Budaj, M.-Hunka, J.: Nógrad megye szlovákiai részén feltárt újkori pénzérmék legnagyobb lelete. The largest coin hoard of the modern age from Šurice in Novohrad. Numizmatika

pdnzforgalon tukreben

nalazi novca iz Hrvatske IV. Skupni

. VAMZ 3, s. 16-17 (1983-1984)

4,eister zeichen auf ungar i s chen Milnzen

)87.unyadi Mdtyds madonnds dendrai a

irsulat E+,konyue 1 98 1-198 Z (1991)

zdzadi 6remlelet Pdlmonostorrir6l (A

).Cumania 15 (1998) 5-97.

Marek Budaj - Jin Hunka

NOGRAD MEGYE SZLOVAKIAI RESZENFELTART TIKORI PENZERMEK

LEGNAGYOBB LELETE

Kozel40 6ve, 1966 m6jus6ban, a gomori S6reg falucskdban lak6 T6dor hd-zaspdr elhatdrozta, hogy felsz6ntjdk a Seyfert kertnek nevezett, m6r r6g6ta par-

lagon hever6 foldltiket. Sz6nt6s kozben az eke egy 40 cm magas agyaged6nyberitkozott, melyb6l kicsi eztist6rm6kszdzatsz6r6dtak ki. T6dor Erzs6bet jelentet-

te, majd 1966j(nius6ban 6tadta a leletet az akkor m6g l6tez6ftileki Vdrosi Mri-zeumnak. A mrizeum dolgoz6i 6tvett6k a 8,5 kg, cser6pdarabokat 6s a korrod6lt6rm6ket tartalmaz6 leletet. Mivel a mrizeumban nem volt az 6rm6k szakszer(i

tiszt(tdsdhoz 6s tudomdnyos meghatdrozdsdhoz 6.rt6 szakember, az eg6sz egyit-

test tov6bbitott6k Pozsonyba, a Szlovdk Nemzeti Mtizeumnak, ahol Dr. JozefHlinka - urE

"^tdr akkori vezet6je - 6rt6kelte a leletet. Pozsonyban megtisz-

t(tottdk az 6rm6ket, osszeragasztottlk az ed6nyt is - kb. 3 literes, feh6r agyag-

kors6t piros vonalaz6ssal. Ekkor mutatkozott meg, hogy osszesen 547 6 db p6nz-

6rm6b6l dllt a kincslelet. Mivel a fuleki Vdrosi Mrizeumb6l fokozatosan N6g-

r6di ,,megyei" m(zeumot akartak l6trehozni, a gy(jtem6nyt 6thelyezt6k a ha-gyom6nyos megyesz6khelyre, Losoncra (Ludenec). Ekozben a s6regi kincs a fe-

led6s homdly6ba mertilt, mert azt egdszen I997-ig a Szlovdk Nemzeti Mrizeum

Eremtdrdban tdroltdk. Dr. Hlinka tudom6nyosan feldolgozta, 6s 6rtekez6st tett

kozz6 err6l a piiratlan leletr6l 1978-ban.1 1992-ben a kincset az ed6nnyel

egyritt visszaadtdk a losonci N6grddi Mrizeumnak. Sajnos dr. Hlinka l99Z-ben

bekovetkezett hirtelen ha161a miatt az 6rmek16I sz6l6 r6szletes elemz6s publi-

kdl6s6ra nem kertilt sor. Csak 2003-ban adt6k ki ism6t az egdsz leletet tudomd-

nyos feldolgozdsra. Az 6rm6k elemz6s6re ZOO4-ben kertilt sor - a Szlovdk Nem-

zeti Mfzeum r6sz6r61 mgr. Marek Budaj, a Szlovdk Tudomdnyos Akad6mia

1 Ndlezy I I I . p.70. no.746,

125

Marek Budat-Jan Hunka: The laroest coin hoard of the Modern Aoe.,,

R6g6szeti Int6zet6bdl dr. J6n Hunka v6gzik a munkdt. Jelenleg folynak aIeletegytittes teljes 6s r6szletes kozz6t6tel6nek el6k6szriletei. A kiadvdny meg,jelen6se 2005-re vdrhat6.

Az6j elemz6sek megdllap(tottdk, hogy a s6regi kincs 546f darab ezrist6rm6ttartalmaz. Dont6 tobbs6guk, szdm szerint 4369 darab (ami a lelet kb. 80%-a)magyar d6ndr II. Lajos 6s II. Rudolf uralkod6sa idej6b6I, az \5I7 -1603. kozotri6vekb6l. II. Rudolf k6t obulusa is el6bukkant az 1590 6s 160Z-es 6vekb6l. A le,

letben az osszes 6v megtaldlhat6, amelyben II. Lajos, Szapolyai J6nos, I. Ferdi-n6nd, II. Miksa 6s II. Rudolf d6n6riait vert6k. A kormoci p6nzverde d6ndrjain

kfvril a kassai, a nagybdnyai 6s a visegrddi p6nzverd6k szint6n 6rt6kes d6ndrlai

is elSkerr-iltek (osszesen 11 darab). Konkr6tan az al6bbiakr6l van sz6: kassai d6,

ndr az 1577 -es 6vb5l, visegrddi d6ndr I576.b61 6s 9 nagybdnyai d6n6r az

1554-1555 6s 1582-es 6vekb5l. Az eredeti veretek ezrei mellett a kincsben

kormoci d6ndrut6nzatok is akadtak, s6t ezristtel bevont tekercsen vert hami,

s(rvdnyok is. Erdekesek a leler hibds 6vszdmmal lelolt d6ndrlai is, pl. az ,,15,65",l57l-1577,,,15.79"-es 6vekb6l sz6rmaz6 d6n6rok. Ezek a gyors gydrtds6r6l ta-

nfrskodnak, amikor nem volt elegend6 id6 a kovetkezetes ellen6rz6.sre. A leg,

utols6 d6ndrok az 7603 -as 6vb6l a kincs elrejt6s6nek val6sz(n( idej6re utalnak.

