B.tech biotech i bls u 1.1 classification of organism

ClassificationClassificationCourse: B.Tech BiotechCourse: B.Tech Biotech

Subject: Basic of Life ScienceSubject: Basic of Life ScienceUnit: IUnit: I

ClassificationClassification

grouping of different types of organisms grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and based upon similarities in structure and

evolutionary relationships evolutionary relationships

WHY CLASSIFY?WHY CLASSIFY? In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of

living organisms in an organized manner, biologists living organisms in an organized manner, biologists classify organismsclassify organisms

This means that they group organisms together based This means that they group organisms together based on their on their common characteristicscommon characteristics

Physical structurePhysical structure is often the primary basis for is often the primary basis for biological classification biological classification

Early classificationEarly classification

Animals & PlantsAnimals & PlantsWith the discovery of the With the discovery of the MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE in the 1600’s in the 1600’s many new organisms were discoveredmany new organisms were discoveredThis was the basis for the change in This was the basis for the change in the classification system the classification system

BIONOMIAL BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

Carolus LinneausCarolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature devised binomial nomenclature (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species

ex. scientific name of humans ..... ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo Homo sapienssapiens

HomoHomo is the genus name .... is the genus name .... sapienssapiens is the is the species namespecies name

Both have to be printed in italics or underlinedBoth have to be printed in italics or underlined -Genus is -Genus is ALWAYSALWAYS capitalized capitalized

1.

MODERN MODERN CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

SYSTEM:SYSTEM: KINGDOMKINGDOM PHYLLUMPHYLLUM CLASSCLASS ORDERORDER FAMILYFAMILY GENUSGENUS SPECIESSPECIES

HOW TO REMEMBER HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:THAT:

KING PHILIP KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUPGOOD SOUP

KINGDOMS:KINGDOMS:

The 6 Kingdom System is based The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following criteria: on the following criteria:

1. Presence or absence of a 1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membranenuclear membrane

2. 2. UniUnicellularity versus cellularity versus multimulticellularity cellularity

3. Type of 3. Type of nutritionnutrition

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria most primitive and often live in extreme most primitive and often live in extreme

environments environments LIVE IN UNUSUALLY LIVE IN UNUSUALLY

HARSH ENVIRONMENTSHARSH ENVIRONMENTS unicellular and no nucleus unicellular and no nucleus This is the Proposed 6This is the Proposed 6 thth KINGDOM KINGDOM

There are 3 types: There are 3 types: salt lovingsalt loving, , heat lovingheat loving & & methane methane lovingloving

Kingdom Monera Kingdom Monera bacteriabacteria and and blue green algaeblue green algae have a primitive cell structure have a primitive cell structure no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane Three basic types of bacteriaThree basic types of bacteria Coccus-Coccus- Baccillus-Baccillus- Spirillum-Spirillum-

2.

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista Predominately unicellular organisms with plant Predominately unicellular organisms with plant

or animal-like characteristics or animal-like characteristics examples include examples include protozoaprotozoa and all and all algaealgae except except

the blue-green the blue-green have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane Classification of ProtistsClassification of Protists:: Most protozoa are Most protozoa are

motilemotile (CAN MOVE) and are divided into (CAN MOVE) and are divided into phyla based on their means of phyla based on their means of LOCOMOTIONLOCOMOTION

3.

Protista

Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists Often animal like Protists are called Often animal like Protists are called

PROTOZOAPROTOZOA They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil,

or in the bodies of other organismsor in the bodies of other organismsPlant-like Protists:Plant-like Protists: Plant-like Protists are commonly called Plant-like Protists are commonly called

ALGAEALGAE They contain chloroplasts and are therefore They contain chloroplasts and are therefore

AUTOTROPHICAUTOTROPHIC

SpirogyraSpirogyra

plant-like Protists that contains thread-plant-like Protists that contains thread-like filaments of chloroplastslike filaments of chloroplasts

They may reproduce asexually by They may reproduce asexually by MITOSIS or sexually by MITOSIS or sexually by CONJUGATIONCONJUGATION

4.

5.

Plant and Animal like ProtistsPlant and Animal like ProtistsThe EuglenaThe Euglena:: exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like

characteristicscharacteristics contains chloroplasts, which are involved in contains chloroplasts, which are involved in

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS contains a contains a flagellumflagellum, which is used for , which is used for

LOCOMOTIONLOCOMOTION euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

depending on the environmentdepending on the environment In a In a light environmentlight environment euglena would be euglena would be

AUTOTROPHICAUTOTROPHIC In a In a dark environmentdark environment the euglena would be the euglena would be

HETEROTROPHICHETEROTROPHIC

KINGDOM KINGDOM FUNGIFUNGI

examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms cells are usually organized into cells are usually organized into branchedbranched, multinucleate , multinucleate

filamentsfilaments which which absorbabsorb digested food from the external digested food from the external environment environment

Mushrooms are made up of a network of tubes called Mushrooms are made up of a network of tubes called HYPHAEHYPHAE

6.

