Building science report [singapore] final

INTRODUCTIONPAGE 2

CLIMATE DATAPAGE 14

WIND ANALYSISPAGE 15

SUN ANALYSISPAGE 16

PASSIVE GREEN DESIGN ANALYSIS

PAGE 17

REFERENCE LISTPAGE 30

CONTENT PAGE

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PROJECT: City Square MallLOCATION: SingaporeARCHITECT: Ong & Ong Architects Pte Ltd.

Picture 1: The entrance to City Square Mall

City Square Mall is located at the junction of Serangoon and Kitchener Road,

Singapore, and is the first mall to integrate an urban park, City Green, that is

used for ecological-themed activities and serves as an open spaced

recreation venue. The park includes a playground, Eco-Playground, made of

environmentally friendly materials, a butterfly park, a wide variety of plants

and ecological-themed artworks and signs.

Completed in 2009, the mall was designed by Ong & Ong Architects Pte Ltd.

It has more than 40, 000 sq.m. of retail space and has direct access to public

transport such as the Farrer Park MRT station, as well as a designated

parking space for visitors driving green and hybrid cars. The 5-storey atrium,

comprising retail shops and food courts, leads up to a 9-storey high annex

tower, occupied by fitness centres, spas and education centres.

INTRODUCTION

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Picture 2: Satellite view of City Square Mall

Coordinates: 1.311188 , 103.856378

Aim: City Square Mall aims to be the leading eco-friendly

family mall by creating a fun and engaging eco-friendly

shopping experience for families and children

Certification: City Square Mall has been certified the Platinum Rating in

the Green Mark scheme in Singapore

Green Features: The main passive green design features of the mall

include:

a. Extended solar fins and louvres

Diagram 1: Picture showing side view of Extended Solar Fins and Louvres

Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/19227

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Picture 3: Extended Solar Fins and Louvres on building

Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/19239

b. An outdoor park

Picture 4: Picture showing plan of outdoor park

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c. A sky park

Picture 5: Picture showing Sky Park

Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/19244

Picture 6: Sky Park

SKY PARK

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d. Ceramic fritted low-e double glazed skylight glass integrated with

insulated metal roofing

Picture 7: Ceramic fritted low-E doubled glazed skylight integrated metal roofing

Diagram 2: Heat transfer through low-e doubled glazed glass

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e. Aluminium cladding with insulated backing wall

Picture 8: Aluminium cladding with insulated backing wall

Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/19238

f. Curtain wall with full height high performance low-E double glazing to

optimize day lighting

Diagram 3: Picture showing zoom in elevation of the curtain wall

Source: http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/19227

CURTAIN WALL

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ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

Drawing 1: Site Plan (nts)

Drawing 2: Level 1 Floor Plan

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Drawing 3: North East Elevation

Drawing 4: North West Elevation

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Drawing 5: South East Elevation

Drawing 6: South West Elevation

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SITE PICTURES

Picture 9: Panoramic view of the interior

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Picture 10: Front façade of City Square Mall

Picture 11: Walkway on the 6th floor of City Square Mall

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Picture 12: The skypark located on the roof of City Square Mall

Picture 13: The skylight located at the food court area

CLIMATE DATA

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Figure 1: Average temperature of Singapore

Diagram 4: Average relative humidity of Singapore

Referring to Figure 1, it can be seen that the average temperature for the

whole year in Singapore is 28oC. The temperatures do not vary much

throughout the year and therefore it is consistent. It can be seen in Diagram 4,

that the southwestern area of Singapore has a higher humidity level as

compared to the other areas.

WIND ANALYSIS

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Diagram 5: A wind rose diagram of Singapore

Diagram 6: A diagram stating the direction of the prevailing winds

Referring to Diagram 5, the highest frequency of wind comes in from the North

and North East of Singapore and the speed of these winds are 10 km/h and

15 km/h respectively. It can be seen the orientation of City Square Mall is

angled to maximize the circulation of wind around the building.

SUN ANALYSIS

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Diagram 7: A sun path diagram for Singapore

Diagram 8: Optimum orientation of a building in Singapore

Referring to the Diagram 8, it can be seen that the blue arrow points towards

the South East indicating the direction in which would be the optimum

orientation for a building in Singapore to prevent overheating.

