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Singapore-Malaysia water agreements

By Chew, Valerie written on 2009-06-18National Library Board Singapore

Comments on article: InfopediaTalk

Singapore and Malaysia have signed four agreements to regulate the supply of water from Malaysia to Singapore. The first - signed in 1927 - is no longer in force. Water imported from Malaysia under the other three agreements - signed in 1961, 1962 and 1990 - now meets about half of Singapore's water demand. However, this will be reduced after the 1961 pact expires in 2011. The government has also stated that Singapore can be self-sufficient in water by the time the 1962 and 1990 agreements expire in 2061.

1927 AgreementThis was signed on 5 December 1927 between the municipal commissioners of the town of Singapore and Sultan Ibrahim of the state and territories of Johor. It allowed Singapore to rent 2,100 acres (8.5km2) of land in Gunong Pulai for the purpose of supplying raw water from the area to Singapore. An annual rent of 30 cents per acre (per 4,047m2) was payable on the land, but the water was free. Johor set aside an additional 25mi2 (64.7km2) of land and agreed not to alienate any part of this land without the consent of the Singapore commissioners. If the latter wanted to reserve any part of this plot for drawing water, they had to give notice to the Johor government and pay an annual rent of $5 per acre. In return, Johor could obtain 800,000 gallons (3,637m3) of treated water from Singapore daily at a rate of 25 cents per 1,000 gallons (per 4.55m3).

1961 AgreementThis was called the Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement. It was signed on 1 September 1961 between the city council of the state of Singapore (the predecessor of the Public Utilities Board or PUB) and the government of the state of Johor. By then, Singapore was a self-governing state within the British empire while Malaya was already an independent nation. The 1927 agreement was declared void in this document.

The agreement gave Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw off all the water within the designated land at Gunong Pulai, Sungei Tebrau and Sungei Scudai for a period of 50 years up till 2011. Singapore was to pay an annual rent of $5 per acre for the land and a charge of 3 cents for every 1,000 gallons of water. Singapore also agreed to provide Johor with a daily supply of treated water up to 12% of the raw water it drew, subject to a minimum of four million gallons (18,184m3), and at a price of 50 cents per 1,000 gallons.

1962 AgreementCalled the Johor River Water Agreement, this was signed on 29 September 1962 between the Singapore city council and the Johor state government. Valid for 99 years up till 2061, it gave

Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw water from Johor River up to a maximum of 250 million gallons per day (mgd) (1.14 million cubic metres a day). In return, Johor was entitled to a daily supply of treated water from Singapore up to 2% of the raw water it supplied.

Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used "at the standard rate applicable to building lots on town land". The water prices remained the same as in the previous agreement - 3 cents per 1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 cents per 1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor. After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using a common currency, the prices became denominated in Malaysian ringgit.

The 1961 and 1962 agreements provided for a price review after 25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action if bilateral price negotiations failed. However, the Johor government chose not to revise the prices at both opportunities, in 1986 and 1987.

The Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as the Separation Agreement) signed between the governments of Singapore and Malaysia on 9 August 1965 guaranteed the 1961 and 1962 water agreements.

1990 AgreementThis was signed on 24 November 1990 between PUB and the Johor state government. It was supplementary to the 1962 pact and would also expire in 2061. A separate document was signed on the same day by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore to guarantee adherence to the agreement.

Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed to construct a dam across Sungei Linggui to facilitate the extraction of water from Johor River, with Johor setting aside about 21,600ha (216km2) of land for the project. Singapore agreed to pay RM320 million as compensation for the permanent loss of use of the land and its associated revenue, in addition to a premium of RM18,000 per hectare (per 10,000m2) and an annual rent of RM30 for every 1,000ft2 (per 92.9m2) of the land. The cost of building and maintaining the dam would be borne by Singapore.

In return, Singapore could buy (from Johor) treated water generated by the new dam. This would be over and above the 250mgd of raw water that it was allowed to draw from Johor River under the 1962 agreement. The price of this additional supply would be calculated based on a fixed formula: the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs plus 50% of the surplus from the sale of this water by PUB to its consumers after deducting Johor's price and PUB's cost of distribution, or 115% of the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs, whichever was higher.

This agreement was a follow-up to the memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed on 28 June 1988 between the two countries' prime ministers at the time, Lee Kuan Yew for Singapore and Mahathir Mohamad for Malaysia. The signing of the MOU was hailed as a breakthrough in Singapore-Malaysia water relations, the culmination of six years of difficult negotiations.

Beyond 2061The Singapore government has stated that it will not renew the 1961 agreement which expires in 2011. Attempts to reach a new deal with Malaysia to secure water supply for Singapore beyond

2061 have not borne fruit despite years of tedious negotiations. To reduce Singapore's dependence on imported water, the government has taken steps to increase the size of the local water catchment area and to build up the supply from non-conventional sources, namely NEWater (reclaimed water) and desalinated water. With the various water projects progressing well, government officials have assured Singaporeans that the country can be self-reliant in water by 2061 if it needs to be.

