumah anda?) 19. How much do you pay from here to your home? (Berapa ongkos dari sini

ke rumahmu?) 20. Have your friends come to your home? (Pernakah teman anda datang ke

rumah anda?) 21. How long have you live there? (Sudah berapa lama anda tinggal di sana

?) 22. Where did you grow up? (Dimana anda besar?) 23. What is your tribe? (Apa suku anda?) 24. What is your nationality? (Anda berkebangsaan apa?) 25. Do you come from a large family? (Apakah anda berasal dari keluarga

besar?) 26. Where are you in your family?(Anak keberapa anda dalam keluarga?) 27. How many brothers and sisters do you have? (Berapa banyak saudara

laki-laki dan perempuan yang anda punya?) 28. Could you tell me a little about your brothers and sisters? (Dapatkah anda

bercerita sedikit tentang saudaramu?) 29. Are your parents still alive?(Apakah orang tua anda masih hidup?) 30. What is your father’s job (Apa pekerjaan ayah anda) 31. How is your father? (Bagaimana kabar ayah anda?) 32. Can you tell me liltle about your parents? (Dapatkah anda menceritakan

sedikit tentang ayah anda) 33. Do you love your parents, why? (Apakah anda mencintai orang tua

anda?) 34. Do you have plan to get married soon after finishing your study at senior

high school/university/ (Apa anda punya rencana segera menikah setelah tammat SMA/University)

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35. Which one do you like, your parent’s choice or your own choise? (Yang mana anda suka, pilihan orang tua atau pilihan sendiri?)

36. May I know your father’s job? (Boleh saya tahu pekerjaan bapak anda?) 37. What is your hobby? (Apa hobi anda?) 38. Do you have the other hobby ? (Apakah anda punya hobi lain?) 39. Why do you like it ? (Mengapa anda menyukainya?) 40. How did you come here? (Dengan apa anda kemari?) 41. With whom did you come here? (Dengan siapa anda kemari?) 42. Do you have special group? (Apakah anda punya kelompok khusus ?) 43. What is the name? (Apa namanya?) 44. Do you speak Bugisese? ( Apakah anda bisa berbahasa Bugis?) 45. What is your idea? (Apa cita-cita anda? ) 46. What is your effort to support finding the ideas? (Apa usaha anda untuk

mencapai cita-cita?) 47. Are you a student or do you work? (Apakah anda seorang pelajar atau

kerja?) 48. Where do you study or do you work? (Dimana anda belajar atau kerja?) 49. Why do you choose? (Kenapa anda memilih sekolah itu?) 50. What is your major? (Apa jurusan anda?) 51. Why do you study English? (Kenapa anda belajar berbahasa Inggris?) 52. What is your opinion about the English Course (Bagaimana pendapat

anda tentang kursus bahasa Inggris) 53. Have you ever joined English course before (Sudah pernahkah mengikuti

kursus bahasa Inggris sebelumnya?) 54. From where did you get the information of this frogram ( Darimana anda

memperoleh informasi mengenai program ini ?) 55. One day you have been able to speak English fluently, what will you

do? (Suatu hari anda sudah dapat berbahasa Inggris dengan fasih, apa yang akan anda lakukan?)

56. What do you want to be? (Anda mau jadi apa? ) 57. Do you plan to go abroad (Overseas country)? When and where?(Apakah

anda punya rencana pergi ke luar negeri? Kapan dan dimana? 58. What subject do you like best? (Mata pelajaran apa yang paling anda

sukai?) 59. What is your last education?(Apa pendidikan terakhir anda?) 60. When and where did you get your elementary, junior, and senior high

school? (Kapan dan dimana anda menamatkan SD, SMP, dan SMU?) 61. Can you tell me your schedule of a days activities? (Bisakah anda

ceritakan tentang aktivitas sehari-hari anda?) 62. How do you go to the office, campus, or school? (Dengan apa anda ke

kantor, ke kampus, atau ke sekolah ?) 63. What time do you get up in the morning? (Jam berapa anda bangun di

pagi hari?) 64. Do you usually drink .....(tea)? (Apakah anda biasanya minum.... (teh)?) 65. What do you use to eat in the morning? (Apa yang anda selalu makan di

pagi hari) 66. May I know your marital status ? (Bolehkah saya tahu status anda? ) 67. Why don’t you get married yet? (Kenapa anda belum menikah?) 68. Do you have a boy (girl) friend? (Apakah anda punya pacar?) 69. What’s the characteristic of the boy/girl do you like ? (Karakter

cowok/cewek yang bagaimana yang anda suka?) 70. From what tribe the girl / boy do you like? (Dari suku mana gadis / laki-laki

yang anda sukai?) 71. When you will get married? (Kapan anda akan menikah?)

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72. How many children do you hope? (Berapa anak yang anda harapkan?) 73. What is your religion?(Apa agama anda?) 74. How many religions are there in Indonesia? (Berapa banyak agama di

Indonesia?) 75. Do you like playing sport?(Apakah anda suka berolah raga ?) 76. How many times do you play a month? (Berapa kali anda bermain dalam

sebulan?) 77. Have you ever been in any competition? (Apakah anda pernah ikut dalam

suatu pertandingan?) 78. Do you like playing... (Football)? (Apakah anda suka bermain..... (bola)?) 79. Who is your favorite .. player? (Siapa pemain kesukaan anda?) 80. Do you like going to the movies? (Apakah anda suka pergi ke bioskop ?) 81. Do you know the movies which are there in Kalimantan?( Apakah anda

tahu bioskop-bioskop yang ada di Kalimantan ?) 82. How often do you go to the movies a month? (Berapa kali anda pergi ke

bioskop sebulan ? ) 83. What film do you like best ? (Film apa yang paling anda sukai?) 84. Why do you like it? (Kenapa anda menyukainya?) 85. What time is the film on ? (Jam berapa filmnya ditayangkan?) 86. How much is a one- way ticket? (Berapa harga tiketnya?) 87. What is your fovorite star film? (Siapa bintang film kesayangan anda?) 88. Do you have television set at home? (Apakah anda mempunyai televisi ) 89. What programs do you like best? (Program apa yang anda paling sukai?) 90. What is your family response?( Bagaimana tanggapan keluarga anda?) 91. Can you tell me the time please? (Jam berapa sekarang?) 92. When is bank open ?(Jam berapa bank terbuka) 93. What is the date today?( Tanggal berapa sekarang?) 94. What is it today?( Hari apa hari ini?) 95. What do you usually do in your spare time?( Apa yang biasa anda lakukan

di waktu senggang anda?) 96. Since when did you interest in it?( Sejak Kapan anda tertarik dengan itu?) 97. Have you ever been to Bali / Jakarta? (Pernakah anda pergi ke Bali

/Jakarta?) 98. Are you used to living in the cool area?( Pernahkah anda tinggal di daerah

yang dingin?) 99. Do you mind if I borrow your book? (Apakah anda keberatan kalau aku

meminjam buku anda?) 100. Would you like to...? (apakah anda mau...?) 101. How about .... having lunch together today? (Bagaimana kalau makan

siang bersama?) 102. When do you get hungry? (Kapan anda merasa lapar?) 103. You look happy /sad. Why?( Anda kelihatan gembira /sedih. Kenapa? ) 104. Have you had your (breakfast)? (Bagaimana dengan sarapan anda?) 105. When is your breaksfast, lunch and dinner? (Kapan makan pagi, siang,

dan malam anda ?) 106. What time do you usually go to bed? (Jam berapa biasa anda pergi

tidur?) 107. Where do you go on Saturday night? (Kemana anda pergi pada sabtu

malam?) 108. Do you tend to have a certain disease? (Apakah anda menderita suatu

penyakit?) 109. Have you visited the doctor? (Sudahkah anda ke dokter?) 110. How much money do you spend on...? (Berapa banyak uang anda

habiskan pada...?)

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111. What is your favorite color, food and drink? (Apa warna, makanan, dan minuman kesukaan anda?)

112. What do you do for a living? (Apa mata pencarian anda?) 113. When did you come to Kotabaru? (Kapan anda ke Kotabaru?) 114. How long are you going to stay in Pontianak? (Berapa lama anda akan

tinggal di Pontianak?) 115. When are you going to go to Banjarbaru? (Kapan anda akan ke

Banjarbaru?) 116. How far is Banjarmasin from here? (Berapa jauh Banjarmasin dari sini?) 117. Could you tell me, where can I buy...? (Dapatkah anda memberi tahukan

dimana saya dapat membeli.......?) 118. What is the bottom price? (Berapa harga pasnya?)

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UNIT X

VARIOUS EQUIPMENT IN THE WORKSHOP

SAWING MACHINE

Rina Machinery Works, a joint venture company, specializing in manufacturing high

quality hydraulic sawing machines, now develops a new model of complete automatic

high-speed hydraulic sawing machine.

The machine is capable of high-speed cutting of pipes, steel rods, aluminum

pieces, and cutting the work-pieces in only a few seconds. This new model sawing

machine can cut off steel pipes of a wall thickness f three inches, leaving smooth, clean

and burrless finishes to the cut.

The sawing machine is effective because material loss is only 2 mm, and the

cutting surface will not heat up.

The saw blades are very durable, and they can be easily sharpened if blunt.

The company also supplies hand-operated model and semi-automatic model.

The new model i.e. complete automatic model is widely liked by customers. The

manufacturer also renders after sale service to its customers.

Vocabulary

sawing machine - mesin gergaji

to saw-sew-sawn - menggergaji

machinery works - bengkel permesinan

a joint-venture company - sebuah perusahaan patungan

to develop - berkembang; mengembangkan

development - perkembangan; pembangunan

developing country - negara yang sedang berkembang

developed country - negara maju

underdeveloped country - negara yang belum maju (terbelakang)

complete (to complete) - lengkap (melengkapi; menyelesaikan)

high-speed - kecepatan tinggi

to cut - memotong

steel rod - batangan baja

pieces - potongan; lembaran

to break into pieces - pecah bcrkeping-keping; hancur luluh

of a wall thickness of - setebal dinding berukuran 3 inci

3 inches

to leave-left-left - meninggalkan

smooth - halus

clean (to clean) - bersih (membersihkan)

burrless - tanpa duri; tanpa sembilu; tanpa memar

surface - permukaan; muka

effective - efektif

loss (to lose - lost - lost) - kehilangan; kerugian

to heat up - memanas

durable - tahan lama

blade - daun gergaji

to sharpen (sharp) - mengasah; menajamkan (ks. tajam)

easily - dengan mudah

blunt - tumpul

to supply - menyediakan; memberi

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hand-operated= - dijalankan dengan tangan

manually-operated

i.e. (id est) - yaitu

is widely liked - disukai secara luas

to render = to provide - memberikan

after sale service - pelayanan purna jual

Answer the following questions in good English

1. What company is Rina Machinery Works?

2. What model of sawing machine is now being developed by R.M.W.?

3. What materials can the new machine cut off?

4. How long can the machine cut off steel pipes of three inches?

5. How does the sawing machine work to the steel pipe?

6. Why is the sawing machine work to the steel pipe?

7. How is the durability of the saw blades?

8. What models of sawing machine does R.M.W. supply?

9. Is hand-operated model mechanically-operated?

10. How do customers like the new model?

11. Is the new model a hand-operated one?

12. Does the manufacturer render after sale service?

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DRY DOCK

There are many types of docks, viz. graving dock or dry dock, slipway, and floating

dock.

Dry dock is a place for repairs, cleaning and painting of ship’s bottom,

propellers, rudders and other parts below water line.

This dock is made of concrete masonry flooring called the basin and strong side

walls. The entrance of this dock is closed by means of a gate or removable floating

caisson or by a sliding caisson. The flooring has one or more rows of bilges blocks to

support the weight of the vessel being docked. The dock is equipped with pumping

machinery for removing water.

Floating dock is a vessel capable of lifting a ship out of water. This floating

dock will keep the ship in such a position for a certain period by means of its own

buoyancy. This type of dock constructed of heavy steel also requires considerable

amount of painting and maintenance compared to a masonry dock.

The other type of dock is a slipway. The ship is completely hauled out of the

water by mechanical means for repairs and lower it down subsequently. This slipway is

constructed with inclined path of timber or stone, upon which a series of rails are fixed.

