Buddhism

BuddhismHSC Depth Study

Buddhism

The focus of this study is the contribution of significant people, ideas, practices and ethical teachings to an understanding of Buddhism as a living religious tradition. The study of Buddhism is to be of the whole tradition where applicable

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mAsYe0N98URecap of Studies of Religion

Principal Beliefs of BuddhismBuddhism is generally perceived to be a religious tradition that is focused on the practical aspects of everyday life and ethical behaviour. It has been called an ‘atheistic religion’ as it has no formal doctrine of God, sin, salvation or eternity as exists in many other religious traditions. There is no heaven or hell for they, as well as everything in this world, are really illusory. Buddhism is, in some ways a form of nihilism. The central philosophical core of Buddhist teaching is essentially the impact of cause and effect. That is, if anguish (suffering) is the effect, the aim of Buddhism is to get rid of the cause (desire).

The Five Truths of Buddha’s Teachings.

• Addressed to the enlightened nature of people who are beginning to awaken.

• Intuition of perfection is the seed of Buddhahood awakening within us.

• Our suffering in the world has a cause and a cure.• Suffering is relieved by getting in touch with the ultimate

reality of ourselves, the universe and everything.• Our salvation is our own responsibility /believe nothing just

because you have been told it’- check it out for yourself.

The Three Jewells

• The Three Jewels are sometimes called the Three Treasures, the Triple Gem or the Three Refuges.

Three Jewels of Buddhism

BuddhaThe person Dharma

The teaching

SanghaThe community of monks

1. I take refuge in the Buddha (the person)

2. I take refuge in the dharma (the teaching) 3. I take refuge in the Sangha (the community of monks)

The Four Noble Truths• The essential doctrine of Buddhism is the Four Noble Truths

and the teaching developed by the Buddha. This teaching incorporates the Middle Way and the Noble Eightfold Path.

Why are the Four Noble Truths significant?

Start with the Paragraph below and read ‘The Four Nobel truths’ from Thorson’s Principles of Buddhism.’

The Four Noble Truths are significant because they underpin the whole religion of Buddhism. Failure to recognise the presence of Dukkha renders all of Buddha's teachings as irrelevant. Understanding the fundamental human predicament (feeling unsatisfactory, driven by craving) can be ceased, allows the binds of these cravings to drop away and with it all that limits and constricts, resulting in freedom/ enlightenment/ realisation/ Nirvana.

The Eightfold Path

• The Noble Eightfold Path is the means to be rid of suffering. It has been called the Middle Way, as the Buddha wished to avoid the extremes of asceticism and indulgence, but neither is it a compromise between the two. The Middle Way has its own demands even if it is not a severe path. The Noble Eightfold Path is primarily concerned with three aspects of life, morality, spiritual discipline and insight.

The Marks of Existence The three Marks of Existence are important in

Buddhism. These relate to the difficulty of understanding life, as life is an illusion and marked with these three things, anicca, dukkha and anatta.

The Five Precepts

• The five precepts are a set of training principles

• Buddhist believe that by following them they will have a more positive mental state.

• Buddhists practice this behaviour to become more like Buddha, and to take a step closer to enlightement.

The Five Precepts

• to abstain from taking life.• to abstain from taking what is not given.• I to abstain from sexual misconduct.• to abstain from false speech.• to abstain from taking intoxicants that cloud

the mind

The Dalai Lama

• Bodhisattva• Enlightened• Chooses rebirth to help others-

compassionate- Bodhisvatta• Reincarnated Buddha

The Bodhisattva is a great being who practices compassion, sympathy and joy, and so attains the stage of ‘the beloved only child’. Parents are very happy when they see their son at peace. The Bodhisattva, who has reached this stage, sees all beings like a parent sees his only son – seeing him practice goodness, the parent is delighted. (Mahaparinirvana Sutra 470

Bodhisattvas

The Dalai Lama

Clip- dalai lama’s rules for living

Dalai Lama- CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESSION

IMPACT OF THE DALAI LAMA ON BUDDHISM

Historical and Cultural Context

• View the YouTube clip and make notes about the historical and cultural life of Buddhism and the Dalai Lama

• Clip show first 10 to 15 minutes

Outline the meaning of the Dalai Lama

• Mongolian title meaning ‘ocean of wisdom’• Tibetans believe that the Dalai lama is an

enlightened being, who has chosen rebirth as a way to be of benefit to all living beings.

• Tibetans refer to His Holiness as Yeshe Norbu= Wishfulfilling Gem OR Kundun= The Presence

Outline the selection process for determining a new Dalai Lama

Clip- Trailer Kundun- shows the selection process of the Dalai Lama

Outline the selection process for determining a new Dalai Lama

Upon death of the current Dalai Lama, his monks institute a search for the Lama’s reincarnation- a small child. This search typically requires a few years. Each possible candidate is tested. This takes the form of presenting a selection of possessions- some belonging to the previous Dalai Lama, Familiarity with those is considered the main sign of reincarnation. Kundun shows this process via the selection of a bell, bowl, eyeglasses and walking stick, The reincarnated Dalai Lama is then brought to Lhasa to be trained by the other hands.

