Presentation to: Dartmouth College January 21, 2010 van Zelm Engineers 10 Talcott Notch Road Farmington, CT 06032 (860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com Building Energy Needs Building Energy Needs and Supplying Energy and Supplying Energy to Dartmouth College to Dartmouth College David W. Madigan David W. Madigan January 21, 2010 January 21, 2010 VANZELM E N G I N E E R S
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Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
Building Energy NeedsBuilding Energy Needsand Supplying Energyand Supplying Energyto Dartmouth Collegeto Dartmouth College
David W. MadiganDavid W. MadiganJanuary 21, 2010January 21, 2010
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy use in Buildings• Air Systems
• Heat recovery• Underfloor air distribution (UFAD)• Dedicated outside air systems (DOAS)• Displacement ventilation• VAV kitchen hoods
Consider for:• Open Offices• Enclosed Offices• Classrooms• Tiered Lecture Halls
Don’t consider for:• Laboratory Spaces• Residential Units
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic Heating / Cooling SystemsHeating / Cooling Systems
Benefits over Air Based Systems:
• Lower transport energy requirements• Greatly reduced space requirements• High degree of flexibility• Improved environmental control• Excellent acoustical performance• Applicable to essentially all occupancies• Can be lower in cost
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic vs. Air Based Energy Transportvs. Air Based Energy Transport
To transport 100,000 Btu / hr:
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
30”
16”
Supply Return
Air Based Hydronic Based
1 ½”
CHWS CHWR
Fan Horsepower: 4.2 hp
Annual Electric Cost $2711
Pump Horsepower: 0.3 hp
Annual Electric Cost $193
16”
30”
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic Heating/Cooling SystemsHeating/Cooling Systems
Application Issues:
• Typically combined with DOAS• Condensing verses non-condensing terminals• Lack of airside economizer• Chilled water temperature optimization• Condensation control• Integrated vs. separate heating/cooling terminals• Two pipe versus four pipe distribution
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling TerminalsConcept:
• Once you have delivered Dry ventilation air to meet code Outdoor Air requirements ------ Remaining load is all Sensible• Solar Gains• Internal Gains
• Therefore, you do not need to condense water vapor from the air (Latent load) and can use local sensible only (non-condensing) hydronic cooling terminals.
• The cooling system then looks just like the simplest of heating systems, H&V AHU with perimeter radiation
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling TerminalsApplication:
• Must be combined with a DOAS system
• Control solar, envelope and internal loads
• Select most effective and appropriate cooling terminal
• Consider implications of operable windows
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling Terminals
Radiant (Cooling) Ceiling Panels:
• Output is based on surface area of panels• May need to cover a significant % of ceiling (or walls)
with panels to meet loads (40-60%)• Best applied where there are modest solar and internal
loads• Private offices• Interior open spaces
• Same panel can also be used for heating• Highest level of occupant comfort
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Radiant PanelsRadiant Panels
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling TerminalsActive Chilled Beams:
• Convection is aided by supply air which induces greater flow across chilled beam coil
• Active Beams can be exposed (pendant), surface, or flush to ceiling mounted.