These rails run up from a sufficient depth of water to the required height above the

highwater level.

The vessels are supported by suitable carriages which are hauled up or lowered

down with the help of winding gear.

Offshore dock is a floating dock normally used for medium sized vessels. The

dock is moored to buoys or attached to fixed dolphins by means of chains. This dock is

very convenient and can be placed alongside ship- repairing workshops. Because of its

size, this type of dock can be served by crane placed on the quay.

When putting ships in dry docks the preparatory operations (setting of keel

blocks) are similar to those described above for floating docks. The only difference is

that with floating docks, the ship comes to rest on the keel blocks as a result of

discharging ballast from flooding compartments of the dock, whereas in dry docks the

ship settles down as the water in the dock is pumped out and the level drops.

Docking repairs consist of repairs to the shell plating and framing below the

waterline and to the associated installations, fittillgs, and othcr parts, such as rudders,

propellers, and stern tubes.

Work in dock starts with cleaning the hull of fouling organisms, old paint, and

corrosion products. In addition to this, the hull must also be inspected to assess the

amount and the character of the repair to be done. Hull cleaning can be carried out

manually or mechanically by using, for example, impact devices, sand blasting, wet

blasting, water-jet blasting, shot blasting and electrolytic cleaning.

Before undocking a thorough inspection of the underwater parts is made, paying

particular attention to the repaired regions, to check if any openings have been left or

detect other possible omissions.

Vocabulary

graving dock = dry dock - dok kering

to dock = to enter into dock - naik dok

to undock - keluar dok; turun dok

slipway - galangan tarik

floating dock - dok apung

repairs - perbaikan

to repairs - memperbaiki

cleaning - pembersihan

46

to clean - membersihkan

painting - pengecatan

to paint - mengecat

ship’s bottom - dasar (pantat) kapal

propeller - baling-baling

three-bladed propeller - baling-baling berdaun tiga

to propel - mendorong maju; bergerak maju

propelling force - tenaga dorong; kekuatan dorong

rudder - kemudi arah

waterline - garis air

below - di bawah

is made of - dibuat dan

concrete masonry - batu cor

flooring - lantai

basin - kolam

entrance - pintu masuk

to enter - memasuki

log entry - catatan yang dimasukkan dalam buku

harian kapal

is closed - ditutup

by means of - dengan cara; dengan menggunakan

gate - pintu gerbang

removable - dapat dipindahkan; dapat diangkat

to remove - memindahkan; mengangkat

caisson - besi penutup pintu dok gali yang dapat

terapung dan tenggelam; kaison

sliding caisson - kaison dorong (ke samping)

row - baris; jejer

bilges blocks - blok yang menahan bilge selama kapal di

atas dock

bilge - bagian kapal yang di bawah air yang

melengkung sampai ke lunas.

to support - menopang

weight - berat; beratnya

to weight - menimbang; berberat

being docked - yang dinaikkan ke dok

is equipped with - dilengkapi dengan

to equip with - melengkapi dengan

equipment - peralatan

pumping machinery - permesinan pompa

for removing water - untuk membuang air

capable of lifting - mampu mengangkat

capability - kemampuan

to lift out of water - mengangkat ke luar dari air

to keep - menahan

in such a position - dalam posisi sedemikian rupa

for certain period - untuk masa tertentu

its ownbuoyancy - daya apung sendiri

constructed of - dibangun dari

steel - baja

to require to need - membutuhkan

considerable amount - sangat banyak

maintenance - pemeliharaan

to maintain - memelihara; mempertahankan

47

compared to - dibanding dengan

to compare - membandingkan

masonry dock - dok dari bangunan batu

completely - seluruhnya; sepenuhnya

complete - lengkap

to complete - melengkapi; selesai

completion - selesainya

to haul out - menarik keluar

mechanical means - alat mekanis

to lower down - menurunkan

subsequently - kemudian

inclined path - jalan (alur) miring

timber - kayu

stone - batu

sufficient depth - cukup dalamnya

the required weight - berat yang dibutuhkan

highwater level - tinggi air pasang

carriages - alat angkut

tohaulup - menarik keatas

winding gear - perangkat gulung; alat gulung

normally used - lazim dipakai

medium sized vessel - kapal yang berukuran sedang

to moor - menambat; mengikat

mooring line - dadung kepil; tali tambat

buoy - bui; pelampung

to attach to - mengikat pada; menambat pada

fixed dolphin - dolfin (tiang tambatan) tetap

convenient - enak; menyenangkan

can be placed - dapat ditempatkan

placement - penempatan

alongside - di sisi; di lambung

repairing workshop - bengkel reparasi

size - ukuran

can be served - dapat dilayani

crane - kran

floating crane - kran ngambang

quay - dermaga

to put ship in dry dock - menaikkan kapal ke dok kering

preparatory operations - pekerjaan persiapan

to prepare - mempersiapkan

preparation - persiapan

to set keel block - memasang blok lunas

keel - lunas kapal

similar - serupa; sama

similarity - kesamaan

described - yang dijelaskan

the only difference - satu-satunya perbedaan

come to rest on - bertengger pada; duduk pada

as a result of - sebagai akibat dari

to discharge - membongkar; membuang

to discharge cargoes from - membongkar muatan dari kapal

the ship

the battery discharges - bateri tidak mengisi

ballast - tolak bara; balas

48

flooding compartment - ruangan yang diisi air

whereas - sedangkan

to settle down - duduk

is pumped out - dipompa keluar

level - tingkat; tinggi air

to drop - turun

shell plating - pelat lambung; kulit kapal

framing - gading-gading

associated installation - instalas yang terkait

in association with - dalam kaitannya dengan

below - dibawah

fittings - kelengkapan

such as - seperti

stern tube - bumbung poros baling-baling

to start = to begin = to - mulai

commence

fouling organism - organisme teritip

corrosion product - produk korosi

in addition to - di samping itu; lagi pula

to be inspected - diperiksa

to inspect = to check = to - memeriksa

examine

inspector - inspektur; pcmcriksa

to assess - menilai

assessment - penilaian

amount = extent - jumlah; besarnya

character - sifat

to he done = to be - dilakukan; dilaksanakan

carried out

manually - secara manual (dengan tangan)

mechanically - secara mekanis (dcngan mesin)

impact device - alat yang kuat

sand blasting - penyemprotan dengan pasir

water-jet blasting - penyemprotan dengan air

shot blasting - penyemprotan tembak

electrolytic cleaning - pembersihan secara elektrolitik

to undock - turun (keluar) dari dok

a thorough inspection - pemeriksaan yang saksama

to pay attention - memperhatikan

particular - khusus

repaired regions - daerah-daerah yang diperbaiki

openings - lubang-lubang

have been left out - telah ketinggalan

to detect - inendeteksi

detection - deteksi

possible - mungkin

omission - penghilangan; kelalaian

to omit - menghilangkan; mengabaikan

Answer the undermentioned questions in good English

1. How many types of dock do you know?

2. What material is dry dock made of?

3. Tell us the function of a propeller.

49

4. What is “basin”?

5. How is a dry dock closed?

6. What is the use of bilge blocks?

7. How do you remove water from a dry dock?

8. Why can a ship settle on a floating dock?

9. What material is a floating dock constructed of?

10. How is the ship hauled out of water when it wishes to rest oil a slipway?

11. Is a slipway made of masonry?

12. Describe briefly an offshore dock.

13. Why is an offshore dock considered convenient?

14. What repairs must be done to a ship put on a dock?

15. How many methods of cleaning the hull do you know?

16. What will you do before undocking your ship?

CORROSION OF METAL

Corrosion is a destructive attack on metals which may be chemical or electrochemical

in nature.

Direct chemical corrosion is due to corrosive environments such as atmospheric

oxygen, various gases and also electrolytes, i.e. aqueus solutions of acids, bases, salts,

etc., capable of conducting electric current.

Accordingly, several fonns of corrosion are distinguished:

1) atmospheric corrosion, that due to oxygen in the air;

2) gas corrosion, that due to some gases;

3) chemical corrosion, that due to reactions between the metal and gases or liquid

dielectrics (nonconductors of electric current) such as petrol, oils, resins, etc.;

4) electrochemical corrosion, that due to the action of an electric current.

The metals most subject to corrosion are iron and steel.

Between 1890 and 1923 world production of steel and iron was 1766 million

tons. During this same period 718 million tons of metal, 40 per cent of world

production, was destroyed by corrosion. The loss is very large. This is why corrosion

control is of pa ra mount importance.

The corrosion resistance of metals can be improved by adding alloying

elements. Small percentages of copper, silicon, nickel, or chromium added to steel

retard corrosion appreciably. Sulphur and manganese, on the contrary, promote

corrosion.

Corrosion can be controlled by applying oxide films or metal coatings (zinc,

lead, copper, tin, nickel, etc.) to the surface. Protection is also provided by coating the

surfaces with paints, varnishes or enamels. Smoothly finished or polished surfaces

resist corrosion better than rougher surfaces. Because of this, scratches and other

surface defects should be removed immediately.

Vocabulary

to corrode - Berkarat; karatan

corrosion - kb. Korosi; karatan

to destroy - menghancurkan

destructive - kb. bersifat menghancurkan; merusak

to attack - menyerang

50

attack - serangan

chemical in nature - bersifat kimiawi

elcctrochemical - elektrokoimia

dueto - karena

environments - lingkungan

atmospheric oxygen - oksigen udara

electrolytes - elektrolit

aqueous solution - larutan air

salts - garam

to conduct electric current - menghantar arus listrik

accordingly - karena itu

form - bentuk

to be distinguished - dibedakan

liquid - barang cair; cairan

dielectric - di-elektrik; bahan isolasi (bukan

penghantar)

nonconductors - bukan pengantar

most subject to corrosion - kebanyakan mudah kena karat

iron - besi

loss - kerugian; kehilangan

to be of paramount important - sangat penting

(to be very important)

resistance of metal - tahannya metal

to retard - sangat menghambat

on the contrary

on the other hand - sebaliknya

reversely

to promote corrosion - memperbanyak/meningkatkan korosi

by applying oxide films - dengan menggunakan selaput oksida

metal coating - penutupan (pelapisan) dengan metal

to coat - menutup; memernis

lead - timah hitam

to provide - memberi

varnishes - pernis

enamels - email; pernis; lak

to resist corrosion - tahan karat; menahan karat

rougher surfaces - permukaan lebih kasar

scratches - goresan-goresan

defect - cacat; celaan

to be removed - dibuang; dihilangkan

immediately; promptly - selekasnya; secepatnya

Answer the following questions in English

1. May atmospheric oxygen cause corrosion on metal?

2. Tell us some materials capable of conducting electric current.

3. How many classes of corrosion do you know?

4. Explain briefly the “chemical corrosion”.

5. Which metal is most subject to corrosion?

6. How many tons was the world production of steel and iron between 1890 and

1923?

7. What do the figures 718 indicate?

8. What was the percentage of metal destroyed by corrosion during 1890 and 1923?

9. How do you improve the corrosion resistance of metals?

10. Tell us some materials that promote corrosion.

51

11. What is the function of coating the metal sjrface with paints or enamels?

12. Why should scratches and other surface defects be removed immediately?

CARBON STEELS

Carbon steel is the general name for alloys of iron and up to 1.7 percent carbon. Steels

my also contain some useful additions (chromium, manganese, silicon, tungsten, etc.)

and certain harmful impurities (sulphur, phosphorus).

In the Soviet Union carbon steels are classed as structural (fluid steels and steels

of medium hardness with up to 0.65% carbon) and tool (hard steels containing over

0.65% carbon)

Structural steels, in turn, are subdivided into three groups:

1) Steels furnished according to mechanical properties. The steel mnanufacturer must

guarantee the prescribed mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield point and

elongation);

2) Steels furnished according to chemical composition, for which the prescribed per

cent content of given elements must be guaranteed. The above two groups make up

ordinaiy steels.

3) Steels of improved quality (quality steels) are furnished according to both chemical

composition and mechanical properties. These steels are relatively low in impurities

and are more uniform in composition.