Identify the name of the current Dalai Lama

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso- An incarnation Avalokitesvara= manifestations of a Bodhisattva (Buddha) of

Compassion= Holy Lord, Gentle Glory, Compassionate

defender of the Faith, Ocean of Wisdom

6th July 1935 Born Lhamo Dhondrub in a small village called Takster in NE Tibet- a peasant family

1937 Recognised as the reincarnation of his predecessor the 13th Dalai Lama, and thus an incarnation Avalokitesvara, the Buddha of Compassion

1941 (age 6) Began his monastic education in LhasaBy 1959- age 250 completed his Geshe Lharampa degree (Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy)

1950 -80000 Peoples Liberation Army Soldiers invaded Tibet- assumed political leadership as head of state of Tibet

1959 10 March Rumours that Dalai Lama would be kidnapped by Chinese military- Crowds gathered outside Dalai Lama’s summer palace to protect Dalai Lama; beginning of Tibetan Uprising

Clip= Dalai Lama and peace

1980 Met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican and also in 1982, 1986, 1988 and 1990- “open the door to a progressive pacification between peoples.”

1981 Talked with Archbishop of canterbury, Dr Robert Runcie and with other leaders of the Anglican Church in London. Also with catholic and Jewish leaders.

1989 Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and in turn receiving worldwide praise and applause with exception of China- “peaceful solutions based on tolerance and mutual respect”

17th March, 1959 Escapes from Lhasa and crosses the border into India (30 March) where he was granted political asylum

1960 -Established a government in exile in Dharamsala, India.-Worked on saving Tibetan refugees and culture-Promoted economic development through creation of Tibetan educational system- promoted Tibetan language, history and religion (Buddhism)

1963 The Dalai lama introduced a democratic constitution based on Buddhsit principles and Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a model for a future free Tibet

Since 1967 Initiated a series of journeys which have taken him to over 46 nations

1973 Met with Pope John Paul IV at the Vatican

Outline the historical and cultural context of the 14th Dalai Lama

His Holiness (the 14th Dalai Lama) Tenzin Gyatso was born in 6 July 1935 in Taktster (NE Tibet). As the reincarnation of his predecessor this Buddha of Compassion becomes both the political and religious leader of Tibet. In 1950 all this changes as the Peoples Liberation Army invade Tibet. Within 10 years and due to the Tibetan Uprising the Dalai Lama’s safety is ensured only with his escape from Lhasa into India. A government in exile is established in Dharamsala as the global response to this crisis is zero. Through an educational system the culture of Tibet is preserved and developed. The Dalai Lama introduced a democratic constitution in 1963 basing its principles on Buddhism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Subsequently establishing a model for a future free Tibet- a goal that motivates his global dialogues today.

The 14th Dalai Lama

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-xBAiSv7SADalai Lama’s views on life and humanity

Summary of Contributions from extra resourceContribution to the development of Buddhism1. Preservation and expansion of Tibetan Buddhism2. Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet- Supports peace in political and international

world- enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peace- Tireless worker for rights and freedom

3. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions- Aims to develop religious understanding- tireless worker between religions- interfaith dialogue

“I always believe that it is much better to have a variety of philosophies, rather than one single religion or philosophy. This is necessary because of the different mental dispositions of each human being. Each religion has certain unique ideas or techniques, and learning about them can only enrich one’s own faith’.

Contribution to the expression of BuddhismTransformation of Buddhist teachings- addresses made to Buddhists and non- Buddhists-

teachings grounded in the basic teachings- Eightfold Path and the Five Precepts- makes it relevant to contemporary

MAIN MESSAGE??? Compassion, love and kindnessTha dalai Lama is authentic- evident in his relationships with all people

The Dalai Lama’s contributions derive from his teachings which are based on:

• Compassion• Happiness• Kindness• Pure and sincere heart• Acceptance of death• Relationships with others‘My message is the practice of compassion, love and

kindness” Dalai Lamahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyv3uff67V8

Clip about the Dalia lama’s teachings

Activity- refer to your resource bookletRead pages 1 and 9 and highlight and annotate the Dalai Lama’s teachings. Link these teachings to the 5 precepts and the Eightfold Path

The Five Precepts• If the Vinaya stands on the basis of abstention by

monks/ nuns from many areas of life, the five abstentions laid down for lay people are much more universal in their aim. They require abstention from:

1. Killing living beings2. Taking what is not freely given3. Engaging in sexual misconduct4. Speaking falsely5. Taking drink and drugs that confuse the mind• The Buddha lays down modes of behaviour that are not

only ethical in tone, but are also guaranteed to give success in interaction with other people with whom a man does business dealings, but in all other areas of life.

