automatic wireless health monitoring system using wireless
stethoscope and fall sensor for elderly people
NameBSc ReportProject report submitted in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering
Supervisor: Engr. Muhammad Mushtaq wali
School of Electrical Engineering, The University of Faisalabad23
April 2015
DeclarationI understand that all my project work must be my own
unaided work. If I make use of material from any other source I
must clearly identify it as such in any interviews, reports or
examinations. I understand that my reports must be written unaided
in my own words apart from any quoted material which I must clearly
identify in the correct manner.I understand that the work which I
shall present for assessment must be work carried out by myself
only during the project period which has not been previously
prepared. Where any such previous work is made use of in the
project, I shall make this clear in any interviews, reports or
examinations.I understand that a violation of these conditions may
result in a mark of zero for the component or components of
assessed work affect.BSc Project Report 2015 School of Electrical
Engineering
xPrint Name: Reg No: Course: Bachelor of Electrical
Engineering
Signature:Date:
AbstractWrite your abstract here which should be of atleast 200
words. Also mention keywords as below.
Keywords: mention key words split by commas.
AcknowledgementsYou may use this space to thank your friend,
family or teachers who have inspired and supported you. This should
not be more than a page.
Table of ContentsDeclarationiiAbstractiiiAcknowledgementsivList
of FiguresviiList of TablesxiList Of AcronymsxiiChapter
1Introduction11.1Overview11.2Problem Statement11.3Aims and
Objectives21.4Idea of Resource Requirements21.5Security Constraints
of Project21.6Report Outline21.6.1Chapter 121.6.2Chapter
221.6.3Chapter 331.6.4Chapter 431.6.5Chapter 541.6.6Chapter
64Chapter 2Architecture Of IP Multicast52.1Overview52.2IP
Multicast52.3Multicast Classification52.3.1Any Source
Multicast:52.3.2Source Filtered Multicast:52.3.3Source Specific
Multicast:52.4Address Allocation6Chapter 3Name of chapter
373.1Overview73.2Satellite Networks73.2.1Lower Earth
Orbit73.2.2Medium Earth Orbit8Chapter
4Methodology94.1Overview94.2Overview of OPNET Modeller94.2.1Network
Domain104.2.2Node Domain114.2.3Process Domain124.2.4External System
Domain134.3Why OPNET13Chapter 5Simulation Results &
Analysis155.1Overview155.2IGMP Behaviour155.2.1IGMP Behaviour in
Scenario 115Chapter 6Conclusion & Further
Work176.1Conclusions176.2Further Work186.2.1Reliable
Multicast186.2.2Satellite Multicast Security Protocols196.2.3Mobile
Multicast19References20Appendix22
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Different types of multicast protocols discussed in
this report3Figure 2.1: Unicast with four receivers.5Figure 3.1:
LEO, MEO and GEO satellite orbits around the earth [22].7Figure
4.1: Project Workflow of a Simulation [30]10Figure 4.2: Different
Levels of OPNET Simulation Model [31]11Figure 4.3: A typical Node
Model12Figure 4.4: typical Process Model12Figure 4.5: OPNET
External System Domain [31]13Figure 5.1: IGMP messages being sent
by hosts to DRs16
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Ranges and usage of IP Multicast Address9Table
2.2:Description of well-known multicast addresses [7]10Table 2.3:
Description of IGMPv1 packet format [9]13Table 2.4: Description of
MLD packet format17Table 2.5: MLD messages against the Type
field.17Table 2.6: Values of TTL Scope Control [16]18Table 4.1:
Stream Index of Packet Streams54Table 4.2: Description of different
states of satellites process model.56Table 5.1: Configuration
parameters of Video Conferencing application63
List Of AcronymsLASER Light amplification by stimulated emission
of radiation.
(Students ! mention all acronyms in your thesis as I mentioned
one example above)
IntroductionOverviewThese days the requirement of communication
networks at reduce bandwidth consumption are in great demand all
over the world, it is cost effective as it requires pairing of the
multicasting over the satellite networks in contrast with unicast
networks. It will provide network provision to remote places
specially when there is no terrestrial infrastructure. The
objective of multicasting is to send a data to a multi receiver
environment instead of unicasting or broadcasting i.e. a data
transmission to one receiver or all the receivers respectively. In
IP multicast, the multicast sender transmits only one copy of a
packet to a network and network makes duplicate copies of data for
every host wishing to receive it. The advantages of IP multicast
are enormous e.g. processing overhead is minimized at sender side
and bandwidth is saved because sender is sending only one copy of
data over a network. The satellite is an effective medium for users
which are geographically dispersed as minimum numbers of hops are
used for communication in satellite network while covering a vast
area.This project will emphasize on the strategies and adjustments
that are required for integrating satellite with multicasting
networks and a multicast application over satellite network i.e.