AuthorValerie Chew

ReferencesDevan, J. (2003, February 4). Water words - Resource traded for over 70 years. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Han, F. K. (1990, November 25). S'pore, Johor sign new water pact. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Low, L., & Lee, P. O. (c2009). Singapore's perspective on economic relations with Malaysia. In T. Shiraishi (Ed.), Across the causeway: A multi-dimensional study of Malaysia-Singapore relations (pp.250-264). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.(Call no.: RSING 327.59505957 ACR)

Tan, Y. S., Lee, T. J., & Tan, K. (c2009). Ensuring water sustainability: The supply side. In Clean, green and blue: Singapore's journey towards environmental and water sustainability (pp.125-176). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.(Call no.: RSING 363.70095957 TAN)

Water agreements. (2006). In T. Koh, et al. (Eds.), Singapore: The encyclopedia (p.585). Singapore: Editions Didier Millet; National Heritage Board.(Call no.: RSING 959.57003 SIN-[HIS])

Wee, L.-A. (2003, February 9). Govt assurance on long-term water supply. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Zuraidah Ibrahim. (1995, February 25). Singapore's water - history, politics and future options. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Further ReadingsAu Yong, J. (2008, September 16). Water tax sends important message. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Chia, S.-A. (2002, September 5). Twists and turns. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Kog, Y. C., et al. (2002). Beyond vulnerability? Water in Singapore-Malaysia relations. Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University.(Call no.: RSING 363.61095957 KOG)

Tan, T. H. (2002, April 6). Water - S'pore to rely less on KL. The Straits Times. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from Factiva database.

Water talks? If only it could. (2003). Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications & The Arts.(Call no.: RSING 327.59570595 WAT)

The information in this article is valid as at 2009 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.

SubjectPolitics and Government>>Public Utilities Water--Singapore Law and government>>National development

All Rights Reserved. National Library Board Singapore 2009.

WATER: The Singapore-Malaysia Dispute - THE FACTS

    New Straits Times, MalaysiaJuly 21, 2003KUALA LUMPUR

IN the last few years, water has been the source of too much dissension between Malaysia and Singapore.

It should not. A torrent of rhetoric, allegations and occasional misrepresentation has muddied the central question: Can any person on this earth, in this day and age, truthfully say that three Malaysian sen — or 1.4 Singapore cents or 0.8 US cent — is a fair price to pay for 1000 gallons of water? Of course Malaysia must fully consider Singapore's concerns. But is a fair price for water from Malaysia too much to ask for? Although Singapore has generated a profit of RM662.5 million from Malaysian raw water in 2001 alone, Singapore paid Johor only RM2.39 million — or S$1.09 million or US$628,947 — in 2001 for a whole year's supply of water. This works out to just 26 Singapore cents (US 15 cents) per person per year.

In other words, Singaporeans got all the water they wanted from Malaysia for an entire year for just one small bite of a Big Mac.

On the other hand, Johor paid Singapore RM6.3 million for the treated water it took in 2001.

The intention of this document is to set the record straight. We hope it will lead to a better understanding on both sides of the Causeway and beyond, where Singapore has taken its fight. A good bilateral relationship is clearly difficult if Singapore continually portrays Malaysia at home and abroad as a big bully, a country that does not play fair, and a nation incapable of abiding by international agreements.

Throughout the years of negotiations, Malaysia has always tried to be a good and generous neighbour. Malaysia has never in its history interrupted the supply of water to Singapore. Malaysia will never stop the supply of water to Singapore. That is the promise made by Malaysia, as stated by Malaysia's Prime Minister.

Malaysia has never tried to take advantage of Singapore's need for water. Malaysia has never breached any of its legal commitments. Despite fluctuations in bilateral ties, Malaysia has never withheld from Singapore a single drop of water.

In the future, Malaysia is happy if Singapore continues to source water from Johor or if, because it does not like the price, Singapore decides not to buy a single gallon.

All we ask for is a fair price, a fair deal. In speech and in writing, distributed worldwide (see for example, Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could), Singapore has been aggressively on the offensive and raised many issues. It is time for Malaysia to respond, to set the record straight.

1. If 3 sen per 1000 gallons is a ridiculous price, it was Malaysia's own doing.

Singapore: In 1961, it was the Malaysians who decided to price the raw water from Johor at three sen. If the Malaysians are unhappy with the price, it is their own fault.

Malaysia: What has been omitted is the context. In July 1960, the first serious discussions took place between the then Federation of Malaya and Singapore regarding a possible merger.

At that time, the political situation in Singapore was volatile. In a July 1961 byelection, the PAP campaigned on a platform of merger with Malaysia. Unfortunately, the opposition Workers Party won the by-election.

After the by-election, 13 PAP assemblymen defected and joined the opposition to form "a new party on the extreme left of the political spectrum, the Barisan Sosialis".

"Thus is the course of three months, the (Singapore) Government had its voting strength reduced from 43 seats to a bare majority of 27 in the 51-member Assembly. More than anything else, this defection was the result of opposition to the PAP's policy toward union with Malaya." (Malaysian Politics by Gordon Means, pp 296-297) Undaunted, in August 1961, Lee Kuan Yew met Tengku Abdul Rahman for three days to draw up a preliminary agreement for merger. Mindful of the uphill battle the PAP faced in selling the merger proposal to Singapore voters, the Federation of Malaya decided to be generous on the issue of water and on other issues.

2. Malaysia has lost its rights to review the price of water.

Singapore: "(Malaysia) insisted that they had the right to review the price of current water, while we pointed out that they had lost their right of review..." (Statement by Professor S. Jayakumar, Singapore's Minister for Foreign Affairs, in the Singapore Parliament on Jan 25, 2003.) "The Public Utilities Board, as the successor-in-title to the City Council of the state of Singapore in relation to the above Agreements, does not accept that the Government of the State of Johor is entitled to seek the reviews referred to in your letters." (PUB letter dated Oct 9, 2002, in reply to the Johor Government's letter dated Aug 14,2002.)

Malaysia: Singapore has repeatedly claimed that Malaysia has lost the right to review the price of water because Malaysia failed to do so in 1986 and 1987 respectively, exactly 25 years after the date of the two Water Agreements of 1961 and 1962.

