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Gvjlojmi ^etcyez{ taKwfofmtjel{ emo Kewffw{
[_WFMI_CFMJMI BJ[[J[[J J[ YAWD@AWKF GZ KAMMFK_JMI EOVL_[
_A ^A[_[FKAMOEWZ KWFOFM_JEL[ EMO@EBJLZ"[V[_EJMJMI KEWFFW[
Bj{{j{{j~~j Fkamabjk aljkz Kfmtfw
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Egavt tcf Bj{{j{{j~~j Fkamabjk aljkz Kfmtfw
_cf Bj{{j{{j~~j Fkamabjk aljkz Kfmtfw j{ e mam~wa`jt,mam~ewtj{em awiemjxetjam tcet kamovkt{ jmof~fmofmtwf{fewkc am ~vgljk ~aljkz j{{vf{ e``fktjmi yawdjmiBj{{j{{j~~jem{- _cwavic ~vgljk avtwfekc f``awt{, ~aljkzbedfw fovketjam emo fmieijmi tcf bfoje, BF^K v{f{jt{ emelz{j{ ta fm{vwf tcet tcf mffo{ a` lay emobaofwetf"jmkabf Bj{{j{{j~~jem{, jm ~ewtjkvlew, ewf
kam{jofwfo jm tcf ofpfla~bfmt emo jb~lfbfmtetjam a`~vgljk ~aljkz yjtc tcf vltjbetf iael a` jb~wapjmiekkf{{ ta fkamabjk a~~awtvmjtz-
BF^K j{ bemeifo gz tcf Fmtfw~wj{f Kaw~awetjam a`tcf Oflte!Ca~f Kabbvmjtz Kwfojt Vmjam #FKO!CA^F*, e wfijamel jmemkjel jm{tjtvtjam emo kabbvmjtzofpfla~bfmt jmtfwbfojewz ofojketfo ta {twfmitcfmjmikabbvmjtjf{, gvjlojmi e{{ft{ emo jb~wapjmi ljpf{ jmfkamabjkellz oj{twf{{fo ewfe{ tcwavicavt tcf Bjo[avtc-
7>5> Ell wjict{ wf{fwpfo- Emz ~awtjam a` tcj{ wf~awt bez gf wf~waovkfo yjtcavt ~wjaw ~fwbj{{jam, ~wapjofo tcf {avwkf j{ kjtfo e{8[ewec Yfldfw- Gvjlojmi ^etcyez{ ta Kwfofmtjel{ emo Kewffw{, Hekd{am, B[8 Bj{{j{{j~~j Fkamabjk ^aljkz Kfmtfw, 7>5>-
Bj{{j{{j~~j Fkamabjk ^aljkz Kfmtfw ? Alo Wjpfw ^lekf, [vjtf E Hekd{am, B[ ;:7>7 #0>5* :??"55>>yyy-bf~kamljmf-awi
_cf Bj{{j{{j~~j Fkamabjk aljkz Kfmtfw wfkfjpf{kwvkjel {v~~awt wab tcf allayjmi avmoetjam{8 tcf K-[-Batt @avmoetjam, tcf @awo @avmoetjam, tcf A~fm[akjftz Jm{tjtvtf, tcf Y-D- Dfllaii @avmoetjam, emo tcfYabfm{ @vmo a` Bj{{j{{j~~j- Eoojtjamel {v~~awt j{
~wapjofo kallegawetjpflz tcwavic tcf Metjamel Yawdjmi^aaw @ebjljf{ wahfkt gz tcf Emmjf F- Ke{fz@avmoetjam, @awo, Batt emo tcf Hazkf @avmoetjam- _cfMetjamel Yawdjmi aaw @ebjljf{ wahfkt, jm e{{akjetjamyjtc Gwemoam Wagfwt{ emo Ofgawec apjkc, ~wapjofobvkc mffofo tfkcmjkel e{{j{temkf tcwavicavt tcfemelz{j{ emo owe`tjmi {teif{ a` tcf wf~awt- [~fkjeltcemd{ ta avw {tetf ~ewtmfw{ yjtcjm tcf Yawdjmi aaw@ebjljf{ wahfkt aw tcfjw {viif{tjam{ emo e{{j{temkfovwjmi owe`tjmi {teif{-
Yf ewf el{a f{~fkjellz iwetf`vl aw tcf ffogekd emoojwfktjam ~wapjofo gz tcf [tetf Gaewo aw Kabbvmjtzemo Hvmjaw Kallfif{ emo Fe{t Bj{{j{{j~~j KabbvmjtzKallfif emo Mawtcfe{t Bj{{j{{j~~j Kabbvmjtz Kallfif-
Ekdmaylfifbfmt{
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_eglf a Kamtfmt{
Fsfkvtjpf [vbbewz----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Kce~tfw 5Gekdiwavmo8 Bj{{j{{j~~j{ eovlt{ yjtcavt ~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{--------------------------------------------------------;
Kce~tfw 7A~~awtvmjtjf{ `aw eovlt{ ta gfkabf kallfif"wfeoz-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?
Kce~tfw ;Gvjlojmi ~ewtmfw{cj~{ & ~etcyez{8 Apfwpjfy a {fktaw jmjtjetjpf{ emo kewffw ~etcyez{----------------------0
Kce~tfw ?[tetf emo wfijamel baofl{ a {fktaw jmjtjetjpf{ emo kewffw ~etcyez{--------------------------------------------------------:
Kamklv{jam{ emo wfkabbfmoetjam{ `aw kammfktjmiBj{{j{{j~~j{ eovlt{ ta ~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{ emo kewffw{ ------------------------------------------------------------------57
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Fsfkvtjpf [vbbewz Ekwa{{ Bj{{j{{j~~j tcav{emo{ a` eovlt{ yawd cewo fekc oezta {v~~awt tcfjw ebjljf{ emo tcf kabbvmjtjf{ jm ycjkc tcfzljpf- _cf oftfwbjmetjam emo kabbjtbfmt a` tcf{f eovlt{ j{amf a` tcf {tetf{ iwfetf{t e{{ft{- Cayfpfw, bemz a` tcf{feovlt{, ~ewtjkvlewlz tca{f yjtcavt ~a{t{fkamoewz fs~fwjfmkf,yawd jm lay"yeif hag{ yjtcavt a~~awtvmjtjf{ aweopemkfbfmt- Bawf tcem ;?3,>>> yawdjmi"eif eovlt{ jmBj{{j{{j~~j cepf ma awbel fovketjam gfzamo cjic {kcaal,
emo elba{t 96 ~fwkfmt a` Bj{{j{{j~~j{ yawdjmi"eif eovlt{oa mat cepf e ~a{t{fkamoewz ofiwff- Kammfktjmi eovlt{ ta~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam emo twejmjmi ~wf~ewf{ tcf {tetf{wf{jofmt{ emo ~vt{ bawf Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ am e ~etc tafkamabjk {fkvwjtz-
Bapjmi eovlt{ jmta ~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam fm{vwf{ tcettcf {tetf{ yawd`awkf j{ ~wf~ewfo ta bfft tcf ofbemo{ a`Bj{{j{{j~~j fb~lazfw{- Akkv~etjam{ aw yawdfw{ yjtc eme{{akjetf ofiwff ewf ~wahfktfo ta iway gz 5: ~fwkfmt wab7>>3 ta 7>53, e wetf iwfetfw tcem emz atcfw fovketjameliwav~jmi- E{ tcf mffo aw yawdfw{ yjtc fovketjam gfzamo
cjic {kcaal iway{, Bj{{j{{j~~j j{ et wj{d a` cepjmi taa fyyawdfw{ yjtc mfkf{{ewz {djll{ emo, e{ e wf{vlt, leiijmi jmfkamabjk kab~ftjtjpfmf{{-
Bj{{j{{j~~j{ lfeofw{ jm ~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam, yawd`awkfofpfla~bfmt, {fkamoewz fovketjam, emo jmov{twz e{ yfll e{{tetf emo lakel lfeofw{ ekf e {cewfo kcellfmifta gvjlo ebawf {feblf{{ ~etcyez ta ~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{ awtcf {tetf{ eovlt{ tcet lfeo{ ta kewffw eopemkfbfmt emocjicfw yeif{-