1. NATURAL VENTILATION

PASSIVE GREEN DESIGN ANALYSIS

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a) Description

Ventilation at a space has three main purposes:

1. To maintain a minimum air quality

2. To remove heat in a space

3. To provide air movement to enhance thermal comfort

Diagram 9: A diagram showing the prevailing winds at City Square Mall

Diagram 10: Diagram showing the corner effect phenomenon

Referring to Diagram 9, the orientation of the building maximizes the

ventilation of wind coming in from the North. Due to the angled orientation of

the building, a wind phenomenon called the corner effect occurs. This is when

increased wind speeds occur at the corners of a building (localized within a

radius from the corner equal to the width of the building), reaching 1.5 times of

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the average wind speeds. It can be seen in Diagram 10, that the corner effect

allows for wind to pass through the open space in City Square Mall allowing

adequate thermal comfort.

Diagram 11: Diagram showing the zoning of natural and artificial ventilation

Diagram 12: Diagram showing the zoning of the outdoor area of City Square Mall

The Zoning of the outdoor spaces allow for natural ventilation to occur as

there are no major obstructions on the perimeter of the park. For example, the

fountain square green roof is raised to reduce the obstruction to maximize the

natural ventilation within the space.

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b) Wind Phenomenon

Diagram 13: Diagram showing the cross ventilation of hot and cold air at the Fountain Square Area

Diagram 14: Section cut of the Fountain Square Area

Picture 14: A view of the roof of the fountain square below

Due to the raised manner of the Fountain Square Green roof, the induction of

cross ventilation is apparent. The lower level of the area is naturally ventilated

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due to this phenomenon. With the aid of a fan in the space, the ventilation is

improved resulting in a more comforting environment. The ambience of the

space is further enhanced with the presence of a green wall. Wind induced

pressure happen because the building, which is a fountain square is an

obstacle to the wind. The wind will be deflected and due to its momentum, it

creates positive and negative pressures over the surface of the building.

Referring to Diagram 15, the wind induced pressure windward side, which

means the side or direction from which the wind is blowing, is positive

whereas the wind induced pressure on the leeward side, which mean the side

that is sheltered from the wind, is negative.

Diagram 15: The wind-induced pressure distribution is positive on the windward side and negative on the roof and the leeward side

Besides that, cross ventilation also helps to increase thermal comfort inside

an area. Referring to Diagram 13 and 14, inside the fountain square, cross

ventilation occurs when cold air enters the area and hot air escapes from the

area. This happens because hot air is less dense than cold air resulting in

cross ventilation in the area.

To cover the wide range of required ventilation rates and the wide range of

wind speeds, openings must be controlled for example by putting columns

with uniform opening gaps. The fountain square has columns with uniform

small opening gaps, which is called the gap effect. The more the opening area

is distributed, the more likely it is that there will be a pressure difference

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between openings to drive the flow (Natural Ventilation: Cross Ventilation,

2014).

Diagram 16: Picture showing the gap effect at the fountain square

2. SUN SHADING DEVICES

a) Types of Sun Shading Devices

i) Roof Overhang

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Picture 15: Main entrance of City Square Mall

Overhangs have been installed on the North Western’s façade of the City

Square Mall. Based on the sun analysis done on this building, it can be

concluded that the North Western façade receives the most exposure during

12PM and 4PM and is still exposed to major sunlight with only a small amount

of area shaded. However, it does help in reducing the amount of sunlight to

be penetrated inside the space targeted to be shaded which is the food court

area.

Picture 16: The roof of the fountain square area

Roof overhangs are found on the Fountain Square as well, which is located

on the North Western part of the mall. The mentioned shading device helps in

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preventing the sun from entering the water musical fountain, which is situated

underneath.

ii) Fins and Louvers

Picture 17: The tower's façade with fins and louvers

Picture 18: The fins and louvers located on the Northwestern façade

Metal fins which acts as louvers have been installed on the City Square Mall

building on the North Western as well as the North Eastern facade. It has

been orientated as such to help in taming down the sunlight penetrating

though the window glass located behind it especially during the peak of

sunlight exposure on 12PM and 4PM. Apart from that, the metal fins absorbs

heat which would lessen the heat exposure from the sun entering the interior.

