Building Construction Project 1

WONG TENG CHUNLIM CHOON WAH ALEXANDER CHUNG SIANG YEE LING YUAN MING JILLIAN GOH JOON JINJULIA SHEN JAYAEVELYN SINUGROHOMASOUD RAMEDANI

031853803112651003A7854103187580901G6989503177740318217

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Golden HillsSituated at Cameron Highlands, Golden Hills is an English-inspired commercial and residential project by LBS BinaGroup Berhad. The site is strategically located in between two well-developed centres, Tanah Rata and Brinchang. Designed with nature and modernity in harmony, Golden Hills is destined to be the centre of commercial attraction in Cameron Highlands. The expected date of completion is April 2016.

The location is approximately 5,000 feet above sea level with the road distance estimated of:205km from Kuala Lumpur111km from Ipoh238km from Penang and 543km from Johor Bahru

The following sites were involved in this project analysis as they are currently under development.Barrington Homes: 50 unitsBarrington Square: 381 unitsSomerSquare: 412 units

Location Plan

Location PlanPic 2 : Master Plan for Golden Hills

Pic 1: Completed 3-Storey Semi Detached Home

IntroductIon

byJiilian Goh Joon Jin

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SITE AND SAFETY

3. EXTERNAL WORK

4. FOUNDATION

5. SUPER STRUCTURE 1 . FLOORING SYSTEM II . FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, SCAFFOLDING III . WALL IV .STAIRCASE

6. DOOR AND WINDOWS

7. ROOF

8. SUMMARY

9. REFERENCE

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2 - 9

10 - 19

20 - 24

25 - 30 31 - 4041 - 49

50 - 55

56 - 60

61 - 73

74

75

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Site and Safety

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Site and SafetySAFETY EQUIPMENT & SIGNBOARD

By Wong Teng Chun

The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in building operation and work of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139), and all the regulations made there under.

Safety EquipmentEveryone that entering the construction site are required to wear safety equipment to reduce the risk of getting injuries.

Safety helmets made of thermoplastics, help to protect people's head from falling object from the top. The safety helmet might not be able to fully protect a person's head but it does reduce the injury on that individual. Safety helmets come in different colours to indicate the roles of individuals that accessing the site. Yellow and blue are commonly worn by workers of the site, white by architects, engineers or visitors and red is by safety agent.

Project signboard shows all information that is involved in the project which includes address of the site, name of the developer's company, architect's company, engineer's company, contractor's company, date approved, beginning and end of construction date and the funders of the project.

SignboardSignboards are placed all the place around the construction site to provide the information and reminder to people around.

Safety signboard is placed at the entrance of the site to remind of the authorised visitors and workers to wear safety equipment before entering and to be caution of the activities inside as it could heavily injure or kills a person.

Safety helmet

Safety boot

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Site and SafetyCONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE

AND WAREHOUSE

By Wong Teng Chun

Construction Site OfficeA construction site office keeps all the documents and information about every construction methods, specification of materials used and work progress. Every visitor to the site have to report to the constrcution site office to get permission to enter the site.

Warehouse

All the equipment and materials are kept in a warehouse that can be found around the construction site and tend to be tidy and organised. Besides that, forklift can be found there which is used to transport heavy materials.

Materials can be transport easily by hanging it on the hoist that can be found on the ceiling of the warehouse.

The materials and equipments are sort out by category on the shelft for easier searching when it is in need to use.

Samples in the site office

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Site and Safety HOARDING , COVERING,

WHEEL WASHING & SCAFFOLDINGBy Wong Teng Chun

Hoarding

Temporary fencing or hoarding around the construction site not only to keep out unauthorised people but also ensure the safety of general public and people who pass by the site area.

Trucks or any vehicles that are going out of the construction site are required to undergo washing to ensure the public road to be clean and not polluted by the dirt and dust from the construction site. There is a place where it’s lowered ground for vehicles to wash itself and this system is called drive-through system. The vehicles are drive forward and backward repeatedly washing the wheels until clean before moving to the public road.

Wheel Washing

Covering

Any unused materials that are placed on the site are being covered to prevent rainwater and direct sunlight from reaching it which could damage and distrub the materials’ properties.

ScaffoldingScaffolding provides a temporary barrier that prevent workers from falling off accidentally. It also act as temporary supporting for the materials and rubbish chute for easier way to dispose rubbish and as well as walk way.

Another system for wheel washing is roller where the wheels vehicles are moved on the roller and turn around as like the vehicles is driving while the water are spray on the tire until it is clean.

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PlantS and MachineryBACKHOE-LOADER, FORKLIFT & TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES

By Wong Teng Chun

Used in digging shallow excavations and trenches, general grad-ing, lifting loads, loading and carry light building materials around the site. The backhoe bucket can be replaced with others such as breaker, grapple, auger or stump grinder

Backhoe-loader

Forklift

Forklift is used to lift and transport building materials around the site. It is found near warehouse. It is said to be dangerous and to be handle carefully as the lifting of the materials increases the height of centre of gravity together with the speed when transporting causing it to be unstable.Also called mobile crane, is used in lifting and transporting materi-

als around the site by hanging it on the hook. It can lift loads up to 5 storey height. It’s function can be changed by changing the hook into another equipment such as demolition ball, clamshell bucket or dragline.

Telescoping-boom Truck Mounted Mobile Cranes

backhoestick cab

Stabilizer legsbucket

tractor

loader

Mast assemblyGauges

Hydraulic Hose

Hose Keepers

Tilt Cylinder

Fork

Driving Wheels

SteeringWheels

Overhead Guard

Operator cab

hook

boom

main boom tip (head)

main hoist

truck cab

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PlantS and MachineryTRUCK, CONCRETE MIXER TRANSPORT TRUCK, CEMENT MIXER & EXCAVATOR

By Wong Teng Chun

TruckA big transportation vehicles that used to transport huge amount of excavated materials over a long distance.

Concrete mixer transport Truck

A transportation vehicles that transport readily mixed concrete in a large quantities to the construction site. During the transportation, the drum of the truck rotates continuously to prevent the cement from hardening and maintaining in liquid form with a spiral blade build inside the drum. When the truck pouring the cement, the drum rotates in opposite directions to force the cement flows out from the drum.

Cement MixerA device used to mix the cement, aggregate and water to form concrete. The cement mixer is portable and can be found at the site as it helps for the workers to apply the concrete before it hardens.

Excavator is a vehicles that used in digging trenches and holes, handling materials and demolition.

side cutter

bucket

bucket cylinder

arm

boomarm cylinderboom cylinder

cabmuffler counterweight

drum

Excavator

Hydraulic Pile Driver

It is a device that is used to drive piles into the ground to provide foundation

support for the buildings. The weight is raised by hydraulics

to the highest point and then released and smashes on the pile to drive into the ground.

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PlantS and MachineryTRACTOR, BULLDOZER & ROAD ROLLERS

By Wong Teng ChunTractorTractor’s main task in building site is to push or drag. It can be equipped with dozer blades, buckets, hoes and rippers.

Bulldozer

This vehicle is equipped with a substantial metal plate at the front and is used to push a large quantities of soil, sand or rock during construction. Bulldozer also equipped with continuous track instead of tires which allows the vehicles to go through uneven ground easily.

