Building Services Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

ARC 2423 BUILDING SERVICES

PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY

ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING

SERVICES SYSTEM

GROUP MEMBER STUDENT ID

LIM JIAN JUN 0316867

TEH GIE ENG 0136179

LOO MEI CHUEN 0316379

EVIN LOOI JYNN 0311852

CHOONG WAN XIN 0316146

JOANNE BERNICE CHUA YUNN TZE 0315905


PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM 2 | P a g e

INDEX CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. INTRODUCTION – KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ART CENTRE

4. Fire Protection system

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature review

4.2.1 Fire safety

4.2.2 Fire protection and prevention

4.3 Active Fire Protection System

4.3.1 Heat detector

4.3.2 Smoke detector 4.3.3 Triggers

4.3.4 Alarm bell

4.3.5 Central command center

4.3.6 Dry riser

4.3.7 Fire hydrant

4.3.8 Pump room

4.3.9 Wet riser and hose reel system

4.3.10 Sprinkler

4.3.11 Carbon Dioxide (co2) suppression system

4.3.12 Fire extinguisher

4.4 Passive fire protection system

4.4.1 Fire wall 4.4.2 Fire rated door

4.4.3 Smoke curtain

4.4.4 Separation of fire risk area

4.4.5 Emergency exit signage

4.4.6 6 Fire emergency staircase

4.5 Conclusion and recommendation



5. Water Supply System 5.1 Literature Review 5.2 Introduction

5.2.1 Indirect System 5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 Overviews of KLPAC water supply system 5.3.2 Water Supply System Components

5.3.2.1 Water Main 5.3.2.2 Water meter 5.3.2.3 Reinforced Concrete Cold Water Tank 5.3.2.4 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System

5.3.3 Plumbing Systems 5.3.3.1 Type of piping

a) Steel Cement Lined Pipes b) Cast Iron Pipes c) Copper Pipes d) U-PVC Pipes e) Galvanized Iron Pipes f) HDPE Pipes

5.3.3.2 Fixtures and Connection of Pipes 5.4 Findings and Analysis

5.4.1 Analysis 5.4.2 Suggestion on Improvement

5.5 Conclusion

6. Sewage and Sanitary System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.3 Case Study 6.4 Components of System

6.4.1 Sanitary Appliances 6.4.1.1 Water Closet 6.4.1.2 Basins

6.4.2 Traps 6.4.2.1 Water Seal

a) Bottle and Sink Traps b) Floor Trap c) Gully Trap d) Grease Trap

6.4.3 Pipework 6.4.3.1 Soil and Waste Pipe 6.4.3.2 Vent Pipe

6.4.4 Inspection Chamber 6.4.5 Manholes



6.4.6 Septic tank 6.4.7 Drainage

6.5 Analysis 6.6 Conclusion

7. Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature review

7.2.1 Air-Conditioning System 7.2.2 Mechanical Ventilation

7.3 Case study 7.4 Components of System

7.4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 7.4.1.1 Air Filter 7.4.1.2 Blower/Fan 7.4.1.3 Heating/Cooling Coil 7.4.1.4 Vibrator Insulator 7.4.1.5 Damper

7.4.2 Fan Coil Unit (FCU) 7.4.3 Ductwork 7.4.4 Supply Air Diffuser/Grille 7.4.5 Return Air Grille/Fan 7.4.6 Fire Exhaust Fans 7.4.7 Air-Cooled Chiller 7.4.8 Chilled Water Pump 7.4.9 Piping System

7.5 Findings & analysis 7.6 Conclusion

8. Electrical System

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review

8.2.1 Components of Electrical System Within the Building 8.3 Case Study: Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC)

8.3.1 Schematic Diagram of Electrical Flow in KLPAC 8.3.2 Electrical System in KLPAC

8.3.2.1 TNB High Tension (HT) Room 8.3.2.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Rom

a) Safety 8.3.2.3 Transformer and Low Voltage (TX & LV) Switchgear Room

a) Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) b) Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) c) Bus System

8.3.2.4 Genset Room



a) Lithium Cadmium Battery b) Diesel Fuel c) Smoke Chamber d) Safety e) Maintenance

8.3.2.5 Electrical Room a) Sub Switch Board (SSB)

8.3.2.6 Tenant Units a) Distribution Board (DB) b) Maintenance

8.3.2.7 Wiring 8.3.2.8 Earthing

8.4 Conclusion

9. Mechanical Transportation System

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Literature Review 9.3 Types of Elevator 9.4 Case Study

9.4.1 Drawings 9.4.2 Elevator Components 9.4.3 Geared Machine 9.4.4 Control System 9.4.5 Over Load and Fire Service Indicator

9.5 Analysis 9.6 Conclusion

10. References

11. Appendix



1.0 ABSTRACT

This research report will look into the details of the services present in Kuala Lumpur Performing

Arts Centre such as fire protection system, water supply system, sewerage and sanitary system, air-

conditioning and mechanical ventilation system, electrical system and mechanical transportation

system. Thorough analysis and synthesis on the components and the functions of these systems shall be

conducted to further understand the importance of these systems in a building’s operation. A

conclusion of these systems will be generated through our understanding of these services in regards to

the Uniform Building By-Law, Malaysian Standards requirements as well as other relevant rules and

regulations.

2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to each individual that has helped and assisted us

in completing this research report. A special thanks to the person in charge of building services

department, Mr Sathish who provided good hospitality during out visit and given us his precious time.

Besides, he has been very kind in providing us as much information as he can, bringing us around the

building and providing explanations and answers to our questions and curiosity.

We would also like to thank Mr. Ken, who had been kind enough to give us permission to do an

in-depth study on the systems that runs in KLPac. In addition, we would like to express our deepest

appreciation for providing us with guidance to complete this report and giving us much suggestions

during our tutorial sessions. Never the less, we would like to thank each member that has put in effort in

cooperating with each other, especially those who has provided transportation to our site. By all means,

we would like to thank once again to everyone who had helped in making this project a success.



3.0 INTRODUCTION

Figure 2.1 Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre, KLPAC

The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (informally, KLPAC) or Pentas Seni Kuala Lumpur in

Sentul West is one of the most established centres for the performing arts in Malaysia. Located in Sentul

West Kuala Lumpur, it is a non-profit company whose aim is to "cultivate and sustain the performing

arts for the betterment and enrichment of communities within the Klang Valley and for the Nation."

Each year, KLPac and the Actors Studio plays host to more than a hundred major events, as well as many

other workshops, classes, film screenings and more. Many of KLPac's events are self-directed, self-

organized shows, as KLPac also rents out their facilities, equipment other for individual performing arts

events.

KLPac was founded in 1995, when Faridah Merican and Joe Hasham created the first privately

owned and operated theatre in Malaysia below Dataran Merdeka, called The Actor's Studio at

PlazaPutra. However, flash floods in Kuala Lumpur destroyed the underground complex in 2003. In May

2004, Yayasan Budi Penyayang Malaysia, YTL Corporation Berhad and The Actors Studio Malaysia

created a new jointly-owned platform to develop the performing arts, which became the Kuala Lumpur

Performing Arts Centre (KLPac) and it has long opened its doors ever since May, 2005.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faridah_Merican&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hasham



4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM by EVIN LOOI JYNN

4.1 Introduction

The main analysis of this chapter is about the active fire protection system and passive fire protection system in Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC). A fire safety feature in a building is very important especially in a big building. It is essential because it ensures the user’s safety and security

Both active and passive fire protection system is being studied here and explained in a detail manner. They are discussed and is compared to the rules and regulation set by Bomba. This research paper had concluded the analysis. Finally recommendation and improvement are also suggested.

4.2 Literature Review

4.2.1 Fire safety

Fire, is a source that plays an important role in our daily life since the discovery of this resource. However, fire could be extremely dangerous if we do not know how to control and it make our life in risk. Hence understanding the characteristic of fire is very helpful for us to design a well-performed fire protection system.

In a building there are two types of fire protection system. One will be active fire protection system, and the other one will be passive fire protection system. Active fire protection system is an approach or a process of protecting a building or structure from fire by using the methods of applying automatic or manually operated fire mechanical system in a building to provide safety to the users in a building. There are couple examples of active fire protection system mechanism- fire alarm system, fire pump, sprinkler, carbon dioxide fire suppression system and etc. all these system are extremely important in order to provide protection and safety properly to the building itself and the users. One common function that all the system shared in active fire protection system are to slow down the process of burning in a building, putting out the fire and to notify the fire and smoke condition. For example, the sprinkler system, when heat builds up in a space or fire area, it will causes the sprinkler head to burst and releases spray of water to the fire and put the fire out. Besides that, it is important to keep in mind that some fire active protection systems needs to manually operate by human. For example, the fire extinguisher, which are provided in a building to allow people to fight during fire emergency. Active fire protection system always required a certain amount of motion and response in order for it to function.

Next, passive fire protection system is a system that retards the speed of fire and smoke spreading as protection of escape routes in order to prolong the escape time by designing and modifying architectural elements with fire resistance characteristic. In this system, it consist of two major parts, which are compartment of space with fire rated building components and the design of means of escape. To prevent fire spreading from spaces to spaces, compartment such as firewall, fire rated door and ceiling are took into consideration in this category. By making all these characteristic of fire proof, the building failure because of fire would be greatly slower. Different types of fire rated components are available in the market such as 1 hour fire resistant, 2.5 hour fire resistant and more. Besides, innovative fire resistant technology also making passive fire protection system more effective. Smoke curtain is the good example of modern compartment that used in building. On the other hands, means of escape are the crucial design factor to determine the procedure and efficiency of escape to outside the building



during the event of emergency. This part includes emergency exit signage, travel distance as well as emergency staircase design, which will be further discuss in the following topics.

Figure 4.1: Fire triangle

Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce fire:

Fuel or combustible material

Enough oxygen to sustain combustion

The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire

Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature

Fuel, oxygen and heat referred to the Fire Triangle. Further clarifies the definition of combustion by adding a fourth component which is chemical chain reaction, depicting the concept of the rapid, self- sustaining oxidation reaction. The Fire Tetrahedron depicts the growth of ignition into fire. Therefore, by removing on of these components above, fire will extinguish. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by removing one or more components of Fire Triangle or Fire Tetrahedron.

Figure 4.2: The fire tetrahedron



4.2.2 Fire Protection and Prevention

Fire protection include

Fire alarm devices

Fixed firefighting equipment

Having a permanent water supply

Include portable firefighting equipment

Fire prevention include

Include storage

Ignition hazards

Open yard storage

Temporary building



4.3 Active Fire Protection System

Figure 4.3: Schematic flow-chart overview of active fire protection

The figure above showing the schematic diagram of active fire protection system specially designed for KL PAC. Active fire protection system is a type of building services that help to resist and extinguish as well as giving occupant defense from fire hazards with a series of designed systems and comprehensive equipment. This topic will be analyzed and discussed all the components stated above in detail in the following sub-topics.

TRIGGERS

SMOKE DETECTOR

CENTRAL

COMMAND

CENTER

FIRE DETECTION

HEAT DETECTOR

ALARM BELL

ACTIVE FIRE

MECHANICAL

SYSTEM

PUMP ROOM

DRY RISER

WET RISER

&

HOSE REEL SYSTEM

SPRINKLER

CO2 FIRE

SUPPRESSION

SYSTEM



4.3.1 Heat Detector

Figure 4.4: Heat detector located in the generator room.

The heat detector above is a conventional l type heat detector that considered as a fixed temperature unit type. The heat detector composed of a heat sensitive eutectic alloy that will reach the eutectic point changing state from a solid to a liquid during fire. When the ambient temperature increases sufficiently to predetermined level where the heat detector will operate. For most fixed temperature hear detector, when the surrounding temperature reaches 58 Celsius, it will be trigger.

Figure 4.5: Red shaded indicate the location of heat detector on ground floor plan.

UBBL-SECTION 225.(1)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws



4.3.2 Smoke Detector

Figure 4.6: Smoke detector found in KL PAC office.

When a fire occurs in the building, the first procedure to be taken place in the active fire system is the smoke detectors positioned on the ceiling on every floor. To protect the whole floor area, a few smoke detectors placed everywhere around the particular floor in every level to detect the presence of smoke. The closest smoke detector within where the fire is taken place will detect the smoke and then automatically signals the fire alarm control panel located in the control room on the ground floor.

Figure 4.7: Red shaded indicate the location of smoke detector on ground floor plan.

UBBL-SECTION 225 (1)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws



4.3.3 Triggers

Figure 4.8: Fire triggers in KL PAC

In case of fire and smoke is not detected by the respective instruments, warning alert still can be activated manually by the occupants through (break glass) and manual pull station by only firemen. Break glass switch will send the warning signal to control panel while fire switch will cut off the electrical power supply. Furthermore, these two instruments are located in different height. Break glass normally located around 1.5m above the floor, whereas fire switch is above human normal height around 2m above the floor in order to avoid vandalism chances. All these instruments can be found along the corridors, emergency staircase, and emergency exit doors.



4.3.4 Alarm Bell

Figure 4.9: Fire alarm in KL PAC

The height of the manual break glass is 1500mm from ground level and is reachable for users that are disabled. The fire alarm bell functions through the electromagnet. The working theory of it is actually this way. When an electric current is imply, it will produce a repetitive buzzing sound over and over again until certain time. There are 2 different types of alarm bell, one will be the vibrating type and the other will be single stroke type. Vibrating type – ring continuously power supply is turned off. Single stroke type – when power is supplied, the bell will ring once and stop and will not ring again until power turned off and on again. The alarm bell is located at about 1200mm from the manual break glass and 2700mm from ground level. When the glass breaks and the alarm is triggered, the person in charge will check via CCTV or send someone to check if the if the fire alarm is real or a false alarm. If it is false, the person will immediately close the valve on the sprinkler system. The manual break glass is placed around the building so that it is easily accessible by people when a fire occurs.

FIGURE 4.10: Red shaded indicate the location of the alarm bell on ground floor plan.

