carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building ciob Buildings in design april 2011 introduction The definiTion of good or greaT design will change wiThin The nexT decade. in the latter part of the 21st century when the effects and implications of climate change will be visibly impacting on our daily lives, only designs that are pre-eminently sustainable and environmentally responsible, while also considered alongside other aspects of design quality, will set the standard and be considered for awards. The cioB recognises that building designers now encompass not only the traditional design professions, but also specialist sub-contractors as well as main contractors and their in-house teams. if building designers are to continue to have any real relevance to our industry, there requires an open understanding that designs which cut carbon emissions and increase energy and resource efficiency will become an utmost priority. reducing our carbon emissions is potentially the greatest challenge facing humanity today. 1 Buildings in design carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building 7. 0
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carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building
ciob
Buildings in design
april 2011
introductionThe definiTion of good or greaT design will change wiThin The nexT decade.
in the latter part of the 21st century when the effects and
implications of climate change will be visibly impacting on our
daily lives, only designs that are pre-eminently sustainable and
environmentally responsible, while also considered alongside
other aspects of design quality, will set the standard and be
considered for awards.
The cioB recognises that building designers now encompass
not only the traditional design professions, but also specialist
sub-contractors as well as main contractors and their
in-house teams.
if building designers are to continue to have any real relevance
to our industry, there requires an open understanding that
designs which cut carbon emissions and increase energy and
resource efficiency will become an utmost priority. reducing
our carbon emissions is potentially the greatest challenge facing
humanity today.
1 Buildings in design carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building
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hM government’s carbon Plan, published March 2011, makes clear the UK
position on the critical necessity of carbon reduction, setting out actions for
both the national and international arenas. The national focus is on our power
generation, heating our homes and businesses, and finally our transport.
“Almost half of the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions are from the energy used
to generate heat, with the vast majority of our homes still relying on fossil fuel
powered gas boilers and with much of our building stock still poorly insulated
and inefficient. There is a huge opportunity here, not only to cut greenhouse gas
emissions of harmful pollutants, but also for households and businesses to save
money, with the most significant and cost effective opportunities likely to come
from better insulation and from replacing inefficient heating systems. We need
to ensure that the homes and buildings being built now and in the future are as
energy efficient as possible, and the Government is committed to introducing
ambitious energy efficiency standards for new homes and buildings”
hM government carbon Plan, The challenge of climate change, page 7, March 2011.
in this section we consider the importance of design in reducing emissions
in the built environment. we also consider the steps that can be taken by
building designers and in a broader context, those involved in regulation and
procurement, to ensure the UK meets its carbon reduction commitments.
some of the leading resources currently available are also listed to assist
designers engaged in this process together with a variety of case studies
illustrating different approaches of current practice on various
building types.
The earlier we can achieve more progress on this agenda, the better
life will be for us and future generations in the long term.
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Buildings in design carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building
policy context
in order to set this chapter in context, it is worth
considering a few statistics:
• 47% of all UK carbon emissions are connected
to the built environment and construction sector;1
• The rate of new build compared to the level of existing
building stock is in the region of 1% per year;2
• This means that over 70% of buildings currently
in use, including dwellings, will still be in use in 2050;
• By this time UK carbon emissions should have been
cut by 80% against 1990 levels to comply with the
statutory targets;
• UK peak energy demand could outstrip supply
as early as 2017;3
• energy costs could rise between 15-60% within the
next ten years;4
• The zenith of oil and natural gas production could
be reached within the next few decades (the Peak
oil concept), and the resulting price hikes and
reduced supplies available could have massive
effects on our economy and society at large.
To meet the carbon reduction targets, building designers
need to produce designs that reduce emissions, are energy
efficient and are sustainable in the long term. Tools are
needed, for design, to confirm compliance and to
monitor post-completion performance.
however, this is against a backdrop of regulatory standards,
and economic factors. designers, contractors and clients
will rarely better building performance requirements
unless required or incentivised to do so. This is
considered as a driver for change later in this section.