Road RollersRoad roller also sometimes called a roller compactor or roller. The function of this vehicle is to compact the ground with its large and heavy metal tires at the front of the vehicle. It is very useful as it reduces the time of the construction and the labour costs for land flattening. Roller also can be used in landfills, road construction and agriculture.

pushing beam

hydraulic cylinder

blade

roller drum

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PlantS and MachineryPOWER TROVEL, BAR BENDING MACHINE,

WATER PUMP & AIR COMPRESSORBy Wong Teng Chun

Power TrovelPower trowel is a device used to apply a smooth and flat finish to concrete slabs. It consists of fan type abrasive blades moving on the surface of the concrete slabs with moving motors. There are two type of power trowel; ride-on power trowel and walk-behind power trowel.

Water Pump

A machine used to bend rebar according to specifications. It is portable and can be found and move around at the site.

Bar Bending Machine

Air CompressorThis devices convert power into kinetics energy by compressing and pressuring air and release it in a quick burst. Air compressor is used filling tires and supply a moderate amount of air pressure for tools and equipment such as jackhammers.

Water pump is used to suck out the water in the construction site,

preventing in flooding and channel it outside the site. The flow of

water pump can be reversed by turning the fan of the motor in

opposite direction.

Ride-on power trowel Walk-behind power trowel

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

EXTERNAL WORKS

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

EARTHWORK AND SETTLING OUT

EARTHWORK

SETTLING OUT

Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the earth’s surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.

Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the ground to indicate the trench and wall positions.

Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built “square”. If the diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.

Steps in Settling out :1. Identify the minimum sizes for foundation2. Setting out corner profiles3. Marking out foundation and wall thickness4. Marking out on the ground from the profiles5. Excavation of foundation6. Setting out levels for the height of the concrete7. Pouring concrete for the strip foundation8. Compacting and levelling out concrete

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

SITE LAYOUT

SITE OFFICE

Located on an empty land that will future developed not far from the main road.

Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data, documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.

3 storey semi-detached townhouse

Double storey townhouse

Bungalow Lots Shop Apartment

Shop Apartment

Water Detention and Lake Promenade

Site Office and Labour relation

Commercial/Villa/Hotel

Water Treatment Plant

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan MingTOILET

LABOUR RELATION

SITE LAYOUT

Of the many reasons, containers are used as they are economical, durable, flexible and easy to install. In Cameron Highlands, the containers are arranged in a U-shape forming the site office and is covered by zincalume roof supported by the usual wooden beams.

There are a few temporary toilet around the site. They are constructed just using plywood and also zincalume sheet for a shelter roof. The function of a temporary toilet and any toilets does not differ, only that the latter will be demolished when the construction is done.

Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.

SITE OFFICE

*Red box indicating the roof

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

SEWERAGE / WATER TREATMENT

Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.

From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds.

Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.

Note that manhole covers are circular, aren’t square or rectangle so that the cover will not have the chance to fall into the main.

The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient. Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic materials.

The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.

PROCESS

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

WATER RETICULATION Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.

There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.

This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.

A larger permanent water tank is built on top of a hill situated more to the front. The purpose of this is to replace the permanent water tank and also supply for the entire residential are in the future, not only for this particular developer.

PERMANENT WATER TANKTEMPORARY WATER TANK

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

This station is available beside both the temporary and also the permanent water tank. There are two types of pump, to suck and to push. The suck type will draw more water from the main pipe to the tank whereas the push type will take water from the tank and deliver it outward. The one in Cameron Highlands belongs to the pushing. Booster pumps are used here so that the water supply can reach over a long distance and still maintaining the water pressure.

The image shows a pressuring reducing valve. This valve will control the water pressure of the water released to prevent high pressure from damaging the certain utilities that cannot handle.

WATER PUMP STATION

WATER RETICULATION

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

Also known as retarding basin or a detention pond, a detention basin is an excavated area which is connected to rivers or streams. The purpose of detention pond is to protect against flooding or downstream erosion by storing rainwater for a period of time. It also controls some pollutants such as suspended soils.

A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.

The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled gabions tied together with wire. Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the slop and not arranged vertically.

This arrangement made it strong to perform its function which is to stabilize places like shorelines, stream banks and slopes against corrosion. The strength of the Gabion wall depends on the wire used, no the content. A more commonly used wire is galvanized steel wire but other types such as PVC coated and stainless steel are used too.

WALL STRUCTURE

EXTENDED DETENTION DRY BASIN

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

STREETLIGHTS Streetlights belongs to one of the final installments in a construction work, therefore they’re not erected yet in the construction but some are available on the road outside, linking the main road and the construction site.

Streetlights are also known as lamp posts and street lamps. They are the sources of light which are raised from the edge of the ground or also between two opposite direction lanes. Their function is to proide light and shine giving a clear vision for road users in bad weather or nighttime.

There are a few sources that powers the lights, namely electricity, solar or wind. The electricity powered lights can be further broken down into underground wiring and also the more commonly used, wiring from one to another.

In Cameron Highlands, the streetlight belongs to underground wiring to maintain the aesthetic view.

Wiring from one to another Underground wiring

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ExtErnal Work

By Ling yuan Ming

RETAINING WALL SYSTEMLeucaena seed are used to prevent soil erosion and protect hilly soil.

It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until it’s big enough to protect the hillside.In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.

Contruction of three storey semi detached

BeforeAfter

These seed are usually planted in horizontal bands which go horizontal with each bands four to 6 metres apart. Each band will then have 2 rows of seeds.

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Foundation.

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FoundationReinFoRce concRete Pileby Evelyn Sinugroho

ReinFoRce concRete Pile intRoduction

Piling Process

BeFoRe Piling installation duRing Piling installation aFteR Piling installation

Site Clearing and Locate PilesPiles shall be positioned as indicated on the approved pile loca-tion drawings. Pilings shall be located not more than twelve (12) inches from design location on the Pile Location Drawing, unless approved otherwise by the contractor’s design Engineer. Remove any encountered obstructions, or add/relocate pile and adjacent piles as required by the pile layout designer.

Drive in PilesDrive each pile continuously until refusal. Avoid interruptions in the driving process that may cause soil freeze-up resulting in early refusal. In order to allow some time for clay soil to remold without significantly rebounding upward, at Refusal, maintain the hydraulic jack pressure for a minimum period of 5 minutes before removing the jack.

Pile CapsAfter completion of the driving process, temporarily cap and shim off the pile to prevent pile rebound. Install specified pile cap horizontally on top of the driven pile segment and install shims. After all piles are installed, adjust all pile caps and shims as required to correct any shims that may have been dislodged during the driving of adjacent piles toprovide full contact bearing at pile locations.

Precast Concrete Pile are commonly to be constructed in a casting yard and transported to the job site. They are either regularly reinforced or prestressed to resist handling and driving stresses. Precast concrete piles may be manufactured full length or in sections which can be spliced during installation. These piles are suitable as friction piles when driven in sand or clay, or as an end bearing piles when driven through soft materials to firm strata.

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FoundationReinFoRce concRete Pileby Evelyn Sinugroho

Precast concrete piles : commonly manufactured in square and ranging from about 250 mm to about 450 mm, with a maximum section length of up to about 20 m.

