B.tech biotech i bls u 2.2 cells classification

Cells Classification

Course: B.Tech BiotechCourse: B.Tech BiotechSubject: Basic of Life ScienceSubject: Basic of Life Science

Unit: IIUnit: II

Two Major Cell Types

Cell TypeCell Type ExampleExample

ProkaryoticProkaryotic BacteriaBacteria

EukaryoticEukaryotic ProtistsProtists

FungiFungi

PlantsPlants

AnimalsAnimals

Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell

1.1.

Prokaryotic Cells• Simplest organisms

– Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.• no distinct interior compartments

–gram-positive – thick single layer wall that retains a violet dye from Gram stain procedure

–gram-negative – multilayered wall does not retain dye

»Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends on cell wall structure.

Prokaryotic Cells

• Some use flagellum for locomotion– threadlike structures protruding from cell surface

Bacterial cell wallBacterial cell wall

FlagellinFlagellin

RotaryRotarymotormotor

SheathSheath

2.2.

Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell(protist, animal)(protist, animal)

3.3.

Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell(plant)(plant)

4.4.

5.5.

Differences Between Cell Types

Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell

Single circular Single circular chromosomechromosome

Multiple linear Multiple linear chromosomeschromosomes

Chromosome found Chromosome found in a cytoplasmic in a cytoplasmic region called the region called the nucleoid.nucleoid.

Chromosomes found Chromosomes found in a membrane-in a membrane-bound nucleus.bound nucleus.

No internal No internal membranesmembranes

Some infolded Some infolded plasma membraneplasma membrane

Extensive network of Extensive network of internal membranes internal membranes

Common Components and Cellular Organization

• Plasma Membrane– boundary surrounding the cell

• Genetic material: DNA– located in a membrane-bound nucleus

for eukaryotic cells• Cytoplasm

– Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst)

• Cytoskeleton– network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that

maintains cell shape, allows movement

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

All prokaryotic cells contain

Structure Structure FunctionFunction

Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane

Regulates flow of Regulates flow of substances into and out substances into and out of cellof cell

NucleoidNucleoid Cytoplasmic region Cytoplasmic region containing genetic containing genetic materialmaterial

CytoplasmCytoplasm Cytosol: fluidCytosol: fluid

RibosomesRibosomes

EnzymesEnzymes

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

Other possible prokaryotic structures

Structure Structure FunctionFunctionCell WallCell Wall Supports cellSupports cell

Maintains shapeMaintains shape

CapsuleCapsule Protects from dryingProtects from drying

Protects against Protects against white blood cellswhite blood cells

Infolded Plasma Infolded Plasma MembranesMembranes

MetabolismMetabolism

Cell divisionCell division

Features of Prokaryotic Cells

Other possible prokaryotic structures

Structure Structure FunctionFunctionBacterial Bacterial Flagellum Flagellum

MovementMovement

PlasmidPlasmid Small circular DNA Small circular DNA

Replicates Replicates independently independently

Applying Your Knowledge

In bacterial cells• where is the genetic material located? • which one is used for movement?• which one provides structural support for

the cell?

1. Cell Wall2. Flagellum 3. Capsule4. Plasmid5. Nucleoid

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)Plasma Plasma Membrane Membrane

1. Regulates passage of 1. Regulates passage of materials into and out of cellmaterials into and out of cell

2. Cell-Cell Recognition2. Cell-Cell Recognition

6.6.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)Cell WallCell Wall(protists, (protists, fungi, plants)fungi, plants)

1.1. Controls cell shape, Controls cell shape, protects, supportsprotects, supports

7.7.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)

NucleusNucleus 1.1. Carrier of genetic materialCarrier of genetic material

DNA + protein = chromatinDNA + protein = chromatin

2. Governs cell activities2. Governs cell activities

3. Directs cell reproduction3. Directs cell reproduction

4.4. Surrounded by Membrane Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope= nuclear envelope

5.5. Contains nucleolus—Contains nucleolus—produces ribosomesproduces ribosomeswhich synthesize proteinswhich synthesize proteins8.8.

Nucleus

9.9.

Functions of Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)Rough Rough Endoplasmic Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)Reticulum (RER)

1.1. Associated ribosomes produce Associated ribosomes produce proteins proteins

2.2. Prepares proteins for exportPrepares proteins for export

Smooth Smooth Endoplasmic Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)Reticulum (SER)

1.1. Lipid SynthesisLipid Synthesis

2.2. Drug detoxificationDrug detoxification

3.3. Transport of proteins from RERTransport of proteins from RER

RERRER SERSER

10.10.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)Golgi Golgi ApparatusApparatus

Collects, modifies, packages and Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ERdistributes proteins and lipids from ER

11.11.

Functions of Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)LysosomeLysosome Contains digestive enzymes Contains digestive enzymes

to digest food in protists or to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles destroy aging organelles

12.12.

Endomembrane SystemRough Rough

Endoplasmic Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

Smooth Smooth Endoplasmic Endoplasmic

ReticulumReticulum

VesicleVesicle

Golgi Golgi ApparatusApparatus

VesicleVesicle

LysosomeLysosome

VesicleVesicle

Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane13.13.