• Higher output than passive chilled beams are possible• Low or no capacity without supply air• Can also be used effectively for heating (while air
system operating)• Can have noise or draft issues if mis-applied
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solar Thermal
• Solar Electric
• Daylighting
• Wind
• Biomass
• Hydro
Renewable Energy OptionsRenewable Energy Options
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Low-Impact Hydro
Photovoltaics
BiomassWind
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Conservation preferable over renewable energy• Usually better economics• Even renewable energy has environmental consequences• Conservation measures result in reduction of usage and peak
loads• Conservation and renewable energy complement one
another• Renewable energy capital intensive• Conservation reduces capital investment by limiting peak
loads• Implement renewable energy systems after making
maximum use of conservation options
Conservation vs. GenerationConservation vs. Generation
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solar energy is the basis for essentially all renewable energy sources
• Solar energy incident on earth annually:• 160 times the world’s proven resources of fossil fuels• 15,000 times the world’s annual use of energy
• Solar can be utilized directly or indirectly
Solar EnergySolar Energy
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Active Solar Heating
• Passive Solar Heating
• Solar Thermal Engines
• Daylighting
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Highly effective in residential buildings, educational and small commercial buildings
• Limited applications in “traditional” large scale buildings• Can be effective as part of an integrated design process • Coordinate with daylighting design• Performance improved with massive construction• Commercial applications to consider
• Solar heated entry vestibules• Solar induced natural ventilation• Double wall facades
• Optimized passive solar features can produce excellent economics
Passive Solar DesignPassive Solar Design
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Dark surface with high absorptance gathers full spectrum of solar radiation
• Heat is drawn away by working fluid – usually glycol / water
• Glass and/or selective surface used to minimize Conduction and re-radiation losses
• Efficiency dependant on collector design working temperature and ambient temperature– Lower Fluid Temperature = Higher Efficiency
– Lower Ambient Temperature = Lower Efficiency
Solar Thermal CollectorsSolar Thermal Collectors
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Collector TypesCollector Types
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Domestic Hot Water Heating
• Pool Heating
• Space Heating
• Make-up Air Preheat
• Thermal Based Cooling
Active Solar Thermal SystemsActive Solar Thermal Systems
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Low temperature operation allows high collector efficiency, yearround loads
• Storage requirements dependent on use profile• Back-up heating required – inexpensive• Good application for dormitories,
Solar Thermal / PV ComparisonSolar Thermal / PV Comparison
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solar Resource Used to Offset Highest Cost Electricity• Technology Well Developed• Allows Reduced Cooling Loads Also• Can Help to Downsize HVAC Systems• Glazing Optimization by Exposure• Need to Control Excess Solar Heat Gain• Best Implemented as Part of an
Integrated Design Process• Can Be Highly Cost Effective• Improves Indoor Environment
OverviewOverview
DaylightingDaylighting
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Window and Shading Devices• Skylights and Clerestories• Atria and Reflectors• Light Tubes• Focusing Fiber Optic Technology• Daylight Dimming Systems
DaylightingDaylighting TechnologiesTechnologies
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
DaylightingDaylighting TechnologiesTechnologies
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy from plant matter or other biological material
• Generation of electricity and/or thermal energy
• May be utilized directly….• Feedstock combustion
• …or Indirectly• Gasification• Distillation
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Application is very facility specific
• Most feasible with on-site or nearby fuel source• Landfills• Livestock and agricultural facilities• Sawmills• Mountain locations near forest thinning
• Economics can be very favorable – Fuel is inexpensive compared to fossil fuels
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Liquid Biofuels / Biodiesel / Yellow Grease• Liquid fuel made from agricultural crops or wastes• Fuel source for vehicles or stationary applications• Potential use in place of diesel for backup generators,
cogeneration• Need to confirm compatibility with equipment
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Biomass is renewable energy…
• Biomass is largely carbon neutral……if sustainably harvested & utilized
• Is it “Clean Energy”? particulates, combustion, emissions of NOX
• Cleaner then fossil fuels, not as clean as solar or wind.
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy in wind captured with a turbine
• Wind speed is criticalbecause power increases with the cube of the wind speed
• Efficiency typically increases with turbine size and tower height
Wind PowerWind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• On-Site generation is possible
• Small turbines available for commercial applications, down to less than 1 kW
• Technology is available and proven
Wind PowerWind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Application is very location specific• Ideal site is open without surrounding
buildings to block wind• Varying wind resources by location• At a good site, the financial performance can
be much better than PV• However, Limited Application in campus environment
• Location and site specific• Aesthetic issues – more conspicuous than PV
• Consider off-campus development
Wind Power Wind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Wind PowerWind Power
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Resources:• Wind Maps Available from National Renewable Energy
Lab: www.nrel.gov
• Information on Small-Scale Wind Systems from American Wind Energy Association: www.awea.org
• OEMC has Anemometer Loan Program to Measure Resource at a Site: www.state.co.us/oemc
Wind PowerWind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Fuel Cell Technology is not new (1950s)
• Conversion of source fuel to electricity through chemical process rather than mechanical
• No traditional combustion used – no typical products of combustion
• Source Fuel – almost anything with hydrogen
• Fuel “reforming” is required unless pure hydrogen is available
GeneralGeneral
Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Most common fuel – Natural Gas(CH4 – Methane Based Fuels)
• High conversion efficiencies possible (like diesels)
• Emissions– CO2 (Fuel Reforming)– Fuel impurities– H2O
• Waste heat available for use
GeneralGeneral
Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy not truly “Renewable” if fueled on natural gas.