UBBL- SECTION 237

Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A) or +5db (A) above any background noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.



4.3.5 Central Command Center

Figure 4.11, 4.12 , 4. 13 : Multiple emergency voice alarm and communication system panel in security room

Figure 4.14 : Fire control and monitor panel in KL PAC.

A Fire Alarm Control Panel is a main controlling component of a fire alarm system; the function of this control panels is to receive signals from all the detectors and triggers by cause of the presence of smoke or fire. Once the control guards receiving the silent signals, they will command the nearest respective on duty guards to check the area where the signal was sent around that zone. If the fire outbreak is caused by system error signal, it will be deactivated.

Figure 4.15: Drawing of main fire alarm panel. Figure 4.16: Fire alarm indication panel in KL PAC.

UBBL-SECTION 238

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler ,water flow detectors fire detection and alarm systems and a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire-station by-passing the switch board.



Figure 4.17: Ground floor plan shows above the location of the fire command center/ fire control panel room (shaded red)

My personal opinion, in KL PAC the fire control panel room is located in the security room at ground floor near the entrance. It is located there because is easier for the fire fighter to access in. I think is a good strategy of placing it in such location.



4.3.6 Dry Riser

Figure 4.18: Dry riser inlet found in KL PAC.

The dry riser functions as a vacant pipe that will be charged with water when in use while the wet riser is already fully charged with water before use. The dry riser is usually dry in form and it requires the fire engine to pump the water into the system. A dry riser is connected with an inlet connection for the fire brigade to connect their engine pumps and landing valves that is capable of taking full charged water from the fire engine pump. Besides that, the breeching inlets where the firemen will pump the water into it is required and be provided at the ground level and connected to the bottom of the dry riser.

UBBL- SECTION 230

Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 meters but less than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.

A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

Dry shall be of minimum “class c” pipes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.

Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.

All horizontal runs of the rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35 millimeters in 3.05 meters

The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimeters in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlets is 22.875 meters or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet.

102 millimeters diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two-way pumping inlet and 152.4 millimeters dry risers shall be equipped with a four-way pumping inlet



4.3.7 Fire Hydrant

Figure 4.19: Fire hydrant found outside KL PAC building.

Water Hydrant fire-fighting system consist of hydrants connected to the same pipeline. It is an active fire protection measures that contain source of water provided with municipal water service. The other end of the pipeline is attached to the pumps and water supply tank of the firefighting room. The firefighting hydrant line is a close loop pipe system to maintain the pressure in the water hydrant. The network of pipes are located underground. The hydrants are used in case of emergency when there is need for more water. The firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, pushing water into the system. The valve will be turn open to provide a powerful flow and high pressure of water.

In my opinion, I think KL PAC need more extra fire hydrant for firemen convenient to put out the fire because the distance between 2 hydrants is too far from each other.

Figure 4. 20: Red shaded indicate the fire hydrants could be found outside KL PAC building at ground floor.

UBBL- SECTION 225.(2)

Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access



4.3.8 Pump Room

Figure 4.21: Pressure gauge in pump room indicating Figure 4.22: Valves and pumps in the pump room

water pressure in each pump

Known as the sprinkler or the pump room. It provides as immediate and faster means of fire control and delivers the required water flow. The pump room function with 3 elements that have different role on their own, which is the duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump. Where there is any fault in the system, it will be indicated in the pump room and control panel. The pressure gauge will control the pressure so that it is at the right and appropriate water pressure. It will automatically cut out the water at certain circumstances. The pump room is usually located at the basement.

A firefighting system consists of 2 main pumps; one is electrically driven while the other is diesel engine driven, with an Auxiliary Jockey Pump connected to Hydrants and Sprinkler system. The main pumps provide supply of Pressurized Water to the Fire Fighting System, which can be initiated either manually or automatically as required. In an automatic system, a sudden drop in pressure causes the main pumps to supply water to the firefighting system mains. The Main Pumps can only be stopped manually. The system is also known as packaged system

The packaged system – 3 hydrant pumps for each fire dedicated hydrant tanks.

Figure 4. 23: Duty Pump Figure 4. 24: Duty Pump



Figure 4.25: Standby Pump Figure 4.26: Jockey Pump

A duty pump runs with an electrical motor pump to channel water to the sprinkler system whereas the standby pump runs on a diesel engine. The jockey pump is a small Flow Multistage Pump used to maintain the Fire Fighting System under Pressure as required for the Main Pumps. The Start and Stop of Jockey Pumps needs to be automatically controlled through Pressure Switches.

I think the pump room in KL PAC are organized in such a way that the architect planned a good and appropriate for it and have all the equipment in it to ensure safety function during fire.

Figure 4. 27: Diagram show the pump connection detail



Figure 4.28: Diagram showing pipe hanger in pump room.

Figure 4.29: Diagram showing pump room plan view



Figure4.30: Red shaded indicate the location of the Pump room on ground floor plan



4.3.9 Wet Riser and Hose Reel System

Figure 4.31: Hose reel that found in KL PAC.

The Hose reel System is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and it comprises of hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. The hose reel system generally serves as an initial firefighting aid. When the hose reel is brought into use, the pressure in the pipe immediately downstream and the pump check valves will drop below the field adjusting the pressure setting of the pressure switch therefore triggering the pump to operate automatically to feed a steady supply of water to discharge through the hose.

The firefighting hose reel is the part that us easily accessible. From my opinion, the fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass-fronted cabinet that is secured under lock and key. The hose reel is a fixed type, comprising of a riser to channel water to the system, a sign for identification, a hose reel cabinet, hose reel waterway, hose pipe and a nozzle to complete the installation.

Figure 4.32: Hose reel connection detailed drawing.

UBBL-SECTION 231

Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more than 30.5 meters above the fire appliance access level.

A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.



Figure 4.33: Diagram showing electrical single line for hose reel pump.

Figure 4.34: Schematic diagram of hose reel system in KL PAC building.



4.3.10 Sprinkle

Figure 4.35: Sprinkler on the ceiling.

A sprinkler system is meant to eliminate or decreases the spread of fire. It’s a requirement to install a sprinkler system when the building exceeds 7000 m3 of volume. Usually placed at the ceiling, a small device that shoots water downwards by a deflector plate that directs the water circular pattern over the fire an on walls of the structure. Each sprinkler has an open compartment that holds a friable heat-sensing quartz build, containing a colored liquid (usually red) that seals the water inlet. When the heat reaches a certain temperature, the quartz expands and fractures, releasing the water. When the water starts flowing, it’ll detect and start the alarm. The alarm will alert the fire brigade monitoring station. KL PAC uses a wet pipe fire sprinkler system where the sprinkler’s heads are attached to a piping system that contains water and are connected to a hydrant tank that supplies water so the system is prepared to discharge water when the sprinklers are opened by the heat of the fire. Each of the sprinkler is activated and performed individually when it is heated to a certain temperature. He sprinklers discharge around 20 to 25 gallons per minute but it depends on the design system.

Sprinkler head works very efficiently, sprinkler head are usually fitted with a glass filled with glycerin-based liquid which expands at a specific temperature, in room temperature, it is usually of 65 degree Celsius in temperature. Water readily to be disposed when sprinkler head breaks out due to pressure from valve at the rate of about 110L/min. To make sure the building functions its active fire system at its best, each floor from basement floor to mechanical floor is equipped with enough number of sprinklers that are functional.

The sprinkler system in KL PAC in each floor are places together in a reasonable direction and distance from each other. They followed UBBL and it is a good example for other building when they place their sprinkler.

UBBL-SECTION 225. (2)

Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority

All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.



Figure 4.36 : Schematic diagram of sprinkler system



Figure 4.37: Red shaded indicate the location of sprinkler.

In KL PAC the main sprinkler tank supplies water supply for the sprinkler system located in the basement. In passive firefighting system, Main Fire Pump room plays an essential part. This is because it is where the duty sprinkler pump, standby pump and jockey pump are located. Sprinkler system will only function with the existence of the respective pumps. The room also holds the wet risers for hose reel located on every floor.

Figure : 4.38 : Compartmented sprinkler tank



Figure 4.39: Pump room plan view

Figure 4.40 : Section of sprinkler and hose reel compartmented tank.



Figure : 4.41

Figure 4.42



4.3.11 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System (CO2)

Figure 4.43 : CO2 fire suppression system installed in gen set room for fire extinguishment.

Figure 4.44 : CO2 Fire suppression system was installed in L.V room for fire extinguishment.

Carbon dioxide in fire protection term, gases that protects electrical equipment from being burnt such as it sectors, transformers and switchgears. Heat or smoke detectors will detect the heat and sound the alarm and Co2 gas will flood to room from high pressure storage cylinders. The gasses are sent via pipes to the ceiling and under floor distributors. Carbon dioxide is lethal to a person’s health so occupants must evacuate swiftly in a limited amount of time. The cylindrical tanks are stored in the corners of rooms. Once detected by the heat triggers, the co2 is 24 released, curtain walls go down and when doors are shut, two indicators will show when the gas operation is over. Red means gases are still present and green means it is already clear and safe to go in.

Figure 4.45 Location of the CO2 control room in KL PAC ground floor plan.



Figure 4.46: Diagram showing high pressure CO2 system detail. Figure 4.47: CO2 panel detail

Figure 4.48 Figure 4.49






4.3.12 Fire Extinguisher


A fire extinguisher, flame extinguisher, or simply as extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency situations. The number and location of fire extinguisher are determined by the hazard of the occupancy. KL PAC uses one type of portable fire extinguisher, and that is the dry powder extinguisher. Fire extinguisher are divides into many class, each of them are specifically function and respond to different type of fire situation.

Figure 4.54 : diagram showing different class and types of fire extinguishers and their purposes.

UBBL-SECTION 227

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sired in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.



4.4 Passive Fire Protection System

Figure 4.55: Overview flow chart of passive fire protection system. The flow chart above showing the passive fire protection system that specifically designed for KLPAC which all components of this system will be further discussed and covered in sub-topics in the following pages.

4.4.1 Triggers

FIRE WALL

FIRE RATED DOOR

COMPARTMENT

SEPARATION OF

FIRE RISK AREA

MEANS OF ESCAPE

EMERGENCY EXIT

SIGNAGE

FIRE EMERGENCY

STAIRCASE

PASSIVE FIRE

PROTECTION

SYSTEM

SMOKE CURTAIN



4.4.1 Fire Wall

Figure 4. 56 : Firewall that found in KL PAC office

Fire Wall (also call as fire-rated wall) is a structurally designed fireproof barrier that commonly constructed and applied in passive fire protection system. Different with the ordinary walls, firewall not only used as a component of spatial division but also greatly separating fire areas and slower down fire spreading from one space to other space during the events of emergency. Firewalls were designed to act as a barrier between spaces and also retard fire spreading to give enough time for occupants to escape from the building. In addition, walls in mechanical plans and machinery rooms were also designed as firewalls as the content of the room is common fire source to cause event of fire.

From the personal view, the design and placement of compartment wall is very considerate and well followed By- laws requirements by the architect, which this careful decision has ensured the safety of the occupants as well as fire stopping issues.

UBBL-SECTION 138 (C)

Any wall or floor separating part of a building from any other part of the same building, which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose failing within a different purpose group as, set out in the Fifth Schedule to these by laws


Any compartment wall or compartment floor which is required by these By-Laws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of the wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non- combustible material.



4.4.2 Fire Rated Door

Figure 4.57 Fire rated door

Fire rated door (also call as fire door) is an essential and important fireproofing component that designers might take concerns when designing passive fire protection system. With the similar functions as fire wall, fire door serves as critical compartmentalization of building entrances or exits in order to prevent fire and smoke spreading. Especially to KL PAC building, 1.5 hours fire- rated door were installed at the egress of fire staircase each floor as well as office entrances.

From the fire door location, we can see the architect considerably put the fire door to allow circulations in normal day but the escape routes will be protected by all these fire door during the event of fire. However timber and aluminum made fire-rated door is combustible and it will cause door failures when

the time is beyond limitation.

Figure 4. 58: Automatic door closers were installed in

Every fire exit door.


Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided

Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws

UBBL-SECTION 164. (1)

All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door.

Moreover, the automatic door closer hinge and devices were

installed to fulfill the requirements of By-laws Section 164 (1).

The purpose of installing this device is because the fire-rated

door is mean to be always closed all the time. On the other

hand, automatic door close hinges were also installed in the

entrances of office each floor before the glass and it is always

open for circulations. However the door closer will

automatically shut the fire door during the event of fire to

form compartment and prevent fire spreading.



4.4.3 Smoke Curtain

Figure 4.59 , 4.60 : Smoke curtain that was found in gen set room

Smoke curtain (also known as fire curtain or safety curtain) is a fabric that made of incombustible material to prevent fire and smoke spreading. In KL PAC building, we could find the smoke curtains were installed on the top of entrances of every single mechanical and electrical systems rooms, for example, transformer room. A smoke and fire detector were installed in all these room for detecting purposes. During the event of fire, smoke curtain will be automatically dropped down to form a barrier between interior and exterior to prevent fire spreading from room to another space. Thus, it is really effective in isolating fire source with the cooperation of another components of passive fire protection system

. Figure 4.61 : Red shaded indicate the location of smoke curtain in KL PAC

UBBL – SECTION 161. (1) Any fire stop required by the provision of this Part shall be so formed and positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.



4.4.4 Separation of Fire Risk Area

According to the law and regulations stated above in By- laws, separations of fire risk area should be involved in the spatial planning of the building to prevent fire spreading quickly from one point to the other point. In KL PAC, electrical and mechanical plans and rooms located evenly in ground floor, basement. With this location distribution, the risk of fire is greatly reduced as the areas were located in different spaces throughout the building.