A lelet tovdbbi ftszl.t a 15-16. szlzadfolyamdn a Koz6p-Eur6pa sz6les t6rs6-

g6ben vert 6rm6k alkotjdk. Ezek tobbs6ge (669 db) lengyel veret. Nem csakJa,

gell6 Kdzm6r 6s L Zsigmond krakk6i p6nzverd6b6l szdrmaz6 f6lgarasai (tehdt a

15. 6s 16. szlzad fordul6jdr6l) taldlhat6k kozttik, hanem 6rt6kesebb ftzer6esz,

kozok is, fdleg B6thory Istvdn 6s III. Zsigmond hdromgarasosai, A garasok

nyolc p6nzverd6b5l szdrmaznak: Bydgoszcz, Krakk6, Lublin, Malbork, Olkusz,

Poznan, Riga 6s\Uschow. A krakk6i hdromgarasos egy utdnzata is megtaldlha,

t6 koztilk 1,607-bSI,melyet egyetlen lengye[6remkatal6gus sem emlit. Jelent6sszdmfi veret Csehorsz6gb6l ered. A 193 darab apr6 cseh 6rm6t, k6t 6s egy olda-

las fil l6reket a 15. szdzadv6.96.r.6l eg6szen 1597-ig vert6k, II. Ul6szl5 ds II. Ru,

dolf idej6b6l sz6rmaznak. Ilyen 6rm6k ardnylag gyakran fordulnak e16 a szlovdk

leletekben, mivel tdbb esetben szolgdltak a hidnyz6 apr6p6nzek p5tldsdra. A

lelet sok Poroszorszdgb6\,SziI6zi6b6l 6s Litvdni6b6l val6 6rm6t is tartalmazott.

A Poroszorszdgb6l szdrmaz6 6rm6k kozLil kLilonosen Albrecht Hohenzollern

garasai emlitend6k az 1530-1 546 kazotti 6vekb61, valamint I. Zsigmond

toruni garasai 1529-1535-b61. Szilezidb6l II. Lajos magyar kiraly 77 darab

Schweidnitzben vert f6lgarasa tal6lhat6 a kincsben, tovdbb6 II. Fridrich

Liegnitz-Wohlau-i fejedelem garasai I54l-1545-b61. Ert6kes a Glogoau-i feje,

r26

rc Modern Age...

ik a munk6t, Jelenleg folynak a

k el6k6sztiletei. A kiadvdny meg-

6regi kincs 5461darab ezrist6rm6ti69 darab (ami a lelet kb. 80%-a)

sa idej6b6I, az l5I7-1,603. kozotti

raz1590 6s1607-es 6vekb6l. A le-

[. Lajos, Szapolyai J6nos, I. Ferdi-

<. A kormoci p6nzverde d6ndrjain

inzverd6k szint6n 6rt6kes d6ndrj ai

n az al6bbiakr6l van sz6: kassai d6-),6-b6I 6s 9 nagybdnyai d6.n6r az

veretek ezrei mellett a kincsben

sttel bevont tekercsen vert hami-

nal lelolt d6ndrlai is, pl. az ,,15.65" ,ndrok. Ezek a gyors gy6rtdsdr6l ta-

l kovetkezetes ellen6rz6sre. A leg-

t6s6nek val6sz(n(i idej 6re utalnak.ramdn a Koz6p-Eur6pa sz6les t6rs6-

69 db) lengyel veret. Nem csakJa-

rd6b61 szdrmaz6 f6igarasai (tehdt a

izttik. hanem 6rt6kesebb ttzet6esz-

mond hdromgarasosai. A garasok

Krakk6, Lublin, Malbork, Olkusz,

larasos egy urdnzata is megtaldlha-

6remkatal6gus sem emlit. Jelent6sb apr6 cseh 6rm6t, k6t 6s egy olda-;97-ievert6k, I I . Ul6szl6 6s II . Ru-

lag gyakran fordulnak el6 a szlovdk

,hi6nyz6 apr6p6nzek p6tl6sdra. A

dnidb6l val6 6rm6t is tartalmazott.

tilonosen Albrecht Hohenzollern

6vekb6l, valamint I. Zsigmond

II. Lajos magyar kirdly 77 darab

r kincsben. tov6bbd II. Fridrich

|545-b6LErt6kes a Glogoau-i feje-

Marek Budaj-Jan Hunka: The largest coin hoard of the Modern Aqe...