Activity: Refer to work booklet and summarise the

teachings

Compassion/ Happiness• “My message is the practice of compassion, love and

kindness• Compassion can be put into practice• A happy frame of mind should never be disturbed• Every being wants happiness not suffering• The essence of Buddhism is compassion1. Sense of brotherhood2. A good heart these three are common across all

religions

3. Respect for others• Self must be placed last• Compassion for other must motivate all our desires

and thinking

• Whatever we desire is also desired by others

↓Our own selfishness (source of all problems

↓Our sense of kindness (natural source of goodness)“If you are unable to exchange your happiness for the

suffering of other beings you have no hope of attaining Buddhahood or even happiness in this present life.’

Kindness of heart• Kindness and compassion= the essence of Buddhism• Deeper faith= being human= basic quality that determines all other aspects of life

ie ability to go in right direction“By developing a sense of respect for others and a

concern for their welfare, we reduce our own selfishness, which is the source of all problems, and enhance our own kindness which is a natural source of goodness’

Peace and sincere heartOur mental peace ↓Absence of anger, attachment, jealousy, hatred= real enemy inside self ↓A sincere heart has NONE of these= good heart= basic thing

World peace ↓Presence of a true feeling of brotherhood= concern for your fellow being ↓A sense of universal responsibility= a step towards solving global issues

Absence of inner peace= an affliction/ a source of destruction

= very source of unethical conduct

“Anger is the real destroyer of our good human qualities; an enemy with a weapon cannot destroy these qualities, but anger can. Anger is our real enemy”

Death

Death= part of life/ a concept/ end of gross consciousness, gross body

= unavoidable therefore should be accepted- depart quietly, with sincerity and in peace(Note for Buddhists the subtle level of consciousness called ‘clear light’ does not recognise death nor birth (Tibetan Book of the Dead) This is the rationale of the enlightened adherent

Environment• There is an interaction between humans and the natural

environment.• The inanimate world is equal to the animate world of living beings.• “Buddhism perceives the environment, in general, to be composed

of infinitesimal particles; in particular, it views human beings as part of nature and for this reason– there is, naturally a link between human-kind and our environment.”

• Buddhist texts explain how one should behave in regard to nature.• Humankind will suffer if nature is unbalanced.• Individuals have a duty to the environment.• The physical health of Buddhists can be greatly affected.• Conservation is needed for survival

Other Religions

• Enrichment can occur through dialogue- ethics and spiritual practice- links to compassion, love, meditation and tolerance.

“I feel that dialogue could go very far and reach a deep level of understanding’

Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and

expression of BuddhismRead through the resource booklet and pages 10-12 of the work booklet to find information on the following contribution: ANNOTATE

1. Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism2. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to

other religions3. Simplification and clarification of Buddhist

teachings and authenticity of the Dalai Lama4. Promotion of world peace

Complete the table by referring to your resource booklet annotations and read pages 8-12

Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and expression of Buddhism

Impact of the Dalai Lama on Buddhism

•Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism-Establishment of a Tibetan educational system whilst in exileeg monasteries-Focus on religion and culture-Whilst in Tibet, Tibetan Buddhists came into contact with other religions

Ensured the survival of Tibetan Buddhism and in turn the future development through Sangha

-Realisation that Buddhism is not the only religion-Has broadened the tolerance of adherents “But now that we’ve left Tibet, we had a chance to come into contact with other religious traditions and learn about them.

Translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead in 1951= A way of life- The Great Liberation

-Faciliates Western Society’s access to this ancient source of strength and guidance eg (practices in hospices)- understood/ appreciated beyond Tibet- expansion of Buddhism- adherents have access to Tibetan philosophy on life, true self and therefore reality

Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and expression of Buddhism

Impact of the Dalai Lama on Buddhism

Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions-Has visited 46 countries, spoken with world leaders-- has grounded his identity in Buddhism yet he is respectful of differences among various religions remaining open to the beauty, goodness and truth found in other religions

-Raised a greater awareness of Buddhism- catalyst for recognition of Buddhism as a legitimate member of interfaith dialogue- adding to its expression as a world religion-Acts as a role model for acceptance of diversity/ awareness of differences- clarifying Buddhist philosophy

Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and expression of Buddhism

Impact of the Dalai Lama on Buddhism

• Simplification and clarification of Buddhist teachings and authenticity of the Dalai Lama-Has made numerous addresses to Buddhist/ non Buddhist-Eg Australia 2009: parliament of World religions (Melbourne) “Tibet’s environmental crisis was more urgent tha ta political solution to this country’s future.’-Has adapted Buddhist teachings to contemporary context eg world peace and environment-Has modelled teachings on peace eg Tibet-Has demonstrated tolerance, compassion and kindness-Practicality- Tibet is China’s neighbour-Intelligence- starting place is knowledge-Used to understand and solve problems

-Has attracted new adherents eg in Australia Buddhism increased from 1.1% In 1996 to 19.9 in 2001- 2.1% in 2006-Has raised the profile of Buddhism as he models the relevance of its teachings for today “It is the law of the universe that retaliation, hatred and revenge only continue the cycle’ (Dalai Lama) . This needs to occur is a more peaceful, happier and harmonious future is desired.-Articulates and models the importance of Buddha’s teachings on non-violence/ passive resistance as the only path to acceptable autonomy

