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History of Budapest From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the history of Budapest until recent times. For other aspects of the city,see Budapest . 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Pleasehelp improve this article  by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) 

UNESCO World Heritage Site  

Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube,

the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue 

 Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List  

Type Cultural

Criteria  ii, iv

Reference 400

UNESCO region 

Europe

Inscription history

Inscription 1987 (11th Session) 

Extensions 2002

Contents

[hide] 

  1Prehistory and Roman era 

  2Middle Ages 

  3Renaissance 

  418th century 

  519th century 

  620th century 

  7After 1989 

  8Timeline of the history of Budapest 

  9Images 

  10References 

  11Further reading 

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  12External links 

Prehistory and Roman era[edit] Main articles: Hungarian prehistory  and   Aquincum 

The first town, built by Celts, occupied about 30 hectares along the slopes of  Gellért Hill (firstcentury BC). Archaeological finds suggest that it may have been a densely populated settlement,with a separate district of craftsmen[1] (potteries and bronze foundries). It may have been a tradingcentre as well, as coins coming from different regions would indicate. The town was occupied bythe Romans at the beginning of the Christian era. Its inhabitants moved to the Danube plains, to acity retaining the Celtic name ( Aquincum), in the first century. In AD 106 the city became thecapital of the province Pannonia Inferior . The headquarters of the governor and significant militaryforce were stationed here, and its population numbered about 20,000. It was frequently involvedin wars on the border of the Roman Empire (formed by the Danube).

Middle Ages[edit] Main article: Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages 

The Romans pulled out in the 5th century AD to be succeeded by the Huns through fierce battles.Germanic tribes, Lombards, Avars and Slavs all passed through during the second  Age ofMigrations (following the split up of the Hun tribe, after   Attila the Hun died), until the arrival ofthe Magyars in about 896. The peace treaty of 829 added Pannonia to Bulgaria after the victoryof the Bulgarian army under  Omurtag over Holy Roman Empire under  Louis the Pious. Budapestarose out of two Bulgarian military frontier fortresses Buda and Pest, situated on the two banks ofDanube.[2] While other tribes spread across the entire Carpathian basin, the clan of   Árpád settleddown on Csepel Island, a large island in the Danube, forming a shelter for the settlers who startedagricultural works (south part of Budapest today). It was under the  Árpád dynasty that Hungarybecame a Christian state, ruled first from Esztergom and later from Székesfehérvár . 

 After the Bulgarian –Hungarian Wars, Buda and Pest started their development in the 12th

century, which was largely due to the French, Walloon and German settlers who migrated hereand worked and traded under royal protection along the banks of the Danube. Both towns weredevastated during the Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241-42[3] and subsequently rebuilt bycolonists from Germany, who renamed Buda "Ofen", after its numerous lime kilns. (The "Pest"name, which has a Slav origin, also means "furnace".)

Renaissance[edit] Main articles: Buda Castle and  Ottoman Hungary  

During the 14th century, the  Angevin kings from France established Buda as the royal seat ofcentralized power. They built a succession of palaces on the Várhegy or Castle Hill, reaching itszenith during the Renaissance under the reign of "Good King" Mátyás(1458 –90) and his Italian-

born wife, Queen Beatrice of Naples, with a golden age of prosperity and a flourishing of the arts.Hungary's catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 against the invading Turks ledby Suleiman the Magnificent, paved the way for the Ottoman occupation of Hungary. Suleiman's siege of Buda (1541) was part of the Little War in Hungary betweenthe Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire. Three years after the Battle of Vienna, a pan-Europeanmultinational army besieged Buda Castle in theBattle of Buda (1686) for six weeks, finallyrecapturing it on the 12th attempt with heavy losses on both sides.

18th century [edit] Main article: History of Hungary 1700-1919 

During the 18th century, under the rule of  Charles III, Maria Theresia and her son Joseph II, 

Budapest was an insignificant provincial town. Vienna controlled the foreign affairs, defense,tariffs, and other functions. A mostly formal Diet, customarily called together every three years inPozsony (Bratislava), ruled what was called "Royal Hungary".

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19th century [edit] Main articles: Hungarian Revolution of 1848  and   Austria-Hungary  

Széchenyi Chain Bridge 

In the first decades of the following century, Pest became the center of the Reform movement ledby Count Széchenyi, whose vision of progress was embodied in the construction ofthe Lánchíd (Chain Bridge). This became the first permanent bridge between Buda and Pest,which had until then, relied strictly on pontoon bridges or barges and ferries.

The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. With the leadership of  Lajos Kossuth (1802 –94) and the "people's rights-liberals" dominatedparliament, Sándor Petőfi (1823 –49), also a renowned poet, and his fellow revolutionaries beganto plot downfall of the Habsburgs in Budapest at the Café Pilvax (which exists to this day incentral Pest). From here, they planned and mobilized crowds on the streets of Pest, leading tothe steps of the National Museum where Petőfi recited his moving "National Poem" which rousedup the crowds and gave a push start of emotions to the people, creating passion for therevolution, similar to the French revolution before. After the civil war of fighting for independenceended in defeat for the Hungarians, Habsburg repression was epitomized by the newlybuilt Citadella on top of Gellért Hill, built to frighten the citizens with its cannons and large garrisonof soldiers overlooking the entire city.

The  Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 made allowance for the dual monarchy of   Austria –Hungary, known in German as k.u.k. (based on German for "Emperor and King"). The twin citiesunderwent rapid growth and expansion, and finally formally merged. In 1870, under PrimeMinister Gyula Andrássy, the Metropolitan Board of Public Works (modeled on theLondon Metropolitan Board of Works) was created to develop more stringent standards forconstruction and a long-term plan for the city.[4] Pest was extensively rebuilt based on the modelof Paris, with the main artery: Nagykörút (Great Boulevard) and  Andrássy Avenue which lead

to Heroes' Square and a great park with fountains and lakes. Budapest's millennial anniversarycelebrations of the settlement of the Magyars in the region in 1896 brought a fresh rush ofconstruction and development, including the opening of the first line of the Budapest Metro under Andrassy Avenue. The Heroes' Square and Vajdahunyad Castle, located at end of Andrássy Avenue are just two perfect examples of the monumental scale and style that influenced theperiod. New suburbs were created to make room and house the rapidly growing and financiallyexpanding population, which by now was predominantly Magyar, although there developed asizable German as well as a Jewish community due to immigration to the city. In texts fromaround that period, Budapest was commonly rendered as "Buda-Pesth" (or "Budapesth") inEnglish.[5][6] 

By the end of the 19th century, Budapest had become one of the cultural centers of Europe[7] 

20th century [edit] 

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Main articles: Hungary during World War II , People's Republic of Hungary  and  HungarianRevolution of 1956  

 At the beginning of the 20th century the cultural efflorescence and sparkling energy of abundanceand well-being of Budapest rivaled that of Vienna[citation needed ] and its café society that of Paris[citation

needed ], a belle époque extinguished by World War I. In theaftermath of World War I which had led

to the collapse of the  Austro-Hungarian Empire, half of the Hungarian population was cut awayfrom Hungary by the Treaty of Trianon and made part of surrounding nations. In 1918-19,Budapest was shaken by two revolutions: the  Aster Revolution brought about the HungarianDemocratic Republic, which was followed by the Hungarian Soviet Republic, a short-livedCommunist regime led by Béla Kun, followed by two years of  White Terror . The Hungarian –Romanian War of 1919 ended with the Romanian occupation of parts of Hungary proper,including Budapest in August 1919, and the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary, ledby Miklós Horthy, the self-appointed regent for the exiled King Karl IV (see the conflict of CharlesIV with Miklós Horthy). His domain and regency was characterized by gala balls as well ashunger marches by the poor, of nationalism and anti-Semitism by inheritance, again inherited by joining the wrong side (the Nazis), who promised the sweet reward of re-joining of the Hungariannation as a whole in the post-Trianon era. Yet Horthy was considered a moderate compared tothe fascist  Arrow Cross Party, whose power grew as World War II raged across Europe.