Light Video Conferencing will be simulated in OPNET (Operation
Network). Problem Statement . Moreover the implementation of
multicasting over the satellite network is an ultimate challenge as
IGMP quires and requests over satellite network can consume huge
bandwidth when there are no designated routers between end users
and satellites. It could result in IGMP flooding over satellite
which could result in unreliable network design. This project is
based on a simulation of multicast application (video conferencing)
among terrestrial LANs interconnected via fixed GEO satellite.Aims
and Objectives
Idea of Resource RequirementsSecurity Constraints of
ProjectReport OutlineChapter 1This chapter gives a brief overview
of the report. It starts with the introduction of combining
multicast techniques with the satellite networks. This chapter also
identifies the motivation, problem statement, aims and objectives
of the research. Furthermore the resource requirements and
limitations of the research are also described. Chapter 2This
chapter greatly emphasizes on the IP Multicast technology. It
starts from introduction of Multicast, illustrates different types
of Multicast and describes multicast addressing. Moreover the
membership management and routing protocols are also described as
follow;
Figure 1.1: Different types of multicast protocols discussed in
this report Chapter 3This chapter describes an overview of the
multicast support in satellite environment. It starts from
illustrating different types of satellite orbits around the earth,
identifies different advantages of adapting multicast technology
over satellite networks, describes IP Multicast scoping and address
mapping in satellite networks. Furthermore satellite network
quality of service, IP packet encapsulation over satellite network
and different network roles of satellites are discussed. Finally
keeping in view two different network scenarios, the behavior of
IGMP over satellite network is discussed.Chapter 4This chapter
describes the methodology implemented in this project and explains
the choice of network simulator being adopted. Moreover a brief
overview of OPNET and its advantages over its competitor simulators
are described. An understanding of architecture of the multicasting
is developed while keeping in view two different scenarios i.e.
Multicasting over Satellite with Designated Routers and
Multicasting over Satellite Without Designated Routers. Moreover
the configurations of all the devices are described and finally the
design of Satellite Node is explained via illustration of its Node
Model and Process Model. Chapter 5This chapter mainly emphasizes on
the explanation of simulation results being produced by the two
different scenarios and find out the best scenario in terms of
utilization.Chapter 6This is the final chapter of the project
report. It concludes the project and provides recommendations for
the future work.
Architecture Of IP MulticastOverviewThis chapter highlights the
concepts of ....IP MulticastThe IP Multicast is a proficient
approach to allocate information to multiple destinations from a
single source. . [1]. Initially internet
Figure 2.1: Unicast with four receivers.The figure 2.1 is
showing a ..Multicast ClassificationThere are three different Any
Source Multicast: ASM provides ....Source Filtered Multicast: The
idea behind ......s [3].Source Specific Multicast: The .....Address
AllocationMulticast addresses arrangement though there are certain
ranges of the address space fixed as shown in the below table
[6].Start Address End AddressUsage
224.0.0.0224.0.0.255This range is held in reserve for special
multicast addresses.
224.0.1.0238.255.255.255The multicast addresses in the range are
globally scoped across internet.
239.0.0.0239.255.255.255Local administratively scoped multicast
addresses are described by this range
Table 2.1: Ranges and usage of IP Multicast AddressThe
intermediate range of above table is also known .. multicast
addresses [7]
Name of chapter 3OverviewThe satellite communication is playing
a vital role in wireless communication industry. This chapter
describes an overview of the multicast support in satellite
environment and identifies different advantages of adapting
multicast technology over satellite networks.
..............................................different network
scenarios is discussed.Satellite NetworksThe satellite networking
applications and technologies has been a .many positive effects in
technological and economical evolution because of the following
reasons1) Coverage throughout the world2) Can ............. 3) For
the ..... [9].There are three types of satellite orbits, based on
the distance from the earth as shown in the below figure.