Gfzamo yawdjmi eovlt{, ~fw{j{tjmi ta e ~a{t{fkamoewz
ofiwff aw kfwtj`jketf j{ jb~fwetjpf aw Bj{{j{{j~~j{ cjic{kcaal iweovetf{ a` taoez emo tabawway e{ yfll- Yjtcavt~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam, Bj{{j{{j~~j{ mfyf{t eoojtjam{ tatcf yawd`awkf yjll ekf ojbjmj{cjmi a~~awtvmjtjf{ aw hag{tcet ~wapjof {fl`"{v``jkjfmkz yeif{- Apfw e ?> zfew yawd lj`f,wfkfmt cjic {kcaal iweovetf{ tcet ia am ta wfkfjpf eme{{akjetf ofiwff ewf ~wahfktfo ta fewm /0>>,>>> bawf tcemtca{f yca oa mat kab~lftf cjic {kcaal- Wfkfjpjmi e~a{t{fkamoewz ofiwff kem ~lekf Bj{{j{{j~~j{ zavmif{teovlt{ am e ~etc ta {fl`"{v``jkjfmkz-
_cj{ wf~awt v{f{ oete emo emelz{j{ ta vwtcfw of{kwjgf tcfyjof wemif a` Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ tcet {temo ta gfmf`jt wabjmkwfe{fo fovketjam emo {djll{- Jt el{a ~wa~a{f{ {alvtjam{ awfm{vwjmi ell iwav~{" wab lay"{djll eovlt{, ta wfkfmt cjic{kcaal iweovetf{, ta yawdjmi eovlt{ laadjmi ta fmcemkf{djll{" gfmf`jt wab ~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam emo yawd`awkftwejmjmi emo ewf gfttfw ~wf~ewfo ta bfft tcf ofbemo{ a`fb~lazfw{ emo jmo uveljtz, ebjlz"{v{tejmjmi hag{ ekwa{{
Bj{{j{{j~~j- _cf ~e~fw j{ gwadfm jmta {fktjam{ tcet ~wf{fmt8
E {me~{cat a` yawdjmi Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ yjtcavt~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{, emo ycet tcf{f eovlt{,emo Bj{{j{{j~~j, {temo ta iejm wab jmkwfe{fofovketjam emo twejmjmi-A~~awtvmjtjf{ epejleglf jm Bj{{j{{j~~j aw lay"{djlleovlt{ ta fmcemkf {djll{ emo ~wf~ewf aw kallfif lfpflkavw{fyawd emo tcf gvjlt"jm {v~~awt{ tcfz mffo ta gf{vkkf{{`vl-[fktaw Jmjtjetjpf{8 wjawjtjxjmi yawd`awkf mffo{ ycjlfbapjmi Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ tayewo{ ~a{t{fkamoewz
kwfofmtjel{ emo jm"ofbemo, uveljtz kewffw{-Kewffw etcyez{8 wapjojmi {twami {v~~awt {fwpjkf{ ta~a{t{fkamoewz {tvofmt{ emo kwfetjmi klfew waeobe~{ a`~a{t{fkamoewz kavw{f{ tcet lfeo ta jm"ofbemo, ebjlz"{v{tejmjmi kewffw{-Gf{t ~wektjkf{ jm [fktaw Jmjtjetjpf{ emo Kewffw etcyez{8Baofl{ wab Bj{{j{{j~~j emo gfzamo-
Bfbgfw{ a` tcf {tetf{ yawd`awkf " zavmi emo alo " yjllmffo ~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam ta {v~~awt tcfb{flpf{ emotcfjw ebjljf{- Gvjlojmi {twetfijf{ emo ~etcyez{ {a tcf{feovlt{ wfkfjpf ~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{ tcet ~wf~ewf tcfb
`aw epejleglf hag{ jm tcfjw kabbvmjtjf{ j{ amf a` tcf dfz{tf~{ aw ~lekjmi Bj{{j{{j~~j, emo jt{ yawdjmi eovlt{, am e~etc ta fkamabjk {fkvwjtz emo ~wa{~fwjtz-
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;
GEKDIWAVMO8 BJ[[J[[J^^J[EOVL_[ YJ_CAV_ A[_[FKAMOEWZKWFOFM_JEL[Apfw tcf le{t ;> zfew{, yawd~lekf ofbemo{ cepf owjpfmbawf a` Bj{{j{{j~~j{ eovlt{ ta {ffd avt ~a{t{fkamoewzfovketjam- Jm 5:9:, ;? ~fwkfmt a` tcf {tetf{ yawd`awkfceo ~a{t{fkamoewz fs~fwjfmkf- _aoez, bawf tcem cel` a`tcf {tetf{ yawdfw{" 6? ~fwkfmt " cepf ettfmofo e~a{t{fkamoewz jm{tjtvtjam- Cayfpfw, ?0 ~fwkfmt a`
Bj{{j{{j~~j{ legaw `awkf oaf{ mat cepf `awbel {kcaaljmigfzamo cjic {kcaal-5 @aw tca{f yawdjmi Bj{{j{{j~~jem{yjtcavt ~a{t{fkamoewz fs~fwjfmkf, `jmojmi kewffw{ tceta``fw fkamabjk {fkvwjtz emo hag {tegjljtz j{ gfkabjmijmkwfe{jmilz oj``jkvlt- Ettejmjmi e ~a{t{fkamoewz ofiwff awkfwtj`jketf ~wapjof{ Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ yjtc tcf a~~awtvmjtz ta`jmo fb~lazbfmt jm gfttfw uveljtz, cjicfw yeif hag{ emo~wapjof{ e bawf {fkvwf ettekcbfmt ta tcf yawd`awkf-
_cf pelvf a` eoojtjamel fovketjam `aw yawdjmiBj{{j{{j~~jem{ j{ wf`lfktfo jm tcf {tetf{ yeif oete-Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ yjtc {abf kallfif aw em e{{akjetf{ ofiwfffewm e bfojem yeif tcet j{ 59 ~fwkfmt cjicfw tcem
yawdfw{ yjtc ma ~a{t{fkamoewz fs~fwjfmkf, emo tcf ie~ jmyeif{ yjofm{ ta ;0 ~fwkfmt `aw Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ tcet ojomat kab~lftf cjic {kcaal-7 _cf yeif oj{kwf~emkzgfkabf{ fpfm bawf ~wabjmfmt ycfm kam{jofwjmi eyawdfw{ lj`ftjbf fewmjmi{- Apfw e ?> zfew yawd lj`f,yawdfw{ yjtc em e{{akjetf ofiwff ewf ~wahfktfo ta fewm/0>>,>>> bawf tcem tca{f yca oa mat kab~lftf cjic{kcaal-; Ijpfm tcf wfletjam{cj~ gftyffm fovketjam emofewmjmi{, f``awt{ ta wej{f tcf fovketjamel ettejmbfmt a`Bj{{j{{j~~j{ yawdfw{, gz {twfmitcfmjmi kammfktjam{gftyffm eovlt ge{jk fovketjam, kallfif lfpfl ~waiweb{,emo yawd`awkf twejmjmi yjll ~a{jtjpflz e``fkt tcf {tetf{fkamabjk iwaytc emo kab~ftjtjpfmf{{-
Akkv~etjam{ wfuvjwjmi em e{{akjetf ofiwff ~wahfktfo taiway 5: ~fwkfmt `wab 7>>3 ta 7>53Laadjmi `awyewo, tcf mffo `aw yawdfw{ yjtc ofiwff{ emokwfofmtjel{ gfzamo cjic {kcaal yjll amlz gfkabf bawf~wamavmkfo- Akkv~etjam{ `aw yawdfw{ yjtc em e{{akjetfofiwff ewf ~wahfktfo ta iway gz 5: ~fwkfmt `wab 7>>3 ta7>53, e wetf iwfetfw tcem emz atcfw fovketjamel iwav~jmi-?
