Bs Mini Project

CONTENT

TITLEPAGE NO.

CONTENT 1

DECLERATION 2

INTRODUCTION 3

REPORT OF LEAKING CEILING DUE

TO ROOF PROBLEM

1. DURATION PROBLEM

2. TYPE OF ROOF

3. ELEMENT OF ROOF

4. INTRODUCTION OF CEILING

5. FACTOR OF LEAKING

6. EFFECT OF LEAKING

7. PREVENTION PROCEDURE

8. SUGGESTION OF LEAKING

CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

1

DECLERATION

Assalamualaikum WBT praise be to Allah, the owner of the worlds, the

Merciful, Loving, greetings and Peace be upon the Prophet Muhammad SAW and

his companions, and sisters who are blessed by Allah SWT I give thanks to the

Almighty for His grace we have succeeded in making assignments given by our

lecturer successfully.

Praise to god because we have successfully completed the tasks given. Like

aware task given a mandatory session for a polytechnic students to the problem

faced in PMU. In addition we are pleased to say that for us to make this work, we

have obtained various problems encountered in PMU.

First of all, we would like to thanks our lecturer Puan Ifaniza Binti Ibrahim for

her guidance, encouragement, advice and thoughtful ideas that have been given.

We would like to thanks the lecturer civil engineering department that has helped us

a lot. Not forgetting to all staff who have provide a lot of guidance to us.

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INTRODUCTION

At present, most of the buildings constructed for schools and institutions for

youth community knowledge. After the building was developed many years, many

problems will occur such as leaks, damage and so on. Leakage occurs mostly in the

plumbing, building walls, ceilings and other. While a lot of damage also occurred in

buildings such as cracks in drains, cracks in the walls of buildings and damage in

some small part.

Research was done to find out the problems faced at the Polytechnic Mukah

Sarawak. The problems encountered in Mukah Polytechnic is a leak in the ceiling.

Leaks usually occur on the ceiling when the roof is not repaired and reviewed at

least every month. Leakage no repair can cause even attached the ceiling and cause

the building to be damaged.

One of the causes of leaks are maintenance are not made in accordance with

the agreed timeframe. For each building, maintenance are to be made to strengthen

the building from being damaged and could not be used. One of the measures used

is also changing and the repair of damaged areas in accordance with a

predetermined lifespan.

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REPORT OF LEAKING CEILING DUE TO ROOF PROBLEM

REPORT TITLE: LEAKING OF CEILING DUE TO ROOF PROBLEM

DURATION OF PROBLEM: 1 MONTH (30 DAYS)

TYPE OF ROOF

1. Flat Roofs

Flat roofs are one of the oldest and the simplest type of roofs. These roofs are easy

to recognize and are the most common roofs for buildings. They may not however be

very popular among houses these days. Flat roofs have a shallow pitch which is

around 1-2 degrees.

There are many advantages as well as disadvantages of flat roofs. The main

advantage of flat roofs is that the construction of building becomes easier and the

walls do not have to be perpendicular or parallel to each other. The main

disadvantage is that it has no slopes or a tilt because of which water and debris may

accumulate on the top.

They also require a high maintenance. Therefore flat roofs are best suited in areas

which are dry and do not have much rainfall. Many flat roofs although do have a

drainage pipe at the end; it is still not a very preferable roof for houses. It is best

suited for tall buildings and warehouses

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2. Sloping Roofs

Sloping roof is a general term applied to any roof that is either slightly or completely

tilted.

These roofs are one of the most common residential roofs. Unlike the flat roofs the

major advantage of sloping roofs is that they do not let the water or debris to

accumulate

3. Gable Roof

Gable roofs are one of the most famous types of roofs.

A single gable roof is made up of two rectangular roofs and a bit slanting, meeting at

a point to form a single roof.

The line where they meet is the ridge line. Gable roof can also be called the typical

house roof.

4. SALT BOX

Salt box is a very stylish type of roof which is very interesting to look at. Like the

gable this type of roof is also made of two roofs which meet at a ridge line but in this

roof they meet to form a triangle and the salt box's one side of the roof is bigger

while the other is shorter i.e. it forms a lopsided triangle. This concept of roofs

evolved during the twentieth century.

Saltbox is best suited for houses but some office buildings also have saltbox roofs

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5. GAMBREL ROOF

Gambrel roof is basically a type of gable roof in which one side is steeper than the

other. The gambrel roof has vertical gable ends and the roof hangs over the

pretense of the house.

This roof is more popularly used as a barn roof. It is a Dutch inspired style of roof.

6. MANSARD ROOF

Mansard roof may resemble to the gable roof but the two roofs have many

differences. The Mansard roof has four slopes.

These slopes are present on the all the four sides of the house.

The lower slope is vertical and steeper than the upper slope and the upper slope

may not be very visible. This style of roofing comes from the French.

7. PYRAMID ROOF

Pyramid roofs are highly stylish and modern types of roofs.

These roofs as their name implies are shaped like a pyramid. These roofs are best

suited for huts, houses or small structures such as pool houses.

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8. HIP ROOF

Hip roof resembles the pyramid roof as it too has four slopes elevated and joined

together. But unlike the pyramid roofs, the slopes of hip roofs do not meet at a single

point in fact the top of the roof is flattened in a way that the four corners of the

square are occupied by the slopes. They too are best suited for small structures.