-Show that happiness is the basic purpose of lifeInner peace= peace= reconciliation= forgivenessInner peace- tolerance, knowledge, compassionHAPPINESS= basic purpose of life = innate spiritual nature of people

1st Precept: ‘To Refrain From causing Harm to Other Living Beings’The ST and W link to peaceDhammapada 2 “Good Begets Good’Dhammapada 183 “Do Good and be Good’Dhammapada 291 ‘Not Hatred for Hatred

-Has inspired adherents and demonstrated the key to happiness -Accessibilty to Buddism as he himself is regarded as an authentic person “He has authority not only of wisdom but experience- on this rests the authority of his ethics.’ (P.D. bRyan)- We see ourselves as the opponent; for what is the oponent but a being in ignorance, and we ourselves are also ignorant of many things’ (Dalai Lama

Contribution of the Dalai Lama to the development and expression of Buddhism

Impact of the Dalai Lama on Buddhism

•Promotion of world peace- Worked for the freedom of Tibet by proposing a 5 point plan and addressing heads of state

-Advocated that responsibility for world peace not only lies with world leaders but individually ie peace begins with inner peace

-Promoted teachings on peace through talks with other countries and acceptance of Nobel Peace Prize (1989)

• Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peace

Articulates and models the critical aspect of Buddhism- KNOWLEDGE (of ultimate reality) “In our struggle for freedom TRUTH is the only weapon we possess”

• Increases the relevance of Buddhism today as he models this deep sense of peace and tranquillity by applying Buddhist teachings to global concerns- forward looking and constructive proposals arising from this ancient tradition

• Preserves Buddhist teachings whilst articulating their relevance to modern times

Continued to advocate non resistance in Tibet despite Chinese violence/ killings of Tibetans during anti Chinese demonstrations in 2008 and beyond

Increases the appreciation of Buddhist teachings on peace and in turn increases the possibility of world peace via the Buddhist philosophy of interdependence and thus a universal responsibilty

Contribution and analysis of impact

• Go back to pages 10-12 and after each contribution write one to two sentences of analysis of the impact- refer to the table on pages 13-16 to assistTo analyse you must draw out implications

Contribution and impact• 1. Preservation of Tibetan Buddhism• IMPACT: survival and subsequent expansion of Tibetan

BuddhismAs a consequence Tibetan Buddhism is more accessible, understood and appreciated beyond Tibet. Adherents around the world have access to Tibetan philosophy on life, true self and therefore reality. This in turn provided the Mahayana and Theravada schools an opportunity to integrate into their appreciation of Buddhist Dharma the unique Vajrayana perspective

• 2. Contribution: Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions.

• IMPACT: greater acceptance of BuddhismFollowing on from this is the recognistion of

Buddhism as a legitimate member of interfaith dialogue and…

Mention how it is a world religionMention the Dalai Lama’s identity and what his

identity enhances- link to being a role model

ANSWER

• 2. Contribution: Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions.

• IMPACT: greater acceptance of Buddhism• Following on from this is the recognition of

Buddhism as a legitimate member of interfaith dialogue and in turn adding to its expression as a world religion. The fact that the Dalai Lama’s identity is grounded in Buddhism enhances his acceptance as a role model of diversity and tolerance, and the legitimacy of Buddhism.

• 3. Contribution: Promotion of world peace and freedom of Tibet

• IMPACT:” Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peace

• What does the Dalia Lama articulate? Link to knowledge, peace

ANSWER• 3. Contribution: Promotion of world peace and

freedom of Tibet• IMPACT:” Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in

world peace• The Dalai Lama articulates and models the critical

aspect of- knowledge of reality and in turn portrays the relevance of Buddhism’s deep sense of peace and tranquillity with regard to global issues of peace. Offering, in turn, constructive proposals arising from the wisdom of this ancient tradition.

• 4.Contribution: Simplification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachings

• Impact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of Buddhism

• The Dalai Lama articulates the links between peace, poverty and the environment- what does he draw on?

• 4.Contribution: Simplification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachings

• Impact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of Buddhism

• The Dalai Lama clearly articulates the links between peace, poverty and environment by drawing upon the wisdom of Buddha’s dharma, As a consequence he offers the world a clear model of deep understanding based on Buddhist teachings and ‘He has authority, not only of wisdom but experience- on this rests the authority of his ethics.’ P.D. Ryan

HOW DOES THE DALAI LAMA CONTRIBUTE TO BUDDHISM AS A LIVING RELIGION?

• He lives a contemporary life embedded in the wisdom of this ancient philosophy

• Role models Buddhist leadership in the solution of international conflicts= new ways of applying…

• Advocates peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect informed by his historical, cultural and religious heritage: ‘truth, courage and determination as our weapons…’ Acceptance speech 1989= Nobel Peace Prize Recipient

• Draws upon the wisdom of the emperor Asoka’s edict No 7: Honours men of all faiths:… it is much better have variety of religions, a variety of philosophies… because of the different mental positions of each human beings… learning about them can only enrich one’s own faith.’ World Congress of Faiths- interfaith service held in his honour

• As a Bodhisattva of Compassion (chosen rebirth) he workd in a way to be of benefit to ALL living beings- the whole contemporary world.