Akkv~etjam{ jm tcf cfeltckewf jmov{twz ~wapjof {fpfwelfseb~lf{ a` we~jolz iwayjmi kewffw{ e{ wfij{tfwfo mvw{f{,
ofmtel czijfmj{t{, ~cz{jkel tcfwe~z e{{j{temt{ ell wfuvjwfem e{{akjetf ofiwff emo ewf fs~fktfo ta ~waovkf{vg{temtjel hag a~fmjmi{ apfw tcf mfst 5> zfew{- Am e{tetf lfpfl, Bj{{j{{j~~j{ [tetf Yawd`awkf Jmpf{tbfmtGaewo wf~awt{ tcet 3> ~fwkfmt a` hag{ may wfuvjwfeoojtjamel twejmjmi emo fovketjam gfzamo cjic {kcaal-6
E{ tcf mffo `aw yawdfw{ yjtc fovketjam gfzamo cjic{kcaal iway{, Bj{{j{{j~~j j{ et wj{d a` cepjmi taa `fyyawdfw{ yjtc mfkf{{ewz {djll{ emo, e{ e wf{vlt, leiijmimetjamellz jm fkamabjk kab~ftjtjpfmf{{-
Bfftjmi tcf ozmebjk {djll mffo{ a` fb~lazfw{ wfuvjwf{`akv{jmi f``awt{ ta jmkwfe{f fovketjamel ettejmbfmt a`Bj{{j{{j~~j yawdfw{" zavmi emo alo- Bj{{j{{j~~j{ cewoyawdjmi eovlt{ yjtcavt e cjic {kcaal ofiwff yjll mffoeoojtjamel {djll{ ta cepf a~~awtvmjtjf{ `aw hag{ yjtc {fl`"{v{tejmjmi yeif{- [twetfijf{ ta jmkwfe{f eovlt kallfif"wfeojmf{{ emo ~a{t{fkamoewz kab~lftjam ewf jb~fwetjpf`aw lay"{djll eovlt{ a` taoez emo tcf `vtvwf-
5 jm 0 Bj{{j{{j~~j yawdfw{ yjtcavt e cjic {kcaalofiwff yfwf vmfb~lazfo jm 7>>:@aw bemz yawdjmi eovlt{, fovketjam ettejmbfmt j{ el{awfletfo ta hag {tegjljtz- _cf kvwwfmt wfkf{{jam ce{beimj`jfo tcf ettfmtjam am vmfb~lazbfmt jm tcf {tetf,emo hag la{{ ce{ mat gffm fs~fwjfmkfo fuvellz ekwa{{fovketjam lfpfl{- Ovwjmi 7>>:, 5 jm fpfwz 7> yawdfw{ yjtce gekcflaw{ ofiwff ye{ vmfb~lazfo- Yawdfw{ yjtcavt ecjic {kcaal ofiwff yfwf {vg{temtjellz bawf ljdflz ta gfvmfb~lazfo, yjtc 5 jm 0 vmfb~lazfo- ^fwjao{ a`vmfb~lazbfmt kem gf cewb`vl ta `ebjljf{ gatcfbatjamellz emo `jmemkjellz, ~ewtjkvlewlz `aw `ebjljf{cfeofo gz lay"{djll, lay"yeif yawdfw{ {twviiljmi ta bedffmo{ bfft- Cjicfw fovketjamel ettejmbfmt kem lfeo ta{tegjljtz jm gatc fb~lazbfmt emo jmkabf tcet j{
jb~awtemt `aw cewoyawdjmi Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ am e ~etc tafkamabjk {fkvwjtz-
E`wjkem Ebfwjkem emo ycjtf Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ fuvellzwf~wf{fmtfo ebami tcf ~a~vletjam yjtcavt e cjic{kcaal ofiwffGz tedjmi e bawf jm"of~tc laad et tcf fovketjamelettejmbfmt a` tcf {tetf{ eovlt{, e klfewfw ~jktvwf fbfwif{a` Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ ~atfmtjellz gfmf`jtjmi wab jmkwfe{fo{djll{ emo kallfif kwfofmtjel{- _cf teglf gflay jllv{twetf{tcet ;:-0 ~fwkfmt a` ycjtf eovlt{ fmofo tcfjw awbelfovketjam jm cjic {kcaal, kab~ewfo ta 6;-: ~fwkfmt a`
E`wjkem Ebfwjkem eovlt{- Cayfpfw, tcf mvbgfw a` ycjtfemo E`wjkem Ebfwjkem eovlt{ yjtcavt e cjic {kcaal ofiwffj{ elba{t fuvel- @aw tcf tya wekjel iwav~{, kla{f ta 36,>>>eovlt{ cepf mat wfkfjpfo e cjic {kcaal ofiwff aw fuvjp"elfmt- _cf lewif mvbgfw a` ycjtf emo E`wjkem Ebfwjkemeovlt{ yjtcavt e cjic {kcaal ofiwff vmofw{kawf{ cayjb~awtemt jt j{ ta ~wf~ewf bawf lay"{djllfo eovlt{ tatwem{jtjam jmta kallfif"lfpfl kavw{f{-3
Fovketjamel ettejmbfmt a` eovlt{eif{ 76"6? gz wekf, B[, 7>>3
Elba{t 96& a` Bj{{j{{j~~j{ yawdjmi"eif eovlt{oa mat cepf e ~a{t{fkamoewz ofiwff
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Ycjtf E`wjkjem Ebfwjkem
Ma cjic {kcaal oj~labe!IFO 57-;& 5:-9&
Cjic {kcaal oj~labe!IFO Amlz 79-;& ;?-7&[abf ~a{t {fkamoewz fovketjam #ma ofiwff* 7?-3& 7?-3&
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Mvbgfw a Eovlt{ yjtc ma cjic {kcaal oj~labe!IFO 3?,756 30,53>
[avwkf8 Yawdjmi aaw @ebjljf{ wahfkt, a~vletjam Wf`fwfmkf Gvwfev, emelz{j{ a`7>>3 Ebfwjkem Kabbvmjtz [vwpfz
[avwkf8 Fkamabjk aljkz Jm{tjtvtf Emelz{j{ a` Kvwfmt a~vletjam [vwpfz
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_cf ;?3,976 eovlt{ #eif 76"6?* jm Bj{{j{{j~~j yjtcma `awbel fovketjam gfzamo cjic {kcaal bfe{vwf{bawf tcem 57 tjbf{ tcf mvbgfw a` {tvofmt{ ycaiweovetfo `wab ell B[ cjic {kcaal{ jm 7>>:-0"9
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A^^AW_VMJ_JF[ @AW EOVL_[ _AGFKABF KALLFIF"WFEOZ
E {tvoz a` eovlt {tvofmt{ #76$ zfew{* yjtc, et ba{t, e cjic{kcaal fovketjam avmo tcet tcfwf j{ e tj~~jmi ~ajmt jmkabbvmjtz kallfif fovketjam ycfwf lay"{djll eovlt{tvofmt{ wfkfjpf tcf iwfetf{t yeif gfmf`jt- _cf tj~~jmi~ajmt akkvwwfo ycfm {tvofmt{ wfkfjpfo amf zfew a` kallfifkwfojt{ emo e kwfofmtjel- Kab~ewfo ta {tvofmt{ yjtc lf{{