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ELEMENT OF ROOF

• Gable –The triangular end of a pitched roof, or the triangular upper part of the

gable wall.

• Hip – The edge of a hipped roof that runs from the ridge to the eaves. It is

formed when two sloping surfaces intersect.

• Eaves – This is the lower edge of the roof surface that overhangs the walls.

• Soffit – This is the underside of the eaves that is fi xed to the back of the

fascia and the wall. It forms an enclosed element all around the building.

• Ridge – This is the uppermost line of the roof and is formed at the intersection

of two sloping surfaces.

• Valley – This is the line formed at the internal intersection of two sloping

surfaces. It runs from the ridge to the eaves.

• Verge – This is the underside surface of the eaves and the soffit of a gable

roof which overhangs the gable wall.

• Wall plates – The timber component which sits upon the top of the walls of a

building and to which the foot of the roof rafters are fixed

• Fascia board – A vertical timber or plastic trim which is fixed to the feet of the

rafters and, along with the soffit, encloses the eaves

• Soffit board – A timber or plastic trim which is horizontally fixed to the

underside of the rafters and which, along with the fascia encloses the eaves

• Barge board – A vertical timber or plastic trim which is fixed to the face of the

last common rafter at the end of a gable roof

• Common rafter – A rafter that runs from the ridge to the wall plate

• Jack or cripple rafters – These are short rafters that run from the hip rafter to

the wall plate. These short rafters form the lower portion of a valley or hip.

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• Hip rafter – This is the main rafter of hip roof. It is to this rafter that all jack or

cripple rafters are fixed to form the hip.

• Gable ladder – This is a framework comprising two common rafters and

noggins. The noggins and the rafters form a ladder frame which is built into

the top of the gable wall and extends beyond the gable wall to form the gable

eaves and to which the barge board is fixed.

• Purlin – This is a strong, large sectioned timber member which, is fixed to the

common rafters midway between the ridge and the wall plate and runs parallel

to the wall and the ridge. On gable roofs, the ends of the purlin are built into

the gable walls. This component gives added strength to the roof structure

and allows heavier roof coverings to be used.

• Joist hangers – These are metal hangers by which ceiling joists are fixed to

the wall plate, or they may be built into the supporting walls.

• Ceiling joists – These are timber components which span from wall to wall

and to which the ceiling covering is fixed.

• Roof binder – These are horizontal timber components which span from wall

to wall and which are fixed to the feet of common and jack rafters.

• Roof struts – These are angled components which are fixed to the common

rafters and roof ties. The strut is usually fixed at right angles to the common

rafter to offer greater strength.

• Roof hangers – Hangers are vertical timber components similar in size and

cross section to a common rafter and are fixed to the top of the common rafter

close to the ridge and the ceiling joist or roof binders.

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INTRODUCTION OF CEILING

A ceiling an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It

is generally not a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside

of the floor or roof structure above.

Ceilings are classified according to their appearance or construction. A

cathedral ceiling is any tall ceiling area similar to those in a church. A dropped ceiling

is one in which the finished surface is constructed anywhere from a few inches to

several feet below the structure above it. This may be done for aesthetic purposes,

such as achieving a desirable ceiling height; or practical purposes such as providing

a space for HVAC or piping. An inverse of this would be a raised floor. A concave or

barrel shaped ceiling is curved or rounded, usually for visual or acoustical value,

while a coffered ceiling is divided into a grid of recessed square or octagonal panels,

also called a "lacunar ceiling". A cove ceiling uses a curved plaster transition

between wall and ceiling; it is named for cove molding, a molding with a concave

curve.

Ceilings have frequently been decorated with fresco painting, mosaic tiles and

other surface treatments. While hard to execute (at least in place) a decorated

ceiling has the advantage that it is largely protected from damage by fingers and

dust. In the past, however, this was more than compensated for by the damage from

smoke from candles or a fireplace. Many historic buildings have celebrated ceilings.

Perhaps the most famous is the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo.

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CEILING LEAKING AT POLITEKNIK MUKAH LIBRARY

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FACTOR OF LEAKING CEILING

1) Roof design

2) Construction & installation of roof

3) No periodic maintenance

4) Damage to roof sheets

5) No detail drawings / incomplete, no painting work / lack of decent working

sketches, no details of the method statement / connection settings

6) Quality supervision inferiority roof work  

7) There is no planning and serious action to address this phenomenon although

it is commonplace and potential problems encountered

8) Lack of knowledge & experience of objective about problems

EFFECT OF LEAKAGE

1. Leakage on the ceiling causing water retention in the floor that could

endanger passers-by.

2. Can cause damages to the ceiling when the roof exposed to rain or water.

3. Leave the effect of moisture on the ceiling

4. Affect the flow of water flowing over it (rain)

5. unsightly structures of the buildings (ceiling)

PREVENTION PROCEDURE

1) List of location update problem

2) repair history

3) Insights on how to repair

4) Pay attention to detail / detailing

5) Find the source of the problem - use a trial & error - Troubleshooting / trial &

error

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SUGGESTION OF LEAKING CEILING

1) Detailed design drawings with specific roof installation, connection, stream

etc.

2) Lead a quality plan for material selection, installation and installation quality

3) A preliminary study for the identify started to intercept of problems expected

4) Boost widespread awareness that prevention is more beneficial in terms of

effort and cost

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APPENDIX

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APPENDIX 2

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CONCLUSION

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