UBBL – SECTION 139

The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are

located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by local

authority based on the degree of hazard:

Boiler rooms and associated duels storage area

Laundries

Repairs shops involving hazardous processes and materials

Storage area of materials in quantities deemed hazardous

Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas

Linen rooms

Transformer rooms and substations

Flammable liquid stores



4.4.5 Emergency Exit Signage

Figure 4.62 Emergency exit signage

Fire escape doors are indicated with neon green Exit signs above it, and emergency lights are installed within it to give some light if the main electrical supply has been cut off (blackout). Exit emergency signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly point. It is a clear and effective guidance tool, helping to reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear directional system. These signs are lit 24/7 for emergencies. The letters are written in block letters sufficiently big enough to be seen and bright green to attract attention when lights are out. In Malaysia, the exit signage is written in Malay, the word “KELUAR” means EXIT. Based on the photo, the exit signage is located above the fire doors, directing the occupants towards the fire escape staircases. The signs are located at specific positions with no surrounding disturbance. It is a stand-alone sign.

UBBL-SECTION 172.

Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment

A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150mm high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

All exist signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.



4.4.6 Fire Emergency Staircase

Figure 4.63 : Fire emergency staircase

Fire escape staircase allow the occupants of the building to escape from the building to a safer area or assembly point when there is fire event or any emergency event happen. According to the law, the building should not have at least two means of exits consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions

UBBL SECTION 168.

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

Except as provided for in by law 194 every upper floor shall have means of access via at least two separate staircases.

The required width of staircase shall be clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 7.5 millimeters.

Tiles on staircases-risers maximum 180mm and thread minimum 255mm.

UBBL – SECTION 169.

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

UBBL – SECTION 178.

In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a streets or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.



4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

In a nutshell, neither active nor passive fire protection system plays an important role to protect a building when a fire breakdown. The overall system of the firefighting system in KL PAC building complies with the UBBL by- Laws and is very systematic as a control panel controls the whole system. This will prevent the cause of false alarm in the building that will disturb the occupants. Besides that, the building also has updated their appliances following the requirements of Bomba and every core of the building is filled with the fire appliances for the safety of the occupants. In conclusion, the overall system in the building has a proper appliances which used for different function of the spaces to ensure the safety of occupants. There are no further recommendations that I could suggest for the fire because the fire safety coverage area in the building wide enough to ensure the occupants safety.



5.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM by LIM JIAN JUN


Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) , which also known as the Water Supply Department is a departmental agent under the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Malaysia. JBA is responsible of planning, monitoring and implement the development of water resources in Malaysia and the department works very closely with other water supply companies around the states in Malaysia.

Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) was appointed by the State and Federal Government to manage the water supply distribution services in the State of Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya under the Privatisation concept effective 1 January 2005. SYABAS took over all the functions of Perbadanan Urus Air Selangor Berhad (PUAS) in the area of water supply and distribution of water to customers within the state of Selangor and federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. The privatization involved over 7.5 million residential users, as well as 1.7 million industrial premises, domestic accounts and commercial users, making it the largest privatization of water supply in Malaysia.

Figure 5.1 Water Reservoir at Hulu Selangor Dam

Figure 5.2 Jabatan Bekalan Air

Figure 5.3 SYABAS Logo

The water provided by SYABAS has been processed and treated before it is distributed. Water collected from rainfall and water reservoir is pumped into water treatment plant. From there, the untreated raw water is going through process of aeration, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and pH conditioning. The treated water will then be distribute to service reservoirs in different zones, readily to be supply to the consumers for residential, industrial and commercial use.



5.2 Introduction

Water supply systems in every building distributed from the water main is mainly depending on the topography in term of magnitude variation of the ground level. From that the water system is then designed with a distribution system from the reservoir towards the tanks and finally the end users. The most common water distribution systems used are gravity system, direct pumped system and mixture of both gravity and pumped system. Kuala Lumpur Performing Art Centre (KLPAC) is a fully integrated performing center for art comprises of 7,614sqm of built up spaces. The water supply system used in this building is Indirect System assisted with Direct Current Hydro Pneumatic Booster System. The pressure available from water mains is boosted with hydro pneumatic pump system to allow sufficient water pressure to distribute water directly from the main to different zones of the building. Unlike other tall buildings, KLPAC has only one domestic water tank located underground and it is the only water source to distribute throughout the entire building. Study analysis is conducted to discuss the water supply system used in KLPAC and perhaps suggestions are made to conclude this area of study in the building.

Figure 5.4 Panoramic view of KL Performing Art Centre in reflection of water



5.2.1 Indirect System

Figure 5.5Diagram of Direct and Indirect Water Supply System (GEC.JP,2015)

To distribute water in a big commercial building like KLPAC itself, indirect water supply system is

commonly used to supply water to different parts of the building, covering all the user needs. The rising

main feeds a storage tank at a high point or low point in the building from where the water is stored and

distributed to all the other services via pump or gravity. One clear point to identify the difference of

direct and indirect water distribution system is that the direct system supply water directly from the

water main while indirect water system will feed up the water storage before the water is distributed. A

branch pipe off the rising main delivers drinking water to the kitchen and garden tap/faucet, cold water

to all other taps/faucets and appliances is provided indirectly from the cold water under gravity pressure

or booster pump, giving a boost to the main pressure.

The advantage of having indirect system is having a temporary back up of stored water in the event of a

mains failure. Also, because it is a low pressure system it is generally quieter therefore eliminating noise

like 'water hammer' which can occur when high pressure water tries to negotiate tight bends in the

pipework. The only setback of this system requires more pipework and also space to place the water

storage tank. While direct system are restricted to smaller buildings and assistance of mechanical

booster and filtration are required for an efficient and hygiene water supply system, especially in

Malaysia.



5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 Overview of Water Supply System

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5.3.2 Water Supply Components

5.3.2.1 Water Main

Figure 5.6 Water is supplied by SYABAS through underground pipes (KLPAC, 2005)



According to the Schematic drawing in Figure 5.6, water resource of KLPAC is supplied from SYABAS

through underground pipes. The water main and fire safety main are connected to each other and share

the same water source from SYABAS. These water mains are connected down to the underground water

storage tanks.

Figure 5.7 Water Main and Fire Water Main share one water source from SYABAS (Jian Jun, 2015)

FIRE MAIN

WATER MAIN

Figure 5.8 Connection of underground pipelines

from Water Main (Google Image,2015)

Figure 5.9 Steel Cement Lined Underground Pipes



5.3.2.2 Water Meter

A typical water main comprises of main components, such as gate valve, water meter, pressure meter,

adjustable ball valve and strainer. The water meter indicates the amount of water consumed in the

building. The strainer helps to screen out particulate matters in a piping system before the water is

delivered to the water storage tanks. Occupant is responsible to pay the water bill according to the

amount of water consumed with a fixed rate. The valves act as a switch to allow water to flow in

through the pipes. It is often shut down to stop water flowing in when there is maintenance. In Figure

XX it is showed that the ball valve is locked to prevent people from switching off the valve, making sure

the water is always flowing continuously. The pipes connected to the water meter are made up of 38ø

mm galvanized iron. The water is then continues to flow through the 150ø mild steel cement lined

supply pipe underground thereafter the tanks.

Figure 5.10 Diagrammatic drawing of water meter component in KLPAC

GATE VALVE

METER LOCKED BALL VALVE

PRESSURE METER

Figure 5.11 Water meter and Locked

Ball Valve

Figure 5.12 Gate Valve and pressure gauge

GATE VALVE

PRESSURE GAUGE

METER GATE VALVE

FROM WATER MAIN TO STORAGE TANK



5.3.2.3 RC Cold Water Tank

Water from the water supply mains flows through the underground pipes, passing through the main

gate valve and then directed into two tanks, the domestic cold water tank and the fire sprinkler tank.

From the 150ø mild steel cement lined underground supply pipe, the water is distributed through a

smaller 100ø mild steel pipe into the cold water tank while the pipe size remains 150mmø for the pipe

flowing into the fire sprinkle water tank. Before the water enters the tank, chlorine is added to the

water for disinfection. The mild steel pipes for water supply are indicated with green paint while the fire

system pipelines are painted red. The water from fire safety main fills up the fire sprinkler water tank,

connecting to the standby priming tanks for hose reel, duty and hockey and wet risers at different zones.

This also follows UBBL 1984 Section 247 (2): Water Storage, where:

Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided without the

need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

Figure 5.13 Reinforced Concrete Water Storage Tank with Overflow Pipes Figure 5.16 Main gate valve connected

to RC water tank

Figure 5.15 Service Access

Reinforced concrete tank

Overflow pipes

Figure 5.17 Chlorine Stand Figure 5.14 Placement of Water Tank Underground



Both cold water and fire sprinkler water tanks are made up of reinforced concrete, the tanks size in

volume are 35m3, which is equivalent to 35000 liters of water. There is no water level indication on the

wall but it is replaced by submersible Electrode Water Level Sensor in the tank to measure the water

level in the tank. Water in both water tanks are being controlled by the floating device installed in the

tank. The buoyant ball will stop the water from entering the tank when it reaches maximum water level

in the tank. Overflow pipes are also installed on the tank to discharge excessive water. The water

discharged will be collected and to be used as non-potable water. The water exits through foot valves

connecting to the hydro pneumatic system.

The underground tanks are designed with accordance to UBBL 1984 Section 247 (2): Water Storage

a) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel system, shall be

located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet

connections accessible to fire appliance.

Figure 5.21 Water discharged to

scupper drain through scour pipes Figure 5.20 Electrode Water level

sensor to indicate water level

Figure 5.19 80mm and 100mm riser pipes

for potable and flushing use respectively

Figure 5.18 KLPAC water supply schematic diagram (Cropped)



Figure 5.22 Water tank plan view

Figure 5.23 Section View of Concrete tank

Table 5.3.2 Legend of Components



5.3.2.4 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System

Channeled from the foot valves of the tank, the water is connected to a hydro pneumatic booster

system. Hydro pneumatic pump system is required to deliver water continuously at all outlets in all

floors of the building with uniform pressure. The pump system used in KLPAC is manufactured by the

established booster pump company, Grundfos. A hydro pneumatic booster system comprises of

hydraulic pump, pressurized tanks, and pressure meter. Compressed air is used in these tanks as a

buffer or cushion that allows a surge-free delivery process. There are three functions for hydro

pneumatic tanks. The first is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver water in a preset pressure

range. The second uses the pressure setting to monitor a pump from turning on too often. The third is to

buffer or lower pressure surges, much like a power surge protector.

Two sets of booster pump are utilized in KLPAC, one is for the domestic water usage, and another one is

for flushing purpose. The efficiency of the pump is depends on the hydraulic design. Normal pumps can

easily breakdown due to dry running but this patented Grundfos LiqTec system eliminates the risk of

breaking down and immediately stop if there is no liquid in the pump. Energy is required to generate

pressure to pump the water to different part of the building and it is definitely costly.

Figure 5.25 Water Pressure Gauge

Figure 5.26 Pressurized tank

Pumps

Water tanks

Figure 5.24 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System



The underground water keep in the tank acts as a buffer zone on peak water demand periods. The tank

is filled up with water during low consumption or low demand and use up during peak periods. The

normal pressure indicated in the gauge shows a figure of 80 Pa approximately. When there is demand

on water, the meter will fall below 80 Pa and the hydro pump will start pumping up water to supply

uniform pressure in water. When the peak demand is over, the water tank will be filled up again and

remains at the normal pressure. This system runs 24 hours but the system is not complete as some of

the tanks are not function-able. Further study is discussed at Water Supply System Analysis.

Figure 5.28 Plan View of Pump Room

The pump system is designed as to follow UBBL 1984 Section 247 (2): Water Storage

b) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation shall

be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these by-

laws.

Figure 5.27 Hydro Pneumatic Pump System diagrams



5.3.3 Plumbing system

5.3.3.1 Types of Pipes

The type of pipes selected mainly depends on many factors, involving the consideration of the

building capacity, water demand, and rate of flow needed by users, number and size of the

storage or pressure tanks used, operating pressure required, maintenance and service and also

energy cost. Other than that, the material properties of the pipes plays a very important role on

selection of pipes due to its ability to sustain, resist chemical hydrants and pressure.

a) Steel Cement Lined Pipes

Steel Cement lined pipes are used to channel water from the main underground. This

cement coated steel pipes. The steel pipes is able to withstand pressure and allow

undisturbed continuous flow of water over long period of time. The cement/mortar lining

provides an area of high pH near the pipe wall and provides a barrier between the water

and the pipe, reducing its susceptibility to corrosion. Therefore prevent future

tuberculation, eliminate leakage and corrosion in pipes than cement mortar lining. The steel

pipes are produced according to British Standards BS534:1990, BS3600:1976 and

BS3601:1987 standards, and are certified by Ikram Quality & Certification Institute. The size

of the pipes used in KLPAC is 150mm ø, buried underground channeling from water main to

the water storage room.

Figure 5.29 Steel Cement Lined Underground Pipes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion



The placement of the pipes and the space allowance for construction conforms with the

UBBL 1984 in Section 123 Pipes and Services Ducts, where:

I. Where dusts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables

or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be:

Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables, or conduits and for crossings of

branches and mains together with supports and fixings

Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls

there to enable each or all of the services accommodate

II. The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to

enable lengths of pipes to be installed and removed.

b) Cast Iron Pipes

Cast Iron Pipes which superseded by Ductile Iron Pipes has historic use as a pressure pipe

mainly for transmission of water, then the gas, sewage, and also as water drainage pipe.

In KLPAC, these pipes can be found mainly at the water pump room connecting to water

tanks, booster system and to the rising main. It has high resistance to shock or impact due

to improper handling, water hammer or undesirable condition. The sizes of the pipes

utilized are 50mm, 80mm, 100mm and 150mm and Ductile Iron Pipes used are complying

with BS EN 545: 2006 and being certified by 3rd Certification Party as well as National Water

Authorities, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN).

Figure 5.30 Photos of Pipes Connection

Pump Control

Panel

Cast Iron Pipes C.I. Strainer

Pumps



c) Copper Pipes

All distribution pipes in KLPAC is comprised of copper pipes. Copper has very good material

properties as it provides long term performance and prevent contamination and inhibits

growth of bacteria, withstand pressure and temperature change and requires very low

maintenance. The sizes of copper pipes are very much depending to the outlets of the

services, where the amount of water needed is taken into account following the standards.