deiems6g garasa 1506-b61, amely a szlov6k leletekben csak kiv6telesen fordulel6. Viszonylag 6rt6kesnek szdm(tanak Bdthory Istv6n 6s III. Zsigmondh6romgarasosai Litvdnidb6l. A 1B darab 6rme az 158I-1596 kozotti 6vekb6lsz6rmazik. Rendkivtil 6rdekes a Moldvai Fejedelems6g p6nz6nek el6forduldsaaz egyuttesben. IV. S6ndor suceava-i d6n6r jfu6|van sz6 1538-b61. Ilyen 6rm6ka szlovdk leletekben nem talSlhat6k, mert f6\eg a mai Romdnia, Ukrajna 6sr6szben Lengyelo rszilgtertilet6n voltak forgalomban. Erdekes, hogy az emlitettkincsben csak minim6lis mennyis6g( 6rme volt n6met tertilet6r6l. Csak 3 ve-retet tal6ltak: gottingent mariengrosche 1550-b61, I. Miksa nordlingenischilingje 1498-b6l6s egy 16. szdzadi pfennig kozelebbr6l meg nem hatdrozha-t6 helyr6l. A n6met 6rm6k alacsony sz6ma a leletben arra utal, hogy a kincs tu-lajdonosa az osztrdk 6s n6met tizleti ftvonal helyett a cseh-magyar-lengyel te-rtletet vdlasztotta. Mint emlitetttik, a leletet kb. 160311604-ben a tulajdonosegy agyagkors6ba rejtette, majd eldsta a foldbe. Felt6telezhetjtik, hogy e p6.nz.osszeg eredeti tulajdonosa keresked6lehetett, aki a mai Szlovdkia 6.s az azt ove-z6 orszdgok sz6les tertilet6n uzletelt. Koz6p-Szlov6kia, teh6t Gomor 6s N6grdd,mindig aktivan r6szt vett a nemzetkozi kereskedelemben, mert a Magyar Ki-rdlysdg d6lebbi vid6keit kapcsolta ossze a Fels6-Magyarorszdghatfuain tril fek-v6 teruletekkel, tehdt SziI6zi6val 6s Lengyelorsz6g gal, azaz osszekot6 tertilet-k6nt m(kodott. Ezt az rizletet, mikor Magyarorszdgr6I f6leg nyersanyagokat(6rc formdj6ban), dllatokat (szarvasmarha, lovak, juhok), mez6gazdasdgi ter-

mdnyeket (pl. bor), k6zm(vesipari term6keket (v6szon, vasb6l6s nemesf6mb6lk6sztilt term6keket) sz6llitottak krilfoldre, m6g a I576-os 6vet kovet6 kedve-

z6tlen politikai legkor sem zavarhatta meg. A torok t6mad6sok - 1 530-t6Isz6-

mitva viszonylag rendszeresen - pusztitott6k 6s fosztogattdk a mai Koz6p-Szlo-

vdkia d6lnyugati 6s d61i rdsz6r. (ad6k, fogsdgba eserr nemesek v6ltsdgd(ja, a ro-

rokok mez6gazdas6gi birtokaira hurcolt rabszolgdk, szarvasmarha 6s kisebb 6l-

latok csorddi, elrabolt 6rt6ktdrgyak). M6sr6szt viszont leterhelt6k a torok had-

sereget, mert 6lland6 rajtaiit6seket kellett v6grehajtaniuk a vdrosok, kisvdros-ok 6s falvak ellen, a torok katondknak j61 felszerelt er6ditm6nyeket kellett be-

venniuk, tovribbd a hadsereg egy r6sz6nek kellett biztos(tani D6l- Szlovdkia

nagy tertiletein az 611and6 hely6rs6gek 6llom6ny6t,Ezt a helyzetet II. Rudolf

magyar kir6ly 6s III. Murad, III. Mehmed, valamint I. Ahmed oszmdn szultd-

nok kozott dfl6 15 6ves hdboni sem oldotta meg (1593-1606). A torok 6s csd-

sz6ri seregek kozotti utkozetek tobbnyire nem zdrultak dont6 gy6zeimekkel.

Egyszer a csdszdri seregek szabad(tottdk fel a hatdrvid6ki er6ditm6nyeket (Pa-

r27

Marek Budat-Jan Hunka: The laroest coin hoard of the Modern Aoe...

lota, Hatvan, Szabadka, Ftilek, D6v6ny, K6kk6, Dr6gely, N6gr6d), mdskor azoszm6n egys6gek foglaltdk el Gomor, Heves, N6gr6d, fontos kozpontjait (pl.

Eger). Az 1596, okt6ber 76-ZB-ai mez6keresztesi csata sem dontotte el a har,cot, bdr a cslszdn sereg veres6get szenvedett, 6s igy k6nytelen volt passzivanv6dekezni a torok Sltal m6g el nem foglalt Fels6-Ma gyarorszdg terulet6n. Kato,nai fol6nytiket kihaszndlva a torok seregek 1599 tavaszdn rajtaiitottek a maiNyugat- 6s Koz6p-Szlovdkia tertilet6n. Alakulataik eg6szen Beck6, Bajm6c,Garamszentbenedek, Besztercebdnya tertilet6ig hatoltak. Gomorben 6s N6g,rddban feldriltdk 6s kifosztottdk a gyeng6n meger6s(tett vdrosokat 6s falvakat.Ez az adott t6rs6g sz6mos hely6n az egyes falvak megsz(n6s6hez vezetett, a la-kossdg a legsztiks6gesebb tulajdondval magasabb tertiletekre koltozott, ahol acsdsz6ri alakulatok vissza tudtdk verni az ellens6ges csapatok tdmaddsdt. Ezeknek a t6mad6soknak, melyek m€g az 1600-as 6v elej6re is jellemz6ek voltak, aKoz6p-Torokorszdgban (Anat6li6ban) bekovetkez6vdrarlan felkel6s (1600) 6s aPerzsia ellen inditott hdborri el6k6szriletei (1603-ban kezd6dott) vetettek v6get.

Ezdrr a torok hadsereg tobbs6ge dtvonult az emlftett tertiletekre, mellyel meg,konnyitette a mai Koz6p-Szlovdkia d61i r6sz6nek neh6z helyzet6t. A cs6szdri csa.patok kihaszndlhattdk az 6j helyzetet, 6s 1602-1605 kozott elfoglalhattdk a fon,tosabb er6d(tm6nyeket: Sz6kesfeh6w6r, Pest, Esztergom. A v6gs6 gy6zelemhez

azonban kev6s volt az erejr,ik, ez6rt k6ptelenek voltak kiv(vni a dont6 gy6zelmet.