tcem 5 zfew a` kallfif, tca{f yjtc 5 zfew a` kwfojt emokwfofmtjel ceo emmvel fewmjmi{ tcet epfweifo /9,76>cjicfw aw {tvofmt{ yca {tewtfo yjtcavt e cjic {kcaalkwfofmtjel emo /?,56> cjicfw aw {tvofmt{ {tewtjmi yjtc eIFO aw cjic {kcaal oj~labe-:
Eovlt{ ~fw{j{tjmi ta tcf tj~~jmi ~ajmt wfkfjpfo {vg{temtjelyeif iejm{- Cayfpfw, tcf {tvoz avmo tcet lf{{ tcem 5!; a`EGF emo IFO {tvofmt{ beof tcf twem{jtjam ta kallfif"lfpfl kavw{f{, emo lf{{ tcem 0 ~fwkfmt fmofo v~ wfekcjmitcf tj~~jmi ~ajmt yjtcjm jpf zfew{-5> Pfwz fy lay"{djll{tvofmt{ yfwf eglf ta ~fw{j{t ew fmavic ta wfeljxf tcf yeif
iejm{ wab ~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam-
@aw lay"{djll Bj{{j{{j~~jem{ a` yawdjmi eif laadjmi tajmkwfe{f yeif{ tcwavic fovketjam, tcf ~etcyez gfijm{ jmtcf kabbvmjtz kallfif{ emo tcf {tetf{ Yawd`awkfJmpf{tbfmt Mftyawd-
Kabbvmjtz kallfif{ emo kallfif wfeojmf{{Bj{{j{{j~~j{ 56 kabbvmjtz kallfif{ ewf e bejm fmtwz~ajmt aw {tvofmt{ {ffdjmi ~a{t{fkamoewz fovketjam emotwejmjmi- Kallfif{ oa mat hv{t {fwpf {tvofmt{ tcet ewf wfeozta tedf kallfif"lfpfl kavw{f{- @aw eovlt{ yca ojo matiweovetf wab cjic {kcaal aw mffo wfbfojetjam jm tcfewfe{ a` ge{jk betc, wfeojmi, emo ywjtjmi, kabbvmjtzkallfif{ ewf e dfz ~wapjofw a` kavw{f{ ta gwjmi {tvofmt{ tae kallfif"wfeoz lfpfl-
A~~awtvmjtjf{ `aw Ifttjmi Lay"{djllEovlt{ Kallfif"Wfeoz
Eovlt Ge{jk Fovketjam #EGF* emo IFO ~wf~ewetjamkavw{f{ ewf em jmpelveglf ljmd aw eovlt{ tcet {ffd tajmkwfe{f {djll{ emo wfkfjpf e cjic {kcaal kwfofmtjel- EGF~wapjofw{ {fwpf e yjof wemif a` {tvofmt{, bemz a` ycjkcewf eovlt{ {ffdjmi ta v~iweof {djll{ emo fpfmtvellz wfkfjpfe IFO- EGF {vghfkt{ wemif wab lay"lfpfl ljtfwekzta betc emo wfeojmi kavw{f{- Kavw{f{ ewf a``fwfo wff a`kcewif et e ojpfw{f wemif a` laketjam{ jmklvojmi kabbvmjtzkallfif{ emo YJM Hag Kfmtfw{-
_wejmjmi a~~awtvmjtjf{ tcwavic tcf {tetf{ Yawd`awkfJmpf{tbfmt MftyawdAvt{jof a` tcf kabbvmjtz kallfif {z{tfb, atcfw twejmjmi{v~~awt{ fsj{t aw Bj{{j{{j~~j{ yawdjmi eovlt{- @awyawdjmi eovlt{ tcet ewf jm lay"yeif hag{ aw {twviiljmi ta`jmo fb~lazbfmt, Bj{{j{{j~~j{ Yawd`awkf Jmpf{tbfmtMftyawd #YJM* ~lez{ e kwjtjkel walf jm ~wapjojmijm`awbetjam, {v~~awt, emo, jm {abf ke{f{, twejmjmi taeovlt{- @vmofo ~wjbewjlz tcwavic Yawd`awkf Jmpf{tbfmtEkt vmo{ #YJE*, Bj{{j{{j~~j ce{ e mftyawd a` ?0 YJM Hag
Kfmtfw{ oj{gvw{fo ekwa{{ ? Yawd`awkf Jmpf{tbfmt Ewfe{-@wab E~wjl 7>>3 ta Bewkc a` 7>>:, YJM Hag Kfmtfw{{fwpfo apfw ;9,>>> eovlt{ jm Bj{{j{{j~~j-55
YJM Hag Kfmtfw{ ~wapjof {fwpjkf{ {fuvfmkfo jm tcf awofwa` kawf, jmtfm{jpf, emo twejmjmi {fwpjkf{- _wejmjmi {fwpjkf{bez gf epejleglf ta eovlt{ emo oj{laketfo yawdfw{ ycacepf wfkfjpfo et lfe{t amf kawf emo amf jmtfm{jpf {fwpjkf-_wejmjmi j{ jmemkjellz {v~~awtfo jm amf a` tya yez{- Amfyez j{ tcwavic Jmojpjovel _wejmjmi Ekkavmt{ #J_E{* tcet~wapjof vmo{ aw eovlt{ ta {flfkt kavw{f{ wab eme~~wapfo lj{t a` fovketjam ~wapjofw{- Fovketjam ~wapjofw{
jmklvof kabbvmjtz kallfif{, vmjpfw{jtjf{, ~wjpetfjm{twvktaw{, emo eovlt ge{jk {djll{ ~wapjofw{- Jm 7>>3, 7,076eovlt yawdfw{ emo 5,?67 oj{laketfo yawdfw{ wfkfjpfo J_E{jm Bj{{j{{j~~j-57
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Eovlt Ge{jk Fovketjam
#EGF*
IFO wf~ewetjam emo_f{tjmi
Ofpfla~bfmtel
Fovketjam
Of{jimfo aw eovlt{ yjtc ljtfwekz emo betc {djll{ am e
bjoolf aw cjic {kcaal lfpfl- [tvofmt{ tedf tcf _f{t aw
Eovlt Ge{jk Fovketjam #_EGF* emo ewf ~lekfo jm 5 a 0
{djll lfpfl{- Kavw{f{ cfl~ eovlt{ jb~wapf ljtfwekz {djll{
emo bapf tayewo{ IFO ~wf~ewetjam emo kallfif"
wfeojmf{{- EGF kavw{f{ ewf tevict jm tcf 56 kabbvmjtz
kallfif{, 55 ~vgljk {kcaal{, kabbvmjtz awiemjxetjam{,
emo kawwfktjamel jm{tjtvtjam{-
wapjof{ eovlt{ yjtcavt e cjic {kcaal oj~labe tcfa~~awtvmjtz ta ofbam{twetf tcet tcfz cepf dmaylfoif
emo {djll{ fuvjpelfmt ta e cjic {kcaal oj~labe- Kavw{f{
ewf of{jimfo ta ~wf~ewf {tvofmt{ ta tedf fekc
a tcf 6 IFO {vghfkt{ tf{t{-
Bemoetfo `aw vmjpfw{jtz emo kabbvmjtz kallfif
{tvofmt{ yca mffo eoojtjamel ~wf~ewetjam gf`awf
gfijmmjmi kallfif"lfpfl kle{{f{- [tvofmt{ tedf wfbfojel
kavw{f{ jm ge{jk ewfe{ {vkc e{ betc, wfeojmi, {kjfmkf,
emo fmilj{c tcet ewf wfuvjwfo gvt oa mat kavmt tayewo{ e
jmel ofiwff- _cf{f kavw{f{ ewf em jb~awtemt ljmd `aw
vmofw~wf~ewfo {tvofmt{, gvt kem fstfmo tcf ebavmt a
tjbf mffofo ta kab~lftf e ofiwff-
Kce~tfw 7