For example, the pipe sizing for toilet flushing purpose and domestic use differs. In the

system, the pipes channel from the main tank are getting distributed in smaller pipes to

washroom, sinks, and basin. The size of copper pipes utilized in KLPAC can be refer to the

table below.

Fittings Pipe sizes (diameter/mm)

Flush Valve 65mm 40mm

Basin 15mm

Shower Tap 20mm

Tap 15mm

Urinal (male toilet) 20mm

Sinks ( kitchen ) 15mm

Table 5.3.3 Schedule of copper pipes

Figure 5.31 Photo of Distribution Pipes for Washroom (KLPAC, 2015)



d) U-PVC pipes

The U-PVC pipes are mostly used for sewage system and venting. These UPVC SWV fittings are

produces according to MS 1063 and complied with BS 5255, BS 4514 and BS EN 1401. These

fittings are used for solvent cement jointing with UPVC SWV pipes. Theses piping system is used

for soil and waste discharge pipe work for conveyance of domestic waste water and ventilating

pipe with conformation of the standards.

Table 5.3.4 Schedule of U-PVC Fittings and Sizing

Figure 5.32 Photo of u-PVC pipe



e) Galvanized Iron Pipes

KLPAC has a mixture use of G.I Pipes as it can be seen at many places connecting to walls

and many other pipes. It has been used to penetrate through the reinforced concrete walls

from zone to zones.

f) HDPE pipes

The High Density Polyethylene Pipes can be seen at the irrigation area for landscape. The

pipes has flexible and resistance against weather and chemicals.

G.I Pipe

Figure 5.33 Galvanized Pipes Connection through Wall

Figure 5.34 Galvanized Iron Pipes as Suction Pipes Figure 5.35 Galvanized Iron Pipes at Water Meter

HDPE Pipe

Figure 5.36 HDPE pipe For Irrigation



5.3.3.2 Fixture and Connection of pipes

It is important how pipes are laid and fixed around the building. The pipe layout requires proper

planning to allow efficient flow of water from zone to zone thus saving spaces and energy to

pump water. There is also some critical area where connection of multiple pipes are designed to

be fixed on the headspace, vertical walls, and electrical sensitive areas.

Figure 5.37 Diagrams of Pipes Fixtures (KLPAC,2005)



5.4 Findings and Analysis

The water supply system used in KLPAC is conventional. The existing system is still functioning since

KLPAC is operating 10 years ago. However, findings studied that there are part where the water supply

system is yet to be said efficient and there are suggestions to make improvement to the existing water

system.

5.4.1 Analysis

a) Water Tank

The finding analyzed that the sub-tanks connecting to the hydro pneumatic pumps are no longer in

used. The water tanks were once used to store water and supply water to the building and the users.

The reason of abandonment given was due to its high maintenance cost and also its operation. The

tanks were shut down left only the use of water pumps and only one source from the underground RC

water storage tank. The effort to remove the tanks from the narrow basement requires a lot of planning,

mechanical and man power, shifting of components and operations and halting of water supply. These

unused tanks are left in the underground and taking up potential spaces to upgrade the water supply

system for the future use.

b) Water Supply

There is no other water tanks available in KLPAC excluding the only one source from the underground

water storage. In the study it concludes that there is zero water supply and no other “back-up” water

storage if the KLPAC or the season itself are encountering water shortage. All washrooms and the

landscape in KLPAC extract water from the underground water tank and relying on the only water

source. It will bring a lot of unpleasant consequences if there is no water to supply to the building during

dry seasons. Maintenance is difficult as water are all stored in one place and there is no other places to

store water while the maintenance is taking place. The 35000 liter water was estimated to last only less

than a week to fulfil the user needs in the building.

C) Water Pump

There are only two sets of hydro pneumatic pumps functioning in KLPAC. The energy requires to pump

all water supply to zones and users are high in cost and it is inefficient. This is one of the reason why it

led to the abandonment of the sub-tanks in order to cut down the bill. The utilization of the Hydro Pump

system is manually controlled by technicians and it has to be monitored every day. If there is an

electricity shortage, there is no back up electricity generator set available to pump the water. The only

gen set available is prior for fire fighting system. It would be very inconvenient to the building as KLPAC

is a performing art center and it is very hard to supply water to the users if there is no water supply in

the storage. In short, further consideration of issues encountered and problem solving is not discussed.



5.4.2 Suggestion on Improvement

The main issue of the water supply system is the operational cost and the efficiency of water supply in

the events of water main failure. The solution of the issues mentioned can be solved by making use of

the spaces on the roof top and by adding water storage tanks and promotes gravitational distribution

system. This proposed solution allows replacement of the abandoned water tanks in the pump rooms,

while adding up the water capacity to fulfill the building water demand. The placement of water tank at

higher position promotes gravitational water distribution. KLPAC has only 6 stories, the energy required

to pump up to that level is not too high, the system can be programmed when only if the water tank

falls below a certain level and to be fed up. Compared to the current system, the pump is often switched

on and off so many times as it consumes more energy by doing that to pump water throughout the

building all year long. The gravitational water supply system can save cost on operation and also it can

store water as back up in case if there is a water main failure and electricity break. With this, it tackles all

three issues mentioned in the finding and analysis. Otherwise, an extra genset for water pump is

sufficient to make improvement on the current system.

5.5 Conclusion

Regardless of so many pressurized system used in today’s building to replace the roof top water tanks,

KLPAC can be the exception to have a water tank at the roof top because it is not a tall building. Unlike

those high rise buildings, the energy required to pump water all the way up to the top of the building is

low. The pressure at the lowest floor of KLPAC is not too high and the pressure reduction valves are not

required in KLPAC. The only issue which has to be taken into account is the back-up water storage to

prevent water main and electricity failure. Having a water tank at roof top is considered a conventional

system and this system is seen as a matured technology as it is very familiar to the local technicians and

maintenance workers. Rather than having a costly and high maintenance system which cannot be fully

utilized, back up water storage at the roof top and gravitational water distribution system are the

suggestable solutions to KLPAC.



6.0 Sewerage, Sanitary and Drainage System by CHOONG WAN XIN

6.1 Introduction

Sewage (also known as wastewater) is defined as the used water and waste substances produced by

human bodies that are carried away from houses and factories through special pipes. It encompass

potential contaminants and concentration that are hazardous to living organisms such as feces and

urine, rubbish, and chemical wastes from estates. It is then disposed of from different sources through

underground conduits and drains. Wastewater is cleaned and treated with natural process in sewerage

system before discharging into river. It is important to treat wastewater in different type of appliances

as it can pollute the water and increase BOD which causes threatening diseases to human and animals

lived. A combination of drainage system consists of sanitary appliances, pipes, service areas and

treatment area are normally covered behind walls of the building during construction or placed in

service rooms without human notifications. During the design of buildings, the sewerage and drainage

system should be considered by following the laws to ensure that the users will not be affected by

improper disposal of wastewater.

Figure 6.1 Flow of sewerage and sanitary system of a residential house


Managing sewage is major challenge in urban areas particularly in rapidly growing country like Malaysia.

Lack of an effective and efficient wastewater disposal and treatment system has had a negative impact

on the environment and also human being. In order to collect and convey liquid waste by water carriage

system, an effective sewerage system connecting network of sanitary appliances, pipes as well as

sewage treatment is operated.



Figure 6.2 Diagram of a complete sewerage system from different sources

Starting from the appliances available in a toilet, traps, stacks, septic tank and public sewer will be

discussed in this chapter in sequences. Sanitary appliances allow users to dispose of excreta and urine

into the sewage system with the forces of water taps or flushing devices. The appliances connect to

drainage system that conveys sewage and rainwater to an approved point of disposal through a network

of piping within private or public premises. Traps are used in the toilet to prevent large waste product

from entering the waste or soil pipe and also to prevent back flow of the water.

Sewage is then carried to the underground conduits or drains called sewer. The types of sewer

commonly installed are the sanitary sewer, storm sewer and combined sewer. Sanitary sewer is an

underground carriage system used for transporting sewage from houses, commercial buildings and

industrial areas with the help of sanitary sewer line attaching to a main sewer. The main sewer run

directly to the sewage treatment plant. Storm sewer collects storm water with the help of gutter and

catch basin. Gutter functions as draining the storm water from the street directly into the sewer.

Combined sewer works as a combination of sanitary and storm sewers that collects both sewage and

storm water runoff in a single pipe system. Serious water pollution may happen due to combining large

variation of sewer flow between dry and wet weather.



Figure 6.3 Difference of sewerage disposal between separated and combined sewers during different weather

Sewage treatment and sewage passage is under properties of the authorities but it only starts at the

boundary of the private building excluding the septic system located on site. The system within the

building and the boundary is under the responsibility of the property owner that subjected to rules and

regulations of its components.



6.3 Case Study

Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC) consists of 4 floors (ground, first, second and third floor).

Sewerage system in this building features the functions of collection, conveyance, treatment and

disposal. Combined stack system is installed in this building with similar location of wash closets on each

floors. Sewage collected from the appliances is collected and conveyed through the network of pipe

lines: soil pipe, vent pipe and waste pipe. It is discharged to the nearest manhole and then to the septic

tank of the property for treatment. Manholes and inspection sports are located outside the building in

cover for services and inspections.

Figure 6.4 Ground floor plan



6.4 Components of System

6.4.1 Sanitary Appliances

Sanitary appliances are used for collection and discharge of waste matter and soil. There are two groups

of sanitary appliances in KLPAC, the waste and soil appliances. Soil appliances include water closet and

urinal while the waste appliances are bidet, sink and wash basin. All these appliances are made of non-

absorbent, non-corroding, smooth and easily cleaned material like ceramic ware, stainless steel or

plastic.

Figure 6.5 Female washroom located at ground floor of KLPAC

Figure 6.6 Ground floor male and female toilets at KLPAC



6.4.1.1 Water Closet

Water closet is an enclosed room or compartment containing a toilet bowl fitted with a mechanism for flushing. A toilet is composed of two main pieces -- the tank (water reservoir) and the bowl (the part the user sits).

When the flush lever is pushed, it pulls up on the chain and so the flush valve. This exposes the large discharge hole at the bottom of the tank allowing water to rush quickly into the toilet bowl. Immediately after a flush begins the water level in the tank and the floats starts to go down, at the same time the float opens the fill valve, and water from the house water pipe (through the stop valve) begins to flow into the tank. When it's almost empty the flapper can no longer float and falls onto the discharge hole sealing/closing it again and the water coming in through the fill valve starts refilling the tank. While the tank is refilling, a small amount of water is also going from the fill valve through the refill tube into the overflow tube that empties directly into the toilet bowl. This water raises the water level in the bowl. When the water level in the tank has returned to its original level, the float closes the fill valve and the cycle is complete. An overflow tube is provided to direct the excess water refilling in the tank into the bowl after it reaches a certain level.

Figure 6.7 Water closet in KLPAC Figure 6.8 Compartments of Water Closet

According to UBBL 1984, Section 43:

In all buildings, the size of the latrines, water-closets and bathrooms shall be

(a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet fittings, not less than 1.5 meters by 0.75 meter.



6.4.1.2 Basins

Sink is a wide bowl that has a faucet for water and a drain at the bottom and is usually positioned in a counter or on a pedestal. Some sinks provide separate taps with hot and cold water supplies called faucets. A drain is included in a basin to remove overflow water when the basin is clogged. To remove clogged items in a sink, a specific chemical drain cleaner or a plunger will be used. The type of sinks installed in KLPAC are different in materiality (stainless steel sinks in kitchen, concrete sinks and ceramic sinks in washrooms).

Figure 6.9 Ceramic basin in KLPAC Figure 6.10 Components of a basic sink

Ceramic sinks are made with a raw material that contains clay, glass and metal. This mixture has been used as a sink material for decades with a smooth, impervious surface and extremely low moisture absorbency.

Ceramic sinks are easy to maintain. Their impenetrable surface is stain resistant, so it can be easily cleaned with basic all-purpose cleaning products. On the other hand, most ceramic sinks are made of raw materials, which means that many of them differ slightly in finish and color. Prone to chipping, cracking and scratching, ceramic sinks often need replacing if damaged.

Figure 6.11 Costumed made concrete sink in washroom in KLPAC



A concrete sink can be a washroom addition that will last a very long time. They are usually unique and different for being customized. Due to its material characteristics, concrete is very strong and not easily damaged. Unfortunately, concrete sinks need to be maintained by periodically sealing and repairing cracks and chips before they spread and become worse. Concrete sinks can also be extremely heavy and require special support. Supports not only need to be installed underneath the sink, but also the floor must be strong enough to support the added weight.

Finally, concrete sinks can be very expensive to install. Since they are largely custom made, there is no standard price and homeowners cannot simply purchase one online or through a home improvement center.

Figure 6.12 and Figure 6.13 Different type of stainless steel basins in kitchen area in KLPAC

Stainless steel makes an affordable, low-maintenance kitchen sink. They do not chip, crack or peel as enamel or porcelain sinks will do, and they’re resistant to stains. Although stainless steel resists corrosion, prolonged contact with chlorine bleach, muriatic acid, solvents and other harsh or abrasive cleaners can damage stainless steel finishes and leave them vulnerable to rust. The thickness of the steel also plays a role in the sink’s resistance to scratches and dents. The thicker the steel, the more durable the sink will be.

One drawback to stainless steel sinks is that limited options in color and finish are provided. While it comes in a range of finishes, such as mirrored, glossy sheen or brushed nickel, the color will always be silver. Another drawback to this type of sink is that it tends to be noisy in comparison to other materials, such as acrylic or porcelain sinks. But higher-end stainless steel sinks offer sound-muffling coatings over the steel or a spray coating on the underside of the sink. This can greatly reduce the noise level, although it will not eliminate it.



