Building Resilient Agricultural Systems in Nigeria - Contributions to Sustainable Development The 2016 "Agricultural Resilience and Security in Nigeria" Conference, the Nigerian Environmental Study Action Team (NEST) and the Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Prof. Dr. C. Ifejika Speranza, Unit Sustainable Land Management, Institute of Geography, University of Bern 25.10.2016
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Building Resilient Agricultural Systems in Nigeria - Contributions to Sustainable Development The 2016 "Agricultural Resilience and Security in Nigeria" Conference, the Nigerian Environmental Study Action Team (NEST) and the Federal University Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Prof. Dr. C. Ifejika Speranza, Unit Sustainable Land Management, Institute of Geography, University of Bern
25.10.2016
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Outline
1. Introduction - the need for building resilience
2. Conceptualising resilience in agricultural systems
3. Internal dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture
4. External dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture
5. Conclusions & key messages
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Political subsystem: public & private sector policies, laws, rules
Information, services & infrastructure subsystem
adapted from Rastoin and Ghersi, 2010; Colonna et al. 2013
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Agriculture as a Social-Ecological System
15
Chapin et al. 2009: 7
> System boundary: depends on the problem addressed & the objectives
> Fit of scale of ecological and social processes
> Most SES are open systems
> Exogenous controls – strong factors that shape a system
> Critical slow variables: variables that strongly influence SESs
> Slow variables govern fast variables
> Persistent & widespread change in fast variables affect slow variables & exogenous controls
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Resilience
> the capacity of individuals, social groups or Social Ecological Systems to accommodate stresses & disturbances, to self-organise, and to learn in order to maintain or improve essential basic structures & ways of functioning (cf. Berkes and Folke, 1998; Carpenter et al., 2001;
Walker et al., 2002; Berkes et al., 2003; Folke, 2006; Adger, 2003, 2006;
IPCC, 2012).
> the ability to maintain desired conditions despite adversity (hazard risks, e.g. landslides)
> to recover, reorganise and evolve when faced with stresses and disturbances
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
General and Specified Resilience
> Specified resilience the resilience “of what to what” (e.g. the resilience of Nigerian agriculture to climatic hazards)
> General resilience neither considers any particular disturbance nor any particular aspect of a system that might be affected
— Highlights exposure to multiple disturbances
— Major attributes diversity, openness, tightness of feedbacks, system reserves, modularity
17
Resilience Alliance (2010: 34)
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Social and Ecological Resilience – are they related?
> Social resilience - the ability of groups or communities to cope with stresses & disturbances 1
> Ecological resilience - a characteristic of ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance 1
> Link - e.g. social groups or communities that are dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods1
> Sometimes resilient ecosystems enable resilient communities or vice versa1
18
1 Adger 2000
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Social-Ecological Resilience used in 2 ways
1. Resilience in a positivistic sense as a property of a system, that can be:
— resilient or not resilient
— undesirable conditions can be resilient
— A positivistic scientific view does not necessarily refer to sustainability as a societal or normative goal
— A system can be resilient but does not produce many ecosystem services needed by the society (Adger, 2010 / Hopkins, 2010)
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Social-Ecological Resilience used in 2 ways
2. Resilience as a goal for society:
— R. similar to sustainable development – a normative goal; a relative concept
> Need for effective deliberative processes spearheaded by relevant government organisations
39
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Supportive Environment: Improving Access to Markets
40
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Supportive Environment: Not just cross-scale linkages but intra-scale linkages
41
Rural-urban road infrastructure
Rural electrification
Access to
agric. inputs
Increased agric.
productivity
Transportation of
agric. produce
Affordable food
in the markets
Good prices
for farmers
Urban
inhabitants
Employment
creation / rural
small businesses
Reduced poverty in rural areas /
Enhanced well-being
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Outline
1. Introduction - the need for building resilience
2. Conceptualising resilience in agricultural systems
3. Internal dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture
4. External dimensions of resilience in Nigerian agriculture
5. Conclusions & key messages
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Key Message I: Why build Resilience?
Resilience directs focus on
> factors than enable functioning despite adverse conditions; dealing successfully with change (Carpenter et al.