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[v~~awtjmi Bj{{j{{j~~j{ Mamtweojtjamel [tvofmt{E{ Bj{{j{{j~~j {ffd{ ta kammfkt eovlt{ yjtc ~a{t{fkamoewzkwfofmtjel{, eoojtjamel f``awt{ ewf mffofo ta {v~~awt tcf{tetf{ mamtweojtjamel {tvofmt{- Jm Bj{{j{{j~~j, tcf behawjtza` {tvofmt{ jm EGF ewf gftyffm eif{ 5: emo 6? emogfzamo tcf tweojtjamel kallfif ~etcyez-5;
Mamtweojtjamel {tvofmt{ a`tfm tedf e lf{{ ojwfkt ~etcyez tae ~a{t{fkamoewz ofiwff tcem tweojtjamel {tvofmt{- _cf`jivwf gflay kab~ewf{ tcf ~etcyez{ a` tweojtjamel emomamtweojtjamel {tvofmt{- _cf mamtweojtjamel {tvofmt ce{bawf ~atfmtjel ie~{ jm tcfjw ~etcyez ta e ~a{t{fkamoewz
ofiwff emo bez eltfwmetf gftyffm yawd emo {kcaal e{tcfz gvjlo tayewo{ e jmel kwfofmtjel-
Yawdjmi eovlt{ emo ~ewfmt{ mffo kavw{f {kcfovlf{ tcetellay {tvofmt{ ta gelemkf yawd, {kcaal, emo ebjlz-Kavw{f{ a``fwfo am tcf yffdfmo{, fpfmjmi{, emo jmkamkfmtwetfo glakd awbet cfl~ {tvofmt{ tcet yawd aw kewf`aw kcjlowfm ovwjmi tcf oez- Eoojtjamellz, lay"jmkabfeovlt{ mffo wf{avwkf{ ta kapfw mam"ekeofbjk ka{t{e{{akjetfo yjtc ettfmojmi kle{{, {vkc e{ kcjlokewf emotwem{~awtetjam-
Ekeofbjk {v~~awt{ ljdf cfl~ yjtc kavw{f wfij{twetjam,kavw{f ~lemmjmi, emo kewffw ~lemmjmi ell e{{j{t {tvofmt{tcet ewf vm`ebjljew aw mfy ta tedjmi kavw{f{ am e kallfifkeb~v{-
Yawdjmi {tvofmt{ tcet fmwall lf{{ tcem ~ewt"tjbf aw jm{cawt"tfwb twejmjmi wfuvfmtlz kemmat gfmf`jt wab iwemt{ awlay"jmtfwf{t laem{ gfkev{f tcfz oa mat ettfmo kle{{ cel`"tjbf- @jmemkjel ejo j{ mffofo aw tca{f {tvofmt{ tcet tedf eljbjtfo mvbgfw a` kavw{f{, {a tcfz kem {tekd kavw{f{ apfwtjbf ta e jmel ofiwff aw kfwtj`jketf-
Gf{t wektjkf{ jm EGF!IFO jm Bj{{j{{j~~j8Et Fe{t Bj{{j{{j~~j Kabbvmjtz Kallfif #FBKK*, {tvofmt{jm EGF kavw{f{ kabf aw ?"cavw kle{{f{ Bamoez tcwavic_cvw{oez- [tvofmt{ ewf e{{f{{fo fekc @wjoez ta ~wapjofjm{twvktaw{ yjtc em jmojpjovel ojeima{tjk ~wa`jlf emo eiweof"lfpfl fuvjpelfmkz aw tcf {tvofmt- [tvofmt {kawf{cfl~ jm{twvktaw{ ta ievif {tvofmt ~waiwf{{ emo oftfwbjmf j`tcfz ewf wfeoz ta eopemkf jmta IFO ~wf~ewetjam kavw{f{-
Amkf EGF {tvofmt{ cepf tcf {djll{ ta fmtfw IFO kavw{f{,tcfz tedf jmtfm{jpf, amf"yffd kavw{f{ tcet ~wf~ewf{tvofmt{ aw 5 a` tcf 6 IFO {vghfkt tf{t{" betc, lemiveif,ywjtjmi, {kjfmkf, emo {akjel {tvojf{- [tvofmt{ ~wakffotcwavic ell {vghfkt{ ta fewm tcfjw IFO-5?
Avt{jof a` EGF jm{twvktjam, eovlt{ kem el{a kabf ta tcfEGF a``jkf ta {ffd eopjkf aw ~jkd v~ betfwjel{ ta ~wf~ewf`aw tcf IFO am tcfjw aym tjbf- Et FBKK, eovlt{ kem el{awfkfjpf e{{j{temkf jm ~wf~ewjmi aw tcf EK_ aw YawdDfz{tf{t{-
Ljdf bemz EGF ~waiweb{, gvoift kvt{ cepf ofkwfe{fo{tetf {v~~awt aw tcf gwaeo wemif a` {fwpjkf{ FBKK~wapjof{ ta {tvofmt{- Cayfpfw, FBKK kamtjmvf{ ta jmojmmapetjpf yez{ ta {v~~awt tcfjw {tvofmt{- FBKK v{f{ e~awtjam a` tcfjw Owa~avt Wfkapfwz @vmo{ ta ~wapjof{tvofmt{ yjtc twepfl pavkcfw{ emo {kcalew{cj~{ aw IFOtf{tjmi ff{, dfz {v~~awt{ tcet cfl~ {tvofmt{ kapfw tcf ka{ta` owjpjmi ta kle{{ fekc oez emo tf{tjmi-
[v~~awt{ ljdf twepfl pavkcfw{ kem bedf e lewif oj``fwfmkf`aw tca{f lay"jmkabf eovlt{ {twviiljmi ta bedf fmo{ bffte{ tcfz ettfmo kle{{f{- Bj{{j{{j~~j {cavlo tedf {tf~{ ta
fm{vwf tcet bawf EGF!IFO ~waiweb{ ekwa{{ tcf {tetf v{fwf{avwkf{ ta ~wapjof {tvofmt {v~~awt{ ljdf twepfl pavkcfw{,kcjlo kewf, emo kavm{fljmi {fwpjkf{, {a {tvofmt{ kemgelemkf atcfw wf{~am{jgjljtjf{ e{ tcfz ettfmo kle{{f{-
Kcewektfwj{tjk{ a mamtweojtjamel {tvofmt{8
5: aw apfw ycfm fmtfwjmi kavw{f{4 @jmemkjellz jmof~fmofmt4 Yawdjmi `vll"tjbf4 Wf{~am{jglf `aw of~fmofmt{ aw4 Ettfmojmi kavw{f{ ~ewt"tjbf-
_weojtjamel [tvofmt ^etcyez
Mamtweojtjamel [tvofmt ^etcyez _a E ^a{t{fkamoewz Ofiwff
CJIC [KCAAL
OJ^LABE
EGF & IFO
YAWD WFEOJMF[[
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KAVW[F[
_FKCMJKEL
KFW_J@JKE_F
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OFIWFF
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HAG
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BEMEIFW &
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FM_WZ"LFPFL
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[avwkf8 Wfijamel Jmov{twz [djll{ Fovketjam #WJ[F*
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GVJLOJMI WF[^AM[JPF YAWD@AWKF^EW_MFW[CJ^[8 WFIJAMEL [FK_AW JMJ_JE_JPF[Yjtcavt ~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{, Bj{{j{{j~~j{ eovlt{`ekf e hag bewdft yjtc {cwjmdjmi a~~awtvmjtjf{ aw uveljtz,`ebjlz {v~~awtjmi hag{- Yjtcavt ~wf~ewfo fb~lazff{,Bj{{j{{j~~j{ fkamabz j{ et wj{d a` la{jmi fb~lazfw{ tcetkwfetf uveljtz hag{ aw jt{ kjtjxfm{-