6.4.2 Traps

A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings. The traps are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water. The retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the building from drain pipes. Therefore all plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, and toilets in KLPAC are equipped with traps.

6.4.2.1 Water seal

Water seal in a trap is the depth of water which should be removed from a fully charge trap before gases at atmospheric pressure may pass from the waste pipe through trap into a building. The tape is useless unless they retain their seals at all times. The seal may be broken due to air compressor, momentum and evaporation. The trap in fittings in range is liable to symphonic action and each trap should be ventilated.

The principle of the water trap works with the presence of water. The water sits in the trap where it forms a blockage for gas trying to get back into the room. The water will sit just below the level of the outlet bend until more water is introduced from the incoming pipe. The incoming water will replace the water in the trap and push it out of the outlet.

Figure 6.14 Example of water seal in a P-pipe.

6.4.2.1.1 Bottle and Sink Traps

A bottle trap is long and thin and will not take up so much room in a kitchen unit or under a basin while sink trap used in KLPAC is the addition of a 90 degree fitting on the outlet side of a U-bend, thereby creating a P-like shape. It is also referred to as a sink trap because it is installed under most house sinks. Both are usually made of plastic but chrome plated versions are available for most applications. This type of trap can be hidden behind a pedestal although proprietary pedestal traps are a little longer. Because it is a localized low-point in the plumbing, it tends to capture heavy objects that are unwittingly dropped into the sink. Besides, it also functions to collect hair, sand, and other debris and limits the ultimate size of objects that will pass on into the rest of the plumbing, thereby catching over-sized objects.



Figure 6.15 Bottle traps installed in the toilet of KLPAC

Figure 6.16 Diagrammatic drawing of bottle trap (left) and sink trap (right) used in KLPAC

6.4.2.1.2 Floor Trap

This trap is provided in the floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and bathroom etc.

These are available in cast iron or UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI) on the top of the

trap. The minimum depth of water seal should be 50 mm.

Figure 6.17 Cast iron floor trap grating in toilet of KLPAC Figure 6.18 Example of a floor trap



6.4.2.1.3 Gully Trap

These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water discharge from sanitary

appliances and are connected to the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from sewer do not

come to the house. These are deep seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50 mm minimum. It

also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste pipes carrying waste

water.

The initial thought was that the trap would prevent the foul air and rodents from leaving the sewer

systems and surfacing within domestic curtilages and to some degree this may have been the case,

however the traps created their own problems partly because they were often installed on combined

storm and foul drainage systems and as a result silt and debris would collect in the trap causing the

occasional blockage. Common defects found on interceptors include root ingress, fracturing due to

movement or settlement of the chamber and a general buildup of silt, debris, grease and fat within the

trap itself.

Figure 6.19 Plans and Section of gully trap with cover at KLPAC



Figure 6.20 Compartments of a gully trap Figure 6.21 Example of a gully trap

6.4.2.1.4 Grease Trap

A grease trap, or grease interceptor, is a plumbing device designed to "trap" and prevent grease from entering the sewer system and causing sewer pipe blockages.

A grease trap should be connected to any fixture or drain that discharges wastewater containing oil and grease to the grease trap, including, sinks for washing dishes, floor drains and cooking equipment. When there is wastewater entering the grease trap, it cools and the grease and oil harden and float to the top of the trap. The rest of the wastewater flows through the trap and out the exit pipe to the sanitary sewer. The grease, oil and fat remain in the trap.

For the best operation, the grease trap should be cleaned regularly and serviced at least once every four weeks. When warm fats, oils, and grease make their way into the plumbing system, over time they build up and cause a number of problems, including blocked sewers. Blocked sewers can lead to a sewage backup into the building itself, neighboring property or even local rivers. Blocked sewers can also lead to increased vermin and contact with disease-causing organisms, all of which pose serious health risks to anyone working in or visiting the building.

Figure 6.22 Diagram of a grease trap



Figure 6.23 Example of installing an underground grease trap

6.4.3 Pipework

Getting the used water and other waste products away from sanitary appliances is the primary purpose of the above ground drainage pipework. The pipework must be professionally designed and installed to ensure no smells enter the building from the pipework and all waste products are disposed of safely.

The drainage system in a building historically was made from metals such as cast iron, copper or lead but for the last 40 years PVC plastic has been used as the main drainage pipe material. All the pipes are laid out to a slope or ‘fall’ to allow the water to drain away without leaving behind any dirt or debris in the pipe. All appliance connections to the drainage system must have a trap on them to prevent smell or gasses entering the home.

Pipe system includes network of pipes and valves, which are main pipe, feeder pipe, branch pipe and valve. Main pipe delivers water from treatment plant to distribution tank or directly to distribution area. Feeder pipe is directly connected to a main pipe for distribution of water to industrial or residential areas. Branch pipe is installed from feeder pipe to individual house, building, factory or fire hydrant. Valve is needed to control water flow rate, stop water flow, release trapped air in pipe, balance pressure in pipe and remove effluents.



Figure 6.25 Diagrammatic of the soil and waste

pipes connecting to stack 1 and 2 in KLPAC Figure 6.24 Example of waste pipe system in a typical house



6.4.3.1 Soil and Waste Pipe

Drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipes carry waste and water out of the building without gurgles or fumes. Water produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks and showers travels downward through the stacks to the main drain line and exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water. At the end, it is leaded to the municipal sewage system or to a septic system.

More into details, water runs down the sink drain into a p-trap, which fills up with water to prevent sewer gases and odors from getting into the house through the pipe. This water gets refreshed whenever more water runs through it. A drainpipe attached to the p-trap goes into an opening in the wall. Behind the wall, a vent line and drainpipe lead to a soil stack, which is the control center of the wastewater system. Drain pipes take the wastewater to the soil stack; through the stack, sewer gases are carried up to the roof through vent lines.

In KLPAC, material that is used for the soil and waste pipe system is uPVC. The soil pipe is located inside or outside and the end is terminated with an open end covered in a cage (to stop birds nesting in it) or with an automatic air admittance device.

Figure 6.26 uPVC pipe in KLPAC Figure 6.27 Diagrammatic drawing of uPVC pipe in KLPAC



6.4.3.2 Vent pipe

For water to flow smoothly without gurgling, there must be an air passageway behind the water. Vent pipes extend from the drainpipes up through the roof to provide that passage. Vent pipes also carry odors out of the house. The drainpipe for each plumbing fixture must be connected to a vent that supplies the pipe with air from the outside. In some cases the drainpipe is connected directly to a main or secondary stack pipe, which travels straight up through the roof. More often a drainpipe is connected to a recent pipe that reaches up and over to tie into the main vent stack.

Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) and uPVC pipe are installed for the vent pipe system in KLPAC and they are carried up to 450mm above roof level. All pipe passing through the roof structure is provided with collar and flashing to form tight joints.

Figure 6.28 Diagrammatic drawing of vitrified clay pipe (VCP) in KLPAC

Under Law of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974, Section 56 (1)

Rainwater pipes not to be used as soil pipe state that: “no pipes used in the carrying of rainwater from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off soil and drainage from any privy or water closet or sullage water.”

Under Law of Malaysia Act 133 Street, Drainage, Building Act 1974. Section 57

No water pipe, stack pipes or down spout used for conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.



6.4.4 Inspection chamber

All underground drainage systems must have access points, to enable the drains to be inspected on a regular basis and to be cleaned in the event of a blockage. The most common form of access is an inspection chamber, often still referred to as a manhole. In times gone by, manholes were actually large, bricked up chambers that had iron steps built into the wall, enabling a person to physically climb down into the drainage system. The main difference between one of these old manholes and an inspection chamber is that inspection chambers do not permit physical entrance into the drains.

Figure 6.29 Light duty cast iron covered inspection chamber at KLPAC



Figure 6.30 Plan and section of an inspection chamber in KLPAC

6.4.5 Manholes

Manholes (MH) are the largest top opening to an underground utility chambers providing access to a sewer or drain for maintenance equipment on underground and buried public utility, and, in some cases, for operatives to enter the system itself to make connections, inspection, valve adjustments and other services including sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains, district heating and gas. Manhole closings are protected by a manhole cover, a flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole.



Figure 6.31 Cast iron manhole frame and Cover Figure 6.32 Section of a manhole at KLPAC

6.4.6 Septic Tank

The typical septic tank is a large buried rectangular or cylindrical container made of concrete, fiberglass, or polyethylene. A septic tank's purpose is to separate solids from the wastewater, store and partially decompose as much solid material as possible, while allowing the liquid (or effluent) to go to the drain field. Wastewater from toilet, bath and kitchen flows into the tank and remains there for up to 24 hours (known as the retention time) before it passes to the drain field. This helps prevent clogging of the drain field, which can lead to failure and costly repairs.

The retention time is necessary to allow the solids to properly separate from the liquids—heavy solids settle to the bottom as sludge and the lighter particles rise to the top, forming a scum layer. Although bacterial action partially decomposes some of the solids, up to 50 percent remain in the tank.

Before that, septic tanks had one compartment; however, current regulations require two chambers, which do a better job of settling solids. In residential systems, the tank size is determined by the number of bedrooms and should be enough to handle approximately three years’ worth of sludge and scum. In commercial establishments like KLPAC, the tank size is determined by the amount of daily flow.

As wastewater flows into the tank, a tee (or baffle) at the tank's inlet pipe slows the incoming wastes and reduces the disturbance of the settled sludge. The outlet tee keeps the solids or scum in the tank. In old tanks installed, an effluent filter is attached to the outlet baffle (going to the drain field) to keep solids in the tank instead of entering the drain field. Effluent filters are an excellent addition to an older tank, and can be installed by a pumper or other septic system professional.

Consequently, it is important that solids be removed by periodic pumping, so they do not overflow into the drain field. Most septic tanks need to be pumped every 3 to 5 years, depending on the tank size and the amount and type of solids entering the tank.



All tanks should have accessible covers for checking the condition of the tees and for pumping both compartments. To eliminate the time and nuisance of digging down to the access covers, risers can be installed. The riser(s) should be secure to prevent accidental entry into the tank, and should also be watertight to prevent groundwater from entering the riser cavity, which may cause the tank to flood.

Figure 6.33 Compartments of a septic tank

Figure 6.34 Location of septic tank in KLPAC



6.4.7 Drainage

The drainage system is an essential part of living in a city or urban area, as it reduces flood damage by carrying water away. When it rains, some water naturally seeps into the ground. The rest makes its way through drainage systems, into rivers and creeks and eventually into the bays, or directly to the bays through stormwater beach outlets.

In areas with houses, shops and roads, alternative ways for this water to drain away are needed as large amounts of water can build up quickly during heavy rain and storms, and without adequate drainage this flows towards low-lying land, flooding, damage and safety risks will happen.

Rainwater drainage is required to collect the discharge from roof, paved area and convey it to suitable drainage system. These rainwater system are laid to fall so as to direct rainwater into a yard gully which is connected to the surface water drainage system. It consists of a collection called gutter which is connected to vertical rainwater pipes.

Figure 6.36 Example of drainage system of a house

Figure 6.35 The rainwater down pipe with gutter is connected to a screening chamber in KLPAC

According to UBBL 1984, Section 115:

Roof coverings and drainage. All roofs of buildings shall be so constructed as to drain effectually to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these BY-laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.



6.5 Analysis

In KLPAC, sewage is being disposed through sanitary appliances and being flushed into the soil and waste pipe. For toilets and pantries located at upper floors, vertical waste pipes are connected by combined stack system to convey and conduct the wastewater to downstairs and underground drains. Sewage is then conveyed along the public sewer line to a wastewater treatment plant nearby before discharging into river.

Most of the sewage pipes and stacks including the storm drains and sewer are hidden behind the wall and above ceiling panels. Therefore, aesthetic value of the interior and exterior of the building is concerned. On the other hand, there is no smell and odor noticed when entering the washroom because of the vent pipe allowing the smell of the sewage to escape the building without trapping it inside. So, users can pleasantly use the sanitary appliances.

There is only one grease interceptor trap located at ground floor which is near to the restaurant in KLPAC. Regular maintenance is needed so that the grease or fat discharged from the kitchen will not clog and block the wastewater pipe system. A number of manholes are located underground surrounding the building itself, providing maximum flow of wastewater disposal from the building to the septic tank and to the sewer line. However, only one septic tank is installed in this sewerage system and it may encounter high pressure of wastewater discharged at the same time.

6.6 Conclusion

In a nutshell, KLPAC is designed with effective and complete sanitary and sewerage system that considers the need of the users entering the building. Basic sanitation services as well as storm water drainage system are well planned that comply with standards and requirement of regulatory bodies in Malaysia. Besides, toilet appliances for people with disabilities are considered in the design of the building. Wastewater treatment plant nearby also plays an important role for the building as it can treat the wastewater within the boundary of the property before discharging it into the public sewer line.



7.0 AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION by JOANNE CHUA

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation system, also known as ACMV system serves the

main purpose of maintaining thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. It is achieved through

the process of altering the properties of air, by controlling the level of temperature and humidity to

more comfortable conditions before distributing the air to an occupied space, providing a safe-working,

healthy and productive environment. In Malaysia, heating systems are not appropriate or applicable due

to its tropical climate, with its temperature ranged between 23°C to 32°C.

This research paper will be looking in-depth on the ACMV system of KLPAC to have a deeper

understanding on it. In accordance to the research, rules and standards will also be investigated. These

standards have been set my various bodies to ensure that proper thermal comfort and indoor air quality

is being achieved via the ACMV system. The standards used in examining are the Malaysian Standard

(MS 1525) and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL).



Figure 7.2: Air cycle of an air-conditioner Figure 7.1: Refrigerant cycle of an air-conditioner

7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

7.2.1 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air-conditioning is defined as the total control of temperature, air humidity, air cleanliness and

air movement in an occupied space to achieve human thermal comfort, which refers to the condition of

mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. In Malaysia, thermal comfort in a

building is having a filtered supplied air, with a temperature range of 22°C to 27°C and relative humidity

of 55-70%, while controlling air movement to avoid the sensation of cold drafts and at the same time

prevent the formation of pockets of stagnant air within the conditioned space. The design factors of a

building such as its orientation, materials, heat penetration, environment, climate, activity and

equipment often play an important aspect and should be considered in determining the usage of air-

conditioning.