Carbon tool steels are of two classes: quality and high-quality. The

fundamental property of tool steel is its extreme hardness, attained after special heat

treatment. Law-carbon tool steels, due to their toughness,are used for the manufacture

of cutter picks, chisels, dies, etc. High-carbon tool steels arc made into metal-cutting

tools.

(The mine Electrical Fitter by Y. Mikheyev and

I. Faibisovich-Peace Publisher, Moscow.)

Vocabulary

carbon steel - baja zat-arang; baja yang dapat disepuh

alloys of iron - paduan besi; kadar besi

up to = until - sampai; hingga

addition - tambahan; penambahan

to add - menambah

in addition to - selain itu

harniful - ks. merugikan

to harm - kk. merugikan

impurities - ketidak-murnian

impure - ks. tidak murni

pure - ks. murni

tungsten - wolfram

certain - tentu

sulphur - sulfur

phosphorus - fosfor

to be classed - digolongkan

mild steel - baja lunak

52

medium hardness - kekerasan sedang

to contain - berisi

in turn - sebaliknya

to be subdivided - dibagi-bagi

furnished - diberikan

according to - menurut

accordingly - demikianlah

manufacturer - pabrik; pembuat

to manufacture = to produce - membuat; incnghasilkan

to guarantee - menjamin

to prescribe - menentukan

yield point - titik luluh; gerak datar lemah

elongation - kb. perpanjangan; keregangan

to elongate - kk. memperpanjang; mcregang

composition - komposisi

forwhich - untuk mana

the prescribed per cent - kadar persen yang ditentukan

content

ordinary - ks. biasa

improved quality - peningkatan kualilas

to improve - meningkatkan; memperbaiki

improvement - peningkatan; perbaikan

relatively - secara relatif; relatif

uniform - seragam

uniformity - keseragaman

fundamental - fundamentil; mendasar

extreme - sangat

hardness - kekerasan

attained - diperoleh; dicapai

treatment - pengolahan; pengerjaan; perlakuan

heat - kb.panas

hot - ks.panas

toughness - kekenyalan; kekuatan

tough - ks.kenyal;kuat

cutter - pernotong; pisau

pick - palu runcing

chisel - pahat

dies - blok bentuk

etc. (et cetera) - dsb.

metal-cutting tools - alat-alat pemotong metal

I. Answer the undernientioned questions in English

1. Define the words “carbon steel”.

2. Tell us the subdivision of structural steel.

3. How many classes of carbon tool steels are there?

4. Which type of steel are metal-cutting tolls made of?

II. Translate the above sentences into good Indonesian.

53

ALLOY STEELS

Many desired combinations of the mcchanical properties in carbon steels cannot be

obtained by solely changing their carbon content or by heat treatment. Though it raises

the tensile strength and hardness of the steel, an increase in carbon content

simultaneously reduces plasticity and toughness. Heat treated cutting tools have high

hardness, but are very brittle, cannot withstand impact loading, and lose their cutting

edges at high speeds because of temperature rise.

Moreover, carbon steels quickly rust and are easily attached by acids, base, and

other mediums.

On the other hand, new properties can be imparted to ordinary carbon steels, by

adding some elements such as manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, copper, tungsten,

molybdenum, cobalt, etc. These elements are knows as alloying additions, and the

resultant product as alloy steel.

Alloy steels arc classed on the basis of the predominant alloying clement into

silicon, nickel, chromium-nickel, tungsten, and other steels.

Silicon steels arc very elastic and find use in the manufacture of electric

machines, transformers and also coil and leaf springs.

Manganese steels (with up to 14% manganese) serve for making machine parts

subject to rapid wear because of impact and abrasion, for example, rock- crusher jaws,

power-shovel buckets, grinding-mill balls.

Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels, in addition to their high tensile

strength, are very resistant to rust and to the action of acids, at both ordinary and

elevated temperatures. Chromium-nickel steels are used to manufacture pick boxes and

strap links for cutter chains, gears for coalcutting machines, parts for pumps handling

acid waters, etc.

The alloying of carbon steel with tungsten, chroiniuni and vanadium produces

steels which do not change in microstructure and hardness when heated to temperature

as high as 6000 C.

Cutting tools made from these steels can work at extremely high cutting speeds

a characteristic which has given rise to their name: high-speed steels.

(The Mine Electrical Fitter by Y. Mikheyev and

I. Faibbovich — Peace Publisher, Moscow).

Vocabulary

alloy steel - baja paduan

desired - yang diinginkan

properties - sifat-sifat

carbon steel - baja zat arang; baja karbon

to be obtained - diperolch

solely - semata-mata

content - kadar

heat (hot) - kb. panasnya (ks. panas)

treatment - pengolahan; pengerjaan; perlakuan

though - walaupun; meskipun

to raise - naik; menaikan

tensile strength - kekuatan tarik

hardness - kekerasan

hard - ks. keras

an increase - kenaikan

to increase - naik; menaikan

simultaneously - bersama-sama; serempak

to reduce - mengurangi

54

plasticity - plastisitas; sifat dapat diremas

toughness - kekenyalan; kekuatan

tough - a. kenyal; kuat

heat treated cutting tools - perkakas potong yang dikerjakan dengan

panas

brittle - ks. rapuh

to withstand - tahan; menahan

impactloading - beban pukulan

to lose - kehilangan

edges - pinggiran

at high speeds - dengan kecepatan tinggi

rise - kenaikan

to rise - naik; terbit

moreover - lagi pula

to nist - berkarat; karatan

to be easily attacked - mudah diserang

acid - asam

bases - dasar; fondamen

mediums - bahan pengikat; bahan pelarut

on the other hand = reversely - sebaliknya

to be imparted to - diberi; ditanamkan pada

ordinary - biasa

by adding - dengan menambahkan

elements - unsur-unsur

such as - seperti

manganes - mangan

nickel - nikel

silicon - silikon

chromium - khrom

copper - tembaga

tungsten - wolfram

molybdenum - molibdenum

cobalt - kobal

etc. (et cetera) - dsb., dll.

to be classed - digolongkan

on the basis of - berdasarkan; atas dasar

predominant - ks. utama; berkuasa; menonjol

alloying element - unsur pemadu

elastic - ks. elastis

to find use - terpakai

in the manufacture - dalam pembuatan; untuk membuat

transformer - transformator

coil - kumparan; lilitan; gulungan

leafspring - per daun

to serve for making... - berguna (bermanfaat) untuk membuat…

machine part - suku-cadang mesin

subject to rapid wear - dapat lekas aus; menjadi lekas aus

impact - pengaruh kuat; tubrukan

abrasion - kb. lecet; kikisan; pengausan

to abrade - kb. lecet; mengikis

abrasive cloth - ampelas kertas

rock-crusher jaw - gigi penghancur batu

power-shovel buckets - ember penyendok dengan kekuatan

grinding - mill balls - bola-bola pengasah di pabrik

55

stainless steel - baja tahan karat; baja anti karat

in addition to - di samping itu; lagi pula

to be resistant to rust - tahan terhadap karat

ordinary tcmperature - temperatur biasa

elevated temperature - temperatur tinggi

to manufacture = to produce - membuat; menghasilkan

manufacturer = factory - pabrik

pick boxes - peti-peti pengunipul

strap links - sambungan sengkang

cutter chains - rantai pemotong

coal-cutting machine - mesin pemecah batu-bara

handling acid water - yang Inenangani air asam

vanadium - vanadium

extremely - sangat

characteristics - karakteristik; sifat-sifat

togivenseto - menaikkan

Answer the following questions in English

1. Can many desired combinations of the mechanical properties in carbon steels be

obtained by solely changing their carbon content or by heat treatment?

2. Does an increase in carbon content raise the tensile strength and hardness of steel?

3. Does an increase in carbon content also raise plasticity and toughness of steel?

4. What advantage and disadvantage do heat treated cutting tools have?

5. Are carbon steels resistant to corrosion?

6. What is “alloy steel”?

7. Tell us the elements known as alloying addition.

8. How do you class alloy steels?

9. Why are silicon steels widely used in the manufacture of electric machines,

transformers and also coil and leaf springs?

10. What type of steel is resistant to rust?

11. Which steels are pick boxes and strap links for cutter chains, gear for coal-cutting

machine, parts for pumps handling acid water made of?

12. How do you get steels which do not change in micro structure and hardness when

heated to temperatures as high as 600 C.

13. Why are cutting tools normally called high-speed steels?

56

GENERATION AND ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

From tune immemorial mankind has been using the energy of burning fuels, the wind

and falling water.

However, the extensive possibilities of utilising natural sources of energy

became available only during a relatively recent period—at the end of 19th century

when, as the result of a series of discoveries and inventions, it became possible to

convert the energy of fuels, the wind and falling water into electric power.

Electric power can be easily transmitted over considerable distance, converted

into mechanical, heat, light or chemical energy and supplied to any number of

consumers.

Electric power is generated in power stations. The principal machine for

producing electric power is the generator, a machine with a revolving rotor. To turn the

rotor, some kind of engine or turbine, or, as it is called in power engineering, a prime

mover is necessary.

Depending upon the kind of energy used by the prime mover, electric power

stations are classified as thermal, hydroelectric, and wind power stations.

Thermal and hydroelectric power stations are the largest in nuniber and have the

greatest industrial significance.

Among the thermal electric power plants, the most wide-spread are those in

which a steam turbine serves as the prime mover for rotating the generator; these are

called steam-turbine power stations.

Also to be considered in the thennal steam-turline class are the atomic electric

power stations which are requiring ever greater industrial significance and employ, in

place of conventional fuels, an atomic fuel from which the heat necessary for changing

the water into steam is obtained by utilisimig the energy released during splitting of

atomic nuclei.

Hydroelectric power stations have prime movers in the form of water turbines

and are for this reason called hydroturbine stations. The main generating unit in such

stations is a hydrogenerator or water-wheel type generator.

(Industrial Wiring by G. Polyakov and

A. Kovarsky — Progress Publisher, Moscow).

Vocabolary

generation - pembangkitan

to generate - generator; dinamo

electric power station - stasiun tenaga listrik

from time immemorial - dari zaman dahulu kala

mankind - umat manusia

energi - energi; tenaga

burning fuel - bahan baker pembakar

wind - angin

falling water - air terjun

however - namun; tetapi

extensive - luas

to extend - memperluas

extension - perluasan

possibility - kemungkinan

possible - mungkin

impossible - tidak mungkin

utilise - menggunakan; memanfaatkan

utility - penggunaan; pemanfaatan

57

natural resource - sumber daya alam

become available - menyediakan

relatively - relative; agak

recent (ly) - baru; baru-baru ini

century - abad

as the result of - sebagai akibat dari

a series of - suatu rentetan

discoveries - penemuan (benda)

to discover - menemukan

invention - penemuan ilmiah

to invent - menemukan

convert = chande = alter - mengubah

convertion - konversi; pengubahan

transmit - mengirimkan

considerable distance - jarak yang sangat jauh

supply - memasuk

consumers - konsumen

principal machine - mesin induk

for producing - untuk menghasilkan

revolving rotor - rotor yang berputar

turn the rotor - memutar rotor

turn = revolve = rotate - memutar; berputar

power engineering - rekayasa tenaga

prime mover - penggerak utama

depend upon - tergantung pada

thermal station - stasiun panas bumi

have the greatest industrial - mempunyai arti penting sangat besar pada

significance

significan = important - penting

power plant - pabrik tenaga; stasiun tenaga

the most wide spread - yang tersebar sangat luas

serve as the prime mover - berfungsi sebagai penggerak utama

for rotating - untuk memutar

steam turbine - turbin uap

condensing station - stasiun pengembun

also too be considered - juga harus dipertimbangkan

consider - mempertimbangkan

acquire = get = obtain = gain - memperoleh

ever greater - semakin besar

employ - memperkjakan

employee - karyawan

employer - majikan

in place of - sebagai ganti dari

conventional fuel - bahan baker konvensional

for changing - untuk merubah

be obtained - dapat diperoleh

released - dilepaskan

splitting - pemecahan

hydroelectric power station - stasiun tenaga hidroelektrik

in the form of - dalam bentuk

reason - alasan

reasonable - beralasan

reasonable price - harga murah

water-wheel type generator - generator tipe roda yang digerakkan

58

dengan air

Answer the following questions in good English

1. What energy has machine been used from time immemorial?

2. When did the extensive utility of natural source of energy become available?

3. Can electric power be easily transmitted over considerable distance?

4. Where is electric power generated?

5. What is a “generator”?

6. How docs a generator work?

7. How many classes of power stations do you know when seen from the energy used

by their prime movers?