 Anticipating and knowing about Horthy's communication with the Allies and possible defectionfrom the Axis alliance in 1944, the Nazis staged “Operation Panzerfaust”, a coup against Horthy,and installed an Arrow Cross government under  Ferenc Szálasi to make allowance for theunobstructed massacre of the Jews of Budapest.

Before World War II, approximately 200,000 Jews lived in Budapest, making it the center ofHungarian Jewish cultural life.[8] In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Budapest was a safe havenfor Jewish refugees. Before the war some 5,000 refugees, primarily from Germany and Austria,arrived in Budapest. With the beginning of deportations of Jews from Slovakia in March 1942, asmany as 8,000 Slovak Jewish refugees also settled in Budapest. Hungary was allied with NaziGermany. Despite discriminatory legislation against the Jews and widespread antisemitism, theJewish community of Budapest was relatively secure until the German occupation of Hungary in

March 1944 (Operation Margarethe). With the occupation, the Germans ordered theestablishment of a Jewish council in Budapest and severely restricted Jewish life. Apartmentsoccupied by Jews were confiscated. Hundreds of Jews were rounded up and interned inthe Kistarcsa transit camp (originally established by Hungarian authorities), 15 miles (24 km)northeast of Budapest. Between April and July 1944, the Germans and Hungarians deportedJews from the Hungarian provinces. By the end of July, the Jews in Budapest were virtually theonly Jews remaining in Hungary. They were not immediately ghettoized. Instead, in June 1944,Hungarian authorities ordered the Jews into over 2,000 designated buildings scattered throughoutthe city. The buildings were marked with Stars of David. About 25,000 Jews from the suburbs ofBudapest were rounded up and transported to the  Auschwitz-Birkenauextermination camp.Hungarian authorities suspended the deportations in July 1944, sparing the remaining Jews ofBudapest, at least temporarily. Many Jews searched for places of hiding or for protection. They

were aided by foreign diplomats like Nuncio  Angelo Rotta, Raoul Wallenberg, GiorgioPerlasca, Carl Lutz, Friedrich Born, Harald Feller ,  Angel Sanz Briz and George Mandel-Mantello who organized false papers and safe houses for them. These actions saved tens ofthousands of Jews.

In October 1944, Germany orchestrated a coup and installed a new Hungarian governmentdominated by the fascist  Arrow Cross Party under  Ferenc Szálasi. The remaining Jews ofBudapest were again in grave danger. The Arrow Cross instituted a reign of terror in Budapestand hundreds of Jews were shot. Jews were also drafted for brutal forced labor. On November 8,1944, the Arrow Cross militia concentrated more than 70,000 Jews—men, women, andchildren—in the Ujlaki brickyards in Obuda, and from there forced them to march on foot tocamps in Austria. Thousands were shot and thousands more died as a result of starvation orexposure to the bitter cold. The prisoners who survived the death march reached Austria in late

December 1944. There, the Germans took them to various concentration camps, especiallyDachau in southern Germany and Mauthausen in northern Austria, and to Vienna, where theywere employed in the construction of fortifications around the city. In November 1944, the Arrow

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Cross ordered the remaining Jews in Budapest into a closed ghetto. Jews who did not haveprotective papers issued by a neutral power were to move to the ghetto by early December.Between December 1944 and the end of January 1945, the Arrow Cross took Jews from theghetto in nightly razzias, as well as deserters from the Hungarian army or political enemies, shotthem along the banks of the Danube and threw their bodies into the river. Soviet forces capturedBudapest on February 13, 1945. More than 100,000 Jews remained in the city at time of

capture.[8] 

Upon retreating, the Germans also blew up all the Danube bridges as a way of hampering theprogress of the Communist Red Army of the Soviets. A two-month-long siege ofBudapest reduced the entire city, but mostly the Castle District to rubble, as it was assigned tothe mostly Hungarian army with German leadership to defend and to "hold back". Most roofs inBudapest were blown in by Soviet bombs, walls blown in by Soviet tanks. The occupants soughtshelter in cellars and ate dead horsemeat found in the streets just to survive.[citation needed ] 

 After 1945 free elections were held, in which many parties (among them the Smallholders, theSocial Democrats, and the Communists) were voted into Parliament. Due to Soviet pressure thegovernment coalition, led by the Social Democrats, accepted the small Communist Party into thecoalition.[citation needed ] By the next election, most of the former government MEPs were entered into

the Communist Party. In the election of 1949, the party, with Soviet backup resources, used theflaw in the so-called 'blue-ticket' election system, from which this election got its name, to have itsvoters transported in trucks to all voting offices, where with reproduced and collected blue ticketsthey could vote away from their home address district.[citation needed ] 

The Communists gained power while the Soviet Army propped up the Hungarian state. Undertheir auspices, the former Arrow Cross torture chambers in the prisons filled up with theiropponents.[citation needed ] Arrests, beatings or summary executions were used as a standard tool bythe Secret Police, who employed an extensive net of informants.[citation needed ] Random arrests withoutcharge were commonly initiated by regime informants, some of these abductees were neverheard from again.[citation needed ] By this time the administration was composed predominantly ofhardline communists or careerists, who made up the Soviet-accepted controllers of wealth andpower .[citation needed ] Materials were routinely confiscated from the Hungarian populace and taken to

the USSR for "War Repairs".[citation needed ] These administrators' actions were rewarded with positionand favour.[citation needed ] In Budapest this administrative approach was paired with aggressiveindustrialisation, militarisation, collectivisation and politicisation of the economy.[citation

needed ] Factories, chimneys, bridges, and railways were rapidly constructed. Workers during resttime were often subjected to Soviet propaganda and had to practice self-criticism in publicmeetings, negatively appraising their own performance.[citation needed ] Rákosi's government was one ofthe most dictatorial and most exploitative of the Warsaw Pact countries.[citation needed ] 