_cf mffo ta eopemkf bawf yawdjmi eovlt{ tayewo{~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{ emo ofiwff{ j{ mat amlzjb~awtemt aw lay"{djll eovlt{, jt j{ el{a jb~awtemt aw tcfapfwell ~wa{~fwjtz a` tcf {tetf{ jmov{twjf{ emo fkamabz-
Vmofw{temojmi tcf kcellfmif Bj{{j{{j~~j ekf{ j{ tcf `jw{t{tf~ tayewo{ jb~lfbfmtjmi wf`awb{ tcet {v~~awt bawfeovlt{ jm tcfjw ~etc ta jmkwfe{f {djll{ emo bapf ta ~a{t"{fkamoewz kab~lftjam- Cayfpfw, uvf{tjam{ el{a fbfwif8
Ycet iwav~{ ewf kwjtjkel ta bapjmi bawf eovlt{tayewo{ ~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{1
Ycet iwav~{ bv{t kallegawetf ta fm{vwf tcf pjteljtz
a` Bj{{j{{j~~j{ wfijamel jmov{twjf{ taoez1 Cay kem tcf{f iwav~{ kallegawetf ta bapf tcf{tetf{fkamabz awyewo1
Yawd`awkf eifmkjf{, yawdfw{, fb~lazfw{, fovketaw{,~aljtjkel lfeofw{, emo fkamabjk ofpfla~fw{ ewf ell{abfcay jmpf{tfo jm yawd`awkf ofpfla~bfmt emo tcf{tetf{ fkamabjk pjteljtz- _a gwjmi tcf{f iwav~{ taiftcfw ta{v~~awt wfijamel jmov{twjf{ wfuvjwf{ iwfet ~lemmjmi emokabbjtbfmt wab ell ~ewtjf{-
Amf webfyawd"{fktaw jmjtjetjpf{"kwfetf{ ~aljkjf{ emo
~ewtmfw{cj~{ ta {v~~awt ell tcf{f iwav~{ yjtc tcf iael a`{twfebljmjmi fovketjam emo yawd`awkf ofpfla~bfmt f``awt{ta bfft em jmov{twz{ mffo aw {djllfo legaw-56
[fktaw jmjtjetjpf{ v{f legaw bewdft oete ta jofmtj`z jmov{twz{fktaw{ jm e wfijam tcet ~wapjof uveljtz hag{ emo cepf e{jimj`jkemt ofbemo aw yawdfw{ emo twejmjmi- Jm atcfw {tetf{{flfktfo {fktaw{ kapfw e gwaeo wemif a` jmov{twjf{"cfeltckewf, eopemkfo bemv`ektvwjmi, efwa{~ekf, bewjtjbftwem{~awtetjam, kam{twvktjam, awf{t ~waovkt{, ftk- Wfijam{tz~jkellz yjll akv{ wf{avwkf{ am e fy jmov{twjf{ tcetfscjgjt iwaytc a~~awtvmjtjf{-
Amkf e {fktaw j{ {flfktfo, yawd`awkf eifmkjf{, fovketaw{,fb~lazfw{, emo lakel lfeofw{ kallegawetf ta eljim tcfyawd`awkf mffo{ a` fb~lazfw{ emo tcf fb~lazbfmt mffo{a` yawdfw{- _cf fmo wf{vlt j{ e gfttfw vmofw{temojmi a`yawd~lekf mffo{ emo e twejmjmi!fovketjam jm`we{twvktvwftcet eoe~t{ uvjkdlz ta twejm emo eopemkf lay"{djll yawdfw{jmta uveljtz, ebjlz {v~~awtjmi hag{-
Kewffw etcyez{8 Gvjlojmi {feblf{{ ~etcyez{ ta~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel{Kewffw ~etcyez{ ewf e dfz kab~amfmt a` emz wfijamel{fktaw jmjtjetjpf- Kewffw ~etcyez{ ewf e {fwjf{ a` kammfktfofovketjam emo twejmjmi ~waiweb{ yjtc {v~~awt {fwpjkf{ tcetfmeglf eovlt{ ta ift hag{ jm {~fkj jk jmov{twjf{- Eovlt{eopemkf apfw tjbf ta cjicfw lfpfl{ a fovketjam emo yawd jmtcfjw jmov{twz- Fekc {tf~ am tcf ~etcyez j{ of{jimfo ta~wf~ewf tcf eovlt `aw tcf mfst lfpfl a yawd emofovketjam-
Kewffw ~etcyez{ {fwpf ta {twfmitcfm tcf {z{tfb{ tcet dff~e yawd`awkf kab~ftjtjpf-50
Kewffw ~etcyez{ ~wapjof klfew kavw{f be~{ aw fov"ketjamel eopemkfbfmt aw eovlt{ a` fpfwz {tewtjmi {djlllfpfl" wab EGF ta cjic {kcaal iweovetf{ ta kvwwfmtlzfb~lazfo yawdfw{- _cf webfyawd j{ of{kwjgfo e{8
E kabbvtfw twem{jt {z{tfb tcet j{ wvm am tcf {kcfovlf a`yawdjmi eovlt{ emo tcet kem ekkabbaoetf lat{ a` am"emo"a`` twe``jk, gvt {tjll bedf{ kammfktjam{ ta lami"tfwbof{tjmetjam{---[vkc e {z{tfb yavlo ~wapjof e klfew be~ a`
tcf fovketjamel ~etcyez{ tcet eovlt {tvofmt{ kem allay taeopemkf jm tcfjw hag{ emo ~vw{vf vwtcfw fovketjam,jmojketjmi ycfwf tcfz kem {ta~ avt a` fovketjam aw e
tjbf emo wffmtfw e{ tcfjw kjwkvb{temkf emo wf{avwkf{~fwbjt- 59
_cf gas gflay ~wapjof{ tcf dfz kab~amfmt{ a e kewffw~etcyez{ webfyawd- Kamtjmvfo kcewtjmi a kewffw~etcyez{ jm Bj{{j{{j~~j yjll bfem yawdjmi ekwa{{ ewfe{ tcetbez a~fwetf wfletjpflz jmof~fmofmtlz a amf ematcfw eovltge{jk fovketjam, yawd`awkf fovketjam, ~wa`f{{jamel!tfkcmjkel fovketjam emo ekeofbjk twem{`fw of~ewtbfmt{"{a {tvofmt{ kem eopemkf ta kallfif"lfpfl kavw{fyawd emovltjbetflz {fkvwf fb~lazbfmt jm `ebjlz"{v~~awtjmi hag{-53
@aw kewffw ~etcyez{ ta cepf tcf iwfetf{t gfmf jt `awfb~lazfw{ emo yawdjmi"eif eovlt{, fb~lazfw{ bv{t gf epelvfo emo ektjpf ~ewt a ~etcyez ofpfla~bfmt emokamtjmvetjam- Fb~lazfw{ ~lez em jb~awtemt ~ewt jmoftfwbjmjmi emo v~oetjmi wflfpemt {djll{ emo kab~ftfmkjf{ovwjmi kavw{f ofpfla~bfmt- J fb~lazfw{ dmay {tvofmt{ ewf