Rdaddsul 1600-ban Bocskai Istv6n erd6lyi mdgnds elinditotta a Habsburgok el-

leni felkel6st. A felkel6s kiv6ltO okaaz elienreformdci6, a nem katolikus lakossdgtemplomait6l val6 megfosztdsa, valamint a nemess6g vagyon6nak elkobzdsa

volt. Bocskai hadserege, a halddk, a csdszSrellenes ktizdelemben jelent6s ered-

m6nyt 6rt el, sikertilt meger6siteniuk helyzetuket a mai Koz6p- 6s Nyugat-Szlo-

vdkia t6rs6g6ben, valamint Morva komy6k6n 6s Ausztria egy r6sz6n. Az oszmdn

alakulatok 6s a torok-tatdr katonasdg seg(ts6g6vel (kb. 20-25000 fi5) Bocskainak

sikertilt a torokok szdmdra tobb fontos katonai er6d(tm6nyt bevenni, mint pl.

Frilek, Sz6cs6ny, Korpona. Ez6rr.ll. Rudolf k6nytelen volt 1606. jrinius 23-6n

Bocskaival megkotni a b6csi b6k6t. Ebben az id6ben indultak el a b6ketdrgyalfls-

ok a csdszdr 6s a szultdn kozott is, melyek 1606. szeptember 11 -6nfejez6dtek be

a zsitvatoroki b6k6vel. A b6k6nek 70 6vig kellett tartania. A cs6szdr szdmdra

kedvez6tlen volt, mert 200.000 arany hadisarcot kellett fizetnie, s le kellett

mondania tobb fontos er6ditm6nyr6l 6s tertiletr6l a torokok iavdra.Z

KOPCAN-KRAJCOVICOVA 1983. 40-7 r.

128

ie Modern Age...

kk6, Dr6gely, N6grdd), mdsk or az;, N6grdd, fontos kozpontjait (p1.;ztesi csata sem dontotte el a har-r, 6s (gy k6nytelen volt passz(vanls6-Magya rorszdg tertle t6n. Karo-1599 tavaszdn rajtatitottek a mai<ulataik eg6szen Beck6, Bajm6c,6ig hatoltak. Gomorben 6s N6g-,eger6s(tett v6rosokat 6s falvakat.'tak megsz(in6s6hez vezetett, a la-;abb tertiletekre koltozott, ahol ansdges csapatok tdmad6sdr. Ezek-6v elej6re is jellemz6ek voltak, a

:tkez6 vdratlan felkel6s ( 1600) 6s a03-ban kezd6dott) vetettek v6get.:ml(tett tertiletekre, mellyel meg-ek neh6z helyzet6t. A cs6sz6ri csa--1605 kozott elfoglalhattrik a fon-Esztergom. A v6gs6 gy6zelemhez

voltak kivivni a dont6 gy6zelmet.gn6s elinditorta a Habsburgok e[-brm6ci6, a nem katolikus lakoss6gnemess6g vagyon6nak elkobzdsalenes ktizdelemben jelent6s ered-ket a mai Koz6p- 6s Nyugat-Szlo-6s Ausztria egy r6sz6n. Az oszm6nvel (kb. 70-25000 f6) Bocskainakai er6d(tm6nyt bevenni, mint pl.5nytelen volt 1606. jrlnius 23-6nl6ben indultak el a b6ketlrgyaLds-i, szeptember 1I'6nfejez6dtek be:llett tartania. A csdsz6r szdmdrarcot kellett fizetnie, s le kellett:tr6l a torokok iavdra.z

Marek Budaj-Jan Hunka: The largest coin hoard of the Modern Age...

A s6regi kincs eredeti tulajdonosdt a 15 6ves h6borfi k6sztette, hogy 6rt6k-

tdrgyait biztonsdgos helyre menek(tse. Az 6rm6ket a foldbe rejtette. Felt6telez-

het6en a kincset nem a sajdt h6zdban rejtette el, mert a lelet felfedez6sekor

semmilyen 6p(tm6ny maradv6nyaira sem leltek. Kertben, szdnt6foldon, vagy

kozeli erd6ben rejthette el. Annak ellen6re, hogy a s6regi lelet dont6 tobbs6-g6ben kisebb 6rt6kfi 6rm6kb61 dll, abban az id6ben, azaz 1590-1603 kozotti

id6szakban, m6gis el6g nagy 6rt6ket k6pviselt. Ha magyar d6n6rra sz6m(tjuk 6t,

kb. 8500-8600 d6ndrr6l lenne sz6, ami abban az id6ben 90 magyar tall6rnak

felelt meg. Az6rt az osszeg6rt a 16. 6s 17. szdzad fordul6jdn 5 lovat, vagy 25 te-

henet, vagy 150 kg sert6s- illetve marhahrist lehetett vdsdrolni. P6k6rri eset6-

ben ez az osszeg 2500 f6lkil6s kenyeret,5000 kiflit, vagy zseml6t 6rt.Ez 5 v6ka

gabonaf6le, 860 nap napszdmos munka, 430 nap k6m(ves seg6dmunka, 690

nap 6cs seg6dmunka b6r6nek felelt meg.A kincs 6rt6k6t ki lehetne fejezni hd-

zak 6s telkek 6r6ban is: egy dtlagos hdz fu6nak vagy szdnt5foldnek felelne meg.