The political situation was centred on advancing the interest of those informal factions, which hadtheir primary focus on well-being.[citation needed ] In this situation, Imre Nagy was elected as next PrimeMinister. He had gained widespread popularity by distributing land to farmers, and the support ofthe elite by practicing self-criticism and completing party programs, even when it conflicted withhis proposals.[citation needed ] He moved to create a multiparty system, winning the support of the MEP

majority.[citation needed ] He declared Hungarian sovereignty and self-governance, its departure from theWarsaw Pact and its willingness to co-operate with all countries. During this time, the CIA-sponsored Radio Free Europe broadcast effective methods of urban combat, includingconstructing barricades and producing explosives.[citation needed ] In Budapest, peaceful protestsdemanding Soviet withdrawal, free press, freedom of expression and free elections, wereorganized by university students, professors and intellectuals. The Soviet Minister for War Issuesordered the brigades to move into the city. In response to this action, the protesters set updefenses. When the tanks and elite forces opened fire on the mass protest situated in front of theParliament buildings, they caused a national uprising overnight. There were examples of long-stationed Soviet soldiers refusing to accept the authority of their officers and defecting to therevolutionary forces.[citation needed ] 

The Soviets were eventually defeated and all surviving units were ordered to return to army

bases in the countryside. Imre Nagy declared Hungary neutral, stated he was working tocooperate with all willing countries, and declared free elections, parties were founded or

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reopened in the city. The USA declared that the neutrality of the small country did not affect theWorld Powers.[citation needed ] The Soviet Union, which feared NATO deployment, took this as apermission to invade Hungary.[citation needed ] In reality the USA wanted to ensure Hungary was notinvaded by retaining its neutral position.[citation needed ] Soviet units were ordered to invade, along withthe militaries of the surrounding nationalities of the Warsaw Pact, with which Hungary already hada strained history.[citation needed ]On November 4, the Warsaw Pact forces launched their attack. Imre

Nagy fled to the Yugoslavian Embassy, and refused to take responsibility for ordering resistance.He was promised free passage to the border by the next leader, but was arrested by Soviettroops and later put on trial in secret.[9] 

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was suppressed, the Soviets, rather than appointing aHungarian hardliner or a Soviet general, gave a chance to János Kádár, a former kidnappedminister of the revolution.[citation needed ] He defeated the remaining rebel forces, then embarked oncautious reforms to create a "Goulash Communism"[citation needed ] that differentiated Hungary from itsWarsaw Pact neighbors. Due to the co-operative efforts of Kádár and huge loans taken from theWest to offset the failing economy, Hungary became the favorite Communist state of the West bythe late 1970s.[citation needed ] A decade later, the city was the center of opposition activity, rallies,printing and selling of unauthorized material and secret-service surveillance. In addition the talksbetween opposition and government representatives (dubbed the "Round Table Consultations")

were held there.[citation needed ] Finally, the majority of the multi-sided regime decided to step overGorbachev's line and open the borders (the first official break of the Iron Curtain), declaredHungary a Republic on October 23, 1989 then issued free elections.[citation needed ] While communismwas toppled in Berlin and Prague, the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party was simply voted out ofpower in Hungary, initiating a peaceful transition from one political system to another.[citation

needed ] Hungarians simply refer to all that has happened since then as "after the System-change".

 After 1989[edit] Main article: Politics of Hungary  

The revolutions of 1989 brought with them the end of  Soviet occupation of Hungary, which meantthe end of Communism in Hungary. Budapest succeeded in taking advantage of new economic

possibilities and pursuing development more efficiently than the other parts of the country. Uponthe shutdown of Socialist industrial plants plenty of new workplaces were generated, especiallyon the fields of service and trade industries. In the Budapest area unemployment is the lowestand average income per capita is the highest.

The local government law legislated after the transition provided new rights or licenses for thedistricts of Budapest, like the right to own and finance the community public services should theywant and decide the density and micro-layout of area types that are defined by the MetropolitanGovernment. Local minority governments had also sprang forth, active mainly on cultural fields.

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Timeline of Budapest From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of  Budapest, Hungary. 

This is a dynamic list  and may never be able to satisfy particular standards forcompleteness. You can help by  expanding it  with reliably sourced  entries. 

Contents

[hide] 

  1Prior to 19th century 

  219th century 

o  2.11873 –1899 

  320th century 

o  3.11900 –1945 

o  3.21946 –1990s 

  421st century 

  5See also 

  6References 

  7Bibliography 

o  7.1in English 

o  7.2in other languages 

  8External links 

Prior to 19th century [edit] 

This section

requires expansion.(January 2015) 

See also: Pest , Buda and  Óbuda 

Part of  a series on the 

History of Hungary

Early history[show] 

Medieval[show] 

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Early modern[show] 

Late modern[show] 

Contemporary[show] 

By topic[show] 

Hungary portal 

  v 

  t 

  e 

  B.C. - Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and ironage cultures, Celtic and Eravisci settlements on present day Budapest.

  1st century CE - Romans found the settlements known as  Aquincum, Contra- Aquincum and Campona. Aquincum becomes the largest town of the Danubian regionand one of the capitals of  Pannonia.[1] 

  5th century - The Age of  Huns.[1] King  Attila builds a city for himself here according to laterchronicles. After his death, the sons of his brother Mundzuk (Hungarian: Bendegúz,Turkish: Boncuk), Attila and Bleda (Hungariahn:Buda), in control of the united Hun tribes.

  896 - Following the foundation of  Hungary,  Árpád, leader of the Hungarians, settles in the

"Town of Attila", usually identified as  Aquincum.   10th century - Out of the seven to ten Hungarian tribes, four have settlements in the

territory of modern Budapest: Megyer, Keszi, Jenő and Nyék.[citation needed ] 

  1015 - Saint Stephen church established (approximate date).[citation needed ] 

  1046 - Bishop Gellért dies at the hands of pagans on present-day Gellért Hill.   1241 - Mongol invasions destroy both towns.[1] 

  1248 - King Béla IV builds the first royal castle on Castle Hill, Buda.[1] The new townadopts the name of Buda from the earlier one (present day Óbuda). Pest is surroundedby city walls.

  1255 - Matthias Church reconstruction begins.[citation needed ] 

  1270 - Saint Margaret of Hungary dies in a cloister on the Isle of Rabbits (present

day Margaret Island).  1458 - The noblemen of Hungary elect Matthias Corvinus (in Latin) or Hunyadi Mátyás (in

Hungarian) as king on the ice of the Danube. Under his reign Buda becomes a main hubof European Renaissance. He dies in 1490, after capturing Vienna in 1485.

  1472 - Printing press established in Buda.[2] 

  1526 - 26 November: Buda taken by forces of Ottman Suleyman.[1][3] 

  1530 - Siege of Buda (1530) (hu).

  1540 - Siege of Buda (1540) (hu).

  1541

  Siege of Buda (1541). 

  Buda becomes part of the Ottoman Empire.[3][4] The Turkish Pashas build multiplemosques and baths in Buda.

  Budin Eyalet established.[1] 

  1542 - Siege of Pest.[1] 

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  1550 - Rudas Baths built.