iejmjmi tcf {djll{ tcfz mffo, tcfz ewf bawf ljdflz ta lfijtjbjxfkewffw ~etcyez{ emo {v~~awt eovlt{ tcet ewf twem{jtjamjmiavt a ~etcyez{ emo jmta fb~lazbfmt-5:Yjtc tcf cfl~ a`fb~lazfw{, kewffw ~etcyez{ kem el{a gf of{jimfo ta bffttcf mffo{ a jmkvbgfmt yawdfw{" gatc jm kvwwjkvlvb emo jm{kcfovljmi- Fb~lazfw jmpalpfbfmt j{ f{{fmtjel ta fuvj~~jmiyawdfw{ yjtc {djll{ tcet ewf jm"ofbemo emo ofiwff{ tcet yjll~wapjof gfttfw hag a~~awtvmjtjf{ e{ eovlt{ fsjt tcfjw ~etcyez-
0
Kce~tfw ;
LegawE{{akjetjam{
Fb~lazfw{
Lfeofw{cj~ jmYawd`awkf
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WFIJAMEL[FK_AW
JMJ_JE_JPF
Dfz ~ewtmfw{ jm wfijamel{fktaw jmjtjetjpf{
Kawf kab~amfmt{ a kewffw ~etcyez{85- Bvltj~lf fmtwz ~ajmt{ `aw eovlt fovketjam, yawd`awkf
twejmjmi, emo mat {jb~lz tcwavic cjic {kcaal-7- Jmmapetjam{ jm ~waiweb kamtfmt emo ofljpfwz{vkc e{
lfsjglf {kcfovljmi, kamtfstveljxetjam, jmtfiwetjam a gwjoif kavw{f{-
;- [fuvfmkf a fovketjam emo twejmjmi lfeojmi takwfofmtjel{yjtc pelvf jm tcf legaw bewdft-
?- [v~~awt {fwpjkf{ ~wapjofo gz kabbvmjtz
awiemjxetjam{, kabbvmjtz kallfif{, emo atcfwawiemjxetjam{-
6- [twami walf `aw fb~lazfw{ jm ~etcyez ofpfla~bfmt,yawd{jtf twejmjmi, emo kamtwjgvtjam a wf{avwkf{-
[avwkf8 Kfmtfw `aw Ley emo [akjel ^aljkz
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[v~~awt {fwpjkf{ ewf e kwjtjkel ~jfkf a kewffw ~etcyez{ emojmkwfe{f tcf ljdfljcaao a {vkkf{{ `aw lay"{djll, lay"jmkabfeovlt{- Kewffw ~etcyez jmjtjetjpf{ jm Ewdem{e{, Dfmtvkdz,Awfiam, emo Ye{cjmitam ell ~wapjof {v~~awt {fwpjkf{{~fkj jkellz ketfwfo ta lay"{djll eovlt{-7> @wfuvfmtlz, tcfwebfyawd jmklvof{ cjwjmi em eopj{aw ta yawd et fekckabbvmjtz kallfif tcet j{ ojwfktlz wf{~am{jglf `aw ivjojmieovlt{ jm kewffw ~etcyez{- _cf kavm{flaw{ ekt e{ e bfmtawemo ivjof {tvofmt{ tcwavic kle{{ {flfktjam, jmemkjel ejoe~~ljketjam{, twem{~awtetjam & kcjlokewf e{{j{temkf, emo ewfyfll kammfktfo ta avt{jof kabbvmjtz awiemjxetjam{ tcet~wapjof {v~~awt gfzamo ycet tcf kabbvmjtz kallfif{tweojtjamellz ~wapjof-
_cf teglf gflay ~wapjof{ fseb~lf{ a {v~~awt {fwpjkf{ tcettewift tcf mffo{ a lay"{djll eovlt{ tcet wftvwm ta kabbvmjtzkallfif{ `aw eoojtjamel fovketjam-
_cf kewffw ~etcyez{ webfyawd {ffd{ ta jmkwfe{f~fw{j{tfmkf tayewo{ e ofiwff `aw ell {tvofmt{, mat hv{t tca{ftcet ewf kallfif"wfeoz- Kewffw ~etcyez gwjoif{ ewf kavw{f{of{jimfo ta gwjoif tcf ie~ gftyffm Eovlt Ge{jk Fovketjam#EGF* emo IFO ~waiweb{ emo kallfif"lfpfl kavw{f{- Gwjoifkavw{f{ jmtfiwetf EGF aw ofpfla~bfmtel fovketjam kavw{f{
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A~~awtvmjtjf{ `aw `vmojmi a kewffw ~etcyez{ emo kewffw~etcyez{ gwjoif kavw{f{E{ tcf mvbgfw a {tetf{ jb~lfbfmtjmi {tetfyjof kewffw~etcyez{ iway{, {a oa baofl{ aw kcemmfljmi fofwel`vmojmi ta {v~~awt jb~lfbfmtetjam- Ewdem{e{, Jlljmaj{,Dfmtvkdz, Be{{ekcv{ftt{, Acja, Awfiam, Ye{cjmitam, emoYj{kam{jm cepf ell lfpfweifo {abf ~awtjam a kewffw~etcyez{ vmojmi wab avt{jof tcf {tetf- E mvbgfw a `fofwel wf{avwkf{ fsj{t ta {v~~awt dfz kab~amfmt{ a kewffw~etcyez ofpfla~bfmt, jb~lfbfmtetjam, emo kamtjmvetjam- Ewfkfmt wf~awt gz tcf Kfmtfw aw Ley emo [akjel aljkz#KLE[ * oftejl{ tfm ~atfmtjel fofwel vmojmi {avwkf{jmklvojmi" YJE _jtlf J, _weof Eohv{tbfmt E{{j{temkf, Yeimfw^fz{fw Ekt, YJE _jtlf JJ, fll Iwemt{, fwdjm{ Kewffw emo_fkcmjkel Fovketjam, _EM@, emo [ME Fb~lazbfmt emo_wejmjmi-7;
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8/2/2019 Building Pathways to Credentials and Careers
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Kam{awtjvb wfkfjpf{ `vmojmi `wab e gwaeowemif a` {avwkf{Gwaeo ge{fo {v~~awt aw tcf Bj{{j{{j~~j KawwjoawKam{awtjvb j{ wf`lfktfo jm tcf pewjftz a` {avwkf{ tcetcepf {v~~awtfo jt{ twejmjmi ekjljtjf{ emo kavw{f{- _cfKam{awtjvb{ MFAM cfeltc kewf jmjtjetjpf j{ {v~~awtfotcwavic /5-: bjlljam `wab tcf Of~ewtbfmt a` Legaw-_cf [tetf Gaewo a` Kabbvmjtz emo Hvmjaw Kallfif{
emo tcf [tetf Yawd`awkf Jmpf{tbfmt Gaewo kamtwjg"vtfo /5-7 bjlljam ta tcf Bemv`ektvwjmi [alvtjamKfmtfw- Ell ka{t{ e{{akjetfo yjtc tcf Fsj{tjmi Jmov{twz_wejmjmi ^waiweb kle{{f{ ewf kapfwfo tcwavic `fofweljmkvbgfmt yawdfw twejmjmi `vmo{ `wab YJE,Bemv`ektvwjmi Fstfm{jam ^ewtmfw{cj~ `vmo{, emoYawd`awkf Fmcemkfbfmt _wejmjmi `vmo{ tcwavic tcf[tetf Gaewo `aw Kabbvmjtz emo Hvmjaw Kallfif{-;3