8. What type of power stations is widely used by industries?

9. Tell us further the atomic electric power stations.

10. What is the main generating unit in hydroelectric power station?

59

HAMMER

There are many kinds of hammers, namely: a machinist’s hammer, a soft hammer, a

sledge hammer and a scalling hammer.

A machinist’s hammer is used for hammering hard place of metal, and a soft

hammer is used for hammering a finished surface.

A sledge hammer is used for. producing heavy blows and a scaling hammer is

for removing scales, paints, etc. from metal surfaces.

A soft hammer si usually made of plastic, rawhide, brass, or lead.

A sledge hammer usually weighs between 5 and 25 pounds. A scalling hammer

is also frequently called a chipping hammer. Its edges are slightly rounded.

Other hammers are wood hammer, curved claw hammer, ball peen hammer,

carpenter hammer and pneumatic chipping hammer.

Hold the end of the hammer’s handle tightly when hammering objects. Never hold the

handle close to the hammer’s head.

Most accident in using hammer is caused by loose heads of hammers. In order

to avoid accident, make sure your hands are dry of sweat, grease or oil. Oily handle and

face of the hammer is also the cause of accident, therefore clean the handle and face

before using it.

Vocabulary

hand tools - alat-alat tangan

60

hammer - palu

machinist’s hammer - palu yang lazim digunakan oleh masinis

soft hammer - palu kecil, palu lunak

sledge hammer - godam, palu besar

scalling hammer = chipping - palu ketok, untuk mengupas karat-karat

hammer

to hammer - memukul dengan palu

hard place - tempat keras

to be used - digunakan

finished surface - permukaan yang sudah selesai

rawhide - kulit

to produce - menghasilkan

heavy blows - pukulan berat

to remove - menghilangkan, membuang

Scales - karat

Paints - cat

made of - dibuat dari

brass - kuningan

lead - timah hitam

to weigh - beratnya, menimbang

frequently - sering

to be called - disebut

edges - pinggir, ujung

slightly - sedikit

wooden hammer - palu dan kayu

curved claw hammer - palu yang giginya lekuk

ball peen hammer - palu yang kepalanya seperti bola

carpenter hammer - palu tukang kayu

pneumatic chipping hammer - palu ketok dengan angin

to hold - memegang

end - ujung

hammer’s handle - tangkai palu

tightly - erat-erat, kencang

close to - dekat

hammer’s head - kepala palu

tobe caused - disebabkan

loose heads - kepala yang kendor (goyah)

to make sure - memastikan, meyakinkan

dry of sweat - kering dan keringat

grease - gemuk

oily handle - tangkai yang berminyak

face - muka

cause - sebab

therefore - oleh karena itu

pound - pon (ukuran berat)

I. Answer the following questions

1. Tell us the use of: machinist’s hammer, sledge hammer, soft hammer and

scalling hammer.

2. How many pounds does a sledge hammer weigh?

3. Which materials is a soft hammer made of?

4. Must you hold the handle close to the hammer’s head when hammering

objects?

61

5. Tell us how to avoid accidents when using a hammer.

II. Fill in the blank with correct words

1. A soft hammer is usually made … plastic.

2. A machinist’s hammer is used … hammering hard place … metal.

3. A sledge hammer usually weighs … 5 and 25 pounds.

4. You must hold the end the hammer’s handle tightly when hammering

objects.

5. Most accident in using hammers is caused loose heads of hammer.

III. Retell the above passage according to your own English.

62

SCREWDRIVER

A screwdriver is used for tightening or loosening screws. There are several

types of screwdrivers, namely: an offset screwdriver, a ratchet screwdriver, a phillips

screwdriver, a machinist’s screwdriver, a stubby screwdriver and an electrician’s

screwdriver.

An offset screwdriver is used for screws located in inaccessible places, and a

phillips screwdriver is used for tightening or loosening phillip’s type screws (screws

cut with 4-way slots), whilst a ratchet screwdriver has the same function as a standard

screwdriver.

The tip or blade of the screwdriver is very hard to hold its shape and resists the

shearing action of the slot in the screw. The blade of the screwdriver must always be

sharp, and when grinding the blade, its edges must also be flat.

The electrician’s screwdriver is one commonly used by electricians. It is made

with insulated handle.

In an emergency, the handle of an ordinary screwdriver can be insulated by

wrapping it with electrician’s tape.

When using a screwdriver, please hold the objects firmly in a vise and not in

your other hand, because slips may cause severe hand injures.

Vocabulary

screw - skrup

to unscrew - membuka skrup

screwdriver - obeng

offset screwdriver - obeng ofset

ratchet screwdriver - obeng dengan roda bergerigi

phillip’s scredriver - obeng kembang, obeng bintang

machinist’s screwdriver - obeng ahli mesin

electrician’s screwdriver - obeng ahli listrik

stubby screwdriver - obeng bertangkai gemuk

to drive mendorong

to tighten - mengencangkan

to loosen - mengendorkan

Answer the undermentined sentences in English

1. How do you tighten or loosen screws?

2. Mention the types of screwdrivers!

3. Which screwdriver do you use if you want to tighten or loosen screws located in

inaccessible places?

4. Can you use an offset screwdriver to tighten or loosen phillip’s type crews?

5. Which screwdriver is commonly used by electricians?

Translate the following sentences into English

1. Apakah mereka sangat sibuk?

2. Apakah dia sedang memperbaiki mesin itu?

3. Kami tidak kecewa.

4. Bupati Kapuas sangat bahagia

5. Apakah obeng itu ada di atas meja?

63

PLIER

Pliers are mostly used for gripping and bending objects. There are many types

of pliers, viz, a slip join plier, a side cutting plier, a needle-nose plier, a round-nose

plier, an flat jaw plier, etc.

A slip join plier is also referred to as a combination plier.

A side cutting plier is used in electrical work to strip the insulation from the

wire, and a needle-nose plier is used in tight space or corners, where the ordinary types

of plier does not fit.

64

Vocabulary

Pliers - tang, sepit

a pair of pliers - sepasang tang

mostly - kebanyakan

to grip - memegang

to bend - membengkokan

slip join pliers - tang anti slip

needle-nose pliers - tang berujung runcing

side cutting pliers - tang dengan sisi untuk memotong

round-nose pliers - tang berhidung bundar

flat jaw pliers - tang bergigi datar

etc (etcetera) - dll

to strip - mengupas, menguliti

to insulate - menyekat

insulation - sekatan, isolasi

wire - kawat

tight space - ruang sempit

corner - sudut

does not fit - tidak cocok.

I. Answer the following questions in English:

1. Which plier do you use to grip and bend objects?

2. Give the synonym of a slip join plier.

3. Tell us the use of a side cutting plier.

4. Which plier do you use in tight spaces or corners when the ordinary types of

plier does not fit?

II. Fill up the blank with correct words

65

1. Pliers are mostly used … gripping and bending objects.

2. There are many types … pliers.

3. A slip join plier is also referred … as a combination plier.

4. A side cutting plier is used … electrical work.

5. A needle-nose plier is used … spaces or corners when the ordinary types …

plier does not fit.

III. Translate into good English

1. Bagaimana anda mengencangkan skrup ini?

2. Dapatkah anda mengebor pelat ini?

3. Apa gunanya tang?

4. Mana tang anda, yang ini atau yang itu?

5. Di mana Amin menaruh obeng saya?

6. Dengan apa dia membuka sekatan kawat?

FILE

Single-cut files are used for cutting, smoothing, removing small amount of

metal, or sharpening tools. However, for quick removal of metal and rough work,

double-cut files must be used.

Files are distinguished as follows: a square file, a triangular file, a round file, a

half-round and a flat file.

When filing soft metal, do not rock .the file up and down like a see-saw. The

student or apprentice must know the correct position and method of holding the file.

Pressure must be given on the forward stroke only, since the teeth of the file or

the cutting edges are pointed towards the end of the file. No cutting action will be

produced on the return stroke, but it tends only to make the teeth dull.

Pins (smalls particles of the metal remaining between the file teeth) sticking too

hard may cause the file to scratch the metal that is being worked on. Use a file card or a

stiff brush to clean them out.

For safety purpose, never use a file without a handle. If you want to order a file,

you must mention the length, type and shape, for example: 12”, single- cut, smooth,

flat.

Vocabulary

66

file - kikir

to file - mengikir

single-cut file - kikir dengan pemotong tunggal

to cut - memotong

to smooth - menghaluskan

sharpening tool - alat untuk mengasah

rough - kasar

to distinguish - membedakan

square file - kikir persegi-empat

triangular file - kikir segi-tiga

flatfile - kikir datar

to rock - menggoyang

up and down - ke atas dan ke bawah, naik turun

see-saw - ungkitan

to hold - memegang

forward - depan

stroke - tekanan

since - karena

teeth - gigi-gigi

cutting edge - sisi pemotong

pointed - runcing

I toward - kearah

No cutting action will be - Pemotongan tidak akan dihasilkan pada

produced on the return stroke - langkah-balik.

to tend - cenderung

tendency - kecenderungan

dull - tumpul

pins - serbuk

particle - bagian terkecil, partikel

to remain - tinggal, tersisa

to stick - menempel.

to scratch - menggores

scratches - goresan

being worked out - yang sedang dikerjakan

File card - kertas kikir

stiff - keras, kaku

brush - sikat

to brush - menyikat

to clean - membersihkan

safety - keselamatan

purpose - maksud

handle - tangkai

to order - memesan

to mention - menyebut

length - panjangnya

shape - bentuk

to shape - membentuk

I. Answer the following sentences in English

1. What is the use of single-cut files?

2. Which file do you use for quick removal of metal and rough work?

3. How do you distinguish files?

4. Tell us the method in filing soft metal.

67

5. Explain the word ‘pins’.

6. How do you clean pins on the file teech?

7. May we use a file without a handle?

8. What must you mention when ordering a file?

II. Translate the following sentences into English

1. Dimana anda menemukan kikir yang hilang itu?

2. Apakah kikir itu masih bisa dipakai?

3. Periksalah tangkai kikir sebelum dipakai

4. Apakah dia montir di bengkel Imora?

5. Apakah sudah mengikir pipa yang baru saja dipotong?

6. Apa yang anda lakukan setelah mengikir pipa tsb.?

7. Kapan anda mulai bekerja di bengkel ini?

8. Siapa yang memerintah anda untuk mengikir pipa ini?

9. Apakah Anton menyimpan kikirnya pada tempat yang disediakan?

10. Kepada siapa anda pinjamkan kikir saya?

WRENCH

Wrenches are used for tightening or removing bolts, nuts, studs, etc. They also

can be used for gripping round material such as pipe, round rods and so on.

A chain pipe wrench which is known as a chain tong is used for holding pipes.

The types of wrenches are adjustable wrench, S-wrench, monkey wrench,

stillson wrench, offset wrench, T-hand wrench, socket wrench, spanner wrench,

crowfoot wrench, spark plug wrench, pipe wrench and so on.

There is a multipurpose tool which is called a handy seven way tool that can be

used as a hammer, a screwdriver, a wrench, a nail-puller, and a can bottle opener.

68

69

Vocabulary

wrench - kunci

to remove - memindahkan, membuang, membuka

bolt - baut

nut - murskrup

stud - sejenis paku

such as - seperti

to grip = to hold - memegang

chain - rantai

which is known - yang dikenal

adjustable wrench - sepit yang dapat distel (kunci Inggris)

to adjust - menyetel, mengatur

monkey wrench - kunci Inggris

offset wrench - sepit ofset

T-handle wrench - sepit mur dengan tangkai berbentuk T.

socket wrench - sepit lekuk, kunci dengan lobang mur

spanner wrench - kunci pas

crowfoot wrench - kunci krofut

spark plug wrench - kunci busi

chain pipe wrench - kunci pipa dengan rantai

ratchet socket wrench - kunci soket dengan roda bergigi

handy seven way tool - kunci praktis serba-guna

hammer - palu

screwdriver - obeng

nail-puller - pencabut paku, gegep

to pull - mencabut, menarik

can opener - pembuka kaleng

Answer the following questions in English

1. Tell us the use of a wrench.

2. Which wrench is usually used for holding pipes?

3. Tell us another name of a chain pipe.

4. How many types of wrenches do you know?

5. Mention a special tool having multipurpose use.

6. How do you tighten or loosen a spark plug?

7. Explain briefly a “spark plug”.

70

CHISEL

Chisels are classified according to the shapes of their points, viz, flat (cold),

cape, diamond point and round nose.