In fact, Clause 17 of the 1961 Agreement and Clause 14 of the 1962 Agreement state clearly: "The provisions of paragraphs (i) and (ii) of the foregoing clause of these presents shall be subject to review after the expiry of 25 years from the date of these presents ..." Twenty-five years after 1961 and 1962 respectively means any time after 1986 and 1987. This does not mean the review must take place immediately on these two dates. Any time after 1986 and 1987, both sides are legally permitted to review the price

3. Malaysia had many times agreed on the price of water...

Singapore: "At a meeting between Dr Mahathir Mohamad and Mr Lee Kuan Yew on Aug 15, 2000, the two leaders agreed that in return for Malaysia agreeing to sell water to Singapore beyond the expiry of the current agreements, Singapore would pay 45 sen per 1,000 gallons now." (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could, page 8.)

Malaysia: Singapore's offer was never accepted by Malaysia.

This assertion is supported by an article on the Aug 16, 2000 meeting written by Ms Irene Ng, then political correspondent of Singapore Straits Times, now Singapore Member of Parliament. Headlined Singapore-KL pact's success hinges on details, Ms Ng wrote: "Like any skeleton, the broad agreement to resolve the outstanding issues between Singapore and Malaysia will not come to life until it is fleshed out properly, and spirit breathed into it.

"The agreement reached by Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew and Malaysian Prime Minister Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad last Tuesday is now being filled out by officials.

"The details they have to tackle include the price of water under the current agreement and the ratio of raw to treated water beyond 2061.

"As for spirit, its nature will depend much on such details, where they say the devil often is." (Singapore Straits Times, Aug 16, 2000.) Moreover, Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew himself confirmed the lack of agreement on price. In a letter dated Aug 24, 2000, written nine days after his meeting with Dr Mahathir, Mr Lee wrote to then Finance Minister Tun Daim Zainuddin: "To make it easier for us to write to each other, to test various options, all notes or letters I send to you or Mahathir, or vice-versa, will be treated as Without Prejudice: that there is no agreement until all points are agreed and signed by the two PMs." We are unable to understand why Singapore continues to insist that Malaysia accepted its offer to pay 45 sen per 1000 gallons for raw water on Aug 15, 2000.

So far, Singapore has put many prices on the table. So has Malaysia. No agreement has been reached on a fair price for water. In Mr Lee Kuan Yew's own words, all prices cited or mentioned are "to test options". All prices cited or mentioned are subject to negotiation and agreement by both sides.

4. After agreeing more than once, Malaysia has repeatedly reneged and shifted the goal posts.

(a) from 45 Malaysian sen to 60 Malaysian sen per 1000 gallons.

Singapore: "Six months later, however, in February 2001, Malaysia backtracked on the 45 sen agreement. Dr Mahathir said Johor believed that 60 sen was fair.

Singapore later offered a compromise: 45 sen for water now, and 60 sen for water after 2011.

In March 2002, Malaysia sent Singapore a shocker. It wanted 60 sen for water now and it wanted the price backdated to 1986 and 1987.

Not only that, it also wanted RM3 for water from 2007 to 2011. From 2011 onwards, the price would be adjusted yearly for inflation." (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could page 8.)

Malaysia: Malaysia has never accepted Singapore's offer of 45 sen per 1000 gallons. So the question of backtracking does not arise. In his letter dated Feb 21, 2001, Dr Mahathir said Johor

believed that 60 sen was a fair price. Nowhere in the letter does Dr Mahathir suggest the 60 sen price should be applicable after 2011.

Dr Mahathir wrote: "Johor is agreeable to revisions in the price of raw water that it now supplies to Singapore and the treated water that it buys from Singapore. The price of raw water that it sells to other Malaysian States should not be a basis for determining the price of raw water. There are elements of subsidies to this supply.

"Johor believes that a fair price would be 60 sen (per 1000 gallons per day of raw water). The price should be reviewed every five years." It is clear from Dr Mahathir's letter that the proposed price of 60 sen was for now, for the immediate time frame — and not in 2011 as suggested by Singapore.

Subsequent to this letter and in a letter dated Oct 18, 2001, in reply to Senior Minister Lee's letter of Sept 21, 2001, Dr Mahathir also clearly stated the need to move on and that removal of all impediments to the bilateral relations was only possible when each side is fully satisfied that it has secured a fair and reasonable deal.

Malaysia's stand has always been consistent. There is no discrepancy between the two letters written by Dr Mahathir dated Feb 21, 2001 and March 4, 2002. Nor have the goal posts changed.

b) to RM6.25 per 1000 gallons ...

Singapore: "But that wasn't the end of it. When the Foreign Ministers of both countries met in September 2002, the Malaysian side presented yet another pricing formula. The formula resulted in a price 200-fold higher — RM6.25 per 1000 gallons." (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could, page 8.)

Malaysia : The price of RM6.25 per 1000 gallons is, of course, derived from using Singapore's own suggested formula, one that Singapore said "would stand the test of time". It is a basis for calculating the price of water rather than an indicative price.

Making an offer and the other party responding by making a counter-offer is a normal part of negotiation. It is not a "shifting of goal posts". Of course, RM6.25 is a tremendous jump from the current price of three sen per 1000 gallons. But this should be seen in its proper context: # The original price of three sen per 1000 gallons was preposterous. A price that is 100 or 200 times a preposterous base price is not necessarily preposterous.

# We have received many lectures in the past from Singapore leaders on how the free market works, sometimes when we are in desperate straits and gasping for air. Perhaps there is some virtue in referring to how the free market operates. Clearly enough, even RM6.25 per 1000 gallons of God's water (as opposed to water form the sewer) is much better than the comparable cost of Singapore's alternative sources of water. According to Singapore, NEWater (Singapore's recycled sewage water) costs RM7.50 per 1000 gallons while desalinated water costs RM7.65 per 1000 gallons.

