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British Standard

A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

Nga Pham

on May 07, 2002

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the mostcurrent version of this document by searching British

Standards Online at bsonline.techindex.co.uk

8/12/2019 bs en13145


BRITISH STANDARD BS EN13145:2001

Railway applications —Track — Wood sleepers

and bearers

The European Standard EN 13145:2001 has the status of aBritish Standard

ICS 79.040; 93.100

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

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BS EN 13145:2001

This British Standard, havingbeen prepared under thedirection of the EngineeringSector Committee, waspublished under the authority

of the Standards Committeeand comes into effect on15 March 2001

© BSI 03-2001

ISBN 0 580 36884 X

National foreword

This British Standard is the official English language version ofEN 13145:2001.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee

RAE/2, Railway track components, which has the responsibility to:

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.

Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or Europeanpublications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI StandardsCatalogue under the section entitled “International Standards CorrespondenceIndex”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards ElectronicCatalogue.

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions ofa contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correctapplication.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunityfrom legal obligations.

— aid enquirers to understand the text;

— present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on theinterpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interestsinformed;

— monitor related international and European developments andpromulgate them in the UK.

Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,pages 2 to 17, and a back cover.

The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when thedocument was last issued.

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

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EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN 13145

January 2001

ICS 79.040; 93.100

English version

Railway applications — Track — Wood sleepers and bearers

Applications ferroviaires — Voie —Traverses et supports en bois

Bahnanwendungen — Oberbau — Gleis- undWeichenschwellen aus Holz

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 December 2000.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCO MITÉ EU RO PÉEN D E N O RMA LISA TIO NEU RO PÄ ISCH ES K O MITEE FÜ R N O RMU N G

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 13145:2001 E

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Contents

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

2 Normative references............................................................................................................................... 4

3 Terms and definitions.............................................................................................................................. 4

4 Species....................................................................................................................................................... 9

5 Forms, dimensions and tolerances........................................................................................................ 10

6 Defects and quality features.................................................................................................................. 11

7 Durability and preservation.................................................................................................................. 14

8 Factory production control ................................................................................................................... 16

9 Marking ..................................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (informative) Most commonly used dimensions for sleepers and bearers.......................... 17

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Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256, Railway applications, theSecretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identicaltext or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn atthe latest by July 2001.

This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission andthe European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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1 Scope

This European Standard defines wood species, quality requirements, origin, manufacturing conditions, forms,dimensions and tolerances as well as the durability and preservation of wood sleepers and bearers for use in

railway tracks. It does not cover specific finishing processes that may be required by the customer. It does notapply to other track timbers.

2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to thisEuropean Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latestedition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

EN 252 Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact.

EN 335-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products — Definition of hazard classes of biological attack — Part 1: General.

EN 350-2 Durability of wood and wood-based products — Natural durability of solid wood — Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importancein Europe.

EN 351-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products — Preservative-treated solid wood —

Part 1: Classification of preservative penetration and retention.EN 599-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products — Performance of wood preservatives as

determined by biological tests — Part 1: Specification according to hazard class.

EN 844-3:1995 Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 3: General terms relating to sawn timber.EN 844-7:1997 Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 7: Terms relating to the anatomical structure of timber.

EN 844-9:1997 Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 9: Terms relating to features of sawntimber.

EN 844-10:1998 Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 10: Terms relating to stain and fungal attack.

EN 844-11:1998 Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 11: Terms relating to degrade by insects.

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply:3.1

wood sleeper

wood beam which supports running rails, check rails and where appropriate conductor rails at right angles to itsaxis

Usually the beam supports two running rails to form one track.