• Evidence by his global political and spiritual work as he travels the world since 1967 addressing contemporary issues. These include environmental concerns= the world’s most urgent suffering.

Depth Study-Buddhism 3X3

Put these sub heading on the front and back page of the 3 by 3•Sacred texts and Writings-•Beliefs-•Context of the Dalai Lama- refer to cultural and historical worksheets•Definition of ethics•Ethical guidance•Outline of Wesak

• Outline of synagogue

Person-the 14th Dalai Lama Ethics Practice-

1 and 2 combined1. Preservation of Tibetan BuddhismIMPACT: survival and subsequent expansion of Tibetan BuddhismEXAMPLES2. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions.IMPACT: Greater acceptance of Buddhism

3. Promotion of world peace and freedom of TibetIMPACT: Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peaceEXAMPLES

4. Simplification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachingsImpact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of BuddhismEXAMPLES

Buddhist Ethics- Environmental Ethics

• Students learn about:• Environmental ethics• Students learn to: Describe and explain Buddhist

ethical teachings on environmental ethics

• Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the ethical and moral principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to one's self or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful. (1st precept)

• In Buddhism, there is much talk of a skilled mind. (Right Mindfulness- 7th) A mind that is skilful avoids actions that are likely to cause suffering or remorse.

Buddhist Ethics

Moral conduct for Buddhists differs according to whether it applies to the laity or to the Sangha or clergy.

• A lay Buddhist should cultivate good conduct by training in what are known as the "Five Precepts".

• The five precepts are training rules, which, if one were to break any of them, one should be aware of the breech and examine how such a breech may be avoided in the future.

Buddhist Ethics• The resultant of an action (often referred to as

Karma) depends on the intention more than the action itself.

• Buddhism places a great emphasis on 'mind' and it is mental anguish such as remorse, anxiety, guilt etc. which is to be avoided in order to cultivate a calm and peaceful mind.

Buddhism and Environmental Ethics• Clip- environmental ethics. Refer to worksheet

Sources of Buddhist ethical teachings• In Buddhism, ethics are based on a number of sources.

These include the Five Precepts and the accumulated knowledge/wisdom of the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path and the Three Marks of Existence. For Monastic Buddhists these sources extend to include the Vinaya. It is also logical for Buddhist to draw upon a vast range of Sutras or Suttas for guidance given that they are the written records of Buddha’s teachings

The path of recognising your own mind (knowledge = 1st step) Seeking truth/practising compassion= meaningful life

4. Explain how natural imagery reveal the ethical and philosophical guidelines on environment within Buddhism (In your response make reference to sacred

Buddhist texts and focus on the imagery of trees and water)

• Buddha’s birth, enlightenment and death all took place in the shadows of trees and the Dharma was often taught at their foot. Consequently there is an inextricable link between humans and nature underpinning Buddhist philosophy.

• After reaching enlightenment, Buddha spends time under the bodhi tree in a reflective mood. When he is tempted by Mara, into doubting the authenticity of his experience Gutama touches the earth- this gesture means he looks towards the earth as a support and witness of good against evil: this is one of Buddhism’s most celebrated themes especially in art, and as a result it reinforces the relationship between humankind and our environment.

• This relationship is further enhanced by the imagery of banyan tree as it has the ‘ability to put down roots from its spreading branches’ (Ryan) and thus in turn symbolises the spreading of the Dharma. Similarly without branches or foliage represents as immortal man as it/he/she cannot come to full growth. Consequently spreading of the Dharma links to core philosophy in Buddhism- the importance of knowledge or the absence of ignorance. In Buddhism one’s life and one’s mode of knowledge are inseparable and as a result Buddhism equals environmental ethics.

• One of the greatest elements is water and in Buddhism its imagery is used to represent the First Noble Truth, the Truth of sorrow. The tears shed by beings in the long, long round of Samsara are greater than the waters of the sea (Saramati)

1. Humans should be in harmony with the environment and therefore care for it.

- Environmental suffering or disharmony is caused by humans seeing themselves as separate. This elfish point of view is a damaging delusion which places narrow limits on humans’ responsibilities towards the environment. The Dharma teaches everything is interconnected and that when ever we harm another or the environment, we are harming ourselves.

• Contemporary Example: Dalai Lama 10th June 2011- called fro countries to diminish greenhouse gases without waiting for other nations to act first “After all every nation belongs to the world. If a global crisis happens everybody suffers.”

- Adherents should therefore implement the 5 precepts in particular the 1st and 2nd, as “a means of gaining harmony within and with the environment” (Pauling)

Threefold LearningStage on path Buddhist practice re the environment

Step 1 (par 18 and 19)= the First PreceptTo refrain from causing harm to other living beings= the key to one's relationship with the world= ethical conduct=skilful conduct

Voluntary simplicity in the form of eating lower down on the food chain= minimises the damage/ no unnecessary harm- this is recognition that all life feeds off other life.