In a letter dated April 11 2002, Singapore Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong himself proposed pegging the price of treated water from Johor to an agreed percentage of Singapore's cost of alternative sources of water, a pricing mechanism that could stand the test of time. And at the Malaysia-Singapore Ministerial meeting on July 1 and 2, 2002, Singapore's Foreign Minister Professor S. Jayakumar formally proposed pegging the price of treated water to an agreed percentage of the price of Singapore's NEWater.

5. Getting the basic facts and figures right.

Singapore: "Singapore buys only half of its water, or about 150 million gallons per day (mgd) from Malaysia. The other 150 mgd come from its own reservoirs." (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could, page 6.)

Malaysia: We are puzzled. The records of water intake (recorded after Singapore and Malaysia jointly read the meter) show the following facts: If Singapore claims it received only 150 million gallons per day, there are only two possibilities:

# A massive leakage every day of 52.3 million gallons in 2000, a hefty leakage of 68.6 million gallons in 2001 and a staggering leakage of 108.5 million gallons in 2002.

# Based on the amount of water Singapore claims it received from 2000 to 2002, the island republic grossly over-paid Johor.

It is simply untrue that Singapore's Public Utilities Board (PUB) obtains only half of its water supply from Johor. Based on joint meter readings, PUB sourced 66 per cent of its water from Johor in 2000 and 72 per cent in 2001. Are there good reasons why Singapore would like to understate its annual intake of water from Johor (and its gratitude to Johor for selling cheap water raw water) by billions of gallons?

6. Singapore is losing money; Singapore is subsidising Johor

Singapore: "... Singapore loses money when its sells water back to Johor. The water that Singapore sells to Johor is treated water. It costs Singapore RM2.40 to treat every 1000 gallons of water. By selling it to Johor at only 50 sen, the subsidy Singapore absorbs is RM1.90.

Multiply that by the total amount of treated water that Johor buys from Singapore, and the subsidy adds up to RM70,000 a day and RM25 million a year!" (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could, page 6.)

Malaysia: Based on Singapore's claim that it cost RM2.40 to treat every 1000 gallons of water, the subsidy borne by Singapore totalled RM21.1 million in 2000, RM23.9 million in 2001 and RM26.5 million in 2002. Singapore says it is "RM25 million a year!". (Note the emphatic exclamation mark).

However one figures it, Singapore's subsidy on treated water is hardly a king's ransom. (Malaysia is pleased to inform the island republic that in the future, this "subsidy" will be no

longer necessary. Johor will buy no more treated water from Singapore.) Besides the fact that every year Johor has paid much, much more for the modest amount of treated water it purchased from Singapore than Singapore has paid Johor for the ocean of raw water the island republic receives, guess how much Johor has been subsidising affluent Singapore? Instead of paying RM2.83 million in 2002, if Singapore did not have access to raw water from Johor and if it had to produce NEWater to substitute for the Johor raw water it took, it would have cost Singapore RM478.4 million or S$217.5 million (US$125.9 million) in 2002.

If Singapore was subsidising Malaysia annually to the tune of "RM25 million!", Malaysia has over the last three years (alone) subsidised Singapore to the tune of RM1258.3 million! (Singapore $572 million or US$333.1 million).

Malaysia's net subsidy to Singapore was RM354.3 million in 2000, RM380.6 million in 2001 and RM451.9 million in 2002! (Perhaps here an exclamation mark might be justified).

7. Payment for operational and infrastructure costs

Singapore: "All these years, Singapore has been paying for the infrastructure, such as dams, pipelines, plants and equipment. It also pays for the operational and maintenance costs. These add up to millions of dollars a year. Johor benefits too as the waterworks also supply water to Johor residents.

The same payment principle was used when Johor signed the Linggiu Dam agreement with Singapore's PUB in 1990: Singapore paid for the construction of the dam. Johor owns the dam, but Singapore pays for all its operational costs. These sums are on top of the RM320 million paid to Johor upfront in 1990 as compensation for the loss of use of land.

All in, Singapore has spent more than S$1 billion on the water projects. This is money that has gone into the Johor economy. The dam has also benefited Johor residents. Would Singapore have invested so much in the project if it knew that Malaysia was going to up the price of water 10 years down the road?" (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only It Could, page 7.)

Malaysia: Singapore Government officials are very smart people. Did they expect the price of 1.4 Singapore cents per 1000 gallons to last forever? Would they have paid so much money without making sure that Singapore was receiving good value for money? Instead of buying 468.7 billion gallons of water from Johor at three sen per 1000 gallons from 1997 to 2002, if Singapore has used NEWater as a substitute, the island republic's water bill would have swelled by an additional RM2376.4 million or S$1080.2 million.

What this means is that from 1997 to 2002, by supplying water at three sen per 1000 gallons, Malaysia subsidised Singapore by a total of RM2376.4 million — or RM176.4 million more than the island republic's claimed infrastructure expenditure in 1990 of S$1 billion (RM2.2 billion).

This does not take into account the amount of land which Malaysia has had to set aside in order to maintain a catchment area for the supply of water to Singapore, a catchment area that is many times larger than the entire island of Singapore.

8. The central issue: a fair price or the process of negotiation?

Singapore: "Being legalistic is not a matter of choice. As a small country, law is Singapore's only protection. For Singapore, the key issue is not how much we pay, but how any price revision is arrived at." (Singapore Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts, 2003 Water Talks? If Only it Could, page 10.)

Malaysia: We disagree with Singapore. The central issue is not about how a price revision is arrived at. The central issue is a fair price — for both parties. We have always believed in a win-win situation. For this reason, we have considered prices for Johor water at a level that will ensure that Singapore continues to make a thumping profit.