3.2

wood bearer

wood beam, similar to a sleeper but generally longer, used to support running rails, check rails and where

appropriate conductor rails, crossings and operating mechanisms in switches and crossings

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3.3

heartwood

inner zone of wood that, in the growing tree, has ceased to contain living cells or to conduct sap[EN 844-7:1997]

3.4

sapwood

outer zone of wood that, in the growing tree, contains living cells and conducts sap [EN 844-7:1997]

3.5

included sapwood

presence in the heartwood of a complete or incomplete ring having the colour and the properties of sapwood[EN 844-9:1997]

3.6

red heart in beech

red or brown stain affecting the central portion of beech wood, sharply defined [EN 844-10:1998]

3.7

grey , purple heart

grey or purple discoloration of the heartwood due to fungal attack

3.8

grain

general direction or arrangement of fibres [EN 844-7:1997]

3.9

edge grain

timber converted so that the growth rings meet the upper face of the sleeper or bearer at an angle greater than

45° when measured at the centre of the upper face (see Figure 1)

Figure 1 — Edge grain

The line a-b is a tangent to the growth ring where it meets the upper face of the sleeper or bearer. The angle ismeasured at c.

3.10

annual ring

growth ring corresponding to an annual period of growth [EN 844-7:1997]

3.11

waneoriginal rounded surface of a log, with or without bark, on any face or edge of sawn timber (see Figure 2)[EN 844-3:1995]

a

b

c

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Figure 2 — Wane

3.12

chairing area

for sleepers, the area on the upper surface covering a length of 250 mm on both sides of the centre of each railto be mounted

For bearers, the chairing area covers the whole length with the exception of 250 mm at each end.

3.13

rot

decomposition of wood by fungi or other micro-organisms resulting in softening, progressive loss of mass andstrength, and often a change of texture and colour [EN 844-10:1998]

3.14

knot

portion of a branch embedded in the wood [EN 844-9:1997]

3.15

sound knot

knot showing no indication of rot [EN 844-9:1997]

3.16

intergrown knot

knot that, on the surface considered, is intergrown with the surrounding wood for more than 3/4 of itscross-sectional perimeter [EN 844-9:1997]

3.17

dead knot

knot that, on the surface considered, is intergrown with the surrounding wood for less than 1/4 of itscross-sectional perimeter [EN 844-9:1997]

3.18

loose knot

dead knot that is not held firmly in place [EN 844-9:1997]

3.19

unsound knot

knot affected by rot [EN 844-9:1997]

3.20

indent

recess caused by mechanical removal of an unsound knot down to the sound part of the timber

3.21

bark pocket

bark that is partly or wholly enclosed in the wood [EN 844-9:1997]

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3.22

fissure

longitudinal separation of fibres [EN 844-9:1997]

3.23

split

fissure that extends from one surface to another [EN 844-9:1997]

3.24

frost crack

radial fissure caused by frost action on the standing tree that extends from the sapwood to the pith and for acertain distance longitudinally [EN 844-9:1997]

NOTE: Frost crack is accompanied by darkening of the adjacent wood and deviation of the annual rings.

3.25

check

short, narrow and shallow fissure [EN 844-9:1997] NOTE: Caused by drying.

3.26

end shake

fissure showing on the end surface [EN 844-9:1997]

NOTE: For sawn timber, possibly extending to a face or edge.

3.27

heart shake

radial end shake originating at the pith [EN 844-9:1997]

3.28

ring shake

fissure following the line of a growth ring [EN 844-9:1997]

3.29

spring

lengthwise curvature of a piece of timber normal to the edge (see Figure 3) [EN 844-3:1995]

top viewFigure 3 — Spring

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3.30

bowlengthwise curvature of a piece of timber normal to the face (see Figure 4) [EN 844-3:1995]

side view

Figure 4 — Bow

3.31

cup

curvature of a piece of timber across the width of the face (see Figure 5) [EN 844-3:1995]

Figure 5 — Cup

3.32

twist

lengthwise spiral distortion of a piece of timber (see Figure 6) [EN 844-3:1995]

Figure 6 — Twist

3.33

resin pocket

lens-shaped cavity in timber containing, or that has contained, a resin [EN 844-9:1997]

3.34

gum vein

vein in timber containing, or that has contained, a resinous substance

3.35

bore hole

hole or tunnel in timber caused by insects [EN 844-11:1998]

3.36

pith

zone within the first growth ring that consists chiefly of soft tissue [EN 844-7:1997]

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3.37

creosote

oil distilled from coal tar

3.38

tropical hardwood

hardwood grown in the tropics and all other southern hemisphere forests

4 Species

The requirements of this European Standard relate to the following recommended wood species (see Table 1).