Figure 3.1: LEO, MEO and GEO satellite orbits around the earth
[22].Lower Earth OrbitThis orbit is nearest
............................[2]. Medium Earth OrbitThe MEO .......
revolution. re [21].
Methodology
OverviewThis chapter emphasizes on the methodology being used in
this project to analyze i...Overview of OPNET ModellerFor the
analysis of predefine scenarios the real test beds approach is
always expensive and requires high effort for the remodeling of the
scenarios. Whereas the simulators has resolved these issues by
attaining as real as possible adaptable results. OPNET was
initially developed at Massachusetts Institute of technology (MIT)
in USA in 1987. OPNET offers comprehensive environment for the
development of model design of simulation and performance analysis
of wide variety of networks [32]. The work flow of OPNET for
desired results from a certain network model can be shown as
follow:
Figure 4.1: Project Workflow of a Simulation [30]The four
modeling domains or hierarchical levels of OPNET allow it to
provide certain extent of flexibility to the designers to support a
wide range of features. These modeling domains are as followNetwork
DomainThe project editor develops the network model which
represents the gadgets or the physical equipment being used for the
simulation. It can develop a network model in terms of geographic
contest. It is constructed by two main classes of components i.e.
communication links and communication nodes. Complex topologies can
be constructed in project editor via creation of unlimited nested
sub network.
Figure 4.2: Different Levels of OPNET Simulation Model [31]
Node DomainThe modelling of the communication devices, linked
together at network model is provided by node domain. It utilises
the functional elements and the data steams between them to show
the internal architecture of the node. Node models are constructed
by small blocks known as modules which include defined
(transmitters, receivers) and programmable modules (queues,
processors and external systems).
These modules are interconnected by three types of links i.e.
packet streams, statistic wires and logical associations. The
packet streams are responsible to convey the packets between
modules similarly control information between modules is conveyed
by statistic wires and a binding between the modules is shown by
logical associations i.e. between and transmitter and receiver
module to show them a pair. A typical node model is shown by the
figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3: A typical Node ModelProcess DomainThe behaviour of
each programmable module in the node domain is shown by process
domain which could be one process model or nested process models as
required. The process models operate according to the desired
interrupts. These models are developed in Proto-C, which utilises a
library of Kernel Procedures, graphical state-transition-diagrams
and data items/statements of embedded C/C++ language. A typical
process model is shown in the figure 4.4.
Figure 4.4: typical Process ModelThere are three types are
states shown in the figure 4.4. The initial state shows the
starting of process execution. The forced state or green state is
the one which do not permit any break while the process is running
whereas the unforced state or red state is doing the opposite
function. The movement between different states of processes are
defined by transitions which can be associated with conditions.
Moreover each state has two portions at its top and bottom known as
Enter Executives and Exit Executives respectively. Further to the
Header Block, the ProtoC code for each state is defined in these
portions [31].External System DomainThe external system module
(esys) in the node domain involves the mechanism to communicate
with other external simulators such that the data exchange between
simulators can happen while they run synchronously. The interaction
of OPNET with the external simulator is controlled by the respected
process model. The external system behaves like a black box to an
OPNET simulation meanwhile data exchange can take place between
them as shown in the figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5: OPNET External System Domain [31] Why OPNETOPNET
Technologies have developed the OPNET with four hierarchical levels
and an intuitive graphic user interface (GUI) with a lot of
documentation, which makes it perfect for this project. OPNET
supports in making different scenarios to investigate the different
characteristics i.e. scalability, efficiency, performance and
viability of a network. Moreover OPNET contains a variety of
existing components in its library which supports the designer to
go through a vast range of network specifications, which minimizes
the effort of the developer, implementation period and volume of
errors. Furthermore to some limit, it allows to implement
individual algorithmsGenerally the simulation approaches are cost
effective and profitable but OPNET is one of the best simulators
being employed in network research and development. Without any
expense it enables the designer to modify the existing scenario by
duplicate scenario method and most of the network tools are
predefined which can be utilized and reformed accordingly. Moreover
it can interact with the external simulators via external system
domain. The OPNET do have competitors especially NS-2, which is an
open source simulator. But it has some negative aspects as well for
example it does not have much documentation and mostly its out of
date. NS-2 also involves two programming languages, so it could
take long time to learn it whereas OPNET have a huge documentation
and uses only one language (Proto-C). Since NS2 needs Linux
Operating System to operate properly whereas OPNET can be installed
easily on MS Windows. Moreover the number of tools for the
analyzing the NS-2 trace file or creating scenarios is not enough
in NS-2 and most of the developers have to create the required tool
by their own. Finally NS-2 have some scalability issues in big
simulations (number of nodes can vary from few hundreds to
thousands) and can consumes a large memory [26].While keeping in
view the above comparison, OPNET is proved to be the better choice
to do this project.