At 117 Singapore cents per cubic metre, and the 30 per cent water conservation tax, each domestic user in Singapore pays S$6.91 per 1000 gallons (or RM15.21 per 1000 gallons). Assuming Singapore pays Johor RM6.25 per 1,000 gallons and assuming it buys the same volume of raw water — 94,361,000,000 gallons for the whole of 2002 — and based on Singapore's claim that it costs RM2.40 to treat every 1000 gallons of water, Singapore will earn RM600 million in profit just from Johor water alone.

Singapore can afford to pay as much as RM6.25 per 1000 gallons of water WITHOUT having to charge users in Singapore a single cent and still smile all the way to the bank.

In other words, this is a win-win situation for everyone: Johor gets a higher price, users in Singapore pay exactly the same price for exactly the same water, and Singapore will continue to make a thumping profit.

CONCLUSION In his Ministerial statement to the Singapore Parliament on Jan 25, 2003, Professor S. Jayakumar, Singapore Minister of Foreign Affairs said: "Of course Singapore will not be impoverished by an increase from three to 45 sen. Neither will Malaysia be enriched." We agree.

In Singapore dollar terms, the amounts involved are minuscule. Even if Singapore were to pay Malaysia RM6.25 per 1000 gallons, the cost for an ENTIRE YEAR'S SUPPLY OF WATER LAST YEAR would have amounted to only S$268.1 million — just 0.17 per cent of Singapore's 2002 Gross Domestic Product — or less than one-fifth of one per cent of Singapore's GDP.

At RM6.25 per 1000 gallons, each of the 4,163,000 people living in Singapore will pay just RM64.40 or less than 19 Big Macs in exchange for a whole year's supply of Johor Water.

Even at RM6.25 per 1000 gallons, the cost of a whole year's supply of water to a person living in Singapore is less than 0.17 per cent of his per capita GDP of S$37,401 last year.

Singapore enjoys one of the highest standards of living in Asia and is by far the richest among Asean countries, apart from Brunei. The Singapore Government's reluctance to pay an easily affordable and fair price is puzzling. By prolonging and continually quibbling over the price of water, Singapore risks damaging its relationship with a neighbour with whom it shares much of its past and with whom it must share a future devoid of rancour, full of promise, propelled by friendship, mutual respect and mutual benefit.

On a people-to-people basis, the Singapore Government is depleting a fast evaporating reservoir of goodwill.

Malaysia would like to reiterate what we have said before: we have always abided by our legal commitments and we will continue to abide by our future commitments.

The people of Singapore can count on Malaysia's continued supply of raw water to Singapore, at least until 2061, when we would prefer to supply treated water instead. By continually repeating this commitment to assured supply, Malaysia has consistently undermined its negotiating position. Why do we do so? It is because we understand the importance of legal obligations. It is because we are aware of the need to reassure Singaporeans that Malaysia promises that their vital need for water will never be sacrificed.

The Singapore Government might want to ask this simple question which Malaysians constantly ask.

Why don't we put all this quarrelling behind? Why not a fair price?

http://www.singapore-window.org/sw03/030721ns.htm

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The Polytex Water Tanks are provided with removable lids which can be easily fitted and fixed to the tanks by a simple clamping device. More over, they can be fitted with GI/Brass/PVC fitting for inlet, outlet and overflow connection and float waves. Polytex Water Tanks are available in various capacities from 200 litres to 20,000 litres or even more.

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SangSneh Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.

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Water Tank And Metering Unit

The water tank has adequate surge capacity, a self-priming pump, control valve and spray bar with water flow meter for accurate metering. A cleaning arrangement with flexible piping is a thoughtful add on.

Shitla Road Equipment

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Water Tank & Metering Unit

The water tank has adequate surge capacity, a self-priming pump, control valve and spray bar with water flow meter for accurate metering. A cleaning arrangement with flexible piping is a thoughtful add on. more...

Vinayak Road Equipment, Gujarat

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Water Storage Tanks

We offer a qualitative range of water storage tanks to our clients. These water storage tanks are manufactured by our skilled workforce using latest technological facilities within our manufacturing premises. These are used as large quantity storage system for both residential and industrial purposes.

K. A. Associates 

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Water Tank

We are counted amongst the prominent manufacturers and suppliers of Water Tank.This range of equipment is put through rigorous quality control checks to make it superior to other similar products available in the market. Our range of Water Tank is superbly fabricated to fit the criteria dictated by the industry demands and is offered at affordable rates.

Bharat Enterprises 

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Chlorine Tanks

We provide a wide variety of Chlorine Tanks that are used with chlorine injection system to comply with drinking water standards. They are useful as they are able to retain the water in order for it to be in contact with the chlorine added for disinfection.  The tank is specially designed according to the working pressure of the existing or new water distribution system.   The various factors that determine the size of the tank include site restrictions, available pumping rate and a minimum required chlorine contact time. The

tank consists of an inlet from one end and an outlet on the opposite end with the water flowing through a zigzag maze of internal baffles to lengthen the path water travels before it leaves the vessel. This long path ensures full chlorine/ water mixing, a sufficient contact time between the micro-organisms, and an optimum use of chemicals for a specific period of time. We offer these more...

Super Chemfab Private Limited 

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Water Tanker

We offer to our clients an excellent range of Water Tanker, which is in sync with industry standards. These products are used to store water, and commonly used in market for the purpose of irrigation. Fabricated by using quality raw material, our range helps in keeping the water fresh for a longer period of time. Our product range is widely acknowledged for features like durability and low maintenance. more...