They are made of concrete, yams, threads, filaments or the like having a basis of a thermoplastic material

Pile Material and Production

CAPACITY OF PILE

The maximum allowable structural working load (Safe Working Load) of the pile is calculated in accordance with BS 8004.

Rock Shoe

The piles are hammered in one by one until it reaches a certain depth or until it reaches the bed rock. Each pile has a length of the of 20 metres, if needed extension, another pile will be added on top of it. The excess length of the pile will be cut off, then a pile cap will be set on top of it.

Extension of pile driving

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FoundationReinFoRced concRete Pile

by Evelyn Sinugroho Pile Cap Detailings

Pile Cap Construction Process

1.Shuttering and ReinforcingPlacing the Re-bar inside the frame work before pouring in the cement. The materials used are long twisted steel bars between piles held in shape by thinner tie wires.

2. Setting up FrameworkOnce the steel mat is laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the wet concrete mixture.

3.Pouring in the ConcreteThe concrete contains an aggregate of small rocks and cement. Once poured, The concrete is stirred to remove any air pockets that might weaken the structure when set. The concrete undergoes an exothermic chemical change as it hardens and this produce a lot of heat.

Column

Expansion joint

Pile Cap

Pile

Floor Slab

Crushed Stones

Pile CapReinforce Bar N3

Reinforce Bar N2

Reinforce Bar N1

Pile

Mud Slab

N1N2/N3

Pile Cap Plan

Pile Cap Section

Pile Cap Elevation

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FoundationReinFoRced concRete Pile

by Evelyn Sinugroho Column Load

Spaced 2’-6” to 4’-0”

Load Bearing Wall

Reinforced Concrete Grade

Standing Pile Foundation

Piles depend on the bearing resistance of the rock or soil layer

beneath their feet for support

Pile Section

Steel Shoeor

Rock Shoe

Reinforce Steel BarConcrete

Pile Foundation Elevation

Thikness :3”

Thickness :6”Thickness may vary from

column load

Types of Pointed Pile Shoe

X-pointed shoe: Moderate to hard driving Fabricated Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driving

Cast-iron Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driv-ing

Olso Point: Hard Driving

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Flooring SyStem

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Flooring SyStem

by Masoud RaMedani Material & details

Floors are combination of materials in to a horizontal structure. It should supportboth the live load which are people and furnishing , and dead loads such as theweight of floor it self. The most important thing about floor system is to take theweight and the pressure and than transfer it to the walls or columns. Floors also areimportant for being sound resistance between the levels and being fire proof

BracesWelded Wires

Cement/Concrete

Rebar

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Flooring SyStem

by Masoud RaMedani

There are 3 different type of floor system , concrete , wood/timber & steel

Wood/Timber floor system

The wood or timber floor system , usually use in the framing , as an example for the roof and most of the time for top parts they use wood or timber ,Wood floor system is easier to use , and at the same time is it faster as well , can also connect them in a faster way with simple tools

Here are some examples to show the connection of the wood floor systems and Wood framing method.

Different floor systems

Carpet

Plywood

Filling

Felt

SteelBracket

Wood Beams

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Flooring SyStem

by Masoud RaMedani Construction MethodFirst of all they make a Foundation , after that building the platform framing.Joists, studs, rafters and plates are the members that are used to construct platform framing.After that the sand blinding and the minimum of 100mm concrete will be poured in to the platform.

Steel Floor System

Basically steel frame has some benefits over the others , that’s why now days they try to use steel frame work in their building as floor system method.Steel , is cheaper material and lighter as well , hence even these two reasons can be enough to use this type of method for the floor system to use. But this is not the end, Steel is a recycle material , which means they can use them more times than other materials and even when it was out of work they can sell it because it is a recycle material , which means it is more beneficial. Also steel can be tensioned that is very good to use with the concrete since the concrete has expansion in some cases.

Here are some examples of the Steel frame method

Rebar

Rebar

Reinforced Concrete

Stone Wood Beams

Steel Deck

Filler Beams

ConcreteSlab

Steel Column

Steel Bracket

Girder

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Flooring SyStem

by Masoud RaMedani

Concrete FloorsFor the concrete floor system method , thereare two types , either they mix the concreteat the site or they just bring the mixed andready concrete it and pour it , they mix thecement and sand and other mixtures , theypour into the platform that they madebefore in the site.After they made it clear and straight surface ,than the drying process will start. They alsohave to cover it , so the rain or dust won’taffect on the quality of the job.

Parallel Grooved Concrete Floor

Cement Flooring Cement floors will be used in some other special places as ground levels that they want to put other materials at the top of it as ceramics or tiles.In this type of flooring they pour some sand or stones first and after that they put cement on it and wait for the drying process and after that they finish it with putting some tiles or ceramics at the top.

-Non–Slip and highly wear resistant.-Applied on parking lot-Applied on ramp

-Applied on area which frequently exposed to water-More durable smooth concrete.

Concrete Floor5cm thickness of cement

Stone or Sand

Cement

Ceramic tiles

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Flooring SyStem

by Masoud RaMedani

Advantages & disadvantages of all three different methods of floor systems

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages

Concrete Wood/Timber Steel

• Abundance • Cheap• Familiar

construction technique

• Strength • Durability

• Low in tensile strength

• Need reinforcement• Loses the shape in

different temperature

• Fast• Light• Quickly

assembled• High fire

resistance rating

• Expensive• Only 3times can

be used• Heavy

• Lighter than timber

• Stronger• Easier to join• Recyclable

• Hard to find• Rare material• Expensive material

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Formwork, reinForcement, and ScaFFolding.

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Formwork, reinForcement, & ScaFFolding

SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee

The temporary structure required to support newly placed concrete, including the forms and all necessary supporting members, bracing, and hardware. Boarding or sheeting of wood, metal, plastic, or fiberglass for containing and giving a desired shape to newly placed concrete until it sets and gains sufficient strength to be self-supporting. Then it will be removed to be reuse in most cases.

Type of formwork.The formwork appication we've found on our site are woodform work and metal (aluminium) formwork. this is an application of system formwork

Aluminium formwork wall panel

• The formwork is specifically designed to allow rapid construction on all types of architectural layout.

• ToTal system forms the complete concrete structure.• Custom designed to suit project requirements.• Unsurpassed construction speed.• high quality finish.• cost effective.• panels can be reused up to 300 times.• erected using unskilled labour.• environmental friendlier than other systems.• higher cost compared to timber formwork.• require sepcial tools to assemble and dissemble

Supplier: MPE FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY SDN. BHD.

wood formwork wall panel

• easier to handle due to its light weight.• Custom designed to suit project requirements.• an aesthetically pleasing architectural effect can be achieved.• lower initial cost than steel formwork• higher availbility.• panels can be reused up to 3-5 times. with treatment such as paint and oil.• highly depending on the quility and treatment to the wood.• erected using unskilled labour • it requires no special tools..

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SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee FORM LINER, material for linning the inside face of a form special-ly selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to the concrete surface

RELEASE AGENT,ANY VARIOUS MATERIALS, SUCH AS OIL OR SILICONE, FOR PREVENTING THE BONDING OF CONCRETE TO A SURFACE. ALSO CALLED PARTING COMPOUND. IN OUR SITE, DIESEL OIL ARE APPLIED ONTO THE WOODFORM WORK.