  1566 - Sokollu Mustafa Pasha (de) becomes Pasha of Buda (hu).[1] 

  1602 - An unsuccessful assault on Budapest under Feldmarschall Christof Hermann Grafvon Rußworm (2 October - 15 November 1602).[citation needed ] 

  1686 - Battle of Buda (1686).[1] Buda and Pest are reconquered fromthe Turks with Habsburg leadership. Both towns are destroyed completely in the battles.[3] 

  1690s - Resettlement, initially only a few hundred German settlers.

  1771 - Citadel built in Buda.[5] 

  1773 - Election of the first Mayor of Pest.[citation needed ] 

  1777 - Maria Theresa of Austria moves Nagyszombat University to Castle Hill in Buda.[5] 

  1783 - Joseph II places the acting government (Helytartótanács) and Magyar Kamara onBuda.

  1795 - 20 May - Ignác Martinovics and other  Jacobin leaders are executed on Vérmező or'The Field of Blood'.

19th century [edit] 

See also: History of Budapest in the 19th century  

This section

requires expansion.(January 2015) 

  1810 - A fire in the Tabán district.

  1811 - City Park laid out in Pest.

  1823 - Fasori Gimnázium (school) founded.

  1825 - Commencement of the Reform Era. Pest becomes the cultural and economiccentre of the country. The first National Theatre is built, along with the HungarianNational Museum. 

  1830 - Steamboat to Vienna begins operating.[6]   1833 - Vigadó Concert Hall opens in Pest.

  1836 - Pest-Buda Musical Association (hu) founded.

  1838 - 1838 Pest flood (hu).[7] The biggest flood in recent memory in March completelyinundates Pest.

  1839 - Industrial flour mill begins operating.[8] 

  1844 - Ganz Works iron foundry in business in Buda.

  1846

  Vác-Budapest railway begins operating.[8] 

  Railway station built.[9] 

  1848 - 15 March - Start of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. Pest

replaces Pozsony/Pressburg (Bratislava) as the new capital of Hungary and seat ofthe Batthyány government and the Parliament.

  1849

  5 January: Austrians occupy the city.[6] 

   April: Hungarian Honvédsereg (Army of National Defense) reclaims city,[10] taking thefortress of Buda on May 21 after an 18-day Battle of Buda (1849). 

  July: Habsburg army again captures the two towns.[6] 

  6 October - Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian Prime Minister  is executed on thepresent-day Szabadság tér .[6] 

  Széchenyi Lánchíd, or Széchenyi Chain Bridge, the first permanent bridge across theDanube in Budapest was opened linking Buda (West bank) and Pest (East bank).[5] 

  1853 - Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra founded.[11] 

  1857 - Pest Academy of Commerce founded.

  1859 - Dohány Street Synagogue consecrated in Pest.[12] 

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  1860 - Raitzenbad (bath) rebuilt.[13][14] 

  1864 - Vigadó Concert Hall built.[9] 

  1865

  Esterhazy Gallery of art established.[7] 

  Hungarian Academy of Sciences building constructed in Pest.[5] 

  1867  8 June: Coronation of  Franz Joseph as King of Hungary.[3] 

   Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, followed by unprecedented civicdevelopment, resulting in the style of present day Budapest.[9] 

  Budapesti Közlöny  government newspaper headquartered in Pest.[15] 

  1868

  Municipal council established in Pest.[16] 

  Borsszem Jankó (hu) humor magazine headquartered in Pest.[15] 

  Leopold Basilica built in Pest.[5] 

  1869

  János Gundel (hu) restaurant in busienss.[17] 

  Margaret Island park opens.[18] 

  1870

  Közmunkatanács  (hu) (metro planning entity) established.[17] 

  Zagreb-Budapest railway begins operating.[8] 

  Café Gerbeaud moves to Régi Színház Square. 

  1872

  Military academy built in Pest.[5] 

  Rumbach Street Synagogue built.

1873 –1899[edit] 

  1873

  17 November: The former cities: Pest, Buda and Óbuda are united, and with thatthe Hungarian capital is established with the name of Budapest.

  Ráth Károly (hu) becomes Mayor of Budapest (hu).

  Coat of arms of Budapest design adopted.[19] 

  Budapesti Szemle scholarly journal headquartered in city.[15] 

  1874

  Budapest Cog-wheel Railway service is inaugurated.

  Customhouse built.[5] 

  Egyetértés (hu) newspaper headquartered in city.

  1875

  26 June: Storm.[3] 

  Liszt Academy of Music founded.  1876

   Andrássy Avenue opens.

  Margaret Bridge built.[5] 

  1877

  Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal opens.[9] 

  Országos Pedagógiai Könyvtár és Múzeum (hu) founded.[20] 

  1878

  Electric public lighting installed in the city centre.

  Pesti Hírlap (hu) newspaper in publication.[21] 

  Bolond Istók  (hu) humor magazine begins publication.[15] 

  1881  Budapesti Hírlap newspaper begins publication.[15][21] 

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  Population: 370,767 (75,794 in Buda + 294,973 in Pest).[5] 

  1884

  Budapest Keleti railway station built.[9] 

  Hungarian Royal Opera House opens.[17] 

  1885 - Dobos torte (cake) introduced.

  1886  Budapest Opera Ball begins.

  Manfred Weiss Ammunition Factory begins operating near city.

  1888 - Electric tram begins operating.[8] 

  1891 - Population: 491,938.[5] 

  1892 - Cholera epidemic.[16] 

  1893

  Electric power plant built.[8] 

  Electrification of Budapest finished.[citation needed ] 

  1894

  March: Funeral of  Lajos Kossuth.[17] 

   Aquincum Museum[22][23]

 and New York Café open.  Nemzeti Szalon (hu) (art society) founded.

  Wampetics (later  Gundel) restaurant in business.

  1895 - Hall of Art, Budapest built.

  1896

  Budapest Metro begins operating.[17] 

  Hungary Millennium Celebrations (hu).[3] 

  Franz Joseph Bridge, Grand Boulevard, and Museum of Applied Arts [9] built.

  1899

  Hungarian Transportation Museum opens.

  Uránia Hungarian Scientific Theatre (hu) active.[24] 

  Institute of Geology built.[9]

20th century [edit] See also: History of Budapest in the 20th century  

This section

requires expansion.(January 2015) 

1900 –1945[edit] 

  1900

  Heroes' Square constructed, with its Millennium Memorial (hu).  Population: 732,222.[3] 

  1901

  21 December: Economic unrest.[3] 

  Postal Savings Bank built.[9] 

  Gödöllö artists' colony (hu) founded near city.[25] 

  1902

  Hungarian Parliament Building constructed.[9] 

  Fortuna cinema opens.[26] 

  1903

  Cifrapalota (hu) built.[25] 

  Elisabeth Bridge[9] and Varosliget Picture House[26] open.  1904 - Thalia Theatre opens.[26] 

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  1905 - Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) built.[13] 

  1906

  István Bárczy becomes mayor .[9] 

  Gresham Palace built.[25] 

  1908 - Nyugat  literary magazine begins publication.[27] 

  1909   Athletic Club of Kispest established.

  Endre Nagy cabaret active.[27][28] 

  1909 –1910 - Electric public lighting expanded to the suburbs, the nearby towns villageshad Electric public lighting.