Table 1 — List of wood species

Botanical name Common name (for guidance only)

European hardwoods

Quercus robur Quercus petraeaQuercus pubescens

European oak

Fagus sylvatica Beech

European softwoods

Pinus sylvestris Scots pine

Pinus pinaster (Pinus maritima) Maritime pine

Pinus pinea Stone pine

Pinus nigra Corsican/Austrian pine

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir

Larix Sp.1) Larch

Tropical hardwoods

Lophira alata Azobé, Ekki, Bongossi

Shorea laevis, Shorea sp. div. 1) Bangkirai, Selangan Batu,Balau kumus

Dicorynia guianensis BasralocusEucalyptus marginata Jarrah

Eucalyptus diversicolor Karri

Ocotea rodiaei,Lauraceae family

Greenheart

Mora Excelsa Mora1) Different species of a kind

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5 Forms, dimensions and tolerances

5.1 Forms

5.1.1 Sleepers

Sleepers shall have a nominally rectangular cross-section in one of the forms as shown in Figure 7.The customer shall specify which form he accepts.

d d

l Form E1

l Form E2

e er r

Figure 7 — Forms for sleepers

5.1.2 Bearers

Bearers shall have a nominally rectangular cross-section in the form as shown in Figure 8.

e r

d

l

Figure 8 — Form for bearers

5.2 Dimensions

When ordering, the customer shall define dimensions l , e and d (see Figures 7 and 8) effectively needed, as wellas the length. These dimensions shall apply to sleepers and bearers ready for use or preservative treatment.

NOTE: A list of the dimensions most commonly used can be found in informative annex A.

5.3 Tolerances

The following tolerances shall apply to all sleepers and bearers ready for use and/or preservative treatment:

- length: 30 mm;- width: 10 mm/3 mm;- height: 10 mm/3 mm;- rectangular cross-section 90°: max. deviation 3°.

NOTE: The length tolerance is conditional on both ends being cross cut at right angles to the length of the sleeper or bearer.

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Any deviating tolerances for sleepers or bearers which are to be installed on special, well-establishedconditions, shall be defined by the customer.

6 Defects and quality features

6.1 Raw materials

All sleepers and bearers shall be produced from freshly felled trees. Logs from windfall, snow or ice-breaks, hit by lightning or affected by fire, shall be excluded. When sawn, the sleepers and bearers shall be clean, withoutearth, mud, ice, sawdust or any foreign matter.

The logs for the production of beech sleepers and bearers shall be felled outside the regional growing season.

6.2 Untreated sleepers and bearers

A period of seasoning (drying), depending on species, is normally required prior to use or processing. Defectsand quality features as listed in Table 2 shall be measured/assessed after seasoning but before use or preservative treatment.

Table 2 — Defects and quality features

Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

sapwood tropical hardwoods permitted, when sound, with amaximum of 50 % of the nominalwidth except in the chairing areaof sleepers or 25 % of the nominalwidth of the whole length of the

upper surface of bearers

European hardwoods permitted, when sound

European softwoods permitted, when sound. If the pithis not present, sapwood shall be permitted up to the following percentages of the cross-sectionalarea at either end:

- Pseudotsuga menziesii: 25 %- Pinus sylvestris: 75 %

- Pinus pinaster: 75 %- Pinus nigra: 75 %

included sapwood all not permitted

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Table 2 — Defects and quality features (continued)


red heart beech shall be dense and free fromdefects and fungi attack and in

line with Figure 9 Dimensions in millimetres

max. 150

40

max.70

min.50

max. 80max. 100

Figure 9 — Maximum accepted dimensions for red beech heart

grey and purple heart

all not permitted

grain all shall be straight. Maximum permissible deviation from thelongitudinal axis 1 in 10 whenmeasured over a length of 600 mm

annual rings softwoods shall not be less than 5 per 25 mm

wane all acceptable limits governed by theform (see 5.1)

rot all not permitted sound knot European softwoods

tropical hardwoods permitted when intergrown with adiameter not exceeding 25 % of the width of the face on which itappears in sleepers and bearers but not in the chairing area of sleepers

European hardwoods permitted, when intergrown

dead knot loose knot

all permitted outside the chairingarea of sleepers and bearers with a

maximum diameter of 20 % of thewidth of the face on which itappears. Drainage of water shall be ensured.

unsound knot all not permitted in excess of 10 mmdiameter

indent European hardwoods permitted if the cross-section of the sleepers is not reduced bymore than 1/15th; drainage shall be ensured

not permitted in the chairing areaand in the area located verticallyunderneath

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bark pocket all permitted in bearers and outsidethe chairing area of sleepers onone face only and limited to150 mm in length

splits European hardwoods permitted within 250 mm of theends

European softwoods permitted within 75 mm of theends

tropical hardwoods permitted within 200 mm of theends

NOTE: On request of the customer, the ends shall be secured with an approved system.

frost cracks all not permitted

check all permitted

heart shake all permitted if they do not reach theupper surface of the wood

ring shake all only permitted on one end whenthe diameter of the annual ring inwhich it occurs does not exceed50 mm

spring

tropical hardwoods

max. 6 mm for sleepers max. 2 mm/m for bearers

European hardwoods max. 2 % of the length for sleepers max. 1 % of the length for bearers

European softwoods

max. 0,5 % of the length for sleepers and bearers

NOTE: Upon request of the customer, these maxima may be reduced (relaxed) by maximum 50 %.

bow all permitted provided that all

chairing areas are co-planar butlimited to: - max. 0,6 % of the total lengthfor sleepers - max. 0,2 % of the total lengthfor bearers

NOTE 1: Planing of the chairing area shall be permitted to fulfil the preceding requirements. NOTE 2: Upon request of the customer, these maxima may be reduced (relaxed) bymaximum 50 %.

cup all not permitted

twist all max. 0,4 % of the total length for sleepers and bearers

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resin pocket all up to 150 mm long 12 mm widemeasured radially, but on sleepersand bearers not to be in thechairing area

tight gum vein all aggregate length on any face notexceeding one-half of the lengthof the piece

loose gum vein all not extending from face to face,width not exceeding 3 mm, andlength not exceeding one-half of the length of the piece

bore hole all permitted when the mechanical properties of the sleeper or bearer are not affected

The requirements listed in Table 3 are not normative but may be explicitly specified by the customer:

Table 3 — Additional defects and quality features


pith softwoods limited to 25 mm from thelower face and 65 mm from theedges at one end and limited to65 mm from the lower face and65 mm from the edges at theother end

tropical hardwoods not permitted

edge grain European softwoods tropical hardwoods

not permitted

7 Durability and preservation 7.1 Durability

Wood for sleepers and bearers shall have a natural or conferred durability allowing its use in hazard class 4 asdefined in EN 335-1. Wood with a natural durability of class 1 or 2 according to EN 350-2 has natural durability for use inhazard class 4. Wood with a natural durability of class 3, 4 or 5 or containing non-durable sapwood shall betreated to achieve a conferred durability which allows its use in hazard class 4. The longevity of class 2 speciesmay be increased by treatment. p

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7.2 Preservation

7.2.1 Sleepers and bearers If a preservative treatment is necessary, the sleepers and bearers shall be free from features which would prevent a proper application of preservative and thus impair the function of the preservative-treated sleepersand bearers in service. All dressing, notching, pre-cutting, planing and boring shall be completed before preservative treatment. Prior to planing, boring or preservative treatment, the moisture content of the sleeper and bearer shall be at a levelappropriate to the wood preservative and method of treatment used.