Flat (cold) chisels are used for cutting cold metal, and for all general chipping

operations. Cap chisels are used for facilitating work in removing considerable metal

from a flat surface. These later chisels are also used for cutting keyways and channels.

Diamond point chisels are used for cutting “V” grooves and inside sharp angles,

while round chisels are commonly used for cutting oil grooves in bearing.

A student or apprentice wishing to be a machinist must know how to hold the

chisel, and how to use the hammer properly.

Grasp the hammer near the end of the handle, and hold the chisel firmly with

the second and third fingers of your left hand.

If you are going to chip steel, lubricate the chisel point with oil in order to make

the chisel easier to drive.

Keep the chisel handle dry and clean to avoid slipping.

When chipping steel, you must always reset your chisel to its proper position after each

blow. Do not forget to use goggles in order to protect your eyes.

Vocabulary

chisel - pahat

to chisel - memahat

classification - klasifikasi, penggolongan

to classify - menggolongkan

shape - bentuk

to shape - membentuk

point - titik, tempat, hal

pointed - runcing

flat - datar, rata

cap - tudung, topi

diamond - intan

nose - hidung

to chip - mengiris, menarah

operation - pekerjaan

to operate - bekerja

71

facility - kemudahan

to facilitate - memudahkan

to remove - memindahkan, membuang

considerable - banyak

later - kemudian

keyway - jalan kunci

channel - alur

groove - alur, celah

inside = internal - sebelah dalam

sharp - tajam

angle - sudut

bearings - bantalan

apprentice - magang

properly - memegang (erat-erat dengan tangan)

handle - tangkai

to lubricate - melumasi

lubrication - pelumasan

lubricant - bahan lumas

to make easy - memudahkan

to drive - mendorong

to keep dry - menjaga agar tetap kering

to clean - mernbersihkan

cleanliness - kebersihan

to avoid - menghindarkan

to slip - meleset, terlepas, tergelincir

to reset - memasang kembali

position - posisi

to blow - memukul

blow - pukulan

goggles - kacamata penahan debu/panas

to protect - melindungi

protection - lindungan

Aswer the undermentioned questions in English

1. Tell us the classification of chisels.

2. Explain the use of flat (cold) chisels.

3. How do you remove considerable metal from a flat surface?

4. Which chisel do you use for cutting “V” grooves?

5. How do you grasp the hammer when it is used with the chisel?

6. Why 4o you use goggles when chipping steel?

7. How do you avoid slipping when using a chisel?

8. Explain the function of lubricant if you are chipping steel by using a chisel?

72

DRILL

Drills are generally used for drilling holes. There are many types of drill, viz. a

high-speed bench drill, a straight shank drill, a taper shank drill, a square shank drill,

and masonry drill.

Twist drills made of carbon steel are satisfactory for general work, & though

they may lose their hardness if heated too long.

Hand drills made of high-speed alloy steel, usually referred to as high- speed

drills are used for tough metal.

Some materials, when drilled, need a lubricant, such as tool steel and copper

need oil lubricant, soft steel and wrough iron needs oil or soda water lubricant, babbitt,

brass and cast iron need no lubricant. Glass, however, requires turpentine lubricant.

In the event the size number on the drill has been worn off, and in order to

know exactly the size of the drill, you may use a drill gauge. A drill gauge is a flat

73

piece of steel having a large number of holes in it. Each hole is marked with a size

number, and the drill is fitted to the suitable hole and the size noted.

Since to sharpen a drill by hand is an art which requires much practice,

apprentices in learning it must use some old or broken drills, and then test them out on

a piece of metal.

If you want to drill a large hole, you are advised to drill a smaller or pilot hole

which will guide the larger drill. When drilling iron or steel, never forget to use

lubricant.

Vocabulary

drill - bor

to drill - mengebor

twist drill - bor spiral, gerak spiral

high-speed - kecepatan tinggi

to speed up - mempercepat

to straighten - meluruskan

straight - lurus

shank - tangkai

taper - tirus, konis, lancip

to taper - meruncing

square - persegi empat

masonry - tukang batu

carbon steel - baja yang dapat disepuh

satisfactory - memuaskan

general work - pekerjaan umum

to lose - kehilangan

hardness - kekerasan

alloy - (logam) campuran

lubricant - pelumas (bahan)

copper - tembaga

brass - kuningan

cast iron - besi tuang

soft - lunak

to require - memerlukan

in the event - dalam hal, jika

size - ukuran

worn off - aus

to fit - mencocokan

since - karena

to sharpen - menajamkan

broken drill - bor rusak

pilot hole - lubang awal

to guide - memandu

Answer the undermentioned questions in English

1. What is the use of a drill?

2. Is hand drill suitable for tough metal?

3. What is alloy steel?

4. Why must some materials, when drilled, need lubricant?

5. Which material is a drill gauge made of?

6. What is the use of a pilot hole?

74

SCRAPER

The operation of correcting irregularities or high spots from flat surfaces so that

the finished surface can approach a plane surface is called scraping. And scraping can

be done by using a special tool called a scraper.

There are various types of scrapers, viz, a flat or straight scraper, a hook

scraper, a half-round scraper, a triangular or three-cornered scraper, and a two-handled

scraper.

The three-cornered scraper is commonly used for removing burrs or sharp

internal edges from soft bushing, etc.

Circular surfaces such as bearings can also be trued with a scraper.

If you want to scrape objects you must select a suitable scraper.

Scrapers must be ground on a grinding wheel and carefully honed on the

oilstone. Sometimes, discarded files can be turned into scrapers.

Vocabulary

scraper - alat pengikis cat, alat kerok

to scrape - mengikis cat, mengerok

irregularities - hal-hal yang tidak wajar

spots - bintik-bintik

flat surface - permukaan yang datar

so that - sehingga

finished surface - permukaan yang telah selesai dikerjakan

to approach - mendekati

plane - bidang, datar, rata

scraping - pengikisan

tool - alat

straight - lurus

hook - cintelan, kaitan

triangular - segitiga

three-cornered - bersudut tiga

two-handled scraper - alat kerok bertangkai dua

commonly - biasanya

burrs - duri-duri; benjolan

edges - pinggir

soft - lunak

bushing - lapisan dan metal yang dapat dilepas

bearing - bantalan

can be trued up - dapat dibetulkan seperti keadaan semula

objects - benda-benda

75

to select - memilih

suitable - cocok, sesuai

to grind-ground-ground - menggerinda

grinding wheel - gerinda

carefully honed - diasah dengan hati-hati

oilstone - batu asah

discarded - dibuang (karena tidak berguna)

to turn into - berubah menjadi

Answer the following questions in English

1. How do you correct irregularities or high spots on the finished surface?

2. Explain the word “scraping”.

3. Tell us some scrapers.

4. What is the use of a three cornered scraper?

5. Can a scraper be used for truing up bearings?

6. How do you grind a scraper?

7. Tell us another advantage of a discarded file.

76

PUNCH

There are several types of punches, viz, a centre punch, a prickle punch, and i

starting punch.

A centre punch is used for making a starting mark for a drill when you are

going to drill a metal.

A prickle punch is used for marking centres and lines in layout work, while a

starting punch which is also called a drift has the same function as a centre punch.

A starting punch may also be used for knocking out rivets after their heads have

been cut off, or for freeing pins or bolts from their holes.

Vocabulary

punch - derip,penenibus

Viz - yakni

centre punch - derip pusat

starting punch - derip duri

starting mark - tanda awal

drill - bor

to drill - mengebor

offshore drilling - pengeboran lepas pantai

to be going to - akan

lines - garis-garis

to have the function - berfungsi

to knock out - memukul ke luar

rivets - paku keling

head (of rivet) - kepala (paku keling)

have been cut off - telah dipotong hingga putus

to free - membebaskan

pin - pen

bolt - baut

holes - lubang-lubang

Answer the following questions in English

1. How many punches do you know?

2. Which punch do you use to drill a metal?

3. Give another name of a starting punch.

4. Tell us the use of a drift.

5. May a starting punch be used for knocking out rivets?

77

VISE

The bench is required by a machinist to perform technical work conveniently. It

must be strong and rigid, and be located at the place where there is plenty of light.

A vise is a clamping device usually attached to a workbench. It is used for

holding a piece of work firmly. It has usually two jaws which close with a screw or a

lever.

There are several classes of vises such as blacksmith’s vise, machinist’s vise,

plain vise, self-adjusting vise, quick-acting vise, combination pipe vise and swivel vise.

Quick-acting jaws and swivel action vise are suitable for a heavy and rough

work, whilst a combination vise is commonly used in shops for round stock and pipe

work.

The cross cuts on the face of vise jaws are aimed at gripping the work more

firmly.

A piece of finished work held in such jaws will cause a serious marr. However,

it can be prevented by using false jaws made of brass or babbitt metal, or by attaching

leather to the steel jaws.

Vocabulary

vise - catok

work bench - bangku kerja

to perform - melaksanakan, menjalankan

conveniently - menyenangkan, enak

rigid - tegar, kuat

to be located at - terletak di

plenty of light - banyak cahaya

clamping device - alat penjepit

to clamp - menjepit

to attach - memasang, menempelkan

to hold firmly - memegang erat-erat

a piece of - sepotong

jaw - gigi

lever - pengungkit

blacksmith - pandai besi

plain vise - catok rata

self adjusting - rnengatur/menyetel sendiri

to adjust - mengatur, nienyesuaikan

78

quick-acting - bekerja cepat

swivel vise - catok kili-kili

suitable for - sesuai untuk; cocok untuk

rough - kasar

whilst - sedangkan

shops - bengkel-bengkel

round stock - batang bundar

cross cut - dipotong menyilang

face - muka

to aim - mengarahkan

to grip - memegang

marr - memar

however - namun, tetapi

to prevent - mencegah

false - palsu

brass - kuningan

babbitt - babit (sebangsa logam)

leather - kulit

I. Answer the undermentioned questions in English

1. What is the function of a bench?

2. Where is the proper place of a bench?

3. To which is a vise usually attached?

4. What is the use of a vise?

5. Why can a vise hold a piece of work firmly?

6. How do you close two jaws of a vise?

7. Tell us the classes of vises.

8. Which vises are suitable for the following work:

a. heavy and rough work,

b. round stock and pipe work.

9. What is the function of cross cuts on the face of vise jaws?

10. May a piece of finished work be held in cross cut jaws?

11. Describe the function of false jaws.

12. Which materials are false jaws made of?

II. Retell the above passage in your English.

79

RIVET

Although rivets are not threaded, they are classified as metal fasteners.The

pressure of their heads, in lieu of thread, exercises the holding force.If you need

permanent fastening, rivets must be used.

Rivets holes are made by means of driling or punching. They must be properly

spaced and aimed.

In riveting thin metal sheets, tinner’s rivets are used. The heads of tinner’s rivets

are flat. They are made of soft iron or steel which are coated with tin as a protection

against corrosion.