  1910

  Population: The census finds 880,000 people in Budapest and 55,000 in the largestsuburb of Újpest (now part of Budapest). The religious make-up was 60.9% Catholic,23.1% Jewish, 9.9% Calvinist and 5.0% Lutheran. Újpest was 65.9% Catholic, 18.4%Jewish, 9.7% Calvinist and 4.5% Lutheran. The percentage of ethnic Germans was9.0% in Budapest and 5.7% in Újpest, while 2.3% of the population claimed to beSlovak.[29] 

  1913 - Bozsik Stadion (stadium) built.  1915 -  A Tett  (hu) cultural magazine begins publication.[25] 

  1916 - Helios cinema[30] and Magyar Zsidó Museum[31] open.

  1918

  31 October: Socialist  Aster Revolution begins.[32] Revolution and the 133 days ofthe Hungarian Republic of Councils (March – August 1919) under the leadershipof  Béla Kun. It is the first Communist government to be formed in Europe afterthe October Revolution in Russia.

  1919

  21 March: City becomes capital of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.[32] 

  6 August: French-supported Romanian forces enter city.[33] The Communist

government collapsed and its leaders fled. In retaliation for the Red Terror , reactionary crews now exacted revenge in a two-year wave of violent repressionknown today as theWhite Terror . 

  1 November: Budapest becomes capital of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, established by Mihály Károlyi.[33] 

  14 November: Romanian occupation ends.[33] 

  16 November: Miklós Horthy and National Army enter Budapest;[34] regencygovernment established in 1920.

  1921 - Magyar Írás (hu) newspaper begins publication.

  1924 - Hungarian National Bank is founded.

  1925 - Hungarian Radio commences broadcasting.

  1926

  Corvin Áruház (hu) (shop) in business on Blaha Lujza tér  (hu).  Forum Cinema active.[30] 

  1930 - Population: 1,442,869.

  1933

  Disassembly of the Tabán commences.

   April: National Socialist demonstrations.[33] 

  1937 - Petőfi Bridge built.

  1938

  Magyar Optical Works (hu) active.

  Barlang cinema opens.[30] 

  1944

  19 March - German forces occupy Budapest. At the time of the occupation, therewere 184,000 Jews and between 65,000 and 80,000 Christians of Jewish descent in

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the town. The Arrow Cross collaborated with the Germans in murdering Jews. Fewerthan half of Budapest's Jews (approximately 119,000) survived the following 11months.

  3 November: Budapest Offensive by Soviet forces begins.[33] 

  26 December: Siege of Budapest begins.

  1945

  15 –18 January: Soviet and Romanian troops besiege Budapest. The retreatingGermans destroy all Danube bridges. On 18 January, the soviets complete theoccupation of Pest.

  13 February: The Buda castle falls; Siege of Budapest ends.[10][33] World War II tookthe lives of close to 200,000 Budapest residents and caused widespread damage tothe buildings of the city.

1946 –1990s[edit] 

This section

requires expansion.(February 2015) 

  1946

  Kossuth Bridge built.

  Széll Kálmán Square renamed "Moscow Square."[35] 

  1947 - Liberty Statue (Budapest) erected.

  1949 - City becomes capital of the Hungarian People's Republic. 

  1950 -  Árpád Bridge opens.

  1952 - Esti Budapest  newspaper begins publication.

  1956

  23 October - 4 November - The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending inthe invasion of a large Soviet force.

  Népszabadság  newspaper headquartered in city.[36] 

  1959 - Béla Balázs Studio (hu) of film established.[25] 

  1960s - Wartime damage is largely repaired.

  1963 - Rákosi bunker  built.

  1964 - Elizabeth Bridge rebuilt, the final bridge to be repaired postwar.

  1968

  Budapest Transport established.

  Iparterv (hu) art group active.[25] 

  1969 - Marriott hotel built.[18] 

  1970

  The first phase of the East-Western Metro begin operating.

  Population: 1,945,083.

  1972 - Moszkva tér (Budapest Metro) opens at Moscow Square.[37] 

  1974 - Rubik's Cube invented.

  1975 - Budapest-Déli Railway Terminal built.

  1976

  The first phase of the North-Southern Metro begins.

  Hilton hotel built.[18] 

  1979 -  Artpool founded.[25] 

  1983 - Budapest Festival Orchestra founded.[38] 

  1985 - Petőfi Csarnok youth center opens.

  1987

  Budapest designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.[39] 

  Dimitrov Square (hu) renamed "Church Square."[19] 

  1989 - City becomes part of the Third Hungarian Republic. 

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  1990

  Gábor Demszky becomes mayor.

  Budapest Stock Exchange re-established.[40] 

  Population: The city is home to 2,016,100 residents.

  Gyöngyösi utca (Budapest Metro) opens.

  1992 - Kempinski Hotel Corvinus in business.[37]

   1995 - Rákóczi Bridge opens.

  1996

  European Roma Rights Center established.[41] 

  Polus Center (shopping mall),[19] Duna Plaza (hu) shopping mall,[18] and Corvincinema[37] established.

  1997 - Budapest Pride event begins.

  1999 - WestEnd City Center  shopping mall in business.

21st century [edit] 

This sectionrequires expansion.(January 2015) 

  2000 - Buda Health Center  established.

  2002

   August: Flood. 

  National Theatre (Budapest) rebuilt.

   Andrássy Avenue is added to the list of World heritage Sites, along withthe Millennium Underground railway and Heroes' Square. 

  2004

  1 May: Hungary  joins the European Union.

  Budapest City Archives new building opens.  2006

  September  –October: Anti-government protests in Kossuth Lajos square.[40][42] 

  Budapest Fringe Festival begins.

  200 km of the 1000 km road in capital level local government handling isreconstructed after 80 km in the former year. The world's longest trams, SiemensCombino Supras start service on Great Boulevard, by the end of the year 150 Volvo7700 buses take part in replacing the aging BKV fleet. Reconstruction of  metro line2 finishes.

  2008

  The Eastern part of the M0 motorway around the city with Megyeri Bridge is finishedand given to public. The new Northern Railway Bridge is finished and is opened topublic.

  By this year 400 km road [43] have been reconstructed due to the road reconstructionprogram paired with pipe (heating and water) replacements to modern, narrow andheat-conserving ones, and where needed sewer system expansion or replacement.

  2009 - The 2007-2009 complete reconstruction of  Liberty Bridge[44] finishes.

  2010

  István Tarlós becomes mayor.

  The Central Wastewater Treatment Plant starts its normal operation. This increasesbiologically treated sewage from 51% to 100%.

  2011

  The 2009-2011 complete and historical reconstruction of  Margaret Bridge[45] finishes.