Progress on carbon reduction needs to be made quickly
by the construction industry in order for the UK not to
fall further behind and lead to a very real possibility of not
meeting the targets at all. Unfortunately the industry is
not known for pushing ahead of the regulators, in terms
of innovation and improvement.
environmentally sustainable construction can be good
business. Those businesses that position themselves to
seize the opportunities presented by these challenges
will be among the first to reap the benefits.
scope
There is already a wealth of resources available on this
subject, produced by experts in low carbon design and
construction. This study doesn’t seek to reinvent the
wheel, but to highlight key issues, resources and tools,
and link these to a definitive action plan to galvanise the
industry to meet the carbon reduction commitment.
any design, however well it performs in theory, is only
as good as the implementation on site in the construction
phase. a recent government survey found that completed
buildings built to the 2006 Building regulations, appear on
average to perform 15% worse than the standard required
by regulation part l.5 low carbon design, combined with
low carbon construction, with excellence in both parts of
the process, is required. rigorous monitoring of building
performance post-completion is of the utmost necessity
coupled with aggressive enforcement of standards. This
issue is also addressed later in this section.
There is a tendency to focus on capital cost rather than
the long term life cycle of buildings operations. savings
generated in terms of running costs (i.e. reduce carbon
emissions = reduce energy costs = save money), will
far outweigh the capital costs involved in the measures
required. however as energy costs continue to rise to
unprecedented levels over the next few years, this will
hopefully begin to sharpen the thinking of those
procuring building projects.
Best practice guidance
design tools and guidance are contained in the resources
listed below. however, there are key principles which
building designers should use if possible to develop a
low carbon approach:
low carbon design principles:
• Understand energy use in the building type
• Use the form and fabric of the building to minimise
energy demand
• focus on insulation and air tightness
• Use high efficiency building services with low carbon fuels
•Manage energy within the building
•Use renewable energy systems
(riBa Principles of low carbon design and refurbishment -
Buildings in design carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building
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Buildings in design carBon action 2050 White papers From the chartered institute oF building
Key action points
action By WhoM? “could”, is this action coMMents “should”, MeasuraBle? iF so, hoW? & points Foror “Must” discussion
1.Better enforcement of dclg local Must reduction in emissions of buildings national impactBuilding regulations. authorities in use and reduction in energy
(Building consumption% improvement Pa control) Trading –Kg co2e/m2/yr research on part standards l and set a target.
2.Better enforcement of inspection dclg local Must Measured improvements in national impactof air conditioning systems. authorities efficiency and reduction in
(Building emissions and energy usage% control) Trading improvement Pa –standards Kg co2e/m2/yr research on part
l and set a target.
3. strengthen the requirements of dclg Must Tighter regulations, issued earlier national impactbuilding regulations incrementally and or cioB to force building owners and the link current published guidance industry to act. research the cost, (e.g. code for sustainable homes, timing, resource implications to Passivhaus standards) to evidence the benefits of the action the regulations. on carbon.
4.comprehensive retrofit programme dclg should Through energy consumption and national impactto be initiated residential/commercial. decc reduced emissions of existing
Bis building stock. ePc’s and dec’s** Kg co2e/m2/yr.research the cost, timing, resource implications to evidence the benefits of the action on carbon.
**cioB recognises that current methodologies are evolving according to the latest research available.
5.Move to lifecycle assessments of Bis Must Measurable through assessments, global impactbuilding energy use and emissions. riBa/cioB on a recurring basis (Building
dclg MoT’s?) making building procurers and owners aware of the real cost of their design and building decisions.consistent use of post-occupancy assessments and feedback. Pre construction and post construction saP energy assessment Kg co2e/m2/yr.
6 design for early connection to the designers should Measurable by early connection national impactlong-term energy source. contractors being achieved.