Vocabulary

rivet - paku keling

to thread - membuat alur

to classify - menggolongkan

fastener - alat pengencang

to fasten - mengencangkan, mengikat

pressure - tekanan

in lieu of - sebagai ganti

to exercise - melakukan

holding force - gaya tenaga pegang

to need - membutuhkan

permanent fastening - pengikatan tetap

bymeansof - dengan cara

to punch - melobangi

to space - memberi spasi, menjarangkan

properly - dengan baik

to a line = to align - meluruskan

alinement = alignment - pelurusan, penjajaran

metal sheet - baja lembaran

tinner’s rivet - paku keling yang dilapisi dengan timah

flat - rata, datar

soft iron - besilunak

steel - baja

to coat - melapisi

tin - timah

protection - perlindungan

to protect - melindungi

against - terhadap

corrosion - korosi, karat

to corrode - berkarat

Answer the following questions in English

1. Are rivets threaded?

2. Are rivets classified as metal fasteners?

3. Why can a rivet exercise the holding force?

4. How do you make rivet holes?

5. Must the rivet holes be properly spaced and aimed?

6. Which rivet do you use for thin metal sheets?

7. Are the heads of tinner’s rivets round?

8. Which material are tinner’s rivets made o17

9. Why are tinner’s rivets coated with tin?

80

THREADS

External or outside threads are threads cut on the outside of a piece of round

stock, whereas internal or inside threads are those cut on the inside of a cylindrical

hole.

Threads are made by using a die. Before threading a round stock its end must be

tapered or chamfered slightly with a file to enable the die to start cutting more easily. If

there is no file to tap, a grind is used.

Pitch is the distance measured from the top of one thread to the top of an

adjacent thread. It is commonly stated as the number of thread per inch.

If a die bears the marks 1/4 - 10, it indicates 1/4” diameter and 10 threads per

inch.

If you have any doubt as to the number of threads on a bolt, nut, screw, etc. you

may use a screw pitch gauge to check it.

When starting to thread, do not forget to press down firmly on the stock. When

the die catches, turn it to the right (clockwise) continuously.

81

Vocabulary

thread - ulir

to thread - membuat ulir

external (outside) - luar

internal (inside) - dalam

82

round - bundar

stock - batang

whereas - sedangkan

cylindrical hole - lubang berbentuk silinder

die - alat untuk membuat ulir

end - ujung

to taper - meruncingkan ujungnya

to chamfer - membuat alur

slightly - sedikit

tile - kikir

to tile - mengikir

pitch - celah

distance - jarak

to measure - mengukur

measurement - ukuran

adjacent - dekat

Commonly - lazimnya

to state - menyatakan

as - sebagai, seperti

to bear - membawa, menanggung

to indicate - menunjukkan

to press - menekan

firmly - dengan erat

the die catches - alat pembuat ulir menggigit

to turn - memutar

clockwise - arah jarum jam

continuously - terus-menerus

diameter - garis tengah

I. Answer the undermentioned questions in English

1. Explain the words “external or outside threads” and “internal or inside threads”.

2. How are threads made?

3. What initial work must you do before starting threading round stock?

4. Describe the word “pitch”.

5. Explain this figure: 1/4 — 10 marked on a die.

6. How do you ascertain the number of threads on a bolt, nut or screw.?

7. Where must the die be turned when it catches?

II. Change the following verb into noun

1. to describe

2. to explain

3. to start

4. to turn

5. to mark

6. to screw

7. to check

8. to press

9. to cut

10. to continue

83

GRINDING WHEEL AND BENCH GRINDER

The abrasive grains of grinding wheels are formed by holding together with

special bonds. The type of bonds determines the uses of the wheel, such as Shellac

bond wheels are used for sharpening tools and finish grinding.

The grades of grinding wheels are determined according to the softness and

hardness of the grains.

Because the grains of the soft wheels wear away rapidly which may cause the

wheel easily broken, you are advised to use the wheels at slower speeds, and medium-

hard and hard wheels are applied at higher speeds.

Fine-grain wheels are used for precision grinding. Bulcanite wheels are strong

and t ugh. These later wheels used for high speed grinding are bonded with rubber by

vulcanizing process. Whereas thin wheels are used to “cut-off” things.

There arc many types of grinders viz, hand grinder, an electric bench grinder.

One wheel of a bench grinder is usually coarse used for rough grinding, whilst the other

wheel is fine for sharpening tools and finishing the grinding.

Bench grinders must be provided with shields and guards for the safety of

mechanics. You must run all new grinding wheels at full operating speed for

84

at least one minute to ensure that everything is in order. If the wheel is chipped, or

uneven in any way, it must be put in order before you attempt to grind fine tools.

Clogging with metal, dirt, grease, etc. on the grinding wheels will take place

after the grinding wheels have been used for some time.

Grinding Wheel & Bench Grinder

grinding wheel - roda gerinda

bench grinder - gerinda bangku

to grind - menggerinda

abrasive - ampelas

grain - butir-butiran

to bold together - melekatkan bersama

bond - perekat

to determine - menentukan

grades - tingkatan

softness - kelunakan

soft - lunak

to wear away - menjadi aus

rapidly - dengan cepat

easily broken - mudah rusak

to apply - memakai

fine-grain wheel - roda bergigi halus

precision - presisi, ketelitian

vulcanite wheel - roda ebonit

to bond - menyambung dengan perekat

to vulcanize - mengerjakan dalam api

coarse - kasar

to provide with - melengkapi dengan

shield - perisai

85

guard - pelindung

safety - keselamatan

mechanics - mekanik, montir

operating speed - kecepatan kerja

at least - sedikit-dikitnya

to ensure - menjamin

to chip - memotong, meretakkan, memecah kecil

kecil

uneven - tidak rata

to put in order - membetulkan

to attempt - mencoba

to clog - menyumbat

dirt - kotoran

to take plase - terjadi

I. Answer the following questions in English

1. Why can grinding wheels sharpen tools?

2. How are abrasive grains held together?

3. How are the grades of grinding wheels determined?

4. Do the grains of soft wheels wear rapidly?

5. Why must you use the wheels at slower speeds?

6. When will you use fine-grain wheels?

7. What is the use of vulcanite wheels?

8. Which wheels must you use to “cut-off’ things?

9. Tell us the types of grinders!

10. How are mechanics protected when they are working on bench grinders?

11. How do you ensure that everything is in order for new grinding wheels?

12. What will happen to new grinding wheels after being used for some time?

II. Change the following words into adjectives

1. to sharpen

2. to abrade

3. to determine

4. to protect

5. to use

86

MEASURING TOOLS

Rules, calipers, dividers, protactors, gaugers are measuring tools. Rules can be

made of tempered steel or transparent substance. They arc available in various length.

Rules have different thickness, depending on their length.

A hook rule is suitable for taking. measurements from round corners, for

measuring through hubs of pulleys, etc.

For quick measurement on small rod or tubing, the caliper rule (sometimes

called slide-caliper rule) is commonly used.

Depth rule are used to measure the depth of holes, slots and other recesses.

Combination caliper rules are used to measure the diameter of a hole and a shaft, whilst

calipers arc used for measuring diameters and distances.

Calipers have three types, namely: outside caliper, inside caliper, and

hermaphrodite caliper.

If you want to measure outside dimension as, for example, the diameter of a

pipe, outside calipers are commonly used. But if you want to know the dimension of

the inside diameter of a hole, you may use inside calipers.

For scribing arcs and marking a layout work, hermaphrodite calipers are used.

Machinists wishing to measure distances between points or transferring distances

directly from a rule, or scribing circles, etc. are advised to use dividers.

87

88

Protactors are used in measuring or laying out angles. They arc made of a

transparent substance, such as celluloid.

A protactor is semi-circular, and divided into 180 equal parts. Each division

represent 10.

If you want to know exactly the cross section of wire or the thickness of metal

sheets you may use wire & sheet gauges. Before using these gauges, you are advisable

to remove all burrs from the material being measured.

Vocabulary

measuring tool - alat ukur

to measure - mengukur

measurement - ukuran

toolkits - tempat alat-alat

rule - mistar, jangka

caliper - jangka bundar, jangka bengkok

divider - jangka bagi, jangka tusuk

to divide - membagi

protactor - busur derajat

gauge - pengukur

tempered steel - baja muda

transparent - tembus cahaya

89

substances - bahan zat

available - tesedia

to depend on - tergantung pada

hook - kait

corner - sudut

hubs - leher poros

pulley - kerekan

rod - batang

tubing - benda geronggong

slide-caliper rule - mistar ingsut

depth - kedalaman, dalamnya

to deepen - memperdalam

slot - alur

recess - belah, retak

shaft-pins - pen poros

namely - yakni

hermaphrodite caliper - jangka hermaprodit

to scribe - menulis, membuat

arc - busur lingkaran

to mark - menandai

layout work - pekerjaan rancangan

points - titik, tempat, hal

to transfer - memindahkan

circle - lingkaran,

angle - sudut

celluioi - seluloid

semi-circle - setengah lingkaran

equal - sama

part - bagian

to represent - merupakan

exactly - dengan tepat, tepatnya

cross section - bagian melintang, penampang melintang

wire - kawat

metal sheet - lembaran baja

advisable - dinasehatkan

to remove - membuang, menghilangkan, memindahkan burr

- serbuk besi, serpihan

Answer the following questions in English

1. Tell us some measuring tools.

2. Which material can rules be made of?

3. Describe the suitable application of a hook rule.

4. Which caliper is commonly used for quick measurement on small rod or tubing?

5. How do you measure the depth of holes, slots and other recesses?

6. Tell us-the main function of combination caliper rules.

7. Mention the types of calipers.

8. How do you measures outside diameter of a pipe?

9. Which tool is needed by machinists for measuring distances between points or

transferring distances directly from a rule or scribing circles?

10. Tell us the function of protactors.

11. How many degress is a protactor divided into?

12. How do you know exactly the cross section of wire or the thickness of metal

sheets?

90

BOLTS, NUTS AND SCREWS

In general, bolts, nuts, screws, washers and rivets are used for fastening or

holding metal parts together.

Unlike rivets, specially used for permanent fastening, bolts, nuts and screws are

commonly suitable for holding pieces or parts together which on occasion must be

taken apart or removed. Therefore bolts must be used with suitable nuts.

Cap screws and machine screws are usually used without nuts, and that the

holes must be threaded to receive them.

Lag screws are for holding metal and wood together.

The types of bolts are carriage bolt, machine bolt, stovebolt, studbolt, hub- bolt,

etc.

Screws have also various types, viz, hexagonal head screw, cap point screw,

cone point screw, flat point screw, headless set screw, socket type set screw, round

head screw, oval head screw, etc.

Wing nuts are most suitable for objects which require repeated hand adjustment.

Machinists who wish to protect the pieces being fastened or to make tightening

up easier, sometimes put plain washers under the nuts or bolt heads. Whereas lock

washers have the function to keep a light bolt from turning or becoming loose on a nut.

Lock washers are made of spring steel.

Vocabulary

bolt - baut; besi pasak

nut - mur sekrup

screw - sekrup

in general = generally - pada umumnya

washer - cincin; ring

lock washer - cincin per

plain washer - cincin rata

rivet - paku keling

91

to rivet - memaku dengan paku keling

devices - alat

to fasten - mengencangkan; mengikat

unlike - tidak seperti; berbeda

on occasion = sometimes - kadang-kadang

to take apart - memisahkan

therefore - oleh karena itu

cap screw - sekrup bertopi

machine screw - sekrup mesin

and that - karena itu

to thread - membuat ulir

carriage bolt - baut eretan mesin bubut

hub-bolt - baut nabe

etc. (et cetera) - dsb.; dll.

viz. - yakni; yaitu

stud bolt - baut-tap

various - bermacam-macam

variety - kata benda dan various

hexagonal head screw - sekrup berkepala segi enam

cone point screw - sekrup berkepala kerucut

flat point screw - sekrup rata (datar)

headless set screw - sekrup tanpa kepala

socket set screw - sekrup sok

oval head screw - sekrup lonjong

repeated - berulang-ulang

adjustment - pengaluran; penyetelan

to adjust - mengatur; menyetel

to require = to need - memerlukan; menyetel

requirement = need - kebutuhan

wing nut - mur bersayap; mur kupu-kupu

to wish - menginginkan; ingin

to protect - melindungi

to make fastening - mengencangkan

easier - lebih mudah

whereas - sedangkan

to have the function - berfungsi

to keep - menahan; menyimpan

light - ringan

turning - putaran

to turn - memutar; belok

to become loose - menjadi longgar

loose - longgar

to loosen - melonggarkan; mengendorkan

spring steel - baja per

Answer the undermentioned questions in English

1. Tell us the devices generally used for fastening or holding metal parts together.

2. What is the main function of a rivet?

3. Are cap screws and machine screws usually used with nuts?

4. Describe the use of lag screws.

5. Explain the types of bolts, screws and nuts.

6. What is the wing nut used for?

7. Describe the use of: plain washers and lock washers!

92

8. Which material is a lock washer made of?

Give the noun form of:

1. to use

2. to remove

3. to thread

4. to bold

5. various

6. headless

7. to repeat

8. to adjust

9. to require

10. to wish

11. to protect

12. easy

13. to function

14. to turn

15. to receive

16. to explain

17. to describe

18. to rivet

19. to lock

20. to weld

GASOLINE

A great part of internal combustion engines, such as automobiles use gasoline as

their fuel.