Air-conditioning works by collecting and removing heat from the air inside the room and release

the heat into the air outdoor. There are two cycles involved, mainly the refrigerant cycle and the air

cycle. A refrigerant cycle functions by removing heat from one place to another and is done by

transferring through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser, On the other

hand, an air cycle is a process that distributes treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned.

When heat inside the room is removed and absorbed by the evaporator, the internal air turns cooler.

The medium to absorb heat can be either air or water, and air is usually distributed through ducts or

chilled water pipes.



7.2.2 MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Mechanical ventilation describes the process of changing air in an enclosed space, where indoor

air is withdrawn and replaced by fresh air continuously that is supplied by clean external sources using

mechanical devices such as fans. The main function of mechanical ventilation is to expel stale air

containing water vapour, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants while drawing in

outside air, presumably with lesser pollutants and water vapour, and circulates the air around and

throughout the house. It is important to maintain proper mechanical ventilation as:

(a) It preserves oxygen(O2) content while removing carbon dioxide(CO2)

(b) It prevents heat concentrations from machinery, lighting and people

(c) It reduces excess condensation

(d) Growth of bacteria is controlled and prevented

(e) Contaminants such as smoke, dust, gases and body odours is diluted and removed

(f) Consistent freshness is provided

(g) It is a good alternative in case of unreliable natural ventilation systems

There are two types of mechanical ventilation system, mainly spot ventilation, which includes

supply system, extract system or a combination system; and also energy-recovery ventilation system.

In a supply system, fresh air is supplied by a central supply fan and stale air goes outside naturally. This

system is usually used in boiler plants and factories. On the other hand, an extract system creates a

negative pressure inside the building, causing air to move in naturally, though stale air is channelled out

using exhaust fans. This system usually functions in basements, indoor toilets or bathrooms. For a

combination system, it consists of both supply and extract system, therefore the building’s goes through

slight air pressurization by using an extract fan smaller than an inlet fan. Fresh air is supplied and stale

air is picked up from multiple points. This system usually works in cinemas, theatres, sports centres and

so on. For an energy recovery ventilation system (ERV), it includes a controlled heat exchanger, with one

or more fans pushing air through the machine. However, it is less cost-effective and not commonly used

in Malaysia as it is mainly made for countries with extreme summer and winter climates.



7.3 CASE STUDY

KLPac utilizes a centralized air-conditioning system for its air cycle due to the large building size.

The system is appropriate and highly efficient since for large spaces that need high cooling loads such as

performing stages and theatres. The system works by distributing cool air via a duct system, then

through a complex plan of diffusers from specific Air Handling Unit (AHU) rooms within the building. The

quantity of AHUs depends on the built-up area and the number of users as well. Fan Coil Units are

smaller units that act similarly to AHU systems.

In this case, KLPac holds a total of 5 AHU, with 4 operating at the main performing stage due to

its dense number of users and large scaled space, and 1 more operating at the secondary performing

stage. In addition, several FCUs are found operating around the building, though they focus more on

ventilating smaller spaces for activities and work such as the lobby area, office, conference rooms and

studios and so on. The system is controlled in a specific control room and everything will be routed back

to a single device.

For its refrigerant cycle, KLPac uses an air-cooled chilled water system. Air-cooled chillers are

intended for outdoor installation and operation. It is directly cooled by ambient air being mechanically

circulated directly through the condenser coil to expel heat to the atmosphere. Therefore, no cooling

towers are present as its purpose of exerting heat has already been done inside the chiller’s condenser.



Figure 7.3: Overview diagram of Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation System, KLPac

AIR-CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL

VENTIALTION SYSTEM

SUPPLY AIR

DIFFUSER/GRILLE

RETURN AIR

GRILLE/FAN

FIRE EXHAUST

FAN/VENTS

MECHANICAL

VENTILATION

SYSTEM

AIR-COOLED CHILLED

WATER SYSTEM

EVAPORATOR

COMPRESSOR

EXPANSION VALVE

CONDENSER

CHILLED WATER

PUMP

PIPING SYSTEM

CENTRALIZED

AIR-CONDITIONING

SYSTEM

AIR FILTER

BLOWER/FAN

HEATING/COOLING

COIL

VIBRATOR ISOLATOR

BASE

DAMPER

AIR HANDLING

UNIT (AHU)

FAN COIL UNIT

(FCU)

DUCTWORK



Figure 7.4: AHU-G-2 in KLPac Figure 7.5: Location of AHU-G-2 room at

ground floor, KLPac

Figure 7.6: Switches for each respective AHU

7.4 COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM

CENTRALIZED AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

7.4.1 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)

Air Handling Unit (AHU) is a large metal box that is connected to a ductwork ventilation system,

distributing conditioned air through the building and recycles some of the return air. It comprises of

several components with each own specific function. The AHU are all enclosed in rooms specifically

designed for AHU only to ensure compactness and protect it from external forces or pressure. Its air

source comes from recycled air from return air ducts and outside air coming in through fresh air grilles.

In KLPac, each AHU is provided with its specific switch for manual controlling to save energy during

periods of non-use.

According to MS 1525 code 8.4.1.2.1, Control setback and shut-off “Each system should be equipped with a readily accessible means of shutting off or reducing the energy used during periods of non-use or alternate uses of the building spaces or zones served by the system.”



Figure 7.8: Centrifugal fan

Figure 7.7: Air filter

7.4.1.1 AIR FILTER

An air filter is typically placed first in the AHU to filter incoming air from the return air duct and

outside air. Its main function is to provide clean dust-free air to building occupants.

7.4.1.2 BLOWER/FAN

A direct-driven or belt-driven centrifugal fan, depending on the required air quantity and

pressure, is commonly used in an AHU as it can move a small or large quantity of air efficiently. Its main

function is to propel air for distribution. There are two fans present in an AHU; fan that blows air

through the cooling coil and supply fan that blows air into the supply duct.



Figure 7.10: Vibrator insulator base

Figure 7.9: Heating and cooling coil

7.4.1.3 HEATING/COOLING COIL

Heating or cooling coil changes the supply air temperature and humidity level, depending on the

location and application. Heating coils are made up of copper tubes, with copper or aluminium fins to

aid heat transfer. The cooling coil is attached to the chilled water pipe linked from the chiller plant via a

blue pipe to remove heat and cools down the air.

7.4.1.4 VIBRATOR INSULATOR

The blowers in an air handler may create vibration and the large area of duct system would

transmit noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibrator isolators made up

of rubberized canvas-like material are usually inserted immediately before and after the air handler,

between the fan compartment and the rest of the AHU.



Figure 7.12: Ceiling mounted Fan Coil Unit installed

in studio room, KLPAC

Figure 7.13: FCU control panel

Figure 7.11: Damper

7.4.1.5 DAMPER

Dampers are necessary to control the ratio of fresh air and recycled air while exhausting part of

the recycled air. When the air sensor detects more than 500pm carbon dioxide in the return air from the

room, the system will activate automatically and the damper will open and intake fresh air from the

outside to refresh the air inside the building.

According to MS 1525 code 8.4.4.2, Off-hour control “ Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems should be provided with motorised or gravity dampers or other means of automatic volume shut-off reduction during period of non-use or alternate use of the spaces served by the system.”

7.4.2 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)



Figure 7.14: Locations of FCU at ground floor, KLPAC

Figure 7.15: Ducting with opening provided Figure 7.16: Air duct

Fan coil unit (FCU) system is similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can be

controlled. FCUs are more economically installed due to their simplicity and are normally used for

smaller spaces. In KLPac, FCUs are ceiling mounted in the bistro and bar, studios, offices, conference

rooms, shops and lobby area. The control panels are located specifically in the spaces where the FCUs

are installed.

According to MS 1525 code 8.4.4.1, Off-hour control “ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.”

7.4.3 DUCTWORK



Figure 7.17: Ducting systems at ground floor, KLPAC

Air ducts distribute air from AHU to the rooms that need to be air-conditioned and blowers are

installed within the ducts to aid in circulating the air. In KLPac, the ducts used are made of carbon steel

and internally insulated with foil, thus making sure that the air remains cool when being transferred to

the diffuser. Most of the air ducts are exposed and has openings provided for maintenance work.

According to MS 1525 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation “All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”



Figure 7.18: Air diffuser at lobby area, KLPac Figure 7.19: Air diffuser in green room, KLPac

Figure 7.20: Air grille behind seating in main performing stage, KLPAC

MECHANICAL VENTILATION

7.4.4 SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSER/GRILLE



Figure 7.22: Exhaust air grille at ground floor corridor Figure 7.23: Exhaust air grille at fire pump room

Figure 7.21: Sectional drawing of seating area showing fresh air distribution through air grille in main

performing stage, KLPAC

Diffusers are located at the edge of the ductwork where the supply air is released into the room.

They do not require any generation of power and create low-velocity air movement in occupied rooms

in any desired directions while producing the minimum amount of noise. Most of the diffusers in KLPac

are rectangular or circular air diffusers and are either exposed in the open or concealed in ceilings.

However in the main performing stage, supply air grilles were installed behind the seats to evenly

distribute air inside the large area.

7.4.5 RETURN AIR GRILLE/FAN



Figure 7.24: Exhaust fan at lift control room

Return air grille or functions to carry air back to designated AHU rooms. It is covered with

grillwork to cover the duct behind it and avoid big objects from entering the duct and damaging the

AHU. Filters are installed behind the grille to trap pollutant or dust to reduce maintenance cost. In

KLPac, the air grilles are mounted on top parts of walls.

In addition, they also function like a pump; in KLPac, it is installed in warm spaces containing

equipment that generates heat such as the fire pump room and the lift control room. These air grilles or

fan are placed under timer to suck out warm air every couple of hours to prevent overheating.

According to MS 1525 code 8.4.5, Mechanical ventilation control “Each mechanical ventilation system (supply and/or exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut-down or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Examples of such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.”



Figure 7.25: Fire exhaust fan outside of KLPac Figure 7.26: Fire exhaust vents at ceiling of main

performing stage, KLPac

7.4.6 FIRE EXHAUST FAN/VENTS

In KLPac, fire protection is important as it is a public building with a constant dense number of users

especially during practice or performance hours. At the main performing stage, automatic fire exhaust

vents are installed that will detect and open to release heat, smoke and gas in case of fire emergency.

Exhaust fans connecting to smoke exhaust ductwork are used to remove smoke from buildings to enable

emergency evacuation.



Figure 7.27: Outdoor air-cooled chillers, KLPAC

Figure 7.28: Control panel for chiller

AIR-COOLED CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

7.4.7 AIR-COOLED CHILLER

Air-cooled chiller is a refrigerant system that removes heat contained in chilled water. The

chiller contains an evaporator, compressor, expansion valve and condenser. The cycle begins in the

evaporator where a liquid refrigerant flows over the evaporator tube bundle, absorbing heat from the

chilled water circulating through and evaporates. After that, the compressor draws the refrigerant

vapour out of the evaporator, and ‘pumps’ it to the condenser, raising the vapour’s pressure and

temperature. The refrigerant condenses in the condenser tubes, giving up its heat to the cooling air. The

high pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser then passes through the expansion device, reducing

its pressure and temperature as it re-enters the evaporator. The refrigerant again flows over the chilled

water coils, absorbing more heat and completes the cycle.



Figure 7.29: Schematic diagram of air-cooled chilled water system

KLPac utilizes two air-cooled chillers which are placed outside at the back of the building as the

operation of chillers are noisy and may disturb the users in the building. The chillers are connected to

each AHU to circulate chilled water and control panels are provided for manual adjustment. KLPac

usually uses only one chiller most of the time to reduce energy consumption, except when there is a

need for high cooling load, thus both chillers will be used.

According to MS 1525 code 9.6.1, Central plant “In buildings where chillers are used, the EMS should be used to issue start/stop commands to the chiller control panel. The start/stop commands should be based on:

a) Time schedule to match occupancy patterns; and b) Selection of the most energy efficient combination of chillers to satisfy building load, this is

known as chiller sequencing (chiller optimisation programming). Chillers are typically supplied with microprocessor based control panels. Where possible, a high level of data interface between the chiller control panel and the EMS should be provided.”

Chilled water

Warm/used

water

AHU

AHU

CONDENSER COIL

CONDENSING

FANS

COMPRESSOR

EVAPORATOR

EXPANSION VALVE



Figure 7.30: Chilled water pump

Figure 7.31: Chilled water pipe from chillers connecting to AHU

7.4.8 CHILLED WATER PUMP

The chilled water pump returns warm chilled water to the chiller, and also pumps chilled water to every

AHU room.

7.4.9 PIPING SYSTEM

The pipes from chiller are connected to the cooling coil in AHU. The pipe brings in cool water

that will cool the air going through the AHU.

According to MS 1525 code 8.5, Piping insulation “All piping installed to serve building and within building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”



7.5 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

1. Energy Management System (EMS)

According to MS 1525 code 9.6.2, Air handling units (AHU) “Next to the chiller, the air handling units are typically the largest consumers of energy in the building. The EMS should have the facility to start and stop the air handling units based on a time schedule. For further energy savings, the cooling coil valve of the air handling units should be controlled by an intelligent controller which integrates with the EMS.”

The AHU in KLPac is manually turned on and off by the workers, therefore the AHU will only

open during office hours and performance hours. This is to prevent waste of energy.

2. Constant Air Supply UBBL SECTION 41 - MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING “2. Any application of the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilation the air-conditioning enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.” Since KLPac relies heavily on air-conditioning for its main performing stage, a GenSet functions

to supply electricity for the AHU in case of sudden electricity cut-off during on-stage performances. In

cases of air-conditioning failure, ceiling fans are provided to allow ventilation within a space.