Prompt Mechanical Instruments 

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Flexible Pond

The flexi-ponds we manufacture are self supporting, flexible and collapsible tanks that are used to store liquids. These are widely appreciated for their light in weight and can easily move from one place to another. Our range stands ideal for storage and is extensively used to store water at construction sites. These are available in capacity ranging from 500 ltrs. to 100,000 ltrs. Salient Features:  more...

Ganesh Manufacturing 

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Water Tank

We offer extreme quality Water Tank that are widely demanded in several residential, commercial and every place for storing water for daily use. These are available in different specifications and are widely renowned for high durability, weather resistant and several other qualitative features.     Salient features are:   more...

I. C. P. India Private Limited 

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Loft Tanks

Our organization deals in Loft Water Containers & Tanks which is fabricated as per ISI 12701/96 standards. Offered range of tanks are best suited for storing water and are designed in different capacities. The containers and tanks are advantageous when compared to conventional water tank. These are available in different diameters which can be customized as per the requirement of the clients. Following are the advantages of Loft Water Containers & Tanks over conventional tanks:

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Tirupati Structurals Limited 

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PUF Insulated Water Storage Tank

PUF insulated Water Tanks suitable for high altitude areas. Sandwiched structure keeps the internal tank away from the effects of extreme weather conditions. It is suitable for atmospheric temperature from –350C to 500C. The tanks are available in 300, 500 & 1000 liters capacity. 50/75 mm thick layer of PUF gives thermal insulation to the liquid stored in the tank. more...

Poly Process Engineers 

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Tanks

Our range of stylish and sturdy tanks has won us loyal customers in markets all over the world. The in-built handle makes it convenient to store water and other liquid items. Our tanks can be used in households, factories, hotels, restaurants, office and school canteens and hospitals. We also offer:

•    A variety of shapes and sizes.•    Multiple designs.•    Packaging as per client requirement. more...

Huzefa Tins & Bins 

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Cylindrical Water Tanks

Supplying a precision engineered range of double layer cylindrical water tanks, we have been meeting the wide requirements of our clients. From last 15 years we are manufacturing water storage tanks and successfully our tanks are accepted and approved by MES, CPWD & PMC upto 10000 litres. We are maintaining ISI mark of our products from last 13 years continuously. These tanks are qualitatively superior and are also available in double & triple layer with ISI & non ISI mark. Regular Water Tank in double layer with ISI mark & non ISI also.

Specifications:

Closed Top Vertical Cylindrical Water Tanks more...

Ashish Plast 

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Water Sprinkler Tank

Water Sprinkler Tanks offered by us are manufactured for Caterpillar India and Bharath Earth movers Ltd. that are mounted on Dumpers. The water is sprinkled for the visionity of the mines that are covered with dust. This is done to make the ground for movement of earth moving equipments for clear vision and to avoid pollution. Our range is offered in total capacity of 28000 Liters to our clients. more...

Premier Plate Fabrications Co. 

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Vertical Water Storage Tanks

We supply vertical triple layer water storage tanks that are manufactured using latest technology by means of rotomoulding machine. The triple wall construction offers the tank heat insulation, rigidity and impact strength. Our optimum quality triple layer tanks are ideal for cold & hot regions due to their temperature resistance property. Dust particles are easily removable from the tank and water remains hygienic. Our tanks are appreciated for the following salient features:

• Rust proof• Leak proof• Light weight• Durable• Water proof• Consistent in quality• Easy to install

Our triple storage water tanks are available in different categories and have following specifications:

• Molded in one pipe • Smooth and glossy inner surface • No smell • Resale Value • Uniform wall Thickness • No formation of incrustation • 10 year warranty

Diplast Plastics Limited 

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Vertical Water Tank

We are manufacturer and exporter of Vertical Water Tank. We offer several options on vertical water tank, rotational moulds, roto mould etc. Given below are the types of roto molds available with us. more...

Veerkrupa Fabricators 

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Fiber Glass Water Tanks

Fiber Glass water tanks are made out of Glass reinforced plastics with various grades of raw materials depends upon the usage. For example the Raw material will be vary for acid storage tanks when comparing with water Storage tanks. Fire proof, acid proof, chemical proof tanks are also available on Request.Fibre Glass Tanks are mainly made on customer request and specification. Fibre glass tanks are tailor made item. It can be produced to various size ,dimensions as per customer option. Fiberglass tanks are durable, long-lasting. And it is safe and robust. Fiber Glass water tanks are used for various domestic and industrial applications. It is unavoidable in chemical and refineries. It can Be manufactured with single mould die casting or assembled with various pieces At site for giant size tanks. Fibre Glass tanks are used to store valuable liquids like,chemicals, acids, purified water etc. Water tanks,acid tanks,chemical tanks, underground storage tanks are made out of more...

United Cooling Systems Private Limited 

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Clear Water Tank

A plentiful supply of clean water is seen by many as a basic right. Not only in the third world countries but even in the developed world, water contains a threat that makes monitoring increasingly important. We offer Clear Water Tanks that confirm to the most stringent environmental regulations. The main function of clear water tank is additional storage of treated water. For the homeowner, our clear water tanks are designed to protect the natural water quality. With their low operating and maintenance costs, these tanks save money, water and protect the environment. For commercial users such as offices they offer high reliability with low maintenance. The construct of these clear water tanks ensure easy installation, low maintenance, protection from UV rays and anti corrosive properties. more...

Sagar FRP Industries 

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Expansion Cum Deaerator Tank

Backed by a team of experts, we offer expansion cum deaerator tanks in standard as well as customized options. These are specially designed to ensure long life of thermic fluid, along with ensuring its utmost protection against oxidation. Excellent deaeration is ensured by the entry of tangential thermic fluid in the deaerator tank. more...