Gasoline is a clear and clean liquid consisting of the composition of hydrogen

and carbon which quickly vaporizes and ignites terribly if burned. Essentially, liquid

gasoline does not cause fire, although most people think so. In fact, the cause of a

gasoline fire is a spark or other minor sources of ignition.

Therefore, you must store gasoline in closed places in order to reduce

vaporization because it is the main basis in the supervision of fire hazard.

Since gasoline contains Tetra Ethyl Lead which is extremely toxic and harmful

to health, it is advisable that you may not suck gasoline through a hose.

When you pour gasoline from one container into another, avoid breathing the

vapours, because this produces drowsiness and headaches.

After handling gasoline, please never take food with your fingers until they are

completely dry.

Vocabulary

gasolie - bensin

a great part - sebagian besar

internal = inside - dalam; sebelah dalam

combustion engine - motor bakar

fuel - bahan bakar

Essentially - hakekatnya

composition - komposisi

hydrogen - hidrogen

carbon - karbon

93

to vaporize - menguap

to ignite - menyala

ignition - penyalaan; pengapian

terribly - menakutkan:

if burned - jika dibakar

to burn - membakar

to cause - menyebabkan; mengakibatkan

fire - kebakaran

although - walaupun

most people - kebanyakan orang

think so - berpikir demikian

in fact - sebenarnya; kenyataannya

the cause - sebab

spark - bunga api

minor source - sumber kecil

therefore - karena itu

to store - menyimpan

closed places - tempat-tempat tertutup

to reduce - mengurangi

vaporization - penguapan

main basis - dasar utama; dasar pokok

supervision - pengawasan

to supervise - mengawasi

supervisor - pengawas

fire hazard - bahaya kebakaran

since - karena

to contain - berisi; mengandung

tetra ethyl - tetra etil

lead - timah hitam

extremely toxic - sangat beracun

harmful to health - merugikan terhadap kesehatan

advisable - dinasihatkan

that - bahwa

to suck - menghirup

through - melalui

hose - slang karet

to pour - menuang

container - wadah; tempat

another - yang lain

to avoid - menghindarkan

to breath - bernafas; menarik nafas; menghirup

vapours - uap

to produce - menghasilkan; menimbulkan

drowsiness - kantuk

headaches - pusing; sakit kepala

to handle - menangani

please - harap

never - jangan; tak pernah

to take food - mengambil makanan

fingers - jari-jari

completely dry - benar-benar kering

Answer the following questions in English

94

1. Is gasoline mostly used for automobile?

2. Explain the composition of gasoline.

3. What does gasoline contain?

4. What is the cause of a gasoline fire?

5. What will you avoid in pouring gasoline from one container to another?

6. Why is breathing the vapours of gasoline considered dangerous?

7. What must you do after handling gasoline?

INSPECTING UNDERWATER HULL

After cleaning the hull, then inspection is made to assess the extent and

character of the repair work to be done.

Usually the inspection is carried out by a team consisting of representative of

the ship, the classification and the owner of the ship.

The inspection should cover the following:

parts affected by corrosion,

craks in the shell plating and elements of framing,

deformations and dents in plating and framing,

actual thickness of shell plating and framing members.

The repair work to be executed on the underwater hull arc as follows:

replacement of shell plates and structural elements of the double- bottom and

framing,

levelling of dents and straightening of framing,

elimination of cracks and leaks,

repair of rudder, stern tube, and appendages.

If side plating must be repaired or replaced, it is necessary to use staging placed round

the hull.

Wooden staging with several tiers needs a lot of sawn timber, and the

preparation of wooden staging is indeed Ii me-consuming.

Vocabulary

to clean - membersihkan

hull - badan kapal

inspection - inspeksi; pemeriksaan

to inspect - memeriksa

inspector - inspektur; pemeriksa

to assess - menilai

assessment - penilaian

the extent of the repair - besarnya perbaikan

character - sifat

tobedone - yang harus dikerjakan

the inspection is carried out - pemeriksaan dilakukan

consisting of - yang terdiri dari

representative - wakil

classification - klasifikasi (maksudnya Biro Klasifikasi)

owner - pemilik

95

to cover - mencakup; meliputi

the following - yang berikut

parts - bagian; suku cadang

shell plating - pelat lambung

elements - unsur-unsur

framing - kerangka kapal

actual thickness - tebal yang sebenarnya

framing member - penguat kerangka

to be executed - yang harus dilaksanakan

underwater hull - badan kapal yang ada di bawah air

replacement - penggantian

to replace - mengganti

double-bottom - alas-gana; dasar-ganda

levelling of dents - meratakan penyok-penyok

straightening of framing - meluruskan kerangka

the plate is dented - pelat itu penyok

to level - meratakan

to straighten - meluruskan

elimination of cracks and - menghilangkan retak dan bocor

leaks

to eliminate - menghilangkan

to leak - bocor

to be leaky - bocor

leakage - kb. bocornya

rudder - kemudi

stern tube - bumbung poros baling-baling

appendage - pemasangan kulit kapal

side plating - pelat samping

must he repaired or replaced - harus diperbaiki alau diganti

it is necessary to use staging - perlu menggunakan peranca

round - sekeliling

wooden staging - peranca dan kayu

wood - kayu

tiers - tumpukan; susunan

to need - memerlukan; membutuhkan

sawn timber - kayu gergajian

preparation - persiapan; pembuatan

to prepare - mempersiapkan; membuat

indeed - benar-benar; sungguh-sungguh

time-consuming - memakan waktu; menghabiskan waktu

Answer the following questions in English

1. Explain the word “underwater hull”.

2. Why must inspection be made after cleaning the hull?

3. Who will usually carry out inspection?

4. What areas should be covered in the inspection?

5. What do you require if side plating has to be repaired or replaced?

6. Which material is wooden staging made of?

96

CAUSES OF WEAR AND DAMAGE OF SHIPS

Long use of ships in service may lose, wholly or partly, parts of engines, machinery

and installations.

This will, of course, disturb their operation, and repair must be carried out as

soon as possible.

The loss of original qualities may be caused by frictional wear, corrosion,

erosion, metal fatique heating of parts to high temperatures, change in metal structure,

inadequate repairs, break-downs, etc.

The original dimension and shapes of the rubbing parts can be changed because

of the wearing process. The cylindrical parts can become elliptical, conical, or barred

shape. The wearing process may also affect oil clearances.

Corrosion and erosion may cause a reduction in dimension and the formation of

cracks. Cracks are formed due to metal fatique which can lead to fracture of the parts.

Heating to high temperature may happen due to direct contact with hot gases or

flames. This may result in warping of the parts, structure of the metal is changed,

cracks appear and serious damage may occur.

Abrasion, corrosion and erosion may cause wear and damage. These are

difficult to eradicate in parts of marine engines, machinery, and installations.

In order to reduce wear and damage and to increase the service life of ships and

engine parts, the service instruction must be strictly observed.

Vocabulary

to cause - menyebahkan

causes - sebab-sebab

wear - keausan

damage - kerusakan

long use - pemakaian yang lama

in service - dalam dinas

lose - melonggarkan; menghilangkan

wholly or partly - seluruhnya atau sebagian

parts of engines - bagian (suku cadang) mesin

machinery - permesinan

installation - instalasi; bangunan

to install - memasang

to disturb - mengganggu

disturbance - gangguan

operation - operasi; pekerjaan

repair - perbaikan

to repair - memperbaiki

to carry out - melaksanakan

must be carried out - harus dilaksanakan

to carry out

to implement - melaksanakan; melakukan

to execute

to do

the loss of original qualities - hilangnya mutu asli

frictional wear - keausan karena gesekan

friction - gesekan

corrosion - korosi

erosion - erosi; kikisan

97

fatique - kelelahan; kepenatan

heating of parts - pemanasan dan bagian-bagian

(sukucadang)

change - perubahan

structure - struktur

inadequate - ks. kurang

inadequacy - kb. kurangnya

break-down - kerusakan

dimension - ukuran

shape - bentuk

rubbing parts - bagian-bagian yang menggosok

to rub - menggosok

wearing process - proses keausan

cylindrical - seperti silinder

elliptical - eliptis; bulat-telur

conical - konis

barred shape - bentuk batang-lurus

to affect - mempengaruhi

oil clearance - kerenggangan; lubang minyak

reduction - pengurangan

to reduce - mengurangi

formation of cracks - pembentukan retak

to be formed - dibentuk

due to - karena

to lead to - menuju pada; mengarah pada

fracture - pecahnya; patahnya

direct contact - hubungan langsung

gases - gas

flames - nyala api

to result - berakibat

warping - bengkoknya

cracks - retak-retak

to crack - meretak

to appear - tampak; kelihatan

serious damage - kerusakan besar; kerusakan berat

may occur - dapat terjadi

to occur

to happener - terjadi

to take place

abrasion, corrosion and - abrasi, korosi dan erosi

erosion

to eradicate - memberantas; membasmi

eradication - pemberantasan; pembasmian

marine engine - mesin laut (mesin kapal)

in order to - agar supaya

to increase - menambah

service life of ships - umur kapal

service instruction - petunjuk servis

must be strictly observed - harus benar-benar dipatuhi

98

Answer the following questions in English

1. What are the causes of loss of original qualities of ship’s parts?

2. What may cause the change of the original dimensions and shapes of the rubbing

parts?

3. Tell us some examples of the parts subject to changes.

4. May the wearing process also affect oil clearance?

5. Define the word “clearance”.

6. What will corrosion and erosion cause?

7. What may cause a crack?

8. Explain the method to increase the service life of ships amid engine parts.

99

PIPE FITTlNGS

Flanges, elbows, tees, crosses, bushings, couplings, unions, Y- bends, caps, plugs,

nipples etc. are parts of pipe fittings. They are used for joining lengths of pipes, making

turns, or connections, etc.

Elbow or bend fittings are used for changing the direction of pipe line. The bend

is expressed in degree e.g. 900 bend. The standard bands, however, are 90°, 45°, 22

1/2°, 111/4°, and 5 5/8°.

If someone wants to change the diameter of the pipe line, the reducing

I elbow is used. And Y-branch is used to join a branch pipe to main pipe line, I

whereas for the branch of 90° Tee is used. Tee is also called three-way

branch.

Cross or four way branch is used where the two branches leave the main pipe

line at right angles and on either side.

Coupling and nipples are used for connecting two straight pipes. There are short

and long nipples. Nipples threaded on the entire length are named close nipples, if not

they are called short or long nipples.

Another type is a union which is used to connect pipes needing frequent

disconnection for the purpose of making repairs.

If you want to close an opening with fitting you may use a plug. A cap has the

same function as a plug, but it is screwed on the end of a pipe to close it.

Vocabulary

fittings - kelengkapan

flanges - flensa

elbow - siku

tee - T

cross - samubungan empat arah

bushing - tabung penyambung

coupling - kopeling

union - union

plug - sumbat

nipple - nipel

parts - bagian-bagian

to join - menyambung; menghubungkan

length - panjangnya

to make turns - membelokkan

connection (to connect) - hubungan (menghubungkan)

to change - menukar; merubah

to direct - mengarahkan

direction - arah

pipeline - saluran pipa;lin pipa

to express - menyatakan

degree - derajat; tingkat

bend - bengkokan; lekukan

to reduce - mengurangi

branch - cabang

main pipe - pipa induk

whereas - sedangkan

to leave - meninggalkan

at right angle - dengan sudut 900

oil either side - pada kedua sisi

straight - lurus

100

to straighten - meluruskan

close nipple - nipel penutup

frequent - sering

to need - membutuhkan

to disconnect - melepas; membuka; memutus (hubungan)

disconnection - pemutusan; pelepasan

to make repairs = to repair - memperbaiki

to close - menutup

plug - sumbat

cap - sumbat berbentuk topi

function - fungsi

to have the function = to - berfungsi

function

as - seperti

screwed - berulir

end - ujung

Answer the undermentioned questions in good English

1. Tell us the use of: flanges, elbows, crosses and plugs.

2. What is the general use of the fittings?

3. What kind of fittings do you use to change the direction of pipe line?

4. How do you express the bend?

5. Explain the standard bends.

6. Explain the use of: coupling and nipples.

7. What fittings do you use if an opening must be closed?

8. What is the function of a cap?

101

ENGINE PARTS

Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. is the manufacturer of steel cylinder liners, piston, piston

rings, piston pins and connecting rods. All these parts are of high quality and precision

made.