Humans can minimise the damage by eating as far down the food chain as possible. This benefits other beings and cultivates virtues that eventually are radically transformative therefore in turn bring greater benefit to all beings.

The Buddha allowed his monks to eat meat only when they were ill or accepting the generosity of others

The advantages of vegetarianism (eating from vegetable sources) extends beyond the slaughter of animals (use of water, land, chemical fertilisers and insecticides are used to convert vegetable protein to animal protein- meat)

Educate others in implementation of environmentally sustainable agriculture and forestry eg environmentalist monks (Phrakhuru Pitak) in Thailand

Step 2 (paragraph 20, 21 and 23)= Fifth precept (MEDITATION)To refrain from clouding the mind with drink or drugs= leads to awareness and mindfulnessThis links to the meditation and thus the 7th and 8th step on the Eightfold Path.The importance of manfulness is illustrated in the Dhammapada 1 (sacred writing) "Mind is the forerunner of all, Mind is chief...'Monk Phra Sonkit's ecology meditation

Cultivation of greater cognitive and affective concentration or integration through meditation- adherent moves away from greed, hatred and delusion towards a greater facility of mind and positive emotion that permeates all aspects of one's life

an ecologically minded Buddhist could take up the practice of the positive emotion of loving kindness (metta). They would start by directing metta towards themselves, then a friend, then an enemy and finally to all beings = cumulative transformative effect- loving kindness directed towards self, friend, neutral person, enemy, and finally towards all living beings.

Step 3 The cultivation of wisdom links to the Four Noble Truths, the Three Marks of Existence- the Transformative Power of wisdom

this consists of practices that penetrate the nature of reality - the interconnectedness of all things = ecological science and therefore belongs to the broader context of Dharma practicecare and concern for all living things which includes nature and the environmentcompassionate activity unbounded by self- referential craving

Explain the relationship between tree ordination and environmental ethics • A tree ordination ceremony involves

chanting, sanctification of water and wrapping the largest remaining tree with a monk’s orange robes. As a result the community forest is sanctified and protected (preserved) which inturn protects people’s livelihoods is no harm caused to other life (First Precept)

Explain the relationship between ‘Environmentalist Monks’ and

Buddhist ethical teachings

Environmental Monks demonstrate an ecological interpretation. Buddhist ethical teachings as work are visible and the use of Buddhist ritual is modified to transmit their teachings. Consequently they reinvent human relationships with nature (ie new knowledge). In turn these monks challenge the dominant trend of ‘ecological capital’ (Escobar 1996), despite the historical link between the Sangha and the Siamese state, redefining the concept and implementation of development.

Analyse the influence of Buddhist ethical teachings on Phrakhru Pitak and the Thai society (Refer to PPT)

• The skilful conduct, mediation and transformative power of wisdom (Threefold Learning) incorporates basic Buddhist principles. This is what monk Phrakhu Pitak Nanthakhun draws upon as he deals with witnessing human- induced suffering (shooting of a mother monkey). As a result of this formative experience Phrakhu Pitak incorporates a message of environmental responsibility of humans into his teachings, and consequently influences members of the Thai society. However preaching is not enough and he actively engages in conservation work (tree ordinations to raise awareness of the value of forests) and actively teaches villagers about environmental conservation. These activities along with pha pa ceremonies (seedlings for reforestation in lieu of ‘forest robes’) culminate in sustainable ecological practices within Thai society, the Buddhist ethical teachings drive him to actively seek out the cause of the suffering arising from environmental degradation, In turn he re-examines environmental degradation. In turn he re-examines Buddhist teachings, adapting interpretations and practices subsequently developing a liberation ecology.

Explain how Phra Somkit’s environmental action is the application of the First Precept and the construction of new knowledge. (Refer to PPT)

• Phra Somkit’s environmental action is focused within his own village. His starting point was modifying the practice of bindabat- this time donating land to this monk rather than food.Following from the First Precept (To refrain from causing harm to other living beings) and as a means to protect the forest, Phra Somkit began a model integrated- agriculture farm. This is a significant/ observable application of minimising damage and skilful conduct. Right knowledge (Step One on the Eightfold Path) is the key to one’s relations with the world and the current environmental degradation is the cause of much suffering (dukkha). Thus education is important (new knowledge) in the protection of the natural environment. Through Phra Somkit’s model farm, new knowledge is shared and in turn he encourages these visitors to return to their farms and engage in sustainable development practices such as integrated agriculture and growing food for subsistence rather than for sale.