2001; Obrist et al 2010; Cumming 2011)
It provides
> a useful framework for understanding the dynamic relationships between humans & the environment (social-ecological systems, SESs) (Cabell and Oelofse 2012)
> models for increasing society’s capacity to manage change (Cabell and Oelofse 2012)
> a key to progressing towards sustainability of SES (Walker and Salt 2006, Turner 2010)
43
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Key Message II: Resilience depends on internal & external factors
44
(Image graphic: Astrid Björnsen
Gurung, in Jülich et al. 2014; in
Schneiderbauer et al., 2016: 25)
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
Key messages III: Put farmers at the centre of policy, research, and practice
> Questions we should always ask: what does this mean from the perspective of a Nigerian farmer / pastoralist?
> Improve Monitoring and Evaluation to assess progress
> Progress towards transdisciplinary approaches – collaboration and partnerships with farmers & pastoralists
> Collaboration across government and private sector organisations
45
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016 46
chinwe.ifejika.speranza [at] giub.unibe.ch
Building agricultural resilience in Nigeria 25.10.2016
References I
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Adegoke et al., 2013. Chapter 2: Nigeria’s Changing Climate: Risks, Impacts, and Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector. In Jimmy Adegoke, Chidi Ibe, and Adebisi Araba, (eds.) National Agricultural Resilience Framework (NARF). A Report by The Advisory Committee On Agricultural Resilience in Nigeria (ACARN)
Adger W. N. 2006. Vulnerability, in: Global Environmental Change 16 (3), 268-281
Adger, 2010 / Hopkins, 2010. n Interview with Neil Adger: resilience, adaptability, localisation and Transition. https://www.transitionculture.org/2010/03/26/an-interview-with-neil-adger-resilience-adaptability-localisation-and-transition/
Adger, W.N. 2000. Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related? Progress in Human Geography 24, 347–364.
Adger, W.N., 2003. Social capital, collective action and adaptation to climate change. Econ. Geogr. 79 (4), 387–404.
Adger, W.N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D.R., Naess, L.O., Wolf, J., Wreford, A. (2009) Are there Social Limits to Adaptation to Climate Change? Climatic Change 93.
Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C. 2003. Navigating social-ecological systems. Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Berkes, F., Folke, C., 1998. Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. In: Berkes, F.F., Folke, C. (Eds.), Linking Social and Ecological Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 414–436.
BNRCC (Building Nigeria’s Response to Climate Change). 2011. National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change for Nigeria (NASPA‐CCN). Ibadan, Nigeria: BNRCC. http://nigeriaclimatechange.org/naspa.pdf.
Boyd, E., Osbahr, H., Ericksen, P.J., Tompkins, E.L., Lemos, M.C., Miller, F., (2008) Resilience and `Climatizing´ Development: Examples and Policy Implications. Development 51, 390-396.
Cabell J. F. and M. Oelofse. 2012. An indicator framework for assessing agroecosystem resilience. Ecology and Society 17(1): 18.http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04666-170118
Carpenter S. R., E. M. Bennett and G. D. Peterson. 2006. Scenarios for ecosystem services: an overview. Ecology and Society 11(1): 29. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art29/.
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References II
Carpenter S., Walker B., Marty Anderies J.,and Abel N. 2001. From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What? Ecosystems (2001) 4: 765–781. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9
Cervigni, Raffaello; Valentini, Riccardo; Santini, Monia. 2013. Toward climate-resilient development in Nigeria. Directions in development : countries and regions. Washington DC ; World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/707851468100141797/Toward-climate-resilient-development-in-Nigeria
Chambers R. 1989, “Vulnerability, Coping and Policy”, IDS Bulletin, 20(2).
Choptiany J., Graub B., Phillips S., Colozza D., Dixon J. 2015. Self-evaluation and holistic assessment of climate resilience of farmers and pastoralists. FAO , 2015
Colonna, P., S. Fournier, and J. Touzard. 2013. Food Systems.in C. e. a. Esnouf, editor. Food System Sustainability: Insights from DuALine.