BULKHEADA PARTITION CLOSING THE END OF A FOAM OR PREVENTING THE PASSAGE OF NEWLY PLACED CONCRETE AT A CONSTRUCTION JOINT.

WALERA HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS, AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EM-BANKMENT. ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER, RANGER, WALE.

YOKEA CLAMPING DEVICE FOR KEEPING COLUMN FORMS OR THE TOPS OF WALL FORMS FROM SPREADING UNDER THE FLUID PRESSURE OF NEWLY

BRACING

WOOD STUDS,

SPREADERA HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS, AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EM-BANKMENT. ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER, RANGER, WALE.

finishing effects

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SCAFFOLDING

by Alexander Chung Siang Yee BRACENAILED TO SOLDIER AND KICK-ER.

SHUTTER

SOLDIIERSNAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER

BATTENPLYWOOD FORMS CAN BE SMOOTH, OR BE SANDBLASTED OR WIREBRUSHED TO ACCEN-TUATE THE GRAIN PATTERN OF THE FACE PLY. PICTURE BELOW IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLI-CATION.

Formtieformtie are required to keep form spreading under the fluid pressure of newly places concrete. while various property fomrs are available, there are two basic type snap ties and she bolts, but only snap ties are used in this site.

Snap ties it has notches or crimps that allow their ends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping of the forms. either cones or washers are used to main-tain the correct wall thickness

Small, truncated cone of wood, steel, or plastic, attached to form tiesto space and spread wall forms, leave a neatly finished depression in the concrete sur-face to be filled or left expose

Formwork member:

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SCAFFOLDING


INSTALLATION:A WALL PANEL ARE SET VERTICALLY. THEN, A BOLT ARE INSERTED THROUGH AN OPENING TO A WALL TIE OR BRACE STIRRUP WHICH IS ALLIGN ON THE OTHER END; A STUD WILL SLOT INTO THE OPENING ON THE BOLT TO LOCK THE STUD PIN. THIS METHOD WILL REPEAT UNTIL THE WALL ARE SET INTO THE DESIRED SHAPE.

STUD PINIT IS INSERTED INTO THE BRACING BRACCING STIRRUP TO LINK WALL PANEL TOGETHER.

WALL TIE/BRACE STIR-RUPIT IS INSERTED INTO THE BRACING BRACCING STIRRUP TO LINK WALL PANEL TOGETHER.

STRIPPING TOOLDISMANTLING TOOL THAT REMOVE FORMWORK PANEL AFTER CONCRETE ALBE TO SELF-SUSTAIN.

OTHER APPLICATIONFORMWORK ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT SOME DIF-FERENT FORM FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES.IN THIS CASE, FORMWORK ARE APPLIED IN ORDER TO CONSTRUCT A PILE CAP.

Formwork member:

36


SCAFFOLDING


in a reinforced concrete, steel bars/rebars resist tensile forces and shear while concrete resists compression force. there are 2 types of rebar: plain or deformed. deformation improve the bond between steel and concrete.

DOWELSIT IS TIES TO A COLUMN TO SUPPORT BEAM AND SLAB. IT IS ALSO USED TO EXTEND OVERLAP VERTICAL BAR EXTEND DOWN INTO FOOTIG OR PILE CAP FAR ENOUGH TO DEVELOP ADEQUATE LENGTH FOR ANCHORAGE.

LATERAL TIESLATERAL REINFOREMENT RE-STRAINS THE VERTICAL REIN-FORCEMENT AND STRENGTHENS THE COLUMN AGAINST BUCK-LING. IMAGE BELOW SHOW THE APPLICATION.

MILD STEEL REBARIT HAS MANY APPLICATION INSIDE A CONSTRUCTION SIDE. IT IS OF-TEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING A COLUMN AND DEFORM INTO DESIRED SHAPE FOR OTHER US-AGE. THE FOLLOWING IMAGE ARE SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS.

BAR BENDING MACHINEIT IS USED TO BEND THE REBAR ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS.

FINAL PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN BEND INTO SPECIFICATION.

COLUMN

PILE CAP

37


SCAFFOLDING


BRC WIRE MESHIT IS OFTEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING FLOOR SYSTEM.

38


SCAFFOLDING


scaffolding is a temporary structure or platform for supporting workers and materials at a height above the floor or ground duriong the construction or repair of a building. also called staging. it also support construction activirties like concreting, formwork installation. besides, it is set to temporary structures such as rubbish chute, catch platform, walk way, safety net etc.

LGITH SCAFFOLDINGIT IS COMMONLY USED IN THIS SITE.PICTURE ON THE RIGHT SHOWS A SERIES OF SCAFFOLD ARE SUPPORTING WALKING BOARD FOR WORKERS TO WORK ABOVE GROUND LEVEL.

WORKERS ARE TRYING TO HOIST UP THE VERTICAL FRAME FROM GROUND LEVEL TO LEVEL ABOVE.

39


SCAFFOLDING


Scaffolding member:

JET BASEIT HAS ADJUSTABKE LEVELING FEATURE WHICH ALLOW THE WORKER TO ADJUST DESIRED HEIGHT. A PIN IS SET INTO THE HOLE OF INNER TUBE, THEN SLIDING THE SCREW POSITION TO CERTAIN LEVEL..

INNER TUBE

JOINT PINIT ALLOW VERTI-CAL FRAME EX-TEND ITS HEIGHT BY JOINING AN-OTHER FRAME ABOVE IT.

HEADIT HAS A CLAMP OR BRACE FOR STRENGTHENING OR HOLDING MET-AL BAR.

IN THIS CASE IT ACT AS A BASE TO ACCOMODATE THE SITUATION.

HEADIT HAS A CLAMP OR BRACE FOR STRENGTHEN-ING OR HOLD-ING METAL BAR TO EN-ABLE WALKING BOARD CAN LAY ON A EVEN SURFACE.

CROSS BRACETWO DIAGONAL SUPPORT PLACED IN A X SHAPED MANNER THAT CONNECT VER-TICAL FRAME TO EACH OTHER..

40

FALSEWORKTHE TEMPORARY FRAMWORK FOR SUPPORTING A STRUCTURE UNDER CONSTRUCTION THAT IS NOT YET CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING IT-SELF. IN THIS CASE, SCAFFOLDING ARE USED AS SUPPORTING MEMBER. THE SCAFFOLDING WILL BE REMOVE ONCE THE STRUCTURE HAS GAIN ENOUGH STREGHT TO SELF-SUPPORT.

41

Wall SyStem.

42

Super StructureWALL SYSTEM


Wall are the vertical construction of a building that enclose seperate, and protect its interior spaces. some wall are constructed as loadbear-ing structure with combination or fusion of construction that are intend to support loads from slabs to roofs; and some use as partition wall to distin-guish one space with other.

Function of walls:1. To support vertical load2. Exteriior wall, able to withstand hori-

zontal wind loading.3. Serve as shear walls and transfer

lateral win and seismic forces to the ground foundation..

Types of wall (at site):1. concrete wall2. mansory wall.3. retaining wall.

concrete wall mansory wall

retaining wall

43


by Alexander Chung Siang YeeConstruction of Concrete Wall:

BEAM,

OVERHAND CENTILEVER,

SLAB.

1st stepPrepare timber formwork.