NOTE: To enable good preservative penetration, resistant wood species may need to be incised beforeimpregnation. The customer may specify the moisture content of the wood before impregnation.

If the sleepers and bearers need to be drilled or machined after the preservative treatment, as for example for turnouts and turnout junction rails, suitable protective treatment shall be applied.

Deviations from the procedures described above shall be agreed between customer and supplier. 7.2.2 Wood preservative The wood preservative used shall be creosote or shall conform to the performance requirements of hazard class 4 preservatives as defined in EN 599-1. The determination of compliance with the performancerequirements of EN 599-1 shall include data from the field test according to EN 252 and any of the additionallocal tests given in EN 599-1 deemed necessary. The customer shall specify the type of preservative to be used.

7.2.3 Penetration Following completion of the treatment, treated sleepers and bearers shall meet the requirements of penetration class 8 (P8: full sapwood penetration) of EN 351-1. 7.2.4 Retention Following completion of the preservation process, the minimum retention requirement for treated sleepers and bearers shall be equal to the critical value for hazard class 4 of the preservative used (see EN 599-1). Thiscritical value shall be calculated from the prescribed biological tests defined in EN 599-1 including the field testaccording to EN 252. Multiples greater than one may be applied to the critical value to give increasedservice-life.

When creosote oil is specified the customer may indicate the retention requirements.

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8 Factory production control

In order to ensure consistent quality of sleepers and bearers and of the preservative treatment, a factory production control system shall be operated according to EN 351-1. Such a system shall include the option of

including direct or indirect testing methods. Where direct testing methods are used to assess the quality of preservative treatment, such methods shall becarried out on every charge of sleepers and bearers. Where a consistent relationship has been established between both the penetration and retention requirementsgiven in 7.2.3 and 7.2.4 and other properties associated with the treated sleepers and bearers (e.g. specificquantifiable parameters of the treatment process), the latter may be used to determine the quality of preservativetreatment on a charge basis.

NOTE: A customer inspection of the sleepers or bearers may be performed at any time.

9 Marking Every sleeper and bearer for which compliance with this standard is claimed shall bear an identification mark of the producer. Every delivery of sleepers and bearers for which compliance with this standard is claimed shall beaccompanied by documentation to give at least the following information:

- a reference to this European Standard; - wood species; - dimensions. If treated:

- the treatment plant;- name of preservative;- P8;- retention;- charge No.;- year of preservation.

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Annex A (informative)

Most commonly used dimensions for sleepers and bearers

The dimensions given in Tables A.1 and A.2 relate to the forms as given in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2

Table A.1 — Dimensions of sleepers

Dimensions in millimetres

Group l e d 1)

r 1)

Form E1 Form E2 Form E1 + E2

1 260 160 160 200 80

2 260 150 160 200 80

3 260 130 130 170 60

4 240 150 160 180 70

5 240 160 160 180 80

6 240 140 160 180 70

7 240 130 130 170 60

8 220 130 130 160 50

9 250 125 205 230 100

10 305 125 255 280 100

11 305 150 255 280 125

12 250 130 200 225 105

13 300 130 250 275 105

14 200 120 110 140 401) minimum dimensions

The values given under d for forms E1 and E2 are critical for the chairing area and for areas where aconductor rail may be mounted.

Table A.2 — Dimensions of bearers

Dimensions in millimetres

Group l e d 1)

r 1)

1 300 150 240 120

2 280 140 220 120

3 260 160 200 100

4 260 150 210 120

5 240 150 200 90

6 240 160 160 80

7 240 140 200 80

8 300 130 200 801) minimum dimensionsp

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BS EN13145:2001

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