Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn and Garden Tom A. Royer Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University.

Oklahoma State University

Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn

and Garden

Tom A. Royer

Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology


IPM


What is IPM? IPM is a sustainable approach that

combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring, and suppression strategies in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks

~USDA-CSREES 1998~


What is IPM? Comprehensive: integration of pest control

tactics (preventative and remedial), applied when needed (monitoring) considers multiple pests, and is based on sound science

Economically sound

Environmentally responsible

Meets needs of society


What is IPM?1. Before WWII multiple tactics to limit

pest damage2. After WWII chlorinated

hydrocarbons (DDT), organophosphates, etc.

3. Golden Age of Insecticides4. Silent Spring5. Integrated Pest Management


IPM Master Plan Design: Keys to Success

• Commitment

• Thorough planning

• Adequate information

• Economically feasible


The Opponent: What is a Pest?

A pest is any organism that interferes with the interests of humans, such as food, fiber, and health (a plant, fungus or animal that is out of place)

Arthropods• Insects, mites, ticks

Other invertebrates• Slugs, nematodes

Plant pathogens• Virus, fungi, bacteria

Plants• “Weeds,” volunteer

crop plants Vertebrates

• Deer, gophers, birds, people


The Opponent: What is a Pest?

Abiotic “pests”

Nutrient imbalances Water imbalances Toxic chemicals Temperature extremes Mechanical injury


Designing an IPM Master Plan

First Things first An ability to properly identify pest Needed: an understanding of the

pests requirements to live.


Cultural Control

Vir

ule

nt

Pat

hog

en

Plant Disease Triangle

Susceptible Host

Favorable

Environm

ent


Cultural Control

Insect Life Cycles

Complete Metamorphosis

Incomplete Metamorphosis


Cultural Control

Weed Life Cycles



Defense: Plays that prevent pest outbreaks

Biological Control Cultural Control Regulatory Control Genetic Control Physical/Mechanical Control



Biological

Biological control: Use of natural enemies to help manage pests below economic levels


Biological ControlThe 3 P’s:

Predators, Parasites, Pathogens


Biological ControlParasite of insects

Parasitic waspsParasitic flies


Biological ControlPredators: larger than the prey, eat many prey, fast moving, generalist eaters.


Biological Control

Pathogens: insects get sick too!

Aphid fungusdisease


Biological Control• Classical

• Most effective against imported pests. Natural enemies from native land are imported and released

• Augmentation (supplemental releases)• Inoculation – periodic releases, especially at key times, such as in a greenhouse• Inundation – release in large numbers

• Conservation• Manipulation of the environment or habitat



Biological Cultural


Cultural Control

Selecting healthy plants to begin with

Good horticultural practices, placing plants in theproper growing conditions in the landscape

Sanitation: cleaning up debris (hiding places) and cleaning up dead plants to reduce overwinteringsurvival

Host-plant resistance: selecting plants that are tolerant or resistant to pests.


Cultural Control

Plant selection

•Well adapted (OK Proven)•Healthy•Known pests that might occur regularly


Cultural Control

Good horticultural practices

•Site selection•Adequate fertility•Adequate sunlight•Adequate water•Proper pruning

A stressed plant is:• more attractive to pests•less able to defend itself•more likely to suffer injury


Cultural Control

Host-plant resistance

Antixenosis (non-preference)The inability of a plant to serve as a host; usually repellent to the pest

AntibiosisPlant has adverse effect on pest’s survival, longevity, or fecundity

ToleranceDespite pest damage, plant produces a greater yield than would a susceptible cultivar



Biological Cultural Regulatory


Regulatory Control

Keeping exotic/native pests from establishing or expanding through regulation:

• Quarantine – Pine shoot beetle, emerald ash borer •Area-wide eradication programs -

boll weevil• Noxious weed laws - musk thistle• Special treatment of imported goods: Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, Japanese beetle.


Regulatory Control

Red Imported Fire Ant Quarantined Areas


Regulatory Control

Japanese beetle

distribution in Oklahoma


Regulatory Control

Asian Longhorned Beetle

Cottonwood BorerCommon in OK


Regulatory Control

Emerald Ash Borer

Sprouts below larval galleries


Regulatory Control

Sprouts below larval galleries

Sudden Oak Death Disease discovered in Calif. oaks in 1995

Also infects nursery stock

On camellia

On vibernum



Biological Cultural

Genetic

Regulatory


Genetic Control

Control through manipulation of genetic material of pest.

