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MEMORYMEMORY
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Scope of this WeekScope of this Week
o Introduction to Memory
o Memory Processing
o Memory Model
o Forgetting
o Improving Memory
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MemoryMemory
Memory... is the diary that we all carrywith us.
~Oscar Wilde
o Storing of learned informationoThe ability to recall what has been
stored
o Allows us to retrieve events from thedistant past or from moments ago
o Enables us to learn new skills and toform habits
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MemorycontMemorycont
o Without memory life would be a series ofdisconnected experiences, each one newand unfamiliar
o Human memory is like computersmemory, we store and later we retrieve
o It helps us understand the present andremember our past
o Memory indicates that learning haspersisted over time
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The MEMORYThe MEMORY
PROCESSPROCESSo Memory processing involves 3
stages:
o Encoding
o Storage
o Retrieval
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1.Encoding1.Encodingo Getting Information Through to Our Mind
o Transforming The Information Into a MeaningfulForm
o Automatic Processing:
o Unconscious Encoding Of Incidental Information
o Effortful Processing:o Requires Attention And Conscious Effort
o Acoustic Encoding (Sound Of Words)
o Visual Encoding (Picture Images)
o Semantic Encoding (Meaning Of Words)
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2.Storage2.Storage
o Retaining Or Holding Onto TheInformation
o Physiological Change In The Neural Path
Must Occur For The Memory To Be Stored
oJust Like The Computer Stores Data On ADisk Or a Hard Drive
o Without Storage There Will Be NoMemory
o Happening at a Conscious & SubconsciousLevel
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3. Retrieval3. RetrievaloThe Process Of Getting Information Out Of
Storage
o We Retrieve Through:
o
Recall:o Pulling The Stored Information IntoConsciousness As On A Fill In The Blank Test
o Recognition:o Identifying Previously Learned As On A MCQ Test
o Relearningo Amount Of Time Saved When Learning
Something For The Second Time
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MEMORY MODELMEMORY MODELRichard Atkinson & Richard ShiffrinRichard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin
o Model Of MemoryDistinguishes Three Main
Systems Or Compartments:
o Sensory Memory
o Short-term (Working) Memory
o Long-term Memory
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1.Sensory Memory1.Sensory Memory
o Initial Mechanism Of Memoryo Refers To The Information We
Receive Through The Senses
o Lasts For Few Seconds Not MoreThen 3 To 4 Seconds
o Iconic Memory:o Momentary Sensory Memory Of Visual
Stimuli
o Echoic Memory:o Momentary Sensory Memory Of Auditory
Stimuli
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2. Short-Term Memory2. Short-Term Memory
o Also Known As Working Memoryo Its The Information We Are Currently
Aware Of or Thinking About
o In Freudian Psychology Its ReferredAs Conscious Mind
o STM Stores Information ForApproximately 20 To 30 Seconds
o Attending To This Information AllowsIt To Continue On The Next Stage,
The Long-Term Memory
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3. Long-Term Memory3. Long-Term Memory
o Relatively Permanent
o Practically Unlimited In Terms OfIts Storage Capacity
o Similar To The Permanent StorageOf a Computer
o It Stores Facts, Vocabulary, Skills,
Life Events Etc.
o It Usually Stores Information ThatIs Significant Or Beneficial
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Subcategories of LTMSubcategories of LTMo Semantic Memory
oFactual Or General Knowledge Of The WorldoMeaning Of Words, Concepts, And Our Ability
To Do Math Etc.
o Procedural MemoryoSkills That Humans Possess, become a reflex
oTying Shoelaces, Riding A Bicycle, Swimming&Hitting a Baseball, Playing Cricket etc
o Episodic MemoryoMemories of Events & Life Situations
Connected With A Specific Time And PlaceoChildhood Experiences, First Prize, Graduation
Day etc
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Pictorial Demonstration ofPictorial Demonstration of
Memory ModelMemory Model
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FORGET AboutFORGET About
Forgetting??Forgetting??o Counterpart of Memoryo As much as we Remember, we Forget more!
o Not all that bad
o A Natural Phenomenon
o Essential for our Survivalo Failing to remember doesnt mean its not there
o Forgetting done Unconsciously to avoidunpleasant and difficult situations (Abuse)
o Could be Physiological or Psychological
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Why Do We Forget??Why Do We Forget??
o First Scenario:oYou store information in your memoryo Are unable to remember it when you need too But can at a later date
o Second Scenario:o Information is inaccessibleoThe human memory simply forgets
informationo Permanently & the physical traces of thememory disappear
oThe information is unavailableo Mostly Physiological
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Forgetting In The STMForgetting In The STMo Decay:
o Occurs when Information is not Rehearsed
o When one does not contemplate it
oThe physical trace of such memory is thought tofade over time
o Displacement:o New Memories Replace Old Ones
o Easy to remember the new learning
o Interference:o Similar Information is difficult to Remember
o Proactive when Old Memories Interfere with theNew
o Retroactive when New Information Distorts Old one
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Forgetting In The LTMForgetting In The LTM
o Limitless in its Capacity in terms of Time
o Unknown if Information actually Disappears
oThrough Hypnosis can recall information not
consciously known to a persono Retrieval Cues can be Harder to find the Further
we are from them
o Doesnt Include Biological Disorders like
Alzheimers and Amnesia
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Ways to Improve MemoryWays to Improve Memoryo Pay Attention: Learn Promptly & Correctly
o Concentrate on One Task & Focus
o Involve as Many Senses as Possible
o Organize, Organize & Organize
o Establish a Regular Scheduleo Rehearse & Over-Learn
o Puzzles & Trivia Games
o Challenge Your Mind; Delve into the Difficult
o Make a Mind Mapo Be Motivated with a Positive Attitude
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Example of a Mind MapExample of a Mind Map