Functions of Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Structure FunctionFunction

PeroxisomePeroxisome Removes harmful oxidants Removes harmful oxidants from cells from cells

14.14.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure Structure FunctionFunction

MitochondrionMitochondrion Captures energy from Captures energy from organic molecules, organic molecules, producing ATPproducing ATP

15.15.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure Structure FunctionFunction

ChloroplastChloroplast(protists, plants)(protists, plants)

Photosynthesis: Uses light Photosynthesis: Uses light energy to produce organic energy to produce organic moleculesmolecules

16.16.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)CytoskeletonCytoskeleton 1.1. Maintains cell shapeMaintains cell shape

2.2. Anchors organelles and proteinsAnchors organelles and proteins

3.3. Allows for organelle movement Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some and cellular movement in some cell typescell types

17.17.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure Structure FunctionFunctionCentrioleCentriole Gives rise to basal bodies that Gives rise to basal bodies that

produce cilia or flagella produce cilia or flagella

18.18.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell

Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)VacuoleVacuole 1.1. Central vacuole (plants) stores Central vacuole (plants) stores

waste, maintains turgidity.waste, maintains turgidity.

2.2. Contractile vacuole (protists) Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance.maintains water balance.

3.3. Food vacuole (protists) fuses with Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion.lysosome for digestion.

19.19.

Functions of Eukaryotic

Cell Features

Structure Structure Function(s)Function(s)

Cilia and Cilia and Flagella Flagella

1.1. Move substances across Move substances across cell surface in lungs, cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubesfallopian tubes

2.2. Cell movement in sperm, Cell movement in sperm, protistsprotists

20.20.

Structure Animal cells Plant cells

cell membrane Yes yes

nucleus Yes yes

nucleolus yes yes

ribosomes yes yes

ER yes yes

Golgi yes yes

centrioles yes no

cell wall no yes

mitochondria yes yes

cholorplasts no yes

One big vacuole no yes

cytoskeleton yes Yes

Applying Your Knowledge

A. Which organelle produces proteins that will be exported from the cell?

B. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

C. Which site acts as a protein packaging and distribution center?

1. Cilium2. Rough ER 3. Golgi apparatus4. Smooth ER5. Lysosome

Thought Questions

1. What are similarities fora. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?b. animal and plant cells?

2. What are differences betweena. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?b. animal and plant cells?

Analogy

If the cell were a factory

the ____________________ would be (name a cell component)

a _____________________________. (name a part of a factory)

Part of CellPart of Cell Part of FactoryPart of FactoryCapsuleCapsule Security GateSecurity Gate

Cell WallCell Wall Outer Fence around the factoryOuter Fence around the factory

ChloroplastChloroplast Solar PanelSolar Panel

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Moving Belt where items are inspectedMoving Belt where items are inspected

Steel Support, Interior WallsSteel Support, Interior Walls

Cilia/FlagellaCilia/Flagella Conveyor Belt, Elevator/EscalatorConveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator

EnzymeEnzyme Worker; Assemblage MachineryWorker; Assemblage Machinery

Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex Distribution/Packaging DepartmentDistribution/Packaging Department

MailroomMailroom

MitochondrionMitochondrion Generator, Engine Room, Power SourceGenerator, Engine Room, Power Source

NucleoidNucleoid Storage of pre-production materialStorage of pre-production material

NucleusNucleus Supervisor’s Office, BossSupervisor’s Office, Boss

Corporate Office, Central OperationsCorporate Office, Central Operations

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, DoorLoading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door

RibosomesRibosomes Assembly Line TrackAssembly Line Track

RERRER Production LineProduction Line

SERSER Shipping DockShipping Dock

VacuoleVacuole Storage AreaStorage Area

Web and Books references

• Book Name : Albert

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_structure• http://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103045/download/mod2.pdf• https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/42-620/handouts/

BME_42_620_Lecture_02_2011.pdf

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Images References• 1.https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/640/flashcards/1380640/jpg/

bio1001-image-prokaryote-1413A10B8386D5F0137.jpg• 2.http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/ap_prep/cem2s2_3.jpg• 3.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/

Eukaryotic_Cell_(animal).jpg• 4.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg• 5.http://www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/biol/animcell.jpg• 6.http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/robertsk/biol101/

Cell_Structure_and_Function_files/image004.jpg• 7.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg• 8.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/images/nucleusfigure1.jpg• 9. http://thewallmachine.com/files/1347806588.jpg• 10.http://2.bp.blogspot.com/I9artOBlgmw/UEnfqbPv_3I/AAAAAAAAAI0/

lYPXS4Aq7iQ/s1600/Rough+endoplasmic+reticulum+is+continued+with+the+smooth+one.PNG

• 11. http://cellsinaction1.wikispaces.com/file/view/golgi.jpg/83165353/280x278/golgi.jpg

• 12.http://www.unimainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/eigeneEM/Tph/Tph21Lys.jpg

• 13.https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/48/flashcards/454048/png/endomembrane_system-1440CDC4A61079A2221.png

• 14. http://jcs.biologists.org/content/117/17/3995/F3.large.jpg• 15.http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/blog/Image/

Mitochondrion.jpg• 16.http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/76/53076-004-

61A5272A.jpg• 17.http://gleesonbiology.pbworks.com/f/1221958626/cytoskeleton.jpg• 18.http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/123/structure-of-centriole.jpeg• 19.http://teachline.ls.huji.ac.il/72109/paramecium/Figa3-rev.jpg• 20.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/

Flagellum-beating.svg/2000px-Flagellum-beating.svg.png