A kincs semmik6pp sem lehetett a tulajdonos egyedtili vagyona. Ha keresked6

volt, akkor tartal6k p6nzalap lehetett iizleti ritjain. Mds vagyon6nak is kellett

lennie: hd4 sz6nt6fdldek, ktilonboz6 6kszerek 6s m6s 6.r6krfugyak. Mivel a

p6nz6rm6ihez nem t6rt vissza, egy6rtelm(, hogy vagy elpusztult a 15 6ves h6bo-

rri forrong6 id6szakdban, vagy a harcok sz(nhely6r6l messzire menektilt 6s a ro-

konainak vagy ut6dainak semmilyen tudom6suk nem volt a kincsr6l. A s6regi

kincs eredeti tulajdonosa nem volt az egyetlen, aki f6ltette a vagyondt 6s 61e-

t6t. Nyugar- 6s Kelet- Szlovdkia tertilet6n hasonl6 kincseket, de ktilonbazlfai-

tdj( 6rm6kben, tdbb vagyonos ember 6sott el. Nyitra 6s Rimaszombat korny6-

k6n (gy rejtettek el minimum 12 6rt6kes 6remleletet: Nemespannban (Pani pri

Nitre) 51 tall6rt 6s garast (elrejtve 1595-ben), Kdpon (Kapince) 590 db eztist-

6rm6t (1597), az Ersekrijvdr menti Szentesen (Sviituba) 59 lengyel 6s litv6n 6r-

m6t (1598), Komjdtiban (Komjatice) tdbb mint 28 db 6rm6t (1599), aL6va

menti Andr6sfalvdn (Ondrejovce) 9I tall6rt, garast 6s d6n6rt (1593),

Fegyverneken (Zbrojn(ky) sv6d 6s n6met p6nzeket (1595), K6kk6n (Modni

Kameri) 375 arany. 6s ezust6rm6t (a dukdtokon k(vtil tall6rokat 6s f6ltall6rokat

1607), Rimaszombat menti B6rcon (Barca) 2 kincs is el6kertik, az egyik 109

db garast 6s f6lgarast (1597), a mdsik 3361db magyar 6s n6metalfoldi 6rm6t

(1600) rartalmazort.3 Gomorb6l sziirmazik a Varb6cb6l (Vrbovce nad

Rimavicou) val6 kincs, mely 145 magyar 6s cseh eztist6rm6t tartalmaz az 1593

Nri lezy \L 704,706,216,775,730; Nr i lezy I I I . 206, 714,717 ,

L29

Marek Budaj-Jan HuU?JlpUUeslp! trp1!!!!Ue Modern Age...

elStti 6vekb6l. Egy 405 magyar d6n6rt 6s obulust tartalmaz6 leletet Nyu,

gat-Szlovdkia kozelebbr6l meg nem hatdrozhat6 vid6k6n rejtettek el az

1593-as 6vet kovet6en.4 A Losonc melletti Rapovc6n (Rapovce pri Luienci)

100 nagyobb 6s kisebb ezrist6rm6t taldltak, amelyek a 16. szlzad v6g6n lettek

elrejtve. Korpondn (Krupina) ismeretlen sz6mri dukdt ken-ilt elO. A Z6lyom(Zvolen) melletti Boz6klehotdn (Bzovskd Leh6tka) rejtettek el 288 lengyel

hdrorngarasost az l603-as 6vet rnegel6z6 iddb6l. Kozel 400 db-os, a s6regi

kincshez hasonl6 osszetdtel( lelet ismert a Rimaszombat melletti Babaluska

(Babince pri Rimavskej Sobote) terti let6n, amelyet az 1604-es 6vet kovet6en

rejtettek el.5 A s6regi kincs az osszes emlftett lelet kozul a legnagyobb. A tall6r

korszakb6l szdrmaz6 6remleletek kozott az eddigi inform6ci6k alapjdn Szlovd-

ki6ban csupdn k6t lelet van, amelyek t6nylegesen rdbb 6rm6t rarralmaznak,

mint a Sdregen feltdrtak. A Rozsny6 korny6ki Dobsindn 1889-ben 10-12 kg

kisebb 6rt6kfi 6rm6t taldltak, amelyb6l mdra csak Z6 db maradt fenn. A tobbit

a magdngyii jt6k 6s a mtizer,rmok kozott osztottdk sz6t, i l letve jelentdsebb r6sz6t

ezristk6nt hasznositottdk.6 Korulbelti l a 16. szdzadmdsodik 6vtized6ben rejtet,

t6k el. A m6sik kincs Dunaszerdahelyr6l szdrmazik 6s kb. 6000 6rm6t tartal,

maz.Ezr a leletet 164I utdn rejtett6k a foldben. Ebb6l a leletbSl 3480 db 6rm6t

a pozsonyi Szlovdk Nemzeti Mfizeum 5rrz.7 Kb. 20 6vvel ezel6n a Verb6 mel-

letti Sterusy kozs6gben taldltak m6g egy hasonl5 kincset, amely 3, 265 kg

eziist6rrn6b6l 6llt. Az 5730 darabb6l dll6 lelet tobbs6g6ben magyar, cseh, len-

gyel 6s porosz 6rm6ket tartalmaz. N6met 6s svdjci p6nzek is voltak benne. Ez a

kincs a 30 6ves hdbor( je l legzetes le lete, amelyet kb. 1619-ben rej tet tek el .8 A

tdbbit6l elt6r6en a s6regi kincs szinte teljes eg6sz6ben fennmaradt, 1O-15 el-

veszett 6rme nem befolydsolhat jt az osszetdtel6t. Ez6rt a legnagyobb, m6ig

fennmaradt lelet Szlovdkidban.