Sterile male technique with screwworm

Mating disruption with pheromones works in much the same way, disrupting the reproductive process.


Genetic Control

Use of transgenic technology could be classified as genetic control.

• Varieties that have been transformed to resist plant pathogens• Plants that have been transformed to

resist herbicides• Plants that have been transformed to

make their own insecticide.



Biological Cultural

Genetic

Physical &Mechanical

Regulatory


Mechanical Control

Use of physical barriers, machinesor objects to prevent an infestation (preventative), or kill the pest (remedial)


Mechanical/Physical Control

Examples:

•Horticultural fabrics to cover plants (preventative)•Sticky bands around a tree for elm leaf beetle (remedial)• Use of cold or heat to kill (remedial)• Flyswatter (remedial)



Offense: (Remedial) Options that correct a pest

outbreak once it has occurred. Mechanical Control (Some) Chemical Control



Don’t About a Good

Forget Scouting Program



Chemical

BiologicalCultural

Genetic


Regulatory

Scouting



Pheromone traps Light traps Sticky tape

Tools for Scouting



Chemical

Biological Cultural

Genetic


Regulatory


Chemical Control

Pesticides:New ones are more specific, less toxic, and

have new modes of action. Often exploiting biologically active chemicals within the pests’ physiology

Other chemical controls:Pheromones: mating disruptionAttractants: baits laced with toxinsPlants that produce their own pesticide


Mode of Action

Must be aware of how the insecticide works for proper evaluation of effectiveness and health hazards for applicators

Specific, slow acting modes of action (MOA) may be useful for preserving beneficial insects

Very important for resistance management considerations; i.e.. rotation of MOA’s

Sometimes can get synergistic interaction with mixes of insecticides with different MOA’s


Chemical Nature

Residual activity, route of entry, effectiveness under different temperatures, potential for off-target movement.

Some compounds last much longer. Some work better in “hot” weather, others work best

in cool conditions, some are “systemic”. Some compounds volatize, bind with soil, etc... Water pH in tank can affect some compounds.


Spectrum of Activity

Preservation of beneficials, potential to cause secondary pest outbreaks, usefulness for multiple pest control.

OP’s, pyrethroids, carbamates have wide spectrum of activity (however some compounds within each class may be more selective).

Gaucho, Confirm, Dipel have more narrow spectrum of activity.


Resistance Management

What Is Pesticide Resistance?A heritable characteristic that permits a pest to survive exposure to a full field rate of a properly applied pesticide. It may lead to field failure. It is most likely to arise as a result of poor application technique or failure to follow resistant management guidelines.


How Does Resistance Develop

Many acres of crop are treated with the same chemical control, exposing nearly all of the pest population to the toxin.

Susceptible individuals are killed, and those rare individuals that have some genetic ResistancE, survive. They REPRODUCE, and pass along those “resistance genes” to the general PEST population.

The selection cycle continues, and before long, the RESISTANCE GENE IS PREVALENT IN THE POPULATION


Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)

Types of Pesticide ResistancePests may become resistant through the development of a number of mechanisms. These include:

Metabolic Resistance – enhanced ability to detoxifyTarget Site Modification – genetic control of target siteDelayed Penetration – pesticide penetration is slowedBehavioral Resistance – pest detects and avoids



What is IRAC?The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. Our aim is to keep all classes of insecticides & acaricides as viable control options. By maintaining efficacy, IRAC is dedicated to the support of sustainable agriculture and vector control.



Mode of Action ClassesIRAC has developed a mode of action classification based upon the known ways in which different products act. Effective resistance management (IRM) is dependent on reducing selection pressure and IRAC has developed and recommends strategies that involve using different modes of action. IRAC promotes product labeling to help growers practice effective IRM through the use of alternations or sequences of modes of action. IRAC is investigating the value of rotational programs in managing resistance in malaria transmitting mosquitoes.


Resources for Master Gardener IPM

Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers

– http://www.anbp.org/ (Info on Biological Control) Bio-Integral Resource Center

– http://www.birc.org/ (Info on Urban IPM) IPM Institute of North America

– http://www.ipminstitute.org/ (info on School IPM National Sustainable Agricultural Information Service

– http://attra.ncat.org/ (Info on organic gardening)


Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn

and Garden

Tom A. Royer

Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology


IPM

Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn and Garden Tom A. Royer Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University.

Documents

ipm master plandefense

ipm master planfirst

multiple pests

imported pests

pests requirements

wwii multiple tactics

use of natural enemies

healthy plants