  Population: 1,729,040 city; 3,284,110 metro.   2012 - Protest related to new Constitution of Hungary.[40] 

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  2014

  First phase of  Line 4 (Budapest Metro) opens for use by the public.

  2014 Hungarian Internet tax protests.[40] 

  2015 - September: Demonstration by migrants.[46] 

See also[edit]   History of Budapest 

  Pasha of Buda (hu), 1541-1686 (includes list of names)

  List of mayors of Budapest (hu) (főpolgármesterek), since 1873 

  List of mayors (hu:Budapest polgármestereinek listája), since 1873

  List of city council presidents (hu:Budapest tanácselnökeinek listája), since 1950

  History of Pest (in Hungarian)

  Other names of Budapest 

  List of sights and historic places in Budapest 

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Povijest[uredi VE | uredi] 

Poznata povijest Budimpešte počinje s rimskim gradom pod imenom Aquincum, osnovanim oko

89. godine nove ere, na mjestu starijeg keltskog naselja blizu mjesta gdje je nastala Obuda.

 Aquincum je od 106. do kraja 4. stoljeća bio glavni grad provincije, donje Panonije. Na mjestu

današnje Pešte je bio izgrađen grad Contra Aquincum (ili Trans Aquincum).

Područje su oko 900. godine osvojili Mađari, koji su oko jednog stoljeća kasnije osnovali

kraljevinu Mađarsku. Kada su je 1241. uništili Mongoli Pešta je već bila značajno mjesto, i brzo je

ponovno izgrađena, a Budim je 1247. postao sjedište kraljevskog dvora te 1361. glavni grad

Mađarske. 

Budim u srednjem vijeku 

Turci su u 16. stoljeću osvojili veći dio Mađarske i prekinuli rast grada: Peštu su zauzeli s juga

1526. godine, a Budim 15 godina kasnije. Dok je Budim ostao sjedište turskog nadstojnika, Pešta

 je bila vrlo zapuštena do 1686. kada su je osvojili Habsburški vladari. 

Pešta je od 1723. bila sjedište administrativnog aparata kraljevstva, koji je najbrže rastao u 18. i19. stoljeću, i potakao izraziti rast grada u 19. stoljeću. 

Spajanje tri distrikta pod jednu administraciju, koje je prvo propisala mađarska revolucionarna

vlada 1849. je ubrzo potom, nakon ponovne uspostave habsburške vlasti, poništeno. Konačno je

ovu odluku provela autonomna mađarska kraljevska vlada, uspostavljena po  Austro-

Ugarskoj nagodbi iz 1867. Broj stanovnika "ujedinjene" prijestolnice je porastao u periodu od

1840. do 1900. na 730.000.

U 20. stoljeću je većina rasta broja stanovnika otpadala na predgrađa, Újpest (Nova Pešta) je

više nego udvostručila broj stanovnika između 1890. i 1910, a većina industrije zemlje se

koncentrirala u gradu. Ljudski gubici Mađarske tijekom prvog svjetskog rata, i kasniji gubitak više

od polovice teritorija kraljevstva (1920.) je zadao samo privremeni udar broju stanovnika, a

Budimpešta je postala prijestolnica manje, ali sada suverene države. Do 1930. je uža gradska

 jezgra brojala milijun stanovnika, uz dodatnih 400.000 u predgrađima. 

Oko trećine od 200.000 Židova u Budimpešti je ubijeno u nacističkom genocidu za vrijeme

njemačke okupacije u drugom svjetskom ratu. Grad je znatno porušen u sovjetskoj opsadi tijekom

zime 1944, a oporavio se tijekom 1950-ih i 1960-ih. Budimpešta je u 1980-ima podjelila sudbinu

države kada je broj stanovnika smanjen usljed povećane emigracije i smanjenja nataliteta. 

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Budapest History

A Gripping Story From the Early Times to Present Days

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Budapest history is not the leastbit boring, though the city was born only in 1873, with the unification of Buda,Pest and Óbuda. The three city parts were developing separately for centuries.Budapest experienced many wars, invasions,liberations, just to be reoccupied again.But she is a tough a lady, always manages to survive and miraculously revive.This constant cycle of destructions and restorations formed the current captivatingcityscape.In Budapest you can see traces of historyeverywhere.

On her magnificent buildings, cobbled streets and on people’s faces. Lots of pages could

be written about Budapest’s history. We don’t aim to tell you the whole story in details. On our   pages we’ll give youan overview of the city’s most important and influential periods. Where possible, we will refer to other sources and recommend f urther reading in caseyou want more in-depth information.

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Quick Links – History ofBudapest

  The beginning of Budapest’s history   Foundation of the Hungarian State   The Mongol Attack, 13th-14th century   Renaissance Budapest 15th century   The Turkish Rule 16th century   The Habsburgs 17th-18th century   The Golden Ages of Budapest 1873-1914   The two World Wars   The 1956 uprising   The Communist Regime 1956-1989 

  Budapest History Today Museum Tips: You can see some rare relics in the permanent exhibitions presenting

Hungary’s history in the Hungarian National Museum. 

Visiting the Light and Shadow exhibit in the Budapest History Museum in Buda Castle isanother great way to learn about the history of Hungary’s capital. 

The Beginning of Budapest History

Many nations realized the strategic importance of the Hungarian capital and thesurrounding area in early times in history. The Buda Hills are towering above the

Danube and provide excellent defensive positions and potential control of CentralEurope’s main waterway to its inhabitants.  Archaeologists found evidence of human settlements as early as 500,000 BC. During thefirst 1000 years BC Illyrians and Celts lived in the area. Written Budapest history startswith the Romans. They conquered the area without resistance in 35 BC and founded a colony here knownas Pannonia. Although the Romans stayed here only for a couple of centuries, we canstill feel their influence on the city and see the traces they left behind.They exploited the thermal springs in the area and built the first public baths. Nowonder they named current Óbuda Aquincum, meaning “abundant in water”. Today’s Budapest is famous for its Splendid Spas and Medicinal Waters. 

Where to See Traces of the Roman Era in Budapest?

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Traces of the Roman settlement can beseen in the open-air Aquincum Museum in Óbuda, district III. There is also a unique underground museum featuring anamphitheatre.In the lavish Hercules Villa visitors can see splendid mosaics – one depicting Herculesand Diana -, more rooms adorned with mosaics, a room with floor heating.Remains of the Aqueducts that supplied water for the bath are in the ruin garden.

Read more about Roman Sights in Óbuda. Remains of a Roman fortress, ContraAquincum, stand in Pest, near the Erzsébet Bridge, north of the Inner City ParishChurch. After the Romans, several tribes controlled the city: Huns, Eastern Goths, Longobards, Avars.

Foundation of the Hungarian State

In the 9th century a fierce nation arrived from the Ural Mountains area and settled down

along the Danube in the Carpathian Basin. They were the Magyars, the ancestors ofcurrent Hungarians.They founded a strong state here, under the rule of our first king, St. Stephen. At thistime Buda and Pestwere only tiny villages.The king ruled the country from its palace in Székesfehérvár, from the Queen’s

residence in Veszprém and from the center of the Hungarian church, Esztergom. Read more about the Foundation of the Hungarian State. 