2nd stepNailed to side shutter

3rd stepErect formwork

4th stepConcrete mix is poured into formwork

5th stepFormwork is removed

6th stepCompleted reinforece concrete shear wall

44



1ST STEPPREPARE TIMBER FORMWORK.

2ND STEPNAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER

3RD STEPERECT FORMWORK

4TH STEPCONCRETE MIX IS POURED INTO FORMWORK

5TH STEPFORMWORK IS REMOVED

6TH STEPCOMPLETED REINFORECE CONCRETE SHEAR WALL

FOR ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SEE TUPIC FORMWORK, REINFORMENT, AND SCAFFOLDING.

CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF CONCRETE COLUMNS ARE SIMILAR TO CONCRETE WALL.

Construction of Concrete column:

45



Mansory wall consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression. In our site, clay brick are commonly use due to its thermal insulation property. Most of the wall (semi-detached house) are non-load bearing except wall that seperate the two house and related wall. There is a wall warranty that cover first 5 years only.

Clay brick.

Rowlock.

Running bond.commonly used for cavity and veneer walls, is composed of overlapping strechers.

Mansory at at top level.

46



in a reinforced concrete, steel bars/rebars resist tensile forces and shear while concrete resists compression force. there are 2 types of rebar: plain or deformed. deformation improve the bond between steel and concrete.

Chicken Wire mesh or Exmet

Reinforcement component that apply to reinforece concrete every 4 course brickwall.

Cement or Mortar

Dowel Bars

It is fixed to reinforce concrete wall about every 4 course brickwall.

Damp proof ConcreteEnsure the first layer of bricks placed within the damp proof membrane area.

47


by Alexander Chung Siang YeeTypical erection at selected site:

1st stagesubstrate must be clean, and free of surface contaminat. Remove dust, laitance, grease, oils, curing compound, form release agent and all foreign particles by mechanical means. create a floor slab before start laying claybrick.

2nd stageapply damp proof concrete whence, this site has been using Sika product as their building material.

3rd stageGauging method are carried out to ensure that the correct designation of mortar is achieved. In our selected site, cement, lime, sand, are used to construct reinforce concrete wall. This particular type of material, the working quality are guarantee, water retention, and adhesion.

4th stageStart laying brick on top of the slab and apply the mixture to adhensive the following claybrick in a running english order. A manson’s line act as a guide to set bricks in a straight row.

5th stageRemove the excessive mortar to prepare a clean surface for plastering work.

Sika apply inside toilet wall system to prevent water penetration from attacking the material.

48



Concrete beading Act a guide or plaster work to straighten the edges, act as a guide line and often use on arc. Corner beading

Act as a reinforce exterior angles of plasterwork. Flexible corner beads may be bent for curve edges. In this case the edge of this wall has used F-reveal at the corner.

In this photograph, a F-reveal also has been applied to the column for plasterwork.

Concrete beading also been use at a curve arc.

Use nylon threat act as a guide line to get straight the beading straight.

49



Brick Wall Extrude inward to create requried degree space of acoustical seperation, and accommodate when necessary the distribution and outlets of mechanical and electrical

This illustration shows a fire alarm box set into the hollow on brickwall afterward.

In this case, the wall has extrude inward to accomodate the electrical system of the building.

Substrate surface preparation shall provide a clean and sound surface with a finish profile of a CSP-1 to 4 as per ICRI Technical Guidlines.

Pre-soak to provide saturated surface dry (SSD) substrate condition before apply coating material.

Apply 2 coats of SikaTop Seal 107 with a stiff bristled brush, broom, notched trowel, or hopper type spray equipment.

Process of Plasterwork:

50

StaircaSe

51

TerminologyStep: The step is composed of the tread and riser.

Tread: The part of the stairway which is stepped on.

Riser: The vertical portion between each tread on the stair.

Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath.

Bullnose: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower floor may be wider than the other steps and rounded.

Stringer: The structural member that supports the treads and rises.

Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to change the direction of the stairs without landings.

Trim: Normally applied where walls meet floors and often underneath treads to hide the reveal where the tread and riser meet/

Handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side.

Guardrail: Required to protect the open glazed sides of stairways, ramps, porches, and unenclosed floor and roof openings.

Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a stopped handrail to a higher handrail on the balcony or landing.

Landing: A platform between flights of the stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs.

Stairs are important links in an overall circulation scheme of a building as it provide means for moving from one level to another. Whether interjecting a two-story volume or rising through a narrow shaft, a stairway takes up a significant space. The most important considerations in the design and placement of stairs are the safety and its ease of travel. To prevent overly complicated framing conditions at the later stages of construction, the landings of a stairway should be logically integrated with the structural system.

SuperStructure StairS

by Jiilian Goh Joon Jin

52

Types of Stair Plans

Straight-Run Stair- A straight-run stair extends from one level to another, absence of turns or winders- Building codes generally limit the vertical rise between landings to 12’ (3660).

Quarter-Turn Stair- A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair makes a right angled turn in the path of travel- The two flights connected by an intervening landing may be equal or unequal, depending on the desired proportion of the stairway opening

Half-Turn Stair- A half-turn stair turns 180̊̊ or through two right-angles at the intervening landing- A half-turn stair is more compact than a single straight-run stair- The two fights connected by the landing may be equal or unequal, depending on the desired proportion of the stairway opening.

Winding Stair- A winding stair is any stairway constructed with winders, as a circular or spiral stair.- Winders can be hazardous since they offer little foothold at their interior corners. Building codes generally restrict the use of winders to private stairs within individual dwelling units.

Pic 1 shows an example of half-turn stair at the construction site.Pic 2 shows a finished winding stair at the semi-detached house.

Pic 1Pic 2

53

In-Situ Reinforced Concrete Stairs (Construction method)

Formwork may vary for different types of reinforced stairs but the basic principles do still apply for all. Timber formwork is observed in the construction site. The solid wooden boards must be load bearing to support the weight of the concrete.

Several fixtures are used to join and fasten the riser boards to the lateral structure of the formwork. The reinforcement bars (joist) are installed in the formwork.

Simple reinforced concrete steps is based on the following requirements:- concrete mix of M15 (1:2:4) / 20mm aggregate- minimum “cover” to reinforcement 15mm or bar diameter or greater value for 1 hour fire resistance

54

Measurements

The rise height or rise of each step is measured from the top of the first tread to the next.

The tread depth of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser.

The going of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view.

The total run or total going of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last riser.

Total Run = (No. Risers - 1) x Unit Run

The total rise of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is spanning. If there are N steps, the total rise equals N times the rise of each step.

The slope or pitch of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth, due to the nosing).

Headroom is the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.

There are many types of materials use in stairs construction.

WoodThey have poor resistance to fire and only used for small residential buildings. They are light-weight and the timber used should be free from fungal decay or insect attack. The wood should be well treated before use.

In-Situ Reinforced Concrete (Pic 2))It is usually designed as an inclined, one way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. It acts as a simple beam if the stair is constructed after the floor beam or wall supports. If it is cast with the beam or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful analysis of load, span, and support conditions.

SteelPre-engineered and prefabricated steel stairs are available. They require regular maintenance in the form of painting to protect from corrosion. Mostly used for spiral stairs and made up of mild steel or cast iron.