Egyedi bizonyit6ka a 16-17. szlzad fordul6jdn 6rv6nyben 1ev6 tdrsadalmi

viszonyoknak Gomor 6s N6grdd t6rs6g6ben. S6reg falu a k6t r6gi6 hat6r6n fek,

szik. A l6tez6s6r6l sz6l6 els6 adatok ugyan 1745-h\z kapcsol6dnak, de mindig

csak pdr hdzr6l6s kev6s lakosr6l sz6lnak. P6lddul I4?,7 6s 1548 kozott a hiva-

4 Nrilezy lI. Z0Z.5 Ndlezy IV. 410, 412,479-430.6 N: i lezy IL 159.7 Ndlezy IL 264.8 HUNKA-KLCO 2OOO. 16I-172.

130

e Modern Aoe...

obulust tartalmaz6 leletet Ny,r-'ozhat6 vid6k6n rejtettek el azlapovc6n (Rapovce pri Luienci)Lmelyek a 16. szlzad v6g6n lettekim( duk6r keru\t e\6. A Z6\om.eh6tka) rejtettek el 288 lengyelI6b6L Kozel 400 db-os, a s6regiRimaszombat melletti BabaluskaLmelyet az l604-es 6ver kovet6enlelet koztil a legnagyobb. A tall6rldigi informdci6k alapjdn Szlov6-egesen tobb 6rm6t tartalmaznak,iki Dobsindn 1889-ben 1O-12 kgcsak 26 db maradt fenn. A tobbittdk szdt, il letve jelent6sebb r6sz6t:6zad m6sodik 6vrized6ben rejtet-rmazik 6s kb. 6000 6rm6t tartal-n. Ebb6la leletb6l3480 db 6rm6t:b. 20 6vvel ezel6n a Verb6 mel-rsonl6 kincser, amely 3, 265 kgt tobbs6g6ben magyar, cseh, len-,djci p6nzek is voltak benne. Ez a.yet kb. 1619-ben rejtettek e1.8 A:g6sz6ben fennmaradt, 10-15 el-ltel6t. Ezdrt a legnagyobb, mriig

6j6n 6rv6nyben lev6 tdrsadalmii6reg falu a k6t r6gi6 hatdrdn fek-45-hoz kapcsol6dnak, de mindig)duI1427 6s 1548 kozot t a h iva-

Marek Budaj-Jan Hunka: The largest coin hoard of the Modern Agg,..

talnokok Il-70 ben6pesitett portdt dllapitottak meg.n A 16. sz6zadban a Bor-nemisszdk tulajdona volt. A lakossdgot abban az id6ben 6lland6 jelleggel a ro-rokok vesz6lyeztett6k, akik kotelez6 ad6t r6ttak r6juk p6nzben, gabondban,6lelmiszerben. A lakossdg szdma ez6rr.a negyed r€szdrecsokkent.to A 16, szdzad90-es 6veiben zajl6 harcok kovetkezt6ben 1599-ben hivatalosan csak 8 portal6tezett, s ebb6l llhdzvolt lakott.ll A teleptil6sen feltehet6leg kevesebb, minr60 ember 6lt. A s6regi kincs egyike azon kev6s leleteknek, amelyek bizonyit-j6k, hogy az 6let a teleptil6sen a helybeliek szenved6sei ellen6re sem sziint meg.Abban a kozs6gben, ahol a lakossdg nagy r€szltjobb6gyi sz6rmazds6, mez6gaz-dasdgb6l 616 emberek alkottdk, volt n6h6ny egy6n, akik kdpesek voltak lelen-t6sebb vagyont felhalmozni.

IRODALOM

ADAMOV A 1995. = ADAMOVA, M.: Nriq.,raty do minulosd Suric 1245-1995. il.Surice1995.

N6lezy II. = HLINKA, J.-KRASKOVSKA, L'.-NOVAK, J.: I,ldlezy stredo+'ekych anoonuekych minct na Sloq.,ensku. Nd\ezy minct na Slouensku. IL Bratislava 1968.

Nrilezy III. = HLINKA, J.-KOLNrKOVA, E.-KRASKOVSKA, L'.-NOVAK, ;.,Ndlezy minct na Sloq.,ensku.Iil. Bratislava I978.

HUNKA-KLCO 2O0O = HUNKA, J.-KLCC, M. Srlbor minci zo za6iatku 17. storoiiazo Stenjs. Balneologicky spravodajca3T (2OOO) 16l-177.

KOPCAN- KRAJCOVICOVA 1983. = KOPCAN, V.-KRAJCOVICOVA, K.:Sloq.,ensko u tieni polmesiaca. Martin 1983.

Ndlezy IV. = KOLNIKOVA, E,.-HUNKA, J,: I,ldlezy minct na Slouensku IY, Nitrar994

SZOMSZED 1995. = SZOMSZED, A.: Sdregr doxzdzadok Surice 1995.

g SZOMSZED 1995,23,75.10 ADAMOV A 1995,73,l l SZOMSZED 1995, 23-74,76.

T3T

Marek Budat-Jan Hunka: The larqest coin hoard of the Modern Age...

Marek Budaj -Jdn Hunka

THE LARGEST COIN HOARD OF THEMODERN AGE FROM SUruCE IN NOVOHRAD

Summary

In May 1966 the T6dors from Surice near Fil'akovo found a cc. 30 cm tall

vessel with silver coins during the digging of their garden. It had a shape of jug

made of white clay, decorated with red stripes, The founders gave the hoard to

the City Museum in Fil 'akovo (Ftilek) - Mesrck6 mrizeum vo Fil'akove.