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This shading device functions well in shading the interior space of the covered

area.

Picture 19: The louvers located at the sky park

Horizontal sun louvers are found on the same level of the sky park, orientated

towards the North Western. It aids in shading the walkway since the sky park

is an open space. However, it only shades a small amount of area.

iii) Awning

Picture 20: The green awning located on the roof of the southwestern façade

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Glass awning system has been discovered on the South Eastern façade of

the City Square Mall. This façade receive the least sunlight exposure, which is

why the installation is at the top of building. The sunlight would be refracted

away from the entrance, which is situated below the awning. The minimal

shading is helpful as such there are less sunlight exposure occurs on the

mentioned area.

b) Sun Shading Analysis at the Fountain Square

Diagram 17: A section cut of the fountain square on the 21st of March at 9am

Diagram 18: A section cut of the fountain square on the 21st of March at 12pm

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Diagram 19: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 21st of March at 4pm

Diagram 20: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 22nd of June at 9am

Diagram 2: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 22nd of June at 12pm

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Diagram 21: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 22nd of June at 4pm

Diagram 22: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 22nd of December at 9am

Diagram 23: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 22nd of December at 12pm

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Diagram 24: A section cut of the fountain square area on the 22nd of December at 4pm

The roof overhang on the fountain square area can be proved to be effective

in sun shading. This is because throughout the year a major portion of the

basement area is shaded. The reason that there should be lighting within the

space is because of the presence of the green wall underneath the space.

Besides shading the interior spaces, the roof overhang shades the areas on

the ground level as well further improving the comfort of the users of the

space.

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Aizat, M. (n.d.). Environmental Analysis of City Square Mall.

Retrieved May 15, 2014, from

http://www.coroflot.com/mohammedaizat/Environmental-Analysis-of-City-

Square-Mall

Barker, N. (n.d.). Natural ventilation: cross ventilation. Retrieved May 21,

2014, from

http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-

1-3-naturalventilation-crossventilation.aspx

BCA Greenmark. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2014, from

http://www.greenmark.sg/property-detail.php?id=14

REFERENCE LIST

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City Square Mall - Home. (n.d.). Retrieved May 4, 2014, from

http://www.citysquaremall.com.sg/index.php

City Square Mall - Singapore's First Eco-Mall ~ Merlion Wayfarer Goes

Green [Web log post]. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://merlionwayfarergoesgreen.blogspot.com/2013/06/city-square-mall-

singapores-first-eco.html

City Square Mall. (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2014, from

http://www.architecturenewsplus.com/project-images/19227

Double glazing for thermal insulation. Low-E–energy saving glass - Double

Glazing Info. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://www.double-

glazing-info.com/Choosing-your-windows/Types-of-glass/Low-E-energy-

saving-glass

Green building experts shop for ideas at Singapore’s first eco-mall | News |

Eco-Business | Asia Pacific. (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2014, from

http://www.eco-business.com/news/green-building-experts-shop-for-

ideas-at-singapores-first-eco-mall/

Marusiak, J. (2011, September 17). Green building experts shop for ideas at

Singapore’s first eco-mall | News | Eco-Business | Asia Pacific.

Retrieved April 2, 2014, from http://www.eco-business.com/news/green-

building-experts-shop-for-ideas-at-singapores-first-eco-mall/

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site location plan. (n.d.). Retrieved May 21, 2014, from

http://www.arthitectural.com/ongong-city-square-mall/site-location-plan/

Thermal mass and Designing for Heating and Cooling. (n.d.).

Retrieved April 1, 2014, from

http://www.level.org.nz/passive-design/thermal-mass/thermal-mass-

design/

Thermal mass and Passive Design. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2014, from

http://www.level.org.nz/passive-design/thermal-mass/

What is Energy-efficient Glazing? (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2014, from

http://www.pilkington.com/en-gb/uk/householders/types-of-glass/energy-

efficient-glass/what-is-energy-efficient-glazing

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