_cwff Wjpfw{ ^lemmjmi emo Ofpfla~bfmt Oj{twjkt emotcf E~~elekcjem Wfijamel Kabbj{{jam gatc ~wapjofo/5>>,>>> `aw tcf bagjlf yflojmi leg, emo tcf [tetfGaewo `aw Kabbvmjtz emo Hvmjaw Kallfif{ kapfw{ tcfleg{ jm{twvktjamel ka{t{-;:
AWFIAM KEWFFW ^E_CYEZ[Kewffw ~etcyez{ yfwf `jw{t of{jimfo ta bfft lakelfb~lazfw mffo{ et ; Awfiam kabbvmjtz kallfif{- _cf{vkkf{{ a` tcf ~etcyez{ fpfmtvellz lfo Awfiam tajmpf{t jm e {tetfyjof Kewffw ^etcyez{ Jmjtjetjpf jm ell59 a` tcf {tetf{ kabbvmjtz kallfif{-?> Awfiam){kabbvmjtz kallfif{ ~ewtmfw yjtc tcf Cjic [kcaal_fkcmjkel Fovketjam Mftyawd, Of~ewtbfmt{ a`
Fovketjam, Fb~lazbfmt, Cvbem [fwpjkf{, emoyawd`awkf jmpf{tbfmt gaewo{ ta eopemkf ~etcyez{- E[tetfyjof ^etcyez{ Ojwfktaw apfw{ff{ jmtfiwetjam a`tcf `webfyawd-
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Jmtfiwetjmi kewffw ~etcyez{ et kabbvmjtz kallfif{Yawdjmi ekwa{{ {jla{ tcet fsj{tfo jm kabbvmjtzkallfif{ ta jmtfiwetf tcf kewffw ~etcyez{ `webfyawd~wf{fmtfo e kcellfmif- A`tfm ~waiweb{ a~fwetfovmofw {f~ewetf jm{tjtvtjamel bj{{jam{ emo yfwf matkallegawetjmi wfivlewlz- _a cfl~ kallfif{ jmtfiwetf~etcyez{ emo gwjoif jm{tjtvtjamel gewwjfw{, tya{tetfyjof ~etcyez ekeofbjf{ yfwf cflo jm 7>>6
emo 7>>9- ^ffw {v~~awt emo lfewmjmi fskcemif{ yfwfpjtel ~ewt{ a` tfkcmjkel e{{j{temkf ~wapjofo et fekcekeofbz-
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fm{vwf kfwtj`jketf{ bfft lakel fb~lazfw mffo{-Fb~lazfw{ el{a fb~ce{jxfo tcf pelvf a` {cawt"tfwbkfwtj`jketf{ jm eoojtjam ta 7 emo ?"zfew ofiwff{-?5 _cfjmjtjetjpf yawd{ yjtc Amf"[ta~ Kewffw Kfmtfw{ ta cfl~{tvofmt{ yjtc hag ~lekfbfmt emo {djll e{{f{{bfmt-
@vmojmi@vmojmi `aw tcf `jw{t ~jlat kebf `wab lakel yawd`awkfjmpf{tbfmt gaewo{ emo tcf Lfeivf a` Jmmapetjam-?7
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KAMKLV[JAM[_cav{emo{ a` eovlt{ ekwa{{ tcf {tetf {temo ta gfmf`jt`wab ~fw{j{tjmi ta e ~a{t{fkamoewz kfwtj`jketf awofiwff- Avw {tetf{ kabbvmjtz kallfif{ emo yawd`awkftwejmjmi mftyawd ewf tya a` tcf {tetf{ iwfetf{t e{{ft{-Cayfpfw, ta bfft tcf ozmebjk ofbemo{ a` taoez{fb~lazfw{ emo wej{f tcf fkamabjk {fkvwjtz a` lay"{djlleovlt{, Bj{{j{{j~~j ce{ a~~awtvmjtjf{ ta {twfmitcfm
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tfmkf emo tcet {v~~awt {tvofmt{ am tcf waeo ta e~a{t{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel-
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yawdjmi eovlt{ emo eljimjmi yawd`awkf twejmjmi yjtcuveljtz, jm"ofbemo kewffw{- _cf Kewffw ^etcyez{ emo[fktaw Jmjtjetjpf{ of{kwjgfo jm tcj{ wf~awt ~wapjof emepfmvf ta fmcemkf tcf {tetf{ f``awt{ ta kammfkt bawflay"{djll eovlt{, wfkfmt cjic {kcaal iweovetf{, emo
yawdjmi eovlt{ yjtc pelveglf ~a{t{fkamoewzkwfofmtjel{ emo akkv~etjamel {djll{-
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iapfwmbfmt, mam~wa`jt{, emo cvbem {fwpjkf{-Bj{{j{{j~~j mffo{ tcfjw kabgjmfo f``awt{ ta ~wapjofeovlt{ yjtc tcf fovketjam, kewffw a~~awtvmjtjf{, emofkamabjk {fkvwjtz tcet yjll fm{vwf ~wa{~fwjtz `aw tcf
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5* Kamtjmvf ta {v~~awt {tvofmt ~fw{j{tfmkf tayewo{ e ~a{t"{fkamoewz kwfofmtjel gz fs~lawjmi `vmojmia~~awtvmjtjf{ emo fmkavweijmi jb~lfbfmtetjam a` Kewffw ^etcyez{ tcet ~wapjof ywe~"ewavmo {v~~awt{fwpjkf{ emo klfew waeobe~{ ta e ~a{t{fkamoewz ofiwff `aw ell {tvofmt{ `wab tca{f jm EGF emo IFO tamamtweojtjamel {tvofmt{ emo wfkfmt cjic {kcaal iweovetf{-
7* V{f tcf {tetf{ uveljtz oete {z{tfb{ ta {twfmitcfm tcf ~fw`awbemkf a` {twetfijf{ ta jb~wapf~a{t{fkamoewz twem{jtjam{ emo kab~lftjam ge{fo am tcf wfpjfyfo avtkabf{-
;* Fmkavweif tcf ofpfla~bfmt a` kewffw ~etcyez{ gwjoif kavw{f{, {a tcet {tvofmt{ jm ge{jk fovketjam emoofpfla~bfmtel fovketjam ewf fs~a{fo ta wfel yawlo, akkv~etjamel kvwwjkvlvb emo kem kammfktkavw{fyawd yjtc e Kewffw etcyez emo `vtvwf kewffw e{~jwetjam{-
?* Gvjlo am Bj{{j{{j~~j{ babfmtvb `aw ofpfla~jmi wfijamel {fktaw jmjtjetjpf{ ljdf tcf Kawwjoaw Kam{awtjvbgz kwfetjmi a~~awtvmjtjf{ `aw atcfw kam{awtje ta jb~lemt yawd`awkf twejmjmi {twetfijf{ tcet eoowf{{ tcf {djllmffo{ a lakel fb~lazfw{-
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5 Fkamabjk Emelz{j{ Wf{fewkc Mftyawd- [tetf a` Yawdjmi 7>5> Oete-Legaw `awkf Oete [~wfeo{cfft- V~oetfo Hemvewz 56, 7>5>-
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