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae multicellular - possess multicellular - possess chloroplastschloroplasts and and cell wallscell walls make their own food - make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS Reproduce sexually – can be asexualReproduce sexually – can be asexual Vascular plants are more advanced - they have evolved Vascular plants are more advanced - they have evolved

specialized tissues, specialized tissues, xylemxylem, which is involved in structural , which is involved in structural support and water conduction, and support and water conduction, and phloemphloem, which , which functions in food conductionfunctions in food conduction

Nonvascular plants are usually no more than Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an inch or two in height because they do not an inch or two in height because they do not have adequate support, which is provided by have adequate support, which is provided by vascular tissues to other plants, to grow biggervascular tissues to other plants, to grow bigger

ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL7.

8.

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia multi-cellular organisms which ingest their multi-cellular organisms which ingest their

food – food – HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS Reproduce sexuallyReproduce sexually

9.

10.

VirusesViruses not classified in a kingdom not classified in a kingdom contain genetic material (contain genetic material (DNADNA) but ) but lack cell lack cell

structuresstructures only carry on the life function of only carry on the life function of reproductionreproduction They must have a They must have a hosthost (another living (another living

organism) to be able to reproduce organism) to be able to reproduce This causes This causes diseasedisease in the host (Ex: colds, in the host (Ex: colds,

rabies, AIDS, flu) rabies, AIDS, flu)

11.

Book and Web ReferencesBook and Web References

Book Name : 12Book Name : 12 thth Std NCERT Std NCERT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification http://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo102.pdfhttp://ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/l/kebo102.pdf http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/nomenclathttp://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/nomenclat

ure.htmlure.html

Images ReferencesImages References 1.https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?1.https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?

q=tbn:ANd9GcSOd_WDSLu7NY1RNlUZYZag1Hjz7UOPpRGmsZ9zMzAE-q=tbn:ANd9GcSOd_WDSLu7NY1RNlUZYZag1Hjz7UOPpRGmsZ9zMzAE-9KLaQKpEy_QLw9KLaQKpEy_QLw

2. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio106/bacteria.jpg2. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio106/bacteria.jpg 3.http://c3e308.medialib.glogster.com/media/4c/4c3cd738d6b0272c3eab11954ed05bbbb8ff3.http://c3e308.medialib.glogster.com/media/4c/4c3cd738d6b0272c3eab11954ed05bbbb8ff

8dcbb0f22a656723160ca4069917/protista-jpg.jpg8dcbb0f22a656723160ca4069917/protista-jpg.jpg 4.https://encryptedtbn1.gstatic.com/images?4.https://encryptedtbn1.gstatic.com/images?

q=tbn:ANd9GcR9bzJbF5KHAFyvT_F5Aav6ec4q-q=tbn:ANd9GcR9bzJbF5KHAFyvT_F5Aav6ec4q-TVN8BSs5cNqMkp8OgA0TcUfTVN8BSs5cNqMkp8OgA0TcUf

5.http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/chlorophyta/spirogyra/group_C/varians/sp_02.j5.http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/chlorophyta/spirogyra/group_C/varians/sp_02.jpgpg

6.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Fuzzy_Fungi_(Schizophyllum_com6.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Fuzzy_Fungi_(Schizophyllum_commune).jpgmune).jpg

7.https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?7.https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQlVS1BqX73wGFIyw6CmreCjMREZkjG3nfHsBRzicerTmxZKPq=tbn:ANd9GcQlVS1BqX73wGFIyw6CmreCjMREZkjG3nfHsBRzicerTmxZKPkukgkukg

8. 8. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell450.jpghttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell450.jpg 9. http://animalia-life.com/data_images/dog/dog5.jpg9. http://animalia-life.com/data_images/dog/dog5.jpg 10.https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?10.https://encryptedtbn2.gstatic.com/images?

q=tbn:ANd9GcT9Vbe9Eopj8HRr1VTq57uCUkd89AS1GhbuSHBge859AjuPHWq=tbn:ANd9GcT9Vbe9Eopj8HRr1VTq57uCUkd89AS1GhbuSHBge859AjuPHWSEdQSEdQ

11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/2effc5b6f748963d346ae11763b12f9ef34ba8af.jpg11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/2effc5b6f748963d346ae11763b12f9ef34ba8af.jpg