• Outline of synagogue

Person-the 14th Dalai Lama Ethics Practice-

1 and 2 combined1. Preservation of Tibetan BuddhismIMPACT: survival and subsequent expansion of Tibetan BuddhismEXAMPLES2. Promotion of Buddhism through outreach to other religions.IMPACT: Greater acceptance of Buddhism

1st PreceptTo refrain form harming …Include contemporary examplesYou could also include 5th precept

3. Promotion of world peace and freedom of TibetIMPACT: Enhancement of Buddhism’s role in world peaceEXAMPLES

Threefold Learning-Ethical conduct- 1st precept-Effective meditation- 5th precept-Transformative power of wisdom 4 NT and 3 MED

4. Simplification, clarification and embodiment of Buddhist teachingsImpact: a deepening of understanding of Buddhist teachings- continued growth of BuddhismEXAMPLES

Images from nature- tree, roots, water, wilderness- link wilderness to enlightenment

Wesak

• Describe the practice• Demonstrate how Wesak expresses the beliefs of Buddhism• Analyse the significance of Wesak for both the individual and the community

• For your 3X3 think about:- The ritual action of bathing Buddha’s head- The ritual action of offering gifts to Buddha- Ritual action of kneeling and bowing 3 times

and prostration (show reverence to the Triple Gem)

Copy at the bottom of page 2- DESCRIBE THE SIGNIFICANT PRACTICE OF WESAK

• Wesak celebrates the Buddha’s birthday, enlightenment and death.• It is the most important day in the Buddhist calendar.• Wesak is about celebrating and remembering the Buddha- NOT

ABOUT WORSHIP.• Wesak is about celebrating the life of Buddha and his teachings.• STRUCTURE:- Preparation- homes are cleaned and decorated.- Morning- begin before dawn with gathering at temple- hoisting of flag

and singing of hymns, Puja service followed attended by lay and monks.

- Temple ceremony components: adherents kneel and bow three times, chanting, the taking of the 3 refuges (the Three Jewels) bathing of Buddha’s head, offering of gifts, initation for new Buddhists

- Afternoon: meditation, distributing food to monks and charitable donations to the poor.

- Evening: ceremony of chanting Dharma/Dhamma and circumambulation (moving around a scared object)

• Read your resource booklet and annotate.• Focus on:1.What Wesak is2.Ritual actions3.Beliefs expressed4.Importance for individual and community5.Schools of Buddhism and differences.

WESAK:• Reconstitutes a vital historical event.• Provides ordinary Buddhists with an experience to bring

forth some of their key beliefs around the importance of enlightenment and what Buddha feels holds people back from enlightenment

• Sets aside a sacred space• It commemorates, gives thanks and celebrates key

events of the past.• Is a key memorial ritual- it celebrates all of the most

important events of Buddha’s life• Is the most spiritually significant day of the calendar

• Wesak joins Buddhists together as a Sangha and expresses their gratitude and joy for the three jewels.

• Allows Buddhists to deepen contact and friendships with fellow members of the Sangha.(Importance for individual and the community)

Ritual action

Expression of beliefs Significance to individual/community

Gather at the temple for Puja service

N/A -Provides a sense of solidarity-Allows adherents to deepen contact and friendships with fellow members of the Sangha

Ceremonial hoisting of the Buddhist flag and singing Buddhist hymns

-hymns are in praise of the 3 jewels, the Buddha, Dharma and SanghaBuddha- Siddhartha Gautama= perfect wisdom= perfect compassionSangha- community of Buddhists = the most important belief in BuddhismColours of the flag are symbolic of different beleifs

-Hymns evoke emotion and create a spiritual climate conducive to communal reflection- reaffirms key beliefs ie 3 Jewels= refuge (a place of safety in difficult times) for individuals Note: communal= past, present and future

Ritual action Expression of beliefs

Significance to individual/community

Kneel and bow three times

In honour of the 3 jewelsThe number 3 is significant in Buddhism. Links to Siddhartha's conception… elephants circling his mother (circumambulation

-Reaffirms and reminds the individual of the 3 most important things in Buddhism-Link concept of refuge to 4 Noble Truths and Eightfold path

Group chanting followed by taking the 3 refuges and the 5 or 8 precepts and listen to a Dharma talkTaking refuge is the first step on the Buddhist path to inner freedom

-3 jewels and precepts (ethical teachings)-Note: chanting of sacred scriptures ie Buddha’s teachings (Sutras)

-Chanting as a group (sangha) is a powerful way of creating a supportive climate, which assists the entire community on their spiritual journey-The Dhamma talks provides individuals and the community the opportunity to reflect on Buddhist teachings

Ritual action Expression of beliefs

Significance to individual/community

Bathing of the Buddha-water is poured over the shoulders of the Buddha(Focal point in Mahayana variant)

-1st Noble Truth- suffering-- 2nd noble truth- suffering is caused by desire/greed etc

-Reminds individual and community of the 1st and 2nd noble truths and the need to purify and free their minds from hatred, greed and ignorance-Symbolises Buddha’s purification and his birth to the new life of enlightenment

Offerings and gifts are taken to the altar to be offered to Buddha’s statue - Flowers significance of lotus flower- fresh if possible)- Candles light and truth)-Incense/joss sticks- Food (vegetarian)