3. Temperature Control According to MS 1525 code 8.4.1, Temperature control “Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range of between 22C to 27C.” The ACMV in KLPac consists of a thermostat at the top floor that measures the temperature of building. Hence the temperature is always at an average of 23C.



7.6 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, using a centralized air-conditioning system is appropriate for KLPac due to its

large scaled spaces and dense number of users. The components of air-conditioning such as AHU,

ductwork and chillers were placed at appropriate areas for noise reduction and given suitable

considerations such as insulation. This aids the system to run smoothly without disturbing the users and

reduce wastage of energy at the same time.

In addition, the building complies with the by-laws in terms of energy management system,

constant air supply and temperature-control. This has contributed to the comfort and efficiency of the

air-conditioning system and the ability to maintain thermal comfort throughout the building.



8.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM by TEH GIE ENG (IVANKA)

8.1 INTRODUCTION The electric power system is a network of electric components used to supply, transmit and use electric power. This system provides an overview of electrical power distribution systems commonly encountered in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. In Peninsular Malaysia, electricity is supplied by the national grid of Tenaga National Berhad (TNB), via high- voltage electric power transmissions. Buildings such as the Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPAC) receives power from the National Grid directly. Most electricity in Malaysia is generated by hydroelectric dams.

Figure 8.1 shows how electricity is generated by hydroelectric dams

This chapter of the report would be discussing the common system voltages used in electrical power distribution system and the connection of electrical loads and grounding. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Electricity System

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), a public listed company registered under Companies Act 1965, is entitled with the following responsibilities:

• To generate, transmit, distribute and sell energy to consumer throughout Peninsular Malaysia.

• To plan, install, operate and maintain electricity installation for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

To achieve the above objectives, the company owns and operates power plants and the National Grid, all of which are installed for the purpose mentioned above. They also provide consumer service centers, call management centers, substations and administrative offices throughout Peninsular Malaysia.

TNB’s core activities are in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity which are being handled by 3 Divisions:



• Generation Division• Transmission Division • Distribution Division

The transmission voltage networks are 500kV and 132kV, whilst distributions are 33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV and 415/240 volts.


TNB supplies the electricity to the building by delivering from the power plant to the transformer room and across the transmission tower to the sb-power station nearby the building area before transmitting to the building.

Figure 8.2 shows how electricity is transmitted via cables form the power

Low Voltagei. Single-phase, two-wire, 240V, up to 12 kVA maximum demand

ii. Three-phase, four-wire, 415V, up to 45 kVA maximum demand

iii. Three-phase, four-wire, C.T. metered, 415V, up to 1,000 kVA

Medium Voltage & High Voltagei. Three-phase, three-wire and 11 kV for load of 1,000 kVA maximum demand and above.ii. Three-phase, three-wire, 22kV or 33kV for load of 5,000 kVA maximum demand and aboveiii. Three-phase, three-wire, 66kV, 132kV and 275kV for exceptionally large load of above 25 MVA maximum demands.

Firstly, electricity will be transferred from the power plant to the transmission substation. To overcome the resistance of the transmission lines, the step up transformer in the transmission substation will increase the incoming power from the power plant. High current is then transmitted to the substation through the high voltage transmission lines.Using electrical pylons along the distribution grid system, the current reaches the substations at different locations where the current is brought down and



distributed to the facilities of the area surrounding the substation.

As the incoming voltage from the pylons is too high for domestic uses, the current has to be brought down from the substation to the High Tension Room, where the current is split and fed to different step down transformers in order to lower the voltage for different usage in buildings. The lower current is then transferred to Low Voltage Room (LV Room). This room contains the main switches of different facilities of the building and from here, each panel receives their respective currents from the transformer. Air circuit breakers are also normally installed in this room to prevent excessive power surges from harming the electrical appliances.

From the Low Tension Room, the current from the main switch board is connected to the risers located on every floor of the building with the help of bus ducts. In each of the riser rooms, a switch board is installed to tap the current off the bus duct and transfer them further to distribution boards. High voltage facilities such as elevators, and Air Handling Unit (AHU) normally draw their current from the side switch board and whereas the other electrical appliances which require small voltage are to draw their current from the distribution board. A meter is placed for different tenants and is usually found near the riser rooms.

The equipment installed in the building are normally known as electrical distribution equipment. While designing the distribution system, one must have done a thorough analysis and calculations on the amperage load and short circuit values of each individual part of the distribution system in order to achieve an efficient electric distribution system.



8.2.1 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM WITHIN THE BUILDING

Transformer

Figure 8.3 An outdoor transformer

Transformer is a device that transfer alternating current from one circuit to one or more corresponding circuits, usually with an increase (step-up transformer) or decrease (step-down transformer) of voltage. The input current is fed to a primary winding, the output being taken from a secondary winding or windings inductively lined to the primary.

Low Voltage Switch

Figure 8.4 Low Voltage Switches

The use of low voltage switch room is utilized in which all the incoming power supplies divide into separate circuits which is then managed and safeguarded. The power will be divided into a number of



functional units which covering all the electrical and mechanical constituents.

Genset

Figure 8.5 Generator

Gensets would normally will be installed in offices, commercial buildings, shopping mall and other large scaled buildings. This is because genset will automatic start to generate and supply emergency electric power when the main electrical distribution of electricity is disrupted.

Sub-switchboard and Distribution board

Figure 8.6 Sub Switchboard Figure 8.7 Distribution Board



The use of sub-switchboard and distribution board are components of an electrical supply system which divides the electrical power into subsidiary circuits while provides a protective fuse for each circuit.

Substation

Figure 8.8 Substation

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or vice versa. substations hold several important functions in order for the electrical system to be completed. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Figure 8.9 UPS

An uninterruptible power supply is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power when the main power fails to provide electric. UPS been called as the emergency power system or standby generator because it helps in protecting some other important electrical equipment when an unexpected power disruption occurs.



8.3 CASE STUDY: KUALA LUMPUR PERFORMING ARTS CENTRE (KLPAC)

8.3.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF ELECTRICAL FLOW IN KLPAC, KUALA



8.3.2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN KLPAC

8.3.2.1 TNB HIGH TENSION (HT) ROOM

Figure 8.10 shows the site plan of KLPAC with the Sub-station indicated. Figure 8.11 Floor Plan of the TNB Substation

Figure 8.12 The TNB HT Room is located on the left

From Figure 8.10, the TNB Substation is located at the northwest direction of the site plan. A service road in front of it allows accessibility by authorised personnel, such as which is easily accessible by the authorized personnel, such as the electrical engineers from TNB.

In the substation, the TNB HT Room is located as the first room (see fig 8.11). Along with this room are the Consumer HT Room and Transformer & LV Switch Room which are located right next to it.



Inside the HT Room, a transformer supplies 11 KV of electricity to the Consumer HT Room before being transferred to power the entire building. This room prohibits entry except those authorized by TNB.

8.3.2.2 CONSUMER HIGH TENSION (HT) ROOM

Figure 8.10 shows the site plan of KLPAC with the Sub-station indicated. Figure 8.11 Floor Plan of the TNB Substation

The 11 kVA high voltage current from the TNB HT Room is then stepped down to 415V and 240V via the transformers in the Consumer HT Room (see fig 8.11) before transferring the the electricity to the consumer main switchboards located next door.

a) SAFETY

Figure 8.13 Transformers found generally in Consumer HT Room

As we were not allowed to enter the Consumer HT Room, we could only inquire about the electrical



components inside and the safety features installed.

Alongside the transformers, there are also fire safety equipment and switch panels for the transformer. Rubber mats are placed in front of the panels for safety. An exhaust fan is installed to prevent overheating of the transformers as well as to maintain the coolness of the room temperature.

Each transformer is surrounded by a protective metal cage. Copper wires run along the wall around the room and into the ground. An earthing cable is installed to absorb the currents and spew them out of the transformer in case of emergency.

Figure 8.14 Pressurized CO2 tanks

Should a fire break out in the HT Consumer Room, the smoke detector inside the room will trigger the alarm and send the signal to the control room. Simultaneously, the transformer will shut down immediately and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) will be released from the pressurized CO2 tanks nearby the

transformer to the room itself as CO2 controls the fire from spreading continuously.

8.3.2.3 TRANSFORMER AND LOW VOLTAGE (TX & LV) SWITCHGEAR

The stepped down current from each transformer is transferred to their own respective Main Switch Boards (MSB) in the LV Room. In KLPAC, there are 2 MSBs for the landlord and tenant.These panels are the main power switches of the entire building. Similarly, these panels are set back from the wall to allow maintenance from the engineers.



Figure 8.15 Ground Floor Plan with LV Room indicated Figure 8.16 Location of LV Room

Figure 8.17 Schematic Drawing for MSB 1 Figure 8.18 Schematic Drawing for MSB 2

MSB 1 supplies stepped down current to the Landlord to power the audio and lighting for the common spaces such as the Experimental Theatre, Kitchen, Bistro, Kitchen, Stage and etc ( see Fig. 8.17). MSB 2 supplies stepped down current to power the air conditioner for all four floors (see Fig. 8.18).

Figure 8.19 Main Switchboards for Landlord and Tenant Figure 8.20 shows the TNB Check Meter

The TNB Check Meter in the TX & LV Room shows the electrical usage of both the landlord and the tenant.



a) AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER (ACB)

Figure 8.21 ACB installed in the LV Panel Figure 8.22 An ACB unit

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60947-2 defines a circuit breaker as

“a mechanical switching device, capable of making,carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short-circuit.”

There is an ACB panel attached to each panel in LV Room (Figure 8.21). This panel contains the breakers of the circuit in the room. When high surge of current issued from the transformers and enters to the LV Room suddenly, these breakers will use high density air to break the circuit from causing any unnecessary damage to the main switch boards. One of the differences between ACB and fuse is that breakers are used for high voltage current. Besides, breakers break the circuits faster than the fuses in order to prevent damage to the appliances when high current passes through them. In other words, fuses are normally used in lower voltage electrical equipment, such as Distribution Board (DB). In addition to that, fuses can only be used once and would need to be replaced once it blows. However breakers can be reset a finite number of times as each break causes a bit of damage.

There are many types of breakers and the usage of breakers in different circuits may refer to the density or the load of electric current.



b) MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)

An MCCB functions as a protection for circuits with low voltage distribution systems. It protects connect devices agains overloads and short circuits. It is commonly used in panelboards and switchboards where they are fixed mounted. In KLPAC, MCCB is used in both MSBs as well as in most of the SSBs (Sub- Switch Boards).

Figure 8.23 MCCBs installed in the LV panel shown on schematic.

MCCBs are available with special features which make them suitable for the protection of motor circuits when used in conjunction with a separate overload protection device. When used in such applications, they are often referred to as motor circuit protectors (MCPs).

c) BUS SYSTEM

The bus system allows users to control and monitor the MSB from the computer which is at the control room/ security room. A tray system will carry the electric current from the LV room to the different facilities such as the SUb-Switch Board (SSB) and Distribution Boards (DB) at each floor.

KLPAC uses the Single Bus System. It is the simplest and most cost effective system, whereby all the feeders and transformer bay are connected to one single bus as shown. The advantages of the single bus system includes its simple design as well its convenience to operate. However one major difficulty of



this type of arrangement is that maintenance of equipment of any bay cannot be possible without interrupting the feeder or transformer connected to that bay.

Figure 8.24 Example of a Single Bus System

The indoor 11KV switchboards usually apply single bus bar arrangement. In KLPAC, this can be seen in the figure below, which shows the schematic of drawing of the 11KV Switchboards.(see Fig 8.25)

Figure 8.25 Single Bus Bar Arrangements for both MSBs in the LV Room

In KLPAC, Mineral Insulated Copper Clad (MICC) Cables are used for the bus duct system within the building. The wire connects the current from the Genset Room (see 8.3.2.4) to LV Room and also wiring from LV Room to essential facilities for fire emergency, such as smoke screen fans, exhaust fans and lifts because MICC wires are good in resisting the heat produced when the current passes through. Besides, the copper wires, which have high melting point, will hold and stay in shape for an average time of an hour should a fire occur.



8.3.2.4 GENSET ROOM

The purpose of the Genset Room is to provide electricity to the building in case of a breakdown in power supply from the TNB.

Figure 8.26 Ground Floor Plan with Genset Room indicated Figure 8.27 Position of Genset Room

In KLPAC, the Genset is responsible to supply electricity only to the Air-Cond Panels (ACPs) at the Experimental Theatre and the Main Stage as performances is the priority of KLPAC and could not afford to be disrupted (see fig 6.28). Electricity from the generator is not supplied to the tenant’s offices due to shortage of electricity. Also, it also supplies electricity to the fire-fighting system should a fire break out and there is a cut in electricity (see fig 6.27) The generator used in KL PAC is by Perkins (see fig 6.26) and it is started by a lithium cadmium battery and uses diesel to fuel the electricity production.



Figure 8.28 Perkins Generator

Figure 8.29 Schematic Drawing of power supply by the genset to the fire fighting system

Figure 8.30 Schematic Drawing of power supply by the genset to the air conditioner panels

a) LITHIUM CADMIUM BATTERY

The Generator requires the lithium cadmium battery for a spark of electricity in order to run the system. It is placed in close proximity to the machine.



Figure 8.31 Litium Cadmium Battery found beside the generator

b) DIESEL FUEL

Figure 8.32 Diesel Tank

Once the engine is started, diesel fuel which is placed at a higher altitude than the generator to flow down, is used by the engine to undergo the process of combustion to power up the dynamo. The dynamo will then generate an electric field and current that is generated will be brought to the MSBs in the LV room next door before being transferred to the common areas.