In-situ reinforced Concrete

Pic 1

Pic 2

55

Standard Requirements:Stairway design is strictly regulated by the building code. The dimensions of the stairway are subjected to the requirements approved by the Department of Standards Malaysia.

Risers and Treads- Tread depth: 11” (280) minimum- Riser height: 4” (100) minimum; 7” (180) maximum- Uniform riser and tread dimensions are required to prevent slipping- More than 16 risers per flight are not encouraged- Open risers are not permitted

Stairway Width- The occupant load determines the required width of an exit stairway.- 44” (1120) minimum clear width; 36” (915) minimum for stairways serving an occupant load of 49 or less

Landings- Landings should be at least as wide as the stairway width and have minimal length of 44” (1120) measured in the direction of travel. Landings in dwelling units may have a minimum length of 36” (915).- When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width by more than 7” (180).

Handrails- Required on both sides of the stair. The building code allows exceptions for stairs in individual dwelling units, stairways less than 44” (1120) wide and stairs having less than four risers.- 34” to 38” (865 to 965) height above the leading edge of the stair treads or nosings.- Should be continuous without any obstruction- One handrail should extend at least 12” (305) plus one tread width beyond the bottom riser. The ends should return smoothly to a wall or walking surface, or continue to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.

Detailed Analysis- The stairs have full landing- Closed risers- Absence of skirting- Treads’ width meets the standard requirements.- Riser’s height meets the standard requirements.- Landings and stairs have equal width- Single handrail as permitted in dwelling units

If there is a door at the landing, the door should swing in the direction of egress and door swing must not reduce the landing to less than one half of its required width. - When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width by more than 7” (180).

56

Door anD WinDoW

57

Door anD WinDoWDOOR

by Julia Shenjaya

Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces which is provide access from outside to inside. There are variety types and style of doors that followed by different function. For the installation, there will be some criteria that need to be considered, size, strength and durability, apperance, weather proofing, material, finishing and head of opening.

1. Rough: The opening of the wall to fiting the door-frame. 2. Head: The uppermost member of door frame. 3. Jambs: Preventing the ingress of moisture from outer leaf to inner leaf. 4. Stop: Projecting part of the door frame against which a door closes. 5. Casing: The trim that finishes the joint between the doorframe and its rough opening. 6. Threshold: The silll of the doorway to prevent weather issues at an exterior door. 7. Door hardware: Adequate lock for security, which include the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets and closers.

General doors operation Type of door frame on siteDoor

1. The aluminium door frames standard gauge is 14, 16 and 18. This door frame profiles vary with manufacturer and also it reinforced to receive hinges, strike and closer.

2. The wood door frame visually appealing, because of the natural appearane and provide excellent insulation.

Type of door operation and dimension on site

1. Panel door

- For the main open-ing door. - Wood rail and stile doors which consist of a frame of vertical stiles and horizontal rails that hold solid wood. - The tiles and rails are vendered hard-wood.

2. Sliding door

- For the door that face to the garden. - The function of the door, to have an intetaction from inside to outside. - Material for sliding door is steel frames and normal tinted green glass.

58

Door anD WinDoWDOOR

by Julia Shenjaya Door ConCtruCtion MethoD

1. Before hand, the contractor need to measure the distance between one door to another door. Stand the aluminium door frame and use tim-ber to support the doorway before the wall was built.

A wood was nailed between two door frames to stabilize it.

Due to the flat surface on the floor, to hold the wood from slip-ping, the rocks and bricks were used for it.

2. Next step is installing the wall by stacking bricks and there will be a door cramps between one level of brick stacking that used to tie the internal and external wall to door leaf. On the top of doorframe also have a lintel to support the weight of the bricks on top of the doorframe. The lintel that used in the site construction is concrete lintel.

Door cramps or Door frame tie

Lintel

3. Installing the door leaf to the door frame. Make sure the the opening of the door frame was enough for jamb to slip over. The standard size of the doors opening are 24-36”. For sliding door, make sure to install the bottom track.

4. Nail the Jamb to the door frame at the leg first, next go to the header of the door frame. For sliding door, need to level it and install it by using the punch holes and brush gasket.Make sure the jamb was attached to the door frame. installing the hinge on the jamb. The hinge was avaiable in steel, brass nylon and aluminium.

The hinge that used on site construction

5. Install the lockset and another door hardware such as lockset to the door leaf and door frame.

The lockset

The other door Lever on the site

Door strike

The Finishing door

59

Door anD WinDoWWINDOW

by Julia Shenjaya WindoW is the other opening after a door. WindoWs need to be aesthetically acceptable by the design of the building and environment. installation of WindoWs need to folloW the minimum requirement, to ensure the function. WindoWs are designed With such requirement to resist Wind loading,providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing and the vision contact from inside to outside.

1. Head is the uppermost member of door frame 2. Jamb: either two side members of door frame 3. Exterior casing: Not always used. 4. Rough opening : Space require at he top, sides,and bottom for levelling window unit. 5. Casing trim: Finishing trim work around window opening. 6. Sash: movable framework which panes of glass are set. 7. Glazing: sheet of glass set in the sashes of window and offer little resistance to heat flow. 8. Sills: collect the rainwater which has run down the face of the window and shed it clear of the wall bel-low.

General windows operation Type of window frame on siteWindow

1. Aluminium window frame relatively low in cost, light weight, and resistance to cor-rosion, water pressure, and air infiltration. Can be using in large scale.

Type of door operation and dimensionon on site

1. Fixed Window

- For the exterior window.- Fixed cannot be open or adjust- 0% ventilating

2. Casement window

-For bedroom the win-dows which faced to the garden.- Can be adjust. -100% ventilating- Material for sliding door is steel frames and normal tinted green glass.

60

Door anD WinDoWWINDOW

by Julia Shenjaya

WindoW conctruction method

A concrete lintel

A timber

1.Stacking the brick to form half wall and putting the frame on it. Lintel was used to hold the pressure of brick above, so it is not colapse while install the window frame on it or after finish installing whole window. The lintel that used in the site construction is concrete lintel. Timber at middle were used to supporting the windows frame and make sure it is stable.

2. .Install the aluminium sub-frame by using Anchor bolt heads and joints to the external wall. Seal the flashing tape or sealant to make it attach to the wall and also to prevent the water to go inside when it is raining. The alluminium was wrapped by the vinyl.

Aluminium wrap by Vinyl

3. Do the checking of the sub frame before combin-ing the sub frame to the window frame. After that do the plastering on the wall. The sub frame can be cleaned of any dust and debris.

5. The material for the windows is green tinted glass which can break into sharp pieces, and using the double glazing method.

4. Install the window to sub-frame.

The finishing casement window.

61

Roof

62

RoofLAYOUT PLAN

by Lim Choon Wah

Gable Roof – Triple Howe Truss


R.C. Slab

VoidShed Roof - Sloping Flat Truss

Shed Roof – Half Truss Mono


LAYOUT PLAN

63

RoofTYPE OF ROOF FRAMES & TRUSS

by Lim choon wah Type Of Roof Frames

Gable Roof Mono Pitch Roof Shed Roof

Type Of Truss

Triple Howe Half Truss Mono Sloping Flat

Straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a peak or triangle on the side or front facade. The inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.

Single roof face falling away from the main building. The inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.

A mono truss has only one slope as opposed two (half of a common truss).