-Shows respect and gratitude to the Buddha for his life and teachings-Offering all that we cherish in the material world-Wither away- impermanence (anicca)-- burn = light of wisdom-Burn= frangrance of moral conduct-1st precept to refrain from causing harm to other living beings

-Note: impermannece- life is subject to decay and destruction therefore we should value what we have now and live in the present-Reminder of the central teachings such as the impermenance, ethical principles such as refraining from harming living things-Wisdom expels ignorance- 8Fold path=- good conduct- good livlihoos and good actions

New Buddhists take the 3refuges and5 or 8 preceptsTaking refuge us the first step on the Buddhist path to inner freedom

3 jewels and ethical guidelines

- takinh refuge in the presence of the Sangha provides the individual with spiritual support-It creates a sense of communal solidarity

Afternoon meditationMeditation- training the mind, reverence and dedication towards Buddha= an essential component of the practice of the DharmaOffering gifts to the poorExpresses veneration of the Buddha- shows gratitude and appreciation to Buddha- compassionListening to monks tell stories from the Jakata tales

- is crucial to understanding the cause of suffering (1st Noble Truth)-Enablews the adherent to see that suffering is caused by desire (2nd NT)-It is possible to be free (cessation) from wanting, wishing and desiring (3rd NT)-A guide to living, the practice of Buddhism (4th NT)

-- it helps to clear the mind and provide an insight into the 2 noble truths which is a crucial step in the path to enlightenment (individual)

Ritual action Expression of beliefs

Significance to individual/community

Evening ceremony of chanting, Dharma talk and circumambulation of the Stupa 3 timesLantern procession(Theravadin- Thailand)

3 jewels - Group solidarity, spiritual support, spiritual; support and advice (community)

- Chanting reminds adherents of the ideal qualities of the triple gem that each is striving to achieve

- Also helps to concentrate and develop a peaceful state of mind and advice (community)

- Reaffirms the key beliefs for each individual

Ritual action Expression of beliefs

Significance to individual/community

Evening procession with candles and lanterns, radiating loving kindness to all living things- Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lankan (Theravadin)Each person carries 3 flowers, 3 glowing incense sticks, lighted candle

- Buddha’s enlightenment

- Homage to the Buddha’s teachings (Dharma) and his disciples (Sangha)

- Enhances sense of community

- Attainment of merit by the individual which helps one to obtain happiness in this life and the next (karma)

- As a behavioural exemplar for each individual

Symbols incorporated into WesakSymbolic object or action

Where/ and when

Expression of belief Significance to individual/ community

Lotus flowerRed= heartPurple= mystic= purity and divine birth

At the base of the shrine- Buddha actually sits on the leaves

Actuality or potential of enlightenment therefore linked to the 8Fold Path- the practice of Buddhism

- Reminder of the goal of enlightenment

- To rise above the defilements and suffering of life- our own potential Buddhahood (individual)

Wheel of life (dharma Wheel)

On altar Wheel of life/rebirth Reminds individuals of key belief 8Fold path- each spoke (8) represents a step on the Path

Symbolic object or action

Where/ and when

Expression of belief Significance to individual/ community

Buddha image-Sitting posture= central figure in this significant practice

On shrine/altarIn the highest position

Representation of embodiment of perfected attributes of the Buddha- serenity, peacefulness, composure, purity

By focussing on the positive of the Buddha, individuals are helped to develop the same attributes eg calmness and inspired to follow the path of Buddha

Folding of palms In the temple during the service

3 jewels - By expressing reverence for the 3 jewels, adherents are reminded of their importance in their lives

Symbolic object or action

Where/ and when

Expression of belief Significance to individual/ community

Prostration Before Buddha or members of the Sangha

Qualities of the Buddha-Loving kindness-Compassion-virtue

Helps individuals to overcome their ego and prepare them to listen to Buddha’s teachings-Provides an opportunity for individuals to recall the qualities of the Buddha and subsequently be inspired- expresses deep veneration-Shows respect to the Buddha and his qualities

Analyse the significance of Wesak for individuals and the community

Individual• Contemplation and recommitment to the goal of

enlightenmentContemplation of the Buddha’s enlightenment experience is a major focus of Wesak. Consequently, many of the ritual devotions are designed to concentrate on the meaning of enlightenment and possibly of it for the individual.

Provide an example of this ritual devotion- Buddha- Buddha image- what this symbolises- Significance for the individual- Ritual action of prostration.- Lotus flower

Individual• Reinforcement of Buddhist beliefs

The reinforcement and reconnection with beliefs, is a second reason why Wesak is significant to the individual

• Singing of the hymns• Kneeling and bowing• Bathing of the Buddha• What do these remind individuals of?• The offering of gifts• The offering of flowers, candles and incense• The offerings of vegetarian food- link to 1st precept

Community• Reaffirmation of key beliefs/ strengthening

the community/ preserving and ensuring the continuity of the tradition

- Early morning ceremony- The singing of the hymns- Interconnectedness- strengthening communal identity- Group chanting- The Dhamma talk