C) SMOKE CHAMBER

Figure 8.33 Smoke Chamber

The CO2 produced by the generator is channeled out from the exhaust to the outside via a smoke chamber. The warning indicator lights outside the Genset Room determines whether the room is safe to be entered. Should it turn red, it indicates that a fire has broke out inside the room.

d) SAFETY

There are also pressurized CO2 tanks and lights to be found inside and outside the Genset Room

respectively , with their function are same with the those at the TNB HT Room, Consumer HT Room and LV Room.

e) MAINTENANCE

Maintenance should be done on the generator. Every month it should be tested with and without load to ensure the performance of the generator in the light of an electricity shortage.



8.3.2.5 ELECTRICAL ROOM

Electrical rooms are located at the same position at each floor of the building, from Ground Floor to the 3rd Floor.

Figure 8.34 Ground Floor Plan with Electrical Room indicated. Figure 8.35 Localtion of Electrical Room

The purpose of this room is the distribute the electricity channelled from the LV room to the users at each floor.

The main reason behind the allocation of this room at each floor is to provide electricity channeled from LV Room to the users at each floor. In order to run the electricity from Ground floor to the 3rd Floor, a series of cable trunking system is applied. Bus duct are installed and runs the vertical length of every riser, as shown in Figure 6.34 and Fig 6.45. It carries the main power supply vertically to each electric room at every floor and is tapped off at the Sub Switch Board (SSB) (see 8.3.2.5.a).



Figure 8.36 Trunking System Figure 8.37 Sub Switchboards inside the Electrical Room with trunking and tray system

a) SUB SWITCH BOARD (SSB)

Appliances which require high voltage such as lifts tap electricity directly from the SSB whereas low

voltage appliances such as lightings are powered up by Distribution Boards (DBs).

Figure 8.38 Sub Swithboard for the lift



8.3.2.6 TENANT UNITS

In KL PAC, the tenant units for each floors are different due to the nature and purpose of each space.

a) DISTRIBUTION BOARD (DB)

From the meter, the electricity will reach DB (Figure 8.40), which is located outside electric room. This

DB functions as an extension and power control for areas far away from the risers.

Figure 8.39 Schematic drawing of Distribution Board for the Experimental Theatre Figure 8.40 A Distribution Board.

In the DBs at KL PAC, MCCB and Earth Leakage Circuit Board (ELCB) for leaking currents to be earthed.

The usage of DBs is for easier distribution of power supply. The final readings for the tenant are divided

into two different amperes, under 20A (lighting) and 12A (electrical appliances).

b) Maintenance

For this reason, these units should be correctly rated, regularly tested, and never bypassed. The cause of

a tripped breaker or blown fuse should also always be investigated prior to a reset to avoid possible

damage to equipment or appliances and electrical shock.



8.3.2.7 WIRING

Trunks and tray systems of wiring are used to connect the power source to every part of the building.

The thickness of wiring always varies depending on the voltage it carries. Higher voltage will

require thicker wire to reduce resistance and thicker insulation for safety purposes.

8.3.2.8 EARTHING

The purpose of earthing is for the safety of the human life, buildings as well as equipment.Lightning, line

surges and unintentional contact with higher voltage lines can cause the transmision of high voltages to

the electrical distribution system. Thus the earthing allows for minimal damages to the system.

Figure 8.41 Front Elevation of KLPAC with Earth Pit indicated.

A lighting conductor is installed across the roof of KL PAC to

transmit the excess high voltages should the building be struck by

lighting . The conductor will carry the high voltages immediately to

the earth pit whereby the electricity will be be earthed via the

earthing rod (see fig 6.39) and is neutralised.

Figure 8.42 Detail Drawing of Earth Pit



8.4 CONCLUSION

According to Uniform Building By Laws (UBBL) 1984, there are some laws and regulations that needed to be fulfilled by the building. The by-laws are as stated below:-

Section 240.

(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.

(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

Section 241.

In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by natire of the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.

Whereas according to Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94 Electricity Regulations 1997, it is listed that:-

Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc.

Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.

Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc. (3) Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be

(a) constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it danger; and exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent

(b) constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating, arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.

Based on the laws and regulations stated above, KL PAC has fulfill all of them via the installation of circuit breakers and safety precautions inside each electric rooms. Hence, it is said that KL PAC has achieved all the requirements regarding to electricity in UBBL 1984 and Electricity Supply Act 1997.



9.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM by LOO MEI CHUEN

9.1 INTRODUCTION

This research discusses about the mechanical transportation

system in KLPAC and this case study is compiled with details on

mechanical transportation at KLPAC, referencing conformance to

UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirements. It starts

with a literature review, explaining the mechanical transportation

and elaborates on the type of mechanical transportation. The

research concludes with an analysis and recommendations for

improvements to mechanical transportation system at KLPAC.

In KLPAC, Dover Brand elevators were used. Dover Elevators

(Malaysia) Sdn Bhd has the aim of supplying, installing and

maintaining high quality Dover Brand of elevators to ever

increasing demand of high rise buildings such as the KLPAC for

various usages. Dover Elevator System Inc., had been very flexible

and forward looking to allow the highly sophisticated controller

and traction machine of proprietary designs, to be manufactured

in Malaysia, South Korea and China to make the products more

cost effective in order to remain competitive in the market. It has

to be reiterated that the aforementioned products are of highest

quality standards bearing the brand name of DOVER.

Figure 9.1.1 Picture of the Passenger Lift in KLPAC

Figure 9.1.2 Pictures given by the Dover Company




Mechanical transportation in a building, usually elevator and escalator are advance vertical and

horizontal transportation tools for human to travel between floors. Not only it helps reducing energy, it

saves a lot of time.

In building with more than four storeys, a mechanical transportation system should be implemented

with the introduction of an elevator. An elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently

moves people or goods between floors of a building. It is introduced to bring convenience to the users

by allowing them access varies levels with a push of a button. As a bonus addition, elevators also

provide the most convenience as a transport for infirm and mobility impaired people to travel between

floors.

For high-rise buildings, there is different elevator zoning to increase efficiency by reducing wait time. For

mid-rise building, zooning is usually not required as the wait time is lower than high-rise buildings. The

efficiency also depends on the speed and capacity of the elevator. Different type of elevator has

different function and must be choose carefully before installing to achieve efficiency. For a better

quality of performance, lift lobby and interior of the elevator car can be designed to improve user’s

satisfaction. Besides that, factors such as the smoothness of ride, degree of noise and accuracy of floor

leveling also affects the quality of ride.

Another option of mechanical transportation system is the escalator which is most commonly used in

shopping malls, airports, commercial buildings, or in some high buildings because it is an ideally suited

transportation system for high column applications. However, escalator is not always practical for high

rise buildings as it may consume a lot of valuable floor space.

In KLPAC, there is only one type of mechanical vertical transportation found in the building, which is the

elevator. There are few types of elevators that can be found for example, Passenger Elevator, Service

Elevator and Loading Bay Elevator.



9.3 TYPES OF ELEVATOR

There are two main types of elevators commonly used:

Electric elevator

o Traction with machine room

o Machine-room-less (MRL) traction

Hydraulic elevator

Traction elevator is lifted by ropes, which pass over wheel attached to an electric motor above the

elevator shaft. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car

and occupants so that the motor does not have to move as much weight.

Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that

moves the ropes. Whereas gear-less traction elevators have the wheel attached directly to the motor.

Machine Room-less (MRL) elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room

above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the

elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room

that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.

MRL elevators are comparable to geared traction elevators in terms of initial and maintenance costs, but

they have relatively low energy consumption compared to geared elevators.

Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up

as electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston. The elevator descends as a valve

releases the fluid from the piston. The machine room is located at the lowest level adjacent to the

elevator shaft and this hydraulic elevator is suitable for goods lifting, hospital and old folk’s home.



9.4 CASE STUDY

9.4.1 DRAWINGS

Figure 9.4.1.1 Ground floor plan indicating the location of all the elevators in KLPAC.

Stairs are closely located to the elevators in case of emergency. Other than that, under minimum

standard of service, KLPAC fulfills the terms of maximum walking distance of 45m to the elevator lobby.

Passengers Lift

Service Lift

Loading Bay Lift

Entrance

Lift lobby

Stair

s

Passengers Lift

Stair

s

Passengers Lift



Figure 9.4.1.2 Figures show cross section of the hoistway for the elevator in KLPAC consisting some of the elevator components



Figure 9.4.1.3 Figure shows position of the Elevator Room Machine



Figures 9.4.1.4 Front elevation showing elevator components and their dimensions

Figures 9.4.1.5 Rough elevator machine room to shaft floor plan



9.4.2 ELEVATOR COMPONENTS

Figures 9.4.1.5 Schematic diagram showing the parts and components of a geared elevator system (Source: http://www.electrical –knowhow.com/2012/04/elevators-types-and-classification-part.html)

In KLPAC, electrical elevator is used as mechanical transportation. The type of lift is geared traction

elevator where the elevator cars are computerized and controlled by control system which is located at

the roof top. The way it works is that the control system receives signal and the elevator cars are pulled

up by hoisting rope over a sheave and is powered by geared machine. The elevator car is balances by a

counterweight. Also, an electrically controlled brake is installed between the motor and the reduction

unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.



Figures 9.4.1.6 Passengers Lift

Figures 9.4.1.7 Pictures of COP (Car operating panel), ventilation hole inside the car and key hole to the shaft

Key hole to the shaft

Two panel center opening car door

Floor indicator

Lift call button

Type: Passenger Elevator

Model: Sgt 8-CO60-3

Capacity: 545KG/8 Persons

Speed: 60 MPM

Car Door: Two Panel Center Opening

Type: Passenger Elevator

Model: Sgt 8-CO60-3

Capacity: 545KG/8 Persons

Speed: 60 MPM

Car Door: Two Panel Center Opening



9.4.3 GEARED MACHINE

Figures 9.4.1.6 Geared Machine found in Machine Room located at rooftop of KLPAC

Geared-traction machine is powered by AC-DC electrical motor. It functions to turn the sheave which

then moves the lift car. Compared with gear-less traction, it uses less energy to turn the motor and help

to save energy cost. This gear-traction elevator is only suitable for low to mid-rise buildings like KLPAC

and the speed is lower compared to gear-less machine which ranged around 200 to 500 feet per minute.

The brand of elevator that KLPAC uses is Sgt 8-CO60-3 and the geared machine is checked and

maintained every month by people from the elevator (Dover) company.



Figures 9.4.1.7 Picture shows components of the lift system

Lights are used to illuminate the interior of

the machine room.

Lifting beam is found on top of the machine

to help raising and lowering parts during

maintenance.

Geared-traction machine is powered by AC-

DC electrical motor. It functions to turn the

sheave which then moves the lift car.

Compared with gear-less traction, it uses less

energy to turn the motor and help to save

energy cost

An Overspeed Governor is an elevator device

which act as a stop device in case the elevator

runs beyond the rated speed. This device

must be installed for traction elevators.



9.4.4 CONTROL SYSTEM

Table 9.4.4.1 Diagram showing how elevator system works in KLPAC

ELEVATOR

User Commands User Interface Feedback to

Users

Control System

Elevator System

Car

Electricity

Strain Energy

Heat, Noise, Friction

Air

People & Cargo

Shaft

People & Cargo

Air

Commands Feedback

Air People

& Cargo

Commands Feedback

Sensor Data



Figure 9.4.4.2 Control System Panel found in Machine Room in KLPAC

Elevator control panel (system) is a device that can be found at the machine room usually located at the

top of life. It functions as a brain to the elevator system that receives signal from user or operator and

sends out signal to different components of the elevator. It is also the system responsible for

coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door

opening speed and delay, leveling and hall lantern signals. When an elevator breaks down, only a

compatible person has the qualification to repair from the control system.



Figure 9.4.4.3 Overspeed Governor

An Overspeed Governor is an elevator device which act as a stop device in case the elevator runs

beyond the rated speed. This device must be installed for traction elevators.

Figure 9.4.4.4 Ventilation inside Machine Room

Vents can be found in the machine room, they serve the purpose of ventilating the interior of the

machine room.



9.4.5 OVER LOAD AND FIRE SERVICE INDICATOR

Over Load Indicator

a. Over Load Indicator will illuminate, and a buzzer will sound, when the load in the elevator is

exceeding the contract load.

b. Under over load operation, the elevator will be removed from normal service, and the elevator’s

doors will open and remain open, until the load in the elevator is less than the contact load.

Fire Service Indicator

1. Fire Service Indicator wil illuminate, and a buzzer will sound, during building fire emergency

operation.

2. Under fire service operation, the elevator will home to the main/ground floor, and the

elevator’s doors will open and remain open.

In the event of a fire, users are recommended to never use the elevators to evacuate the building.

Instead, should use the stairways to get to a safe place. Under no circumstances should anyone except

trained firefighters be allowed to use the elevators after a fire has been reported.

Fire Service is initiated automatically by the building’s smoke detectors. When this service is initiated, all

hall and car calls are canceled, the elevator return to the main floor, the door open and remain open.

Trained firefighters then may activate the Fire Service Key switch in the elevator and then gain control of

the car.



9.5 ANALYSIS

1. For a mid-rise building, KLPAC has successfully provided enough (3) elevators according to the

requirement stated by UBBL 1984 section 124, elevators:

124 – For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least

one elevator shaft be provided.

2. KLPAC has met the requirement of UBBL to position stairs near the elevators in case of emergency

and to install a smoke detector at every lift lobbies in the building.

UBBL 1984 section 152-157, ventilation to elevator shafts:

152(1) – Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless

other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided.

These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be

approved by D.G.F.S.

153(1) – All elevator lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

3. KLPAC has also met the requirement of UBBL to make sure the car moves to ground floor with doors

open when emergency happens.

154(1) – On failure of mains power all elevators shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,

commencing with the fire elevators, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors

open.

9.6 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, geared traction elevator system is a good choice for this building KLPAC due to its medium

number of users, low installation cost, appropriate number of floors and acceptable maintenance cost.

All of its mechanical transportation do bring convenience to the users and the building also complied

with the UBBL and is fully functioning well.



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11 APPENDIX

- see behind

Building Services Report

Education

components of system

protection system

sanitary system

piping system

airconditioning system

indirect system

water supply system

mechanical ventilation