A Sloping Flat Truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling. It may be top or bottom chord bearing. This truss has parallel chords, both of which slope at the same angle, with a vertical post at each end..

A Howe Trusses are meant to span up to 36 feet and a Double Howe is rated for as much as 60 feet. The longest Howe Truss design is the Triple Howe, and it is designed for spans ranging from 54 feet to 80 feet in length.

A gabled roof with a single roof falling down from the main building same as mono- pitched roof. The inclination can't exceeding 10 degrees.

64

RoofMETAL ROOF DECKING & INSULATION

by Lim choon wahMetal Roof Decking

Metal Deck

Aluminum Foil

Rock Wool

Chicken Wire Mesh

Steel Rafter

Aluminum Foil Rock Wool

If the deck spans are greater than 5', it's required to side-lap fastening at mid span or every 3" but if lesser than 5' is not required.

Chicken Wire Mesh How Insulation Works

Reflecting sun and heat to protect dwelling from damaging ray and weathering.

To support the roof system which good strength, Rigid , Durable,Light Weight, easy workability, and corrosion protection .

Installed to improve thermal and acoustic performance of roofs.

Use in roofs and wall applications for barn Conversions and for the internal insulation.

Lay down on steel rafter to hold the rock wool with high tensile strength and corrosion resistance.

Insulated Uninsulated

Sisalation

Made by multi layer radiant barrier of low emissivity and It will stop as much as 97% of radiant heat transfer.

Aluminum FoilPE (Polyethylene)Kraft PaperReinforcing Glass FibreAluminum Foil

Made from stone wool which are fire resistance, excellent acoustics and thermal control, durable in lifetime , sustainable materials and reduce waste.

Shape of hexagonal wire netting is durability, easy to use, corrosion & rust resistance and longer service life.

Sisalation sustains a constant and comfortable temperature in a building by preventing heat transfer between indoor and outdoor climates.

65

RoofINSTALLATION PROCESS

by Lim Choon wah Installation Process

Pitched RoofFlat Roof

2) The purlins are installed one by one on the steel rafter which has a 5 degree pitch.

4) The chicken wire mesh then placed on the metal decks for hold the aluminum foil.

6) Putting another layer of fiber glass wool on the aluminum foil for sound and heat insulation.

3) The metal decks are putting onto the purlins and supported by the purlins.

5) The aluminum foil then Installed on the chicken wire mesh to reflect the heat from the sunlight.

7) Than add another metal for leaving space for drainage between the decks and theedges.

2) Install the purlins above the above chord to strength the truss system.

4) Than lay the rock wool above the chicken wire mesh for sound and heat insulation.

.

6) Final put the metal decks above the aluminum foils with bolts.

1)Putting the steel trusses on the reinforced concrete wall with bolts and steel brackets.

3) After that, put the chicken wire mesh above the purlins to hold the rock wool.

5) Insert another layer of aluminum foil to reflect the heat.

1) Installing the steel rafter on the reinforced concrete wall.

66

RoofROOF TERMINOLOGY

by lim choon wah Roof Terminology

Common Rafter

PipeVentilate pipe for exhaust the gases.

Hip RafterAn exterior angle formed by the junction of two slopes.

Jack Rafter

EavesThe lowest point of a roof where water drains into the gutter..

Valley RafterInternal junction between two roof slopes. Ridge

Intersection at the top of two slopes in a pitched roof.

VergeThe edge of a roof. Fascia & Soffits

Fascia hangs down below the bottom line of roof tiles. Soffit is the horizontal surface that fit the gap between the bottom of the fascia and the wall for ventilation.

GableThe part of a wall that encloses the end of a pitched roof.

Common Rafter

Jack Rafter

Valley Rafter

Ridge

Fascia

Gable

Soffits

67

RoofTRUSS TERMINOLOGY

by lim choon wah

Top ChordThe steel rafter which runs to the top of the truss.

Collar TiesBind with the rafter together to resist uplift when strong winds.

Brandering

WebsIs a short aluminium which runs from the bottom chord to the top chord.

Bottom ChordThe large horizontal member of steel at the bottom of the truss.

OverhangThe top chord which extends from the wall.

ApexThe highest point of the truss.

PurlinsThe long horizontal steel lay above the top chord.

Nail Plate

Wall Plate

RC WallTo support the load of roof structures.

SpliceNormal SpanThe length of the bottom beam that spans the wall frames

Truss Terminology

Top Chord

Collar Ties

Posts

WebsBottom Chord

Apex

Purlins

PostsTo resist against lateral wind and seismic forces.

68

RoofJOINT

by lim choon wah

Driven misaligned, overdriven, and under driven which could contribute to leakage and poor engagement.

Screw

Power Tools

Hammer Drill Screw Gun Aka Nail Gun

Steel Brackets

Steel Rafter Purlins

Joint

Screw guns auto-feed screws from a clip.

Combination of hammer and drilling modes.

To show the joint between steel brackets and screw to hold the aluminum channel and onto the masonry bricks.

Tapping range up to 10ga mean 0.25cm for aluminum thickness.

A screw tapping through the aluminum channel.

Properly driven Improperly drivenDriven straight, good penetration and compressed firmly against the surface.

The fasteners penetrate the metal decks and the steel rafter.

AluminumChannel

Aluminum Hollow Rectangular Bar

Aluminum Hat Channel

How bolts work together with steel brackets to joint the steel rafter and purlins

Section view of steel brackets and bolts.

Square steel brackets.

L- Shaped of steel brackets.

Showing the screw penetrate the masonry wall and steel rafter.

Aluminum C Channel

Aluminum Z Channel

69

Internal Support Connection

Apex Connection

L-Brackets

Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mm

Posts

R.C. Beams

Bottom Chord

Bottom ChordKing Posts

Top Chord

Apex PlateSelf-Drilling Screw

Section X - X

X

X

The connection between R.C. beams and bottom chordBolted together by L-brackets and bolts.The bottom chord, posts and webs are bolt together.

The apex plat e is apply between the top chord and king posts. Than bolted it with 6 screws.

Connection

End Connection Bottom Chord Connection

Bottom Chord

Brick Wall



Upper Beam/Brick Wall Posts

L-Brackets

Top Chord

L-BracketsBrick Wall


R.C. Beams Bottom ChordBottom Chord

R.C. Beams

Bolt Penetrate In Min. 50mmPosts Posts

L-BracketsL-Brackets

The overhang of top chord and concrete brick are bolt together by L-brackets.

The top chord are bolt into the brick wall by L-brackets with 8 screws.

The bottom chord are bolt into the R.C beams by L-brackets with 8 screws.

The overhang of bottom chord lay down on gap of bricks than applied concrete to fill it.

RoofCONNECTION

by lim choon wah

70

Bottom Chord Bracing Post Bracing

Plan ViewFront View

Side ViewSide View

Section Y - Y

Section Z - Z

Y

Y

Z

Z

Bottom Chord

Bottom ChordBracing

Bottom Chord

Bottom ChordBracing

PostBracing

Collar TiePostBracing

Collar Tie

Vertical sway bracing must be required between the top and bottom chords of adjacent trusses to provide resistance against lateral wind and seismic forces.

Bottom chord braces which bolted below the bottom chord to limiting any bending.