Ross Boilers 

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FRP Panel Tank

The FRP PANEL Tanks are designed for storing water on highrise buildings and canbe easily assembled and dismantled because of six pieces dtachable design we manufacture these tanks made of qualitative FRP/GRP and are used in Construction industry. Known for their light weight these Tanks can be installed at any location. These have gained huge appreciation for their durability and high resistant to corrosive gases. We also undertake fabrication as well as installation.

M. R. Plastichem Equipments 

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Canvas Water Tanks

Manufactured using duck cotton cloth, our wide range of Canvas Water Tanks is completely water proof. The covers of these tanks have outlet pipe. Customized as per the requirements of our clients, these are easy to carry and are widely used by defense.   more...

Garg Tirpal Udyog 

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D.M. Water Tank

We are a prominent manufacture and supplier U.F. /D.M. Water Tank that have been appreciated by our clients. We provide these Water Tanks with Rubber Lining / Epoxy coating and these are available in various capacities from 5 Kl. to 500 KI. Further, to suit the varied requirements of the clients, we can also provide the customized range of these tanks within committed time frame.

Features:

• Durability • High efficiency • Optimum performance level more...

Nimisha Engineering Works 

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Sintex Water Storage Tanks

We are offering Sintex water storage tanks which are of superior quality and are tested at certain parameters before the final dispatch. Owing to the quality, these storage tanks are widely used for storing large volumes of water for different purposes. Also, these tanks are available in various capacities at optimum prices.

Singhla And Company 

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Distilled Water Storage Tank

Vertical / Horizontal Distilled Water Storage Tank is available in both jacketed and non jacketed design. If WFI is to be stored overnight or for a longer period of time, then it is essential to keep it in hot condition, at around 80 C. Distilled Water Storage Tank with jacketed design, where heating medium is either boiler steam or electrical heaters in the jacket, provides you with an ideal solution.

WFI Storage tank will have the following special features

• The tank is designed to withstand pressure as well as vacuum. Therefore it can be steam sterilized. • No stagnant points which will promote bacterial growth. • All surfaces are creviceless and having high degree of finish. • Insulation with SS welded sheeting and jacket provided on the tank will minimize heat loss. • All the surfaces coming in contact with WFI are made of SS 316/316L quality. • Electropolished interiors are provided as optional. WFI (Water for Injection) more...

Bhagwati Machines India Pvt. Ltd ( A Unit of Shree Bhagawati Pharma Machinery) 

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Four Wheel Water Tanker Trailer

We manufacture the water tanker trailer which is been used or the irrigation and other purposes. These water tanker trailers are available for elliptical tankers of 1000L, 1500L, 3000, 5000L and 7000L. The trailer has robust construct and is tested for safety & durability.- Capacity : 1000 - 10,000 liters- Tyers : 4- Tyre : 9.00 x 16- Main Chassis : 200 x 75mm- Axle : 75mm- Water proof steel hub- Rim : Double Plate- Sheet : 3-5 mm more...

Modern Agro Engineering Works 

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Heavy Storage Water Tanks

Specification:- more...

GS Engineers 

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Water Storage Tanks

We are engaged in manufacturing water storage tanks of SS-316L, esp. for pharma industries. These are carefully designed & Mfg. with special welding technology. Options of 'Plain' tanks & 'Jacketed' with Insulation & 'Cladding'.

Ahura Aqua Treat 

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Horizontal Water Tanks

Our technologically advanced horizontal water tank are used to store chilled water used in air conditioning system. These premium quality Horizontal Water Tank can also be used to ensure average temperatures and limit the start and stop action of the compressor in the chiller. Buffer vessels are also used to store domestic hot water for general heating applications.   Temperature specifications of the Buffer vessels offered by us are:   more...

Precision Storage Vessels Private Limited 

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FRP Water Tanks

we are engaged in making frp panel water tanks that are exclusively designed for storing large volume of water that are usually situated on the roof of high-rise buildings. These can also be easily assembled and also dismantled because of their designing is done such a way that these are easily detachable. The detachable parts are in six pieces made of very qualitative frp/grp and are commonly used in construction industries. These tanks are very easy to locate can be installed very easily by the plumbers. We have gained a substantial appreciation among our valued customers for the quality we have maintained. Our range of tanks has high resistance to corrosive gases and can stand harsh weather conditions. Tanks are manufactured under fda approved grades.   the set of features that we offer:- more...

KAC Fibres Private Limited 

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Flexible Water Tank (Collapsible - Fabric)

SRF has developed a unique model of collapsible water tank made out of food grade polyester fabric.These flexitanks are foldable and can be transported even by a bycycle.The fabric tank fills up and stay up when the water is filled and collapses on draining the water.

These tanks are ideal for outdoor party and catering contractors.Construction companies too find them useful in on site water storage and dispensing. Oulet valves or taps can be provided on request.Damage to the tanks can be repaired easily with a heat sealing gun.We offer flexi tanks starting from 250L to 5000L capacity.Rectangular and other special shapes can be offered on request.   more...

SRF Limited 

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Raw Water Tank

Raw Water Tank more...

V. Supreme Rubber Products 

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Storage Tanks

We capitalize on our wide industrial expertise in offering Water Storage Tanks available with digital temperature controller or indicator. These tanks are constructed from stainless steel 316/316L grade and bear a capacity of 100 liters. to 10,000 liters. Available in customized form, these tanks have in built direct heater, strip heater or steam jacketed coil.

Following are the highlighting features of these tanks: more...