However, it did not have an expert for cleaning and for scientific

identification of the coins. Thus the treasure was handed to the Slovak

National Museum (Slovensk6 n6rodn6 mrizeum) in Bratislava. The coins

were analysed by the head of the Numismatic Department, PhDr. JozefHlinka, CSc. The find had been stored here til l 1997. During 1970's the

museum in Fil'akovo was transformed into the museum of Novohrad and was

moved to Luienca (Losonc). In l99Z the Novohrad museum - Novohradsk6

mfzeum in Luienec asked the Slovak National Museum to return the treasure.

In this year Dr. Hlinka unexpectedly died and thus the find was returned only

in 1993. In 2003 the treasure was borrowed for a new and detailed working up.

It was done by Mgr. Marek Budaj and PhDr. Jdn Hunka, CSc. in 2004. At

present the text of the book is under preparation. Only a little information on

the hoard from Surice has been known so far given by Dr. Hlinka in"Coinfinds

in Sloqtakia" vol.3, (Ndlezy III. p. 70. no. 746.) H. wrote that the hoard

contains roughly 3,000. coins from the 16'h-17'h .ent,rries minted in the area

of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland and Prussia.

As a result of the new analyses of the hoard it contains 5.461 coins.

Roughly B0 % is represented by Hungarian denarii from the reign of Louis II

up to Rudolf II from the years l5l7-1603 (4,369 coins). Two "obols" issued by

Rudolf II. in 1590 and 1602 appeared also among the coins. Apart from

r32

t Modern Age...

TOARD OF THECE IN NOVOHRAD

r Fil 'akovo found a cc. 30 cm tall

:heir garden. It had a shape of jug

;. The founders gave the hoard to

Mestskd mdzeum vo Fil'akove.

)r cleaning and for scientific;ure was handed to the Slovak

zeum) in Bratislava. The coins

matic Department, PhDr. Jozef:re til l 1992. During 1970's the

re museum of Novohrad and was

rvohrad museum - Novohradsk6

ai Museum to return the treasure.

C thus the find was returned only

)r a new and detailed working up.

r. Jdn Hunka, CSc. in 2004. At

ion. Only a little information on

Jiven by Dr. Hlinka tn"Coinfinds

246.) He wrote that the hoard

17th centuries minted in the area

hoard it contains 5.461 coins.

lenarii from the reign of Louis II

i69 coins). Two "obols" issued by

) among the coins. Apart from

Marek Budat-Jan Hunka: The largest coin hoard of the Modern Age...

denarii minted in Kormocbdnya (Kremnica) 11 rare denarii were also found

from the Kassa (Ko5ice, 1577), Nagyb6nya (Baia Mare, 9 denarii in

1554-1555 and l5BZ) and Visegrdd (1576) mints. In the hoard imitations of

the denarii from Kormocbdnya, forgeries coined on the silver-plated small

f lans as wel l as denar i i wi th wrong dat ing (1565, l57I-1572,1579) were a lso

found. The latest denarii from the year 1603 suggest the time when the

treasure was buried. The rest of the treasure consists of coins from Central

Europe. There were 669 Polish coins - Cracowian halfgroats from the reign of

Casimir Jagello till Sigismund I and 3-groats of Stephen B6thory and

Sigismund III (from the mints in Bydgoszcz,Cracow, Lublin, Malbork, Oikusz,

Poznan, Riga, and \Tschow). A hitherto unknown imitation of the Cracowian

3-groat from 1607 was also found. There were even 193 Czech double- and

single-sided coins ("fil l6rs") from the end of the 15'h century up rc 1597 . They

were the coins from the kings Wladislaw II up to Rudolf II. Such coins are

frequent in the finds from Slovakia (they substituted the missing local

currency coins). The find contained also coins from Prussia, Silesia and

Lithuania, e.g. groats of Albrecht from Hohenzollern (1530-1 546), Torunian

groats of Sigismund I the Old (1579-1535). The find contains two kinds of

coins from Silesia - 77 halfgroats of Louis II from Schweidnitz and groats of

Fridrich II, duke of Lignitz-\Uolau (I54I-I545). Also the groat of the

dukedom Glogau from 1506 is very rare (exceptional among Slovakian finds).

Also Lithuanian 3-groats of Stephen Bdthory and Sigismund III (18 pieces,

1581-1 596) are quite rare. The Moldavian denarius of Alexander IV. minted

in Suceava in 1558 is absolutely exceptional (it appeared in Slovakia for the

first time). It is surprising that the treasure contained very few coins from

Germany. In particular, there were three coins the Gottingen

"Mariengroshen" from 1550, the Nordlingen shilling of Maximilian I from I49B

and an unknown pfennig from the 16th century. The small number of German

coins refers to the fact that its late owner had trade contact much rather in the

Czech-Hungarian-Polish area than in the German-Austrian one.