Those parts are capable to withstand friction, heat and corrosion. Besides, they

have high heat conductivity and extraordinary tensile strength and elasticity.

The uniform thickness of cylinder walls will guarantee longer and smother

operation.

Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. which was established in 1970 is currently

employing 800 experienced workers. The company produces 600,000 rings, 20,000

rods and 20,000 liners every month.

Vocabulary

parts - bagian;suku cadang

liners - lapisan; baja pengisi

piston - seher

piston ring - cincin seher

piston pins - pen seher

connecting rod - lengan pengungkit; tongkat pcngisap

precision made - dibuat secara teliti

to be capable to - mampu; dapat

to withstand - menahan

friction - gesekan

heat - panas

corrosion - korosi; karat

besides - disamping itu

conductivity - daya hantar

extra ordinary - luar biasa

tensile strength - kekuatan tarik; sifat tahan tarik

elasticity - elastisitas; kekenyalan; gaya pegas

to be elastic - kenyal; elastis

to guarantee - menjamin

uniform - seragam; sama

thickness - ketebalan; tebalnya

for longer operation - untuk bekerja lebih lama

smoother - lebih halus

was established - didirikan

currently - sekarang

company - perusahaan

to employ - mempekerjakan

employer - majikan

employee = worker - karyawan

employment - pekerjaan

experienced - berpengalaman

to experience - mengalami

experience - pengalaman

102

Answer the undermentioned questions in English

1. What does Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. manufacture?

2. How is the quality of the parts?

3. Are the parts capable to withstand friction, heat and corrosion?

4. How are the cylinder walls?

5. When was Roro Eva Engineering Ltd. established?

6. Tell us the number of rings, rods and liners produced by Roro Eva Engineering

every month?

103

DIESEL ENGINE

Most internal combustion engines either diesel engine or gasoline engine burn their fuel

inside the cylinder.

In the diesel engine, fuel is injected into each cylinder and is ignited by hot

compressed air. In the gasoline engine, however, fuel and air are mixed in a carburetor

and are ignited by a spark inside he cylinder.

In the diesel engine, the fuel used is economical, compact, convenient to handle,

and easily stored. The diesel fuel has less fire hazard than the more volatile fuels, like

gasoline generally used in automobile engines. Diesel exhaust in non-poisonous.

No high voltage ignition system is necessary to operate a diesel engine. This

engine also has no carburetor which may reduce potential source of trouble.

Diesel engines have proven themselves to be the ideal engines for yacht or boat,

fishing craft or tug. Push-button starting gives you instant power when you want it.

Diesel engines are also widely used in oil field, industries, lumbering, mining,

pumping, construction and auxiliary power.

Vocabulary

most - kebanyakan

combustion to bum - pembakaran

either or - baik…. Maupun….

gasolinne = petrol - bensin

fuel - bahan bakar

inside = internal - di dalam; sebelah dalam

to inject - menyemprot; menyuntik

injection - penyemprotan; penyuntikan

injector - injektor; penyemprot

to ignite - menyalakan

ignited by compressed air - dinyalakan dengan udara yang dipampat

ignition - penyalaan; pengapian

however - tetapi; namun

spark - bunga api

spark plug - busi

economical - hemat

compact - padat; ringan

convenient to handle - enak dijalankan

easily stored - mudah disimpan

to store - menyimpan

less - kurang

fire hazard - bahaya kebakaran

volatile - mudah menguap

to volatilize - menyebabkan menguap

exhaust - asap buangan

non-poisonous - tidak beracun

to operate - bekerja; menjalankan

operation - bckerjanya

to reduce - mengurangi; berkurang

a reduce - pengurangan

source of trouble - sumber kesulitan; sumber kerusakan

to prove - membuktikan

ideal - ideal; baik

104

jahct - kapal pesiar

boat - kapal

fishing craft - kapal penangkap ikan

tug - kapal tunda

push-button - kenop-tekan; tombol-tekan

to push - mendorong; menekan

instant power - tenaga baru

widely used - dipakai secara luas

lumbering - perkayuan

mining - pertambangan

pumping - pemompaan

construction - bangunan

to construct = to build - membangun

constructor - pembangun; pembuat

auxiliary power - tenaga Bantu

Answer the following questions in English

1. Where does diesel engine and gasoline engine burn their fuel?

2. How is the fuel in the diesel engine injected?

3. How are the fuel and air in the gasoline engine ignited?

4. Has the diesel fuel less fire hazard than the more volatile fuel?

5. How is the diesel exhaust?

6. Is high voltage ignition required in a diesel engine?

7. What is the function of a carburetor in the diesel engine?

8. Tell us the starting system of the diesel engine.

9. Are diesel engines ideal for jacht or boat, fishing craft or tug?

10. Where are diesel engines widely used?

WELDING MACHINE

Welding machine is the most important component of the equipment. It provides

electric power of the current and voltage sufficient to maintain a welding arc. Welding

machine utilizes either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).

105

Straight polarity (negative electrode) or reverse polarity (positive electrode) can

be used in direct current.

The welding circuit consists of insulated cables and connectors. The function of

connectors is to conduct the current from the welding machine to the arc.

The electrode cable runs from the electrode terminal on the welding machine to

the electrode holder. The work lead runs from the work terminal on the welding

machine to the work or to the table on which the work is placed.

The welding cable is usually made of multiple strands of spiral copper wire or

aluminum. The cable is covered by rubber or neoprene insulation.

In welding an object, the weldor requires the covered electrodes and electrode

holders.

The covered electrode is the source of the weld metal, whilst the electrode

holder has the function to firmly grip the electrode and carries the welding current to it.

Electrode holders also guide the electrode in making the weld.

The function of the covered electrodes is:

a. producing an inert gas which protects the arc and weld formation from the

surrounding atmosphere;

b. producing deoxidizers which purify the deposited weld metal;

c. forming a slag which protects the weld metal from oxidation;

d. providing ionizing elements making the electrode operate more smoothly;

e. supplying allying elements which provides higher strength to the deposited metal;

f. providing iron powder to improve the productivity of the electrode.

Vocabulary

welding machine - mesin las

to weld - mengelas

weldor = welding operator - juru las

most important - sangat penting

component - komponen; bagian

equipment - peralatan

to equip - melengkapi

to provide - memberi; menyediakan

electric power - tenaga listrik

voltage - voltase

current - arus

sufficient - cukup

to maintain - memelihara; menjaga

maintenance - pemeliharaan

welding arc - lengkung listrik las

to utilize = to use - memakai; menggunakan

alternating current (AC) - arus bolak-balik

direct current (DC) - arus searah

straight polarity - polaritas langsung (elektroda negatif)

reverse polarity - polaritas terbalik (elektroda positif)

welding circuit - rangkaian las

insulated cable - kabel yang diisolasi

connectors - penyambung

to connect - menyambung

connection - sambungan

function - fungsi; tugas; gunanya

to function = to have the - berfungsi

106

function

to conduct - menghantar; membawa

conductor - konduktor; penghantar

conductivity - daya hantar

arc - lengkung listrik

electrode cable - kabel elektroda

terminal - terminal

electrode holder - penjepit elektroda

work lead - saluran kepekerjaan

on which - di atas mana

the work is placed - pekerjaan terletak

object - benda

to require - memerlukan

whilst - sedangkan

multiple - ganda; banyak

strands - pintal; unting

spiral copper wire - kawat tembaga spiral

to be covered by - dibungkus dengan

rubber - karet

neoprene - neopren

insulation - sekatan; isolasi

to insulate - menyekat; mengisolasi

covered electrode - elektroda terbungkus

source - sumber

weld metal - logam las

to produce - menghasilkan

inert gas - gas lembaran

to protect - melindungi

weld formation - pembentukan las

to form - membentuk

surrounding - sekeliling

deoxidizer - zat penyerap oksigen

to purify - membersihkan

purification - pembersihan

deposited weld - metal logam las yang diendapkan

slag - terak

oxidation - oksidasi

ionizing element - unsur ionisasi

more smoothly - lebih lancar

to operate - bekerja; menjalankan

to supply = to provide - memberi

alloying elements - unsur-unsur penyampur

to provide higher strength - memberi kekuatan yang lebih tinggi; lebih

menguatkan

iron powder - serbuk bubuk) besi

to improve - meningkatkan; memperbaiki

improvement - peningkatan; perbaikan

productivity - produktivitas

product - produk (barang yang dihasilkan)

to produce - mcnghasilkan

firmly - dengan kokoh; dengan kuat

to grip = to hold - memegang

to guide - mcnggerakkan; membimbing; menuntun

guidance - bimbingan; tuntunan

107

to carry the welding current - mengantarkan amrus listrik las

to make the weld - mengelas

Answer the following questions In good English

1. Why Is a welding machine considered the most important component of the

equipment?

2. What currents does a welding machine utilize?

3. What does a welding circuit consist of’?

4. Tell us the function of a connector!

5 Where does an electrode cable run from?

6. Where does a work lead run from?

7. What material is a welding cable made of?

8. Describe the insulation of a welding cable.

9. What does a welding operator need in welding an object?

10. What is a “covered electrode”?

11. Mention the function of an electrode holder.

12 Tell us the function of a covered electrode.

108

REFERENCE

Alexander, L.G. 1978 Practice and Progress Yogjakarta: Kanisius.

Mas’ud Fuad. 1992 Essentials Of English Grammar BPFE Yogyakarta:

Azhar Arsyad, 1992 Improve your english structure Jakarta: PT Al-Qushwa

Echol Jhon and Shadily Hasan, Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia

Azhar Arsyad, Your Basic Vocabulary. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

Abbott Gerry. Greenwood Jhon, Douglas McKeating Wingard Peter i985 The

teaching of English as an International Language Great Britain: Biddles Ltd.

Guilford.

Krohn, Robert. 1975l. English Sentences Structur. Michigan University of Michigan

Press.

Subandi, 1994 Bahasa Inggris untuk engineer mekanik Jakarta: Arcan

109

LIST OF CONTENT

UNIT I APA COCOK DENGAN APA? 1

UNIT II DO AUXIALIARY 6

UNIT III TO HAVE 9

UNIT IV MODAL AUXILIARY 13

ATURAN TEORI KUNCI PERTANYAAN

BAHASA INGGRIS 21

UNIT V QUESTION TAG 23

UNIT VI MISCELLANEOUS EXPRESSIONS

(SERBA ANEKA UNGKAPAN) 26

UNIT VII ADVERBS 32

UNIT VIII P H A R A S E 34

UNIT X VARIOUS EQUIPMENT IN THE WORKSHOP

SAWING MACHINE 43

- Dry dock 45

- Corrosion of metal 49

- Carbon steels 51

- Alloy steels 53

- Generation and electric power stations 56

- Hammer 59

- Screwdriver 62

- Pliers 63

- File 65

- Wrench 67

- Chisel 70

- Drill 72

- Scraper 74

- Punch 76

- Vise 77

- Rivet 79

- Threads 80

- Grinding wheel and bench grinder 83

- Measuring tools 86

- Bolts, nuts and screws 90

- Gasoline 92

- Inspecting underwater hull 94

- Causes of wear and damage of ships 96

- Causes of wear and damage of ships 99

- Engine parts 101

- Diesel engine 102

- Welding machine 104

REFERENCE 107

110

111

ENGLISH FOR ENGINEER MECHANIC

By

Hengki,S.S., M.Pd

THE EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION

OF HASNUR CENTER

2011