Bracing

Web BracingPurlin Bracing

Plan View Front View

Side View

Section W - W

W

W

Top Chord

PurlinBracing

PurlinBracingTop Chord

Top Chord

Collar Tie

Bottom Chord

Web BracingPosts

Purlin which bolted above the top chord to limiting any bending movement and the spans for each is 700mm.

The web bracing sometimes required on roof truss are called continuous lateral braces to keep the truss web from buckling and falling over

RoofBRACING

by lim choon wah

71v

RoofMECHANICAL SERVICES, CEILING &

WORKER

by lim choon wah Electrical

Ventilation Pipe is an extension of the waste that runs up through the roof to the exterior for venting of exhaust gases and to maintain atmospheric pressure in the waste system.

Ceiling Workers

Upper R.C. Beam

PVC Casing

Aluminum Wire

L-Bracket

VentFlashing

Roof Rafter

Wall

Water Tank

Ceiling

Suspension Rod BracketSuspension RodSuspension Clip

Ceiling Panels Main Tee

Tile Hold-Down Clip

Steel Beams

The worker use his right leg step on the top chord with full force to squad down to his work.

The worker use his left leg step on the purlins with less force to assist his stability but If full force will cause the purlins bend down.

The ceiling panels were supported by the bottom chord and the concrete beams by hanging with suspension rod.

The electrical wires were applied into the PVC casing and tied with aluminum wire between the bottom chord or R.C. Beam

Mechanical Services

Ventilate pipe

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Flashing

-Flexible, weather resistant EPDM rubber or silicone-Aluminum base is flexible to conform to any panel profile-Grey EPDM is ozone and ultraviolet resistance-Appropriate pipe size diameter listed on flashing to assure proper fit

Edge FlashingProperties-Can be stretches to any shape, seals & stays-Large square & round ducts & penetrations-Flash between dissimilar materials & roof profiles-Paintable after installation-Handles vibration & expansion

Applications.-metal roof and wall-concrete or masonry-sealing edges on all surfaces-Splicing, lapping, sealing to all surfaces-termination/joining ends of dekstrip

Before flashing on the corner between metal deck roof & R.C. wall

After flashing on the corner between metal deck roof & R.C. wall

2) Apply sealant to the bottom of the base to seal up

5) Install the fasteners on the top & bottom edge

6) Apply additional sealant on both fastened edges

Installation Process

2) Apply splice tape on the dekstrip

3) Than put another dekstipover the tape

4) Than apply heat to seal edges

Installation Process

1) Cut into proper pipe diameter to fit down to the pipe

1) Apply the sealant along the corner

3) Mold the flexible base to the panel contours

4) Faster with 13-30 pieces of self drilling fastener around the base

Material-EPDM rubber or silicone-Aluminum base

Fastener- 1/4 -1 x 1-1/8” stainless cap head- Corrosion resistant fasteners- Number of fasteners from 13-30

pieces.Sealant TubeApply on bottom base to assure a proper seal to beware from water getting in. Applied additional sealant can be applied around base after installation.

Ventilate Pipe

Ridge Flashing

ClosureSeal together with outside and inside closure.

Typical Inside ClosureApplied closure to prevent water getting in and seal between the ridge and metal deck .

Pipe Flashing

The steel covering over the ridge to create cover and seal between two slopes to against the rain and wind.

SiliconeUsing sealant tube to seal it.

ScrewPenetrate the bolt though ridge and metal deck.

Typical Outside Closure

Ridge

Metal deck

Material-Grey TPE

RoofFLASHING

by lim choon wah

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RoofGUTTER SYSTEM

by lim choon wah Gutter SystemGutter & Downspout

PVC DownspoutLeading the rainwater down from downspout to drainage.

FasciaA flat horizontal band around a roof's perimeter.

GutterLeading the rain water from metal decks to it.

R.C. Beam

PurlinsTo stable the truss and apply the metal decks on it.

Metal DecksTo protect the building from raining and wind.

SoffitMade by fiber cement board which water, fire, termite, and weather resistant, aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally friendly. Than leaving a small gap between the soffit and R.C. Beam.

Gutter 135 ° Internal Angle

Joint Connector

90 ° Internal Angle Stop Ends Fascia Bracket

The gutters are vinyl, galvanized steel, or aluminum. The function is to let rainwater leading to the roof drains or gutters from the roof area.

EndJoiner

Corner

Gutter

Hanger

Drop Outlet

Elbow

Connector

Downspout

Downspout Clip

Gutter Scupper Internal Drain

Gutter mounted at low end of roof which better resistance on leakage.

Leakage common at scupper. Potential leakage area at drain same like scupper

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This project allowed us to undertake an experiential learning opportunity. We have developed an understanding of building construction principles, various kinds of construction sequences, importance of basic detailing, construction joints and material applications. Due to the generosity of the construction site personnel who were willing to guide us along the way, we were exposed to construction technology and methods responding to the site context. The on-going assessments, site visits and discussions were beneficial to our analysis and documentation for this project. Through these weeks, we grasp a good understanding in the construction elements and its components, sequence along with the coordination of the site’s construction.

We would also like to express our gratitude to LBS Bina Group Bhd for the site visit permission, the site personnel for being patient with us .and lastly our tutor, AR Chin Tuck Heng for guiding us on the right path.

We had the opportunity to communicate with different kinds of people who were involved in the construction of the site, such as the contractor, the engineer and the construction workers. We first approached all aspects of this project with curiosity so that we have a fair understanding of the topics that were involved. Then, we picked a specific topic each and asked questions while sharing the knowledge with the rest of our teammates, in hopes that the discussions that follow through will provide a learning opportunity for everyone. We approached this project as a team so at the end, each of us is able to gain knowledge of how other parts of the buildings are constructed.

Summary by Jiilian Goh Joon Jin

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referencing1. Asaff, S. (n.d.). Installing Glass Blocks in a Window Frame. Retrieved October 29, 2014,

from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/installing-glass-blocks-window-frame-59657.html2. Ching, F.D.K. (2012) A visual dictionary of architecture (2nd ed). New Jersey & Canada:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken.3. Ching, F.D.K.. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley

& Sons.4. Chicken Wire Mesh. (2014, May 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, f

rom http://www.indiamart.com/chandratradingcompany/chicken-wire-mesh.html 5. Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2004). Building construction handbook (5th ed., p. 721). London: Routledge.6. Designing the Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/design/choosing-products/roofing/designing-

the-roof7. Flashings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http://stratco.com.au/products/flashings/types/flashings/flashings.asp8. Metal Roof Solutions. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://www.trusttrs.com/metalroofing.html9. Rockwool Twin Roll Loft Insulation. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from

http://www.insulationshop.co/rockwool_twin_roll_loft_insulation_200mm.html10. Sealants. (2013, January 1). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://trianglefastener.com/brands/sealants.asp 11. TH-TRUSS® System. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 22, 2014, from http://www.thunghing.com.my/metal-roof-truss-system.php12. What Kind of Trusses to Use for Different Roof & Ceiling Shapes. (2014, October 5). Retrieved October 22, 2014,

from http://cortezcolorado.net/what-kind-of-trusses-to-use-for-different-roof-ceiling-shapes/

Building Construction Project 1

Education

safety signboard

safety helmets

construction site

safety agent

safety equipmenteveryone

health act

project signboard

engineers company