Cumming G. S. 2011. Spatial Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems. Springer, 254pp. ISBN: 978-94-007-0306-3 [URL: http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ecology/book/978-94-007-0306-3]
Dixon, J., Gulliver, A. & Gibbon, D. 2001. Farming systems and poverty: improving farmers’ livelihoods in a changing world and Poverty. (Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/003/y1860e/y1860e.pdf)
FDAE (Federal Department of Agricultural Extension), 2013. A Survey of the Agricultural Extension Agents in the ADPs in Nigeria.
Folke C 2006. Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses, Global Environmental Change 16 (2006) 253–267.
Folke C., S. R. Carpenter, B. Walker, M. Scheffer, T. Chapin and J. Rockström. 2010. Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society 15(4): 20. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20/.
Gunderson, L. H., and C. S. Holling. 2002. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
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References III
Holling C. S. 2001. Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems. Ecosystems, Vol. 4, No. 5 (Aug., 2001), pp. 390-405
Ifejika Speranza C. 2010. Resilient Adaptation to Climate Change in African Agriculture. German Development Institute, DIE Studies 54
Ifejika Speranza C. 2012. Buffer Capacity: Capturing a Dimension of Resilience to Climate Change in African Smallholder Agriculture. Regional Environmental Change
Ifejika Speranza C., Wiesmann U. and Rist S. 2014. An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of social–ecological dynamics. Global Environmental Change 28 (2014) 109–119
Ifejika Speranza, C., 2010. Resilient adaptation to climate change in African Agriculture. Studies 54, Deutsches Institut Für Entwicklungs Politik. ISSN 1860‐0468, Bonn, Germany. 336pp.
IPCC 2012. Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.
Jülich, S., Kruse, S., Björnsen Gurung, A., 2014. Synthesis report on the revised framework and assessment methods/tool. Deliverable 6.6. (https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9RBeBGSyVgFYnFXZWFfQnFyU3c/view?pref=2&pli=1)
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Moench M. 2005. Water, Climatic Variability and Livelihood Resilience: Concepts, Field Insights and Policy Implications. Policy Paper II by “The Resilience and Freshwater Initiative”, Swedish Water House. http://www.swedishwaterhouse.se/swh/resources/20051025110909SwedishWaterHouseResiliencePolicyPaper2.pdf
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References IV
Nelson, V., Stathers, T. 2009. Resilience, Power, Culture, and Climate: A Case Study from Semi-Arid Tanzania, and New Research Directions. Gender and Development 17, 81-94.
Obrist B., Pfeiffer C. and Henley R. 2010. Multi-layered social resilience: a new approach in mitigation research. Progress in Development Studies 10, 4 (2010) pp. 283–93
Rastoin, J. and G. Ghersi. 2010. Le système alimentaire mondial: concepts et méthodes, analyses et dynamiques. Collection Synthèses, Paris.
Resilience Alliance 2010. Assessing resilience in social-ecological systems: Workbook for practitioners. Version 2.0. Online: http://www.resalliance.org/3871.php; http://www.resalliance.org/index.php/resilience_assessment (accessed 30 April 2012)
Schneiderbauer S., Kruse S., Kuhlicke C., and Abeling T. 2016. Resilience as a concept in science and practice/ Resilienz als Konzept in Wissenschaft und Praxis. In Fekete, A. & Hufschmidt, G. 2016 Atlas der Verwundbarkeit und Resilienz – Pilotausgabe zu Deutschland, Österreich, Liechtenstein und Schweiz; Köln & Bonn | Atlas of Vulnerability and Resilience – Pilot version for Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland; Cologne & Bonn.
The Montpellier Panel, 2012. Growth with Resilience: Opportunities in African Agriculture. London: Agriculture for impact.
Turner B.L. 2010. Vulnerability and resilience: coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science? Global Environmental Change 20, 570–576.
Walker B. and Salt D. 2006. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Island Press, Washington.
Walker B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter and A. Kinzig. 2004. Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/
Walker B., Carpenter S., Anderies J., Abel N., Cumming G., Janssen M., Lebel L., Norberg J., Peterson G.D., Pritchard R., 2002. Resilience management in social– ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Ecology and Society 6.