BUILDING MOTION CONTROL: SUPPLEMENTARY DAMPING SYSTEMS FOR TALL & SLENDER BUILDINGS Sudeesh Kala, M.A.Sc., B.E. (Hons), P.Eng. Regional Manager | Associate Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. (RWDI)
BUILDING MOTION CONTROL: SUPPLEMENTARY DAMPING SYSTEMS FOR TALL & SLENDER BUILDINGS
Sudeesh Kala, M.A.Sc., B.E. (Hons), P.Eng.
Regional Manager | Associate
Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. (RWDI)
Established in 1972
450+ employees
Global presence
In Indonesia since 90’s
Three Practice Areas:• Climate Engineering• Building Performance• Environmental
Engineering
RWDI – Company background
Vibration Overview
Why are we concerned with vibration?
How much is too much?
How to control it?
Damping
Inherent structural damping
Uncertainty of as-built damping
Tall and slender buildings = low damping
Supplementary Damping Systems
Types and example installations
Design considerations
Factory acceptance testing, installation, & commissioning
Talk Overview
Vibration Overview
Vibration is a Serviceability Limit State
Like deflection or local deformation, vibration limits are not typically defined by any Building Code or regulatory agency
A building can be absolutely safe, yet still be unfit for its intended purpose
Excessive vibration can cause:
• Discomfort for occupants
• Structure-borne noise
• Cumulative damage (fatigue) to partitions, glazing
• Elevator cable collisions inside hoistway
What’s the big deal?
WHY DOES IT HAPPEN?What causes vibration in tall & slender buildings?
• Wind
• Earthquakes
• Pedestrian Loading
Across-Wind Loading (Vortex Shedding)
wind
Directions of fluctuating force
Wind velocity
Cro
ssw
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Re
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Vortex shedding
No vortex shedding
- Sometimes vortex shedding affects serviceability design only
- Requires additional structure or supplementary damping to satisfy serviceability demands
Vibration in Tall Buildings, Sights and Sounds
Sample acceleration predictions for a high-rise building
How much is too much?
Damping
Damping in Structures
Internal External
Inherent Damping
Material Contact Areas
Internal friction
Cracking
Thermal effects
Joints
Connections
Bearings
Cladding
Partitions
Energy radiation to the soil
Flooring/Ceiling
Considerable scatter in available data
Tall buildings certainly don’t seem predisposed to *high* levels of as-built inherent structural damping
Damping is often observed to be amplitude-dependent
Damping in Structures – How much?
Image Credit: Smith & Willford, Arup, “Damping in tall buildings –uncertainties and solutions”, 17th Congress of IABSE, 2008
Damping in Structures
Inherent Damping
Supplemental Damping
Overall Structural Damping
+
=
Supplementary Damping Systems
• Distributed:
• Viscous Dampers
• Visco-Elastic Dampers
• Used extensively for control of
earthquake response in highly
active seismic regions
• Might not participate in
low-to-moderate wind events
• Inspection & Maintenance
Types of Supplemental Damping Systems
Image Credit: Tipping Mar
Solid Mass Type:
• Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)• Various configurations possible
Water/Liquid Type:
• Tuned Liquid Column Damper (TLCD)
• Tuned Sloshing Damper (TSD)
Semi-Active Damper
Active Damper
Types of Supplemental Damping Systems
Wind-Induced Responses -Comparison
Without Damper With Damper
TMD Examples: Taipei 101
Pinnacle Dampers
Main Tower Damper
Pendulum length based on:
Also add space above & below for hardware
Simple Pendulum TMDs
If T = 5.5 seconds length = 25’ (7.5 m) plus
If T = 6.5 seconds length = 34’ (10.5 m) plus
If T = 8.0 seconds length = 52’ (16 m) plus
If T = 10.0 seconds length = 81’ (25 m) plus
Plus: Add 6.5’ (2 m) for cable supports, beams, etc
Can be very space-consuming (vertically)
Simple Pendulum TMDs, for assorted periods
Height requirement approx. ½ of simple pendulum configuration, plus a little more
Often still too space-consuming (vertically)
Alternative: Dual-stage Pendulum TMD
Trump Tower, New York City
• Uses less space than other TMDs
• Accommodates wide tuning range for any building
frequency
• Can often be adapted into mechanical floors, with
footprint of e.g. 40’ x 40’ (12 m square)
• Height requirement from 18’ to 26’ (5.5 m to 8m) *each case requires design investigation
• Can practically expect 5% damping
Alternative TMD: Opposed Pendulums
Bloomberg Tower, New York
Animation demonstrating motion of TMD55 floor mixed use Tower
Bloomberg Tower, New York
Same general principle as TMDs – a large body of mass oscillating out-of-phase with the primary structure, and dissipating precisely the right amount of energy per cycle
Liquid-based dampers
• TLCD
• TSD
• Other abbreviations are common:• Tunes Sloshing Water Damper (TSWD)• Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD)• Liquid Column Vibration Absorber (LCVA)
Liquid Instead of a Dense Solid
TLCD Example: Random House, New York
Animation demonstrating motion of TLCD48 floor mixed-use Tower
57 floor mixed-use Tower
TLCD Example: Comcast Tower, Philadelphia
Tuned Sloshing Damper (TSD)
Tuned Sloshing Damper: Scale Model Testing
Un-tuned response
Resonant response
A TSD can be designed to work in both directions
Careful detailing is required to allow attainment of optimal tuning ratio and internal dissipation ratio in each perpendicular axis of as-built structure
Tuned Sloshing Damper: Bi-directional
Most components can be assembled and tested in the factory before shipping to building for installation
Factory Acceptance Testing
Benefits of Supplemental Damping Systems
• Can be used in combination with mass, stiffness, and/or
aerodynamic changes to improve/hone building
performance
• Very efficient means to absorb/resist wind energy
• Can help maximize leasable floor space
• Building comfort improvements
• Help reduce overall cost of structure
Conclusions