The Mongol Attack, 13th-14th century

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 After King Stephen’s death, kings from the Houseof Árpádruled the country. All was going well in the early Middle Ages, when in 1241-42 Hungary had to face a newthreat. The Mongols invaded and devastated the whole country.They destroyed Pest and Buda, and conquered the Transdanubian region, as well.The Mongols burnt the crop and decimated the Hungarian population. Famine andhunger followed the raids.Luckily the Khan of the Mongols died suddenly, and they returned to Asia. King Béla IV. rebuilt the country.One of the first things on his to-do-list was building a fortress on Buda Hills, to providedefense against future attacks. He invited settlers from Western Europe in place ofHungarians killed during the invasion.

Where to See Traces of Early Medieval Buda & Pest?

The old settlement, north of Buda (Aquincum) became known as Óbuda (Old Buda. Buda became theking’s residence and started to develop at rapid pace.More and more aristocrats and burghers settled down on Castle Hill too.The whole court moved to Buda in 1347, and the Castle was enlarged into a GothicPalace. Pest also recovered and continued to grow across the Danube.Few monuments survived from the early middle ages. Most of them can be seen in

the Castle District in Buda:  the Mary Gate of  Matthias Church (Mária kapu)   underground labyrinth system and cellars, several of which today function as wine

bars,

  the reconstructed lower chambers of the Royal Palace,

  foundations and other parts of mansions dating from the era.

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TIP: Wine Tasting in Buda Castle  – FaustWine Cellar & Pálinka Tasting The Faust Wine Cellar (located within the Hilton Hotel) is part of the cavesystem underneath Buda Castle.Go for wine tasting to get to know the best wines of Hungary and enjoy the quaint

atmosphere and warm hospitality of the owners. Reserve a Wine Tasting in FaustWine Cellar by paying 10% in advance. 

Ruins on Margaret Island

King Béla IV. had made an oath thatif he succeeds in beating back the Mongols, he would offer his daughter, PrincessMargaret (Margit in Hungarian) to the service of God.True to his oath, he built a church and convent on the Island of Rabbits (today’sMargaret Island).

Margaret went to to live there at the age of 9 in1251. The convent and church weredemolished during the Turkish reign and by several floods.Ruins can be seen on Margaret Island (Margitsziget) which received its name afterPrincess Margaret.

Gothic & Renaissance Budapest – King Matthias, 15thcentury

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 At the beginning of the 14th century the House ofÁrpád died out.In the next centuries foreign-born kings and Hungarian kings were followed each otheron the throne.King Charles Robert from the House of Anjou moved his court fromVisegrád to Buda in1347. His son, Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos) expanded the Castle. As Buda became the king’s residence it started to develop at rapid pace.  Aristocrats and burghers followed the king accelerating the flourishing. The town beganto really flourish under the rule of King Sigismund.He built a magnificent Gothic Palace in Castle District. King Matthias developed Budainto a dazzling Renaissance Royal Residence that was renowned throughout Europe.The city was a cultural centre.

Monuments from the Gothic & Renaissance Era

Matthias Church  – built during the reign ofHunyadi Mátyás (King Matthias) boasts some splendid gothic details.  A royal chamber  from the period of Anjou kings can be seen in the Budapest HistoryMuseum. Visegrád  – Summer Palace  – constructions started under Charles Robert and thepalace was later extended by his son Louis the Great.Sigismund of Luxembourg added more courtyards and gardens.TIP: Visiting Visegrád in the Danube Bend can be done during a day trip duing your

Budapest stay. 

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the northeastern wing of the Royal Palace in Visegrád in the Danube Bend 

During medieval times Pest (today the Inner City part of district V.) functioned as theoutskirt of Buda and developed into a thriving crafts and trade city under the reign of

King Matthias.The city wall was built at that time too, following the line of today’s Deák Ferenc utca-Károly körút-Múzeum körút-Kálvin tér -Vámház körút. 

Where to See Remains of Budapest’s Medieval CityWall?

 After the end of the Ottoman rule the walls stood in the way of the city’s quickdevelopment so they were either pulled down or incorporated into buildings.

Remains of the city wall still can be seen today at few spots. One is in Kecskeméti utca near Kálvin Square, in district V. 

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150-year Turkish Rule, 16th century

Things were going well again, whenanother enemy appeared at the borders of Hungary.In the 15th century the Turks invaded the country and defeated the Hungarian army atthe battle of Mohács in 1526. The Turks introduced paprika and numerous other vegetables toHungariancuisine. They brought coffee to Hungary too, that madeBudapest Coffee Houses flourishin later centuries.

Very few buildings remained from the Ottoman era because most of them weredestroyed by the Habsburgs.They occupied Buda in 1541. Besides their raids the Turks contributed to Budapesthistory in many ways. They built fine bathhouses in the city. Several of them are still inuse.

See our page about Turkish Baths in Budapest. Besides the baths, there are afew tombstones with turbans on their top in Tabán in Buda. 

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Churches that were converted into mosques were transformed back into their original

functions. DistinctiveMoslim mihrabs (niches orientedtowards Mecca) survived the following centuries in the Inner City Parish Church(Belvárosi Plébánia Templom) in Pest near Elizabeth Bridge (Erzsébet híd). Tomb of Gül Baba (Mecset utca 14., II. district), a Turkish dervish who died in 1541, is

in North Buda (north of Margaeret Bridge) is another monument of this era. Readmore about the Tomb of Gül Baba in Buda. 

After the Turks came the Habsburgs – 17th-18th century

 A Christian army, led by the Holy RomanEmperor,liberated Buda and Pest in 1686.The two towns were completely destroyed in the siege. The Royal Palace on Castle Hillwas in ruins.Only a few thousand people survived the fights inside the walls of Buda. The liberation

from the Turkish rule did not bring freedom to Hungary after all.

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The country became a province of the Habsburg Empire. In the 18th century large-scale reconstruction works started both in Buda and Pest.Baroque dwelling houses and churches replaced the demolished buildings.You can still see most of these buildings today in Budapest Castle District. TheHabsburgs built a new Baroque Palace as well. Pest also expanded fast with the

development of Lipótváros that is part of currentdowntown Budapest. 

Citadel – a fortress on the top of  Gellért Hill, built by the Habsburgs after the 1848/49 War of Independence

By the 19th century Buda and Pest had became thepolitical and cultural centre of thecountry.In 1838 a flood destroyed much of Pest, but it also provided an opportunity to rebuild thecity part in contemporary style.For the first time Pest began to outrank Buda in development. Mid-19th century iscalled Reform Era in Hungary’s history. Many important and grand buildings were

established during these years. Read more about this era and the 1848-49 uprisingand war of independence. 

The Széchenyi Chain Bridge 

Despite the developments, Budapest still consisted of three separate parts, with nobridge across the Danube.The first permanent bridge, the Chain Bridge was built between 1839-49.The project was the idea of Count Széchenyi, one of the most outstanding figures of theHungarian nation. Széchenyi facilitated the reunion of Buda, Pest and Óbuda in 1873.