Das Engineering Works, Mumbai 

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Water Tanks

We are offering  water storage tanks which are of superior quality and are tested at certain parameters before the final dispatch. Owing to the quality, these storage tanks are widely used for storing large volumes of water for different purposes. Also, these tanks are available in various capacities at optimum prices.

Shubh Laxmi Enterprises 

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Mineral Water Plant Tank

Leveraging on our extensive industry experience, we fabricate and supply SS Tanks For Mineral Water Plant that are designed at par with national and international quality norms & parameters. These are used to remove the impurity from the water to make it drinkable. Our tanks can also be customized as per the specifications provided by the clients to meet their needs. These are highly appreciated by our clients due to their extensive quality features

Sri Vigneshwara Enterprises, Rajajinagar 

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Irrigation Water Tanker

We manufacture Irrigation Water Tankers which are highly beneficial for agricultural & commercial processes. They are made with certain specifications which helps in irrigation of agricultural lands. The tankers can supply water to agricultural lands without much effort and also saves time. more...

India Agro Vision Implements Private Limited 

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Loft Water Tanks

We offer a comprehensive range of Loft Water Tanks, which is designed using quality raw material, procured from reliable vendors. Extensively demanded for various applications, our range is known for light in weight and durable features. Further, these types of tanks are ideal for storing water hygienically in all adverse conditions. more...

Vaishno Merchandise Private Limited 

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Fabricated Water Tank

Manufacturer of fabricated water tank for earth compactor.

Jhamb Group Of Industries 

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Nestable Water Tanks

The Sintex Nestable Tanks are provided with removable lids which can be easily fitted and fixed to the tanks by a simple clamping device. More over, they can be fitted with GI/Brass/PVC fitting for inlet, outlet and overflow connection and float waves. Unique Features: more...

Sintex Industries Limited 

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Water Sprinkler Tank

Water Sprinkler Tanks offered by us are manufactured for Caterpillar India and Bharath Earth movers Ltd. that are mounted on Dumpers. The water is sprinkled for the visionity of the mines that are covered with dust. This is done to make the ground for movement of earth moving equipments for clear vision and to avoid pollution. Our range is offered in total capacity of 28000 Liters to our clients. more...

Eminent Engineering Corporation 

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Water Tank & Metering

The water tank has sufficient surge capacity. Self- priming pump. control valve and spray bar with water flow meter for precise metering. A cleaning arrangement with flexible piping is also facilitate. more...

Srusti Road Equipments Pvt Ltd 

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Water Storage Tank

Amrit water storage tanks are based on proper selection of resin and stablisers withstands continuous outdoor exposure and excellent thermal stability is uneffected by temperature variations. more...

Shri Krishna Fibres 

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Fire Pump & Water Tank

For all water based & foam based, automatic or semiautomatic fire protection systems the water will be available under pressure at all times. This is achieved by providing fire pump set and water tank, all inter connected. Generally there will be an electric motor driven main fire pump, the size (flow & pressure) of which is based on the highest demand from hydraulic calculations. There will be a stand by Diesel engine driven fire pump of same capacity for emergency purpose. Additionally there will be a pressure maintaining device also called as a Jockey pump whose pressure rating will be equal to that of the main pump but with a very low flow rate. Other mandatory accessories will all be fitted together & the inlet connected to a dedicated fire water tank. The capacity of the tank depends on the hazard nature which defines the time period required multiplied with the flow of the main fire water pump. All of these again needs experienced engineers to design an optimum more...

Sea Max Fire Engineering Works 

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Hot Water Tanks

Our comprehensive range of Hot Water Tanks is designed using quality-tested raw material, and is widely appreciated for high durability, minimum cleaning, corrosion resistance, perfect functioning, optimal design and low maintenance. Available in two types, shell and tube, with single or multi-pass varieties, these are presented by us at industry leading prices. Used to efficiently transfer the heat within the minimum possible time, our rage is extensively demanded by various industries. more...

Varun Fabricators Thane 

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SMC Panel Tanks

We facilitate our clients with a commendable range of SMC Panel Tanks. Our product range is easy to assemble, and is designed in various specifications to suit the individual demands of our clients. Besides, these tanks are safe for storing drinking water as manufactured using FDA approved grade of material. Unique Features: more...

Industrial Plastic Containers 

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Heavy Storage Water Tanks

We manufacture and supply Heavy Storage Water Tanks. These are designed to withstand high amount of pressure exerted by water. Either mild steel or stainless steel is used to build these storage tanks. We also manufacture as per the specifications provided by our clients.   The following specifications are provided: more...

Deft Engineering 

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Vertical Water Tank

Water storage tank

Omkar India Private Limited 

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Stainless Steel Water Tank Module

Clients can avail from us Stainless Steel Water Tank Module, which is extensively used in the Indian Railway. We make use of high grade stainless steel in the manufacturing process, undertaken as per the quality standards of the industry. The module is known for its robust and sturdy construction, fine finish, corrosion resistance and durability. Our leak proof water tank module is offered to clients at highly competent prices. more...

Rine Machine Tools 

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Surge Tank

Tanks are comonly arranged with a compressor, or compressors, to provide additional air in to the tank if the liquid level rises above the normal condition.

A. G. Design Engineering Consultancy 

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RCC Septic Tank

We offer United RCC Septic Tank that are demanded in the market for maintenance-free and trouble-free functioning. These are manufactured using quality & rich concrete that last for many years and can withstand different load and vibrations. After the manufacturing process the tank is moulded with the help of specially designed machine by centrifugal force. With such a design technology it helps to pack all the concrete particle without any hole and any air pockets. Thus giving the tank a smooth, compact and leak proof surface. Moreover, out tanks are provided with manholes with handles as well as a drain valve that helps in further maintenance requirements. more...

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