Simulation Results & AnalysisOverviewThis chapter describes
the result and analysis of two different scenarios .
IGMP Behaviour The simulation is run for five minutes and the
..s can be explained as follow;IGMP Behaviour in Scenario 1Since in
this scenario the . sent by the hosts to the designated
routers.
Figure 5.1: IGMP messages being sent by hosts to DRsThe left
most spikes in the above figure shows that all the multicast
receivers are sending IGMP Membership Report to the 224.0.6.1 at 10
seconds except Lib_Wkstn which is not the part of multicast group.
The central spikes are showing those IGMP Membership Reports which
were sent in response to IGMP Membership Queries from the DRs.
These IGMP Membership Queries will be shown in the figure 5.2.
Moreover the right side spikes in the figure 5.1 shows IGMP Leave
message being sent at 180seconds. Conclusion & Further Work
ConclusionsThis dissertation has been started from the
introduction of Multicasting, its classifications, addressing and
its advantages over the other transmission mechanisms for example
it saves the scare bandwidth as it minimizes the unwanted router
processing and load at sender by multicasting a single copy of
data. Different membership management protocols like three versions
of Internet Group Management Protocols and two versions of
Multicast Listener Discovery protocols were discussed in detail.
Furthermore different routing protocols like Distance Vector
Multicast Routing Protocol, Multicast Extensions to OSPF and
Protocol Independent Multicast (Sparse and Dense Modes) were
discussed in details.The satellite communication role and different
orbits of satellite communication were reviewed. Moreover different
satellite network roles and advantages of satellite over the
terrestrial communication networks were discussed while reviewing
certain applications like ATM and DVB-RCS. The main idea of this
project was to combine the multicasting over the satellite network
and analyzing behavior of IGMP over satellite network while
reviewing two different IP multicast scenarios. Different issues
like bandwidth utilization and delay over the satellite link were
analyzed in both the scenarios.It was noticed that the scenario 2
in which the end users were directly connected to the satellite,
involves the IGMP Membership Queries , Requests and Leave Messages
across the satellite link which results in scare bandwidth wastage
and could result in IGMP flooding for a huge number of receivers.
On the other hand the scenario 1 involved the designated routers
between the end users and satellites so that all the IGMP messaging
was done between the designated routers and the end users. Moreover
this scenario employs PIM messages over the satellite link for
multicast application to work. Both the scenarios were simulated in
OPNET and from the results of chapter 5, it was observed that
scenario 1 is more reliable than the other scenario as the multiple
response of IGMP traffic over the satellite in scenario 2 consumes
more bandwidth than the PIM-SM messages over the satellite in
scenario 1. Secondly as more traffic is involved in scenario 2 so
there are more delay as compare to the scenario1. Moreover the
scenario 1 is more reliable at the user end because the number of
multicast receiver at the user end can be increased in the same
infrastructure. Hence from the results the scenario 1 is found to
be the better scenario in term of optimized link utilization and
offers more benefits to the network operator than other
scenario.Further WorkThis project work can be extended further in
the following areas Reliable MulticastThe reliable multicast
provides a way of guarantee ..losion. There are some possible
solutions for reliable multicast as follow [27]1)Distributed loss
recovery2)Router aided recovery3)FEC based recoveryFurther work can
be done in this project by reviewing the above mechanisms and
developing new reliable multicast protocols for UDP based multicast
applications.Satellite Multicast Security Protocols In wireless
communication tellite. Mobile Multicast The existing sender and the
recipients in this project are fixed which can be changed to
mobile. This alteration will require to deal with dynamic
membership and the movement of the group members between home [29].
This mobile multicast solution can be reviewed with satellite
network of this project.
References[1]S. Liqi, Summary of IP Multicast, University of
Calgary,2005. [online] Available:
http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~mahanti/teaching/W05/CPSC601/.
[Accessed: Jun. 1,2012][2]E.C.Onuora, Multicasting over satellite
networks, Master Thesis, School of Engineering Design and
Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, 2010.
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