Golden Ages of Budapest History – 1873 – 1914

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The Hungarian Parliament Building

Suddenly Budapest started to flourish like never before. A grandiose building projectbegan to celebrate the Millennium (the thousand year anniversary of the settlement ofthe Magyars in Hungary) in 1896.

Splendid buildings appeared in Budapest: – the imposing Budapest Parliament on thePest bank of the Danube – Budapest’s largest church St Stephen’s Basilica  – MillenniumMonument on Heroes’ Square .The eclectic and art-nouveau buildings along  Andrássy Avenue and Grand Boulevardare fine examples of the era’s great architecture too.

 Andrássy Avenue with the Millennium Monument on Heroes’ Square 

The first metro (M1, yellow metro line) in the European continent was built at that timetoo connecting Budapest City Park with the city centre.New roads, a triple ring of boulevards with avenues were constructed. Industry andcommerce were also booming. Budapest Coffee Houses became the centre of culturaland social life.This era was definitely Budapest’s heyday.

During the Two World Wars

Somehow our nation stood on the wrong sides in both world wars. Although Hungarybecame indpendent from Austria after World War I, the Treaty of Trianon deprived thecountry of three-fifths of its land.

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Trianon is still a sensitive issue in everyday-life in Hungary. Budapest and the countryneeded a few decades to recover from the war, but our nation needs a couple ofcenturies to get over Trianon forever.The consequences of the Treaty resulted in the outbreak of World War II, when Hungarybacked the wrong horse again. Budapest was demolished in the siege in 1944-45.

The Germans blown up all the Danube bridges. It took 30 years to rebuild theHungarian capital.

The 1956 Revolution

 Again the Soviet liberation did not meanfreedom. The communist seized power with the support of the Red Army in 1949.In October-November 1956 people in Budapest rebelled against the communistdictatorship.Imre Nagy led the uprising. The Soviet troopscrushed the revolution within days.

Thousands died and even more fled the country to start a new life in the West.Nagy Imre and many of his supporters were executed. You can still see the bullet

scars of the 1956 fights on several Budapest buildings today. Find out moreon October 23rd 1956 Hungarian Revolution. 

Budapest History 1956-1989

House of Terror Museum on Andrássy út – Exhibitions on the Terrors Committed by

Nazis and Communists in HungaryJános Kádár  became leader of Hungary, and the Soviet government gave him the taskto clean the political mess of 1956.

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Kádár obeyed and was loyal to the Soviet Union, however he started to loosen the reinsin the 1960s.His “goulash communism” resulted in a degree of cultural and scientific freedom thatwas unknown in other Eastern European countries. Budapest experienced a culturalresurrection.

 As a result of Kádár’s economic reforms, small-business started to boom in the early1980s, thus Hungary was more prepared for the free commerce than most other cities inEastern Europe.The first cracks on the Iron Curtain appeared in Hungary in 1989.

Budapest Today

In 1990 the first free elections since 1945 took place. Hungary elected a radicalconservative government. The last Soviet troops left the country in 1991.Privatization started and Western investors helped to revive the country’s economy. The complete reorganization of the economy had a cost: high inflation and

unemployment. Hungary joinedNATO in 1998, and since May 2005 the country ismember of the European Union.

How have these events affected Budapest’s cityscape? 

 All Communist Statues were removed, but instead of destroying them they aredisplayed in the Statue Park just outside Budapest. They are a reminder of grim times.Today Budapest is a fast-developing metropolis. New hotels, restaurants, cafés,shopping malls appear month by month.We know that lots of things need improvement, but there are large scale developmentplans to make the Hungarian capital a place where you’re happy to live and stroll around. 

We all hope that Budapest will be an even more shiny Pearl of the Danube than she istoday.

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The History of BudapestThe area of the capital has been inhabited for thousands of years.The area is known for its celtic settlements from the 3rd century BC. In the firstdecades BC Transdanubia was conquered by the Romans who incorporated it intothe Roman empire under the name of Pannonia. Aquincum, the now Óbuda district,

developed to Pannonia's capital. After Roman withdrawal, it was first controlled byHuns then by Eastern Goths, Longobards and Avars. From the 8th century it wasinhabited by Slavs, vassals of the Franks.

The Hungarians appeared here late 9th century. They established their firstsettlements on the island of Csepel and in Aquincum. After the Mongol invasion in1241-42 the Buda castle was fortified. Aquincum was given the name Óbuda (i.e.old Buda), in contrast to reconstructed (=new) Buda. On the left bank Pestemerged.In the 13th century Buda took over the role of Székesfehérvár as regal seat, thusbecoming the country's leading town. The castle was enlarged and reshaped and

churches were erected (Matthias Church, Maria Magdalena Church). It was underKing Matthias that the Buda castle had its golden age. It was in this period, too,that Pest equalled Buda after it had recieved privileges from the king. Óbuda, thatwas in possession of the queen, remained less developed.

Round 1500, followed by a rapid increase in population in the outskirts of Pest andin the Castle area, the town was enclosed with new ramparts. After the defeat atMohács in 1526, and especially after Buda was captured by the Turks in 1541, thetown started deteriorating, doing so until 1686, when it was recaptured.Except for some baths, chapels and bastions hardly anything remained from thosetimes.

In the 18th century large-scale reconstruction works started both in Buda and inPest. Soon the historical inner town was surrounded by fast growing outer districts.Baroque churches, palaces and dwelling houses existing even in our days are thelegacy of this period. Late 18th and early 19th century the classicism gainedcurrency, a style that was to dominate Pest-Buda's architectural character for thecentury to come.It was then, that Pest-Buda resumed being the centre of thecountry's economic, political and spiritual life. In 1838, floods caused considerabledemage. The Settlement with the Austrian Habsburgs in 1867 created politicalstability, which gave new impetus to the economy. Private ownership gainedground.

Large scale industrialization began. Shortage of workforce on one hand, andowerpopulated rural areas on the other, resulted in rush increase in the number oftownspeople.

In 1873 the formerly separate but interdependent towns Buda, Pest and Óbudawere integrated into one administrative unit : Budapest. Due concentration ofcapital and workforce and Budapest's pivotal position in the country's railwaysystem, brought about a prosperity never seen before. Big industry was enjoying aboom. Most public buildings were erected at that time. Due to the - sometimesexcessive - development of Budapest provincial towns were pushed in background.

In 1870 following a modern concept of town planning, new main roads weredesignated, and a triple ring of boulevards together with a system of avenues were

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formed. During the Second World War many buildings were destroyed or seriouslydemaged, most of which were reconstructed in subsequent years.Heavy artillery fire in the 1956 revolution did a lot of damage to the buildings, too.

In 1950, the suburbs were incorporated into the capital to form Great-Budapest.In the 60's new construction technologies gave a fresh impetus to themodernization of Budapest : large housing estates were built and metro linesestablished.