The treasure was probably buried in 1603, perhaps in 1604. The original

owner of the coins was probably a merchant who was trading in present day

Slovakia and in the neighbouring countries. Central region of present day

Slovakia (Gemer and Novohrad) played an important role in the

international trade. It connected the territory of present day Hungary with

Silesia and Poland. There were exported raw materials from Hungary (ores

133

Marek BuQ4j-.lln fiq[a: lne blges\clf! lllrd of the Modern Age-

containing precious and coloured metals), animals (cattle, horses, sheep),

agricultural products (such as wine), handicraft products (canvas, products

made of precious rnetals and iron). From the neighbouring countries were

imported things that could not be produced locally. Foreign coins from the

16'h and 17'l 'centuries came into this area also due to the fact thar wars were

permanent in which soldiers from foreign armies (Austrian, Czech, Moravian,

and Silesian armies) also took part. After 1576 there were many battles with

Turks who after 1530 were relatively often invading southern parts of present

day Slovakia. The treasure from Surice was hidden due to the 15 years long

war of the emperor Rudolf II and the sultans Murad III, Mehmed III and Ah.

med I (1593-1606). Mil itary clashes between the emperor's and the Turkish

armies did not end in unequivocal victories. With varying success they seized

and lost solne important centres (Eger, Div6ny, Dr6gely, Fri lek, Gomor, Hat.

van, Heves, K6kk6, N6grdd, Palota, and Szabadka). During rhe sprin g of 1599

Turks sacked and destroyed dozens of weakly fortified towns and villages in

Gomor (Gemer) and in N6grdd (Novohrad). Many of rhem was nor

reinhabited. In 1600 the aristocrat and military leader Stephen Bocskay from

Transylvania started an anti-Habsburg rebell ion. His armies were active in the

Centrai and Southern territories of present day Slovakia, Moravia, and

Austria. He seized several important fortresses (Fulek, Sz6cs6ny and

Korpona). Therefore Rudolf II was forced to peace negotiations with him in

Vienna on73 June 1606. On 11 September 1606 he signed peace also wi th

the Turkish sultan near the mouth of the river Zsitva (Ziava). 15 years long

war was undoubtedly one of the strongest impulses for hiding the hoard. The

value of the coin hoard was 8500-860Q denarii, that is 90 Hungarian talers, in

the years 1590-1603. For this sum of money e.g. f ive horses or twenty.five

cows, or 150 kilograms of pork or beef meat, or else 7500 loaves of bread or

5000 rolls or buns could be bought. It was the value of 5 "korces" of wheat, 860

days of manual labour, 430 days of labour of a mason assistant or 690 days of

labour of a carpenter assistant. Since the owner did not come back to his coins,

it is obvious that he either died or f led. He was not the only one who was afraid

of losing money or l i fe. In the area between Nitra (Nyitra) and Rimavskd

Sobota (Rimaszombat) at least 15 coin hoards were buried. They contained

not only local and foreign "ducats" and "talers", but also coins of intermediate

and low values. They were found in Ondrejovce, Vrbovce nad Rimavicou and

in an unknown locality from Western Slovakia (they were buried probably in

134

rc Modern Age,..

animals (cattle, horses, sheep),icraft products (canvas, products

the neighbouring countries were

d locally. Foreign coins from the

Llso due to the fact that wars were

nies (Austrian, Czech, Moravian,

526 there were many battles withnvading southern parts of present

; hidden due to the 15 years long

s Murad III, Mehmed III and Ah-

:n the emperor's and the Turkish

!7ith varying success they seized

:ny, Dr6gely, Fulek, Gomor, Hat-

radka). During the spring of 1599

ly fortified towns and villages in

rrad). Many of them was not

:ary leader Stephen Bocskay from

.ion. His armies were active in the

nt day Slovakia, Moravia, and

lrtresses (Ftilek, Sz6cs6ny and

I peace negotiations with him in

r 1606 he signed peace also with

ver Zsitva (Zitava).15 years long

rpulses for hiding the hoard. The

rii, that is 90 Hungarian talers, in

3y e.g. five horses or twenty-five

t, or else 7500loaves of bread or

: value of 5 "korces" of wheat, 860

I a mason assistant or 690 days of

rer did not come back to his coins,

rs not the only one who was afraid

:n Nitra (Nyitra) and Rimavskd

.rds were buried. They contained

rs", but also coins of intermediate

vce, Vrbovce nad Rimavicou and

ikia (they were buried probably in

1593), in Pada and Zbrojn(ky (1595), irr Barca near Rimavskd Sobota aKapince (1597), SviituSa (1598), Komjatice (1599), Krupina and Rapovce(they were buried at the end of 16 century) and in Barca (1600), BzovskdLeh6tka (1603), Babinec near Rimavskd Sobota (1604), Modry Kameri(1607 ) .

Numismatic and historical importance of the find from Surice: 1. It is oneof the largest coin hoard found in Slovakia buried in the period of the "taler"currency; 2. Unlike other finds it remained complete. It is the largest survivedtreasure in Slovakia. 3. It is an exceptional proof of social conditions in thelate Gomor (Gemer) and N6grdd (Novohrad) at the turn of the 16th and17th centuries (Surice is situated on the border of these regions). There areknown only a few historical data about this village. In the years l4Z7-1548there were only from 11 to 20 inhabited "portas". The village inhabitants werethreatened by Turks and by other enemies. Their number was reduced to onefourth. In 1599 there were found only B "portas" and only 11 houses wereinhabited. There were no more than 60 people living in this village. The

Surice treasure is one of very few sources proving that despite the suffering oflocal inhabitants the life in the village continued and in the milieu where themajority of inhabitants were represented by serfs there were also a few people

with bigger wealth.

135

da

6zsef:6

IUDOMANYOK VI.

EHERVARON' . '+-LO,

V6ros Lev6ltdraT6rsulat

749.9e-8)

k :esfeh|rvir

6k6szit6s:

ANT,IMIZMATIKAES A TARSTIJDOMANYOK VI .

KONFERENCIA SZEKESFEHPNVNNON2004. szeptember 24-26.

Sz6kesfeh6rvdr Megyei Jog.i V6ros Lev6ltdra

Magyar Numizmatikai T6rsulat

Szdkedehdrvar, 2007