• Some states allow renewable energy incentive for fuel cells using any fuel.
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)
• Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC)
• Molten Carbonate (MCFC)
• Solid Oxide (SOFC)
Technology OverviewTechnology Overview
Fuel CellsFuel Cells
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• High First Cost at Present• $4000 - $6000 / kW
• With Mass Production, Prices Could Drop Substantially• $1000 - $2000 / kW or Less
• Clean / Uninterruptible Power Applications can Improve Economics
• Cogeneration Improves Economics
• Bio-Derived Fuels can be Expensive
• Depends on Hydrogen – the ideal fuel if only we had some and it weren’t so hart to store
Fuel Cell EconomicsFuel Cell Economics
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Lab buildings are the energy hogs on campus
• Conventional Lab buildings are 5x as energy intensive as office buildings
Why Build a Green Lab Building?Why Build a Green Lab Building?
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Choosing WiselyChoosing Wisely
1. High performance envelope
2. Dedicated outside air system
3. Hydronic heating / cooling
4. Sensible only cooling terminals
5. Controlled lighting / daylighting
6. Heat recovery VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Six enabling technologies
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Enabling Technology #1:Enabling Technology #1:
• Wall Insulation• Roof Insulation• Continuous Air / Vapor barrier • Window Thermal Performance• Solar Control• Optimized Glazing Characteristics by Exposure• Daylighting
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
High performance envelope
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Use of continuous Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) insulation
• Retains thermal energy by avoiding thermal breaks
• Serves as a vapor barrier
Enabling Technology #1:Enabling Technology #1:
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
High performance envelope
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Enabling Technology #1:Enabling Technology #1:
Dartmouth CollegePeak Heating Annual Heating
BTU/H MMBTU/YRWall R=15 129,000 2,999 Windows R=3 622,702 14,476 Roof R=20 41,037 954 Infil. 0.15 ACH 281,689 6,548
Total 1,074,428 24,977
Wall R=20 98,001 2,278 Windows R=5 377,395 8,773 Roof R=30 27,084 630 Infil. 0.1 ACH 209,563 4,872
Total 712,043 16,553
Wall R=25 79,328 1,844 Windows R=7 264,177 6,141 Roof R=35 22,981 534 Infil. 0.05 ACH 137,437 3,195
Total 503,923 11,715
Min. Code
High Efficiency
Very High Efficiency
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
High performance envelope
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Enabling Technology #5:Enabling Technology #5:
•• Optimization Process:Optimization Process:
• Fenestration size & dimensions• Shading type & configuration• Glazing performance• Total energy analysis
for each exposure• Lighting energy• Heating energy• Cooling energy VANZELM
E N G I N E E R S
Controlled lighting / daylighting
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Displacement ventilation for auditorium and classrooms• Aircuity air monitoring for active reset of space air change rates• High efficiency high temperature chiller and waterside
economizer• High temperature chilled water cooling / preheat during cold
weather
Additional Sustainable Design FeaturesAdditional Sustainable Design Features
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Additional Sustainable Design FeaturesAdditional Sustainable Design Features
• Low pressure drop ductwork distribution systems
• Bypass dampers and all coils
• Mixed mode ventilation for gallery area
• Refrigeration heat recovery for domestic water preheat
• Storm water recycling system
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Metrics to Modeling ComparisonMetrics to Modeling Comparison