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BRITISH STANDARD
Bitumen roademulsions (anionic andcationic)Part 2: Code of
practice for use ofbitumen road emulsions
110f ' 625.8,56i.063:665.775.5
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY
COPYRIGHT LAW
BS 434-2 :1984Reprinted,incorporatingAmendment No. I
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BS 434-2:1984
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ThI British Mandwd, hx%been prepared under thedirection ofthe
RoadEngineering StandardsCommittee, was publisb, !under the
authority (d ~ ~i~Board of BSI anii come~into effect on29 Febraary
I
(o 138101-1999
First published asDecember 1954First revision as BS 25!2December
1960Second revision as 1'S IOctober 1973Third revision Februar,
The following BSI reference-relate to the work on thi,standard
:Cornmittoo referenceDraft for comment 80/1
ISBN 0 580 12839 3
ation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Roadering
Standards Committee ( RDB/-) 'n Technical Coni inittee RDB/14
iipoli which thefollowing bodies w, ~-P, ,, ~
ornmittees responsible for thisritish Standard
sh Aggregate Construction Mater.-'~ i
4ustries
Surveyors' Society
.-ation of Civil Engineering Corr~ i ~ ~ -,f ireater .LondoD
Council
stitute of Petroleumitution of Civil Engineers
itution of Highway EngineersofMunicipal Engineers
sion Association Ltd.
emical Industryrd member
dments issued since publica
icated 11% Y. ,Aine in tbeniargin
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01~13Si1 01-1999
BS 434-2 :1984
Contents
This document may be used in partonly for the internal use!
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BS 434-2:1984
eword
revision of this Part of this British Standard, prepared Lander
the direction.~,Road Engineering Standards Committee, contains
recommendations for
of anionic and cationic emulsOns We rwd and otF ,, - - ~ -, It
supersedesdition which is withdrawn.
inor alterations have been made !,) the previous edition of this
standarrosult of users' experience and a mjw Maration has been made
to themendations for the target rates -F ~,~~Ai -ition of emutsions
for surface,
ulsions are normally sold by mass~ but as gauging by mass
undersite conditions isthe rates ofapplication are given throvql7wv
this tandard wz litres per square metre
'Ailograrn of cold emulsion is normally 0 'W~ i, to i M 1,
depending upon the composition,re, etc. and one kilogram of Kl-70
at ~ 1~v ~- u~ i, -, i ;oe temjoratur .~ ~ ~, ~ 'k ~ to 85 'Q is
1.02 L
~) that within the limits shown Mr var - k , litre~ ~nd 1, : , i
~g-rams to 0.1 can be-is synonymou".".
A*hh Standard does not purport to include all the
provisions of aract- Users of British Standards are
res-ponsiblefor th( ~r Lorrect application.
ce with a British Standard does not of itself confer
immunitylegal obligations.
iment comprises a front cover, an inside front coven, pages i
and ii,o 16, an inside back cover and i 'nack cov
rd has been updated (see copyright date) and wtay have hadated
in the amentiment table on,iondments incorporated. This will be
indic,
~ieinside front cover,
~O 13st 01-199 1 )
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I Scope
This Part of BS 434 provides guidance on thegeneral usage of
anionic and cationic bitumen
u1sions on roads and other surfaces which arespecified in Part I
of this standard.NOTE
The titles ofthe publications referred to in this standardare.
listed on the inside back cover.
2 Information to be supplied by thepurchaser2.1 The guidance
given in this clause is intended toassist the purchaser in clearly
indicating hisrequirements to the supplier for the purpose ofeither
a quotation or an order.2.2 When the purchaser is in no doubt as to
the typeof treatment required, the emulsion supplier needonly be
provided with the following information :
a) the class and binder content of emulsion ;b) quantity and
type of container,c) the date and place of delivery .
2.3 When the purchaser requires advice as to themost suitable
treatment, the following generalinformation should be given to the
emulsionsupplier :
he location and area to be treated;b) the type of treatment ;c)
the condition and nature of existing surfacingand the type of
traffic carried;d) the approximate date (time of year) when thework
is to be carried out.
'c') fils10 1 -1999
2.4 When the roadwork is to be carried out by thecontractor, the
highway engineer should provide afull specification .2.5 The time
schedule should include dates for:
a) the completion of preliminary work, if any;b) the delivery of
materials;c) the start of various sections of the roadwork,d) the
completion of various sections of theroadwork .
3 Materials
Table I - Classes of emulsion for normal uses
BS 434-2: 1.984
3.1 Emulsion. The class or classes of emulsion fornormal uses
are given in Table 1 for convenience,but reference should be made
to the detailedrecommendations given in the remainder of
thisstandard.3.2 Aggregate. Unless otherwise stated, theaggregate
should comply with BS 63 or BS 1984. Incases where the purpose of
the aggregate is also toprovide a skid resistant wearing surface,
theminimum polished stone value of the aggregate(determined in
accordance with BS 812) appropriateto the intensity andspeed
oftraffic carried should bespecified .
4 Design4.1 General. Except for class K1-70, bitumenemulsions
are fluid enough to be apphed atatmospheric temperatures without
heating andtheir viscosities are not materially affected bychanges
oftemperature. Unlike hot-applied binders,they remain fluid
immediately after application.The viscosity of emulsion used on a
steep gradientshould therefore be as high as is compatible with
theconditions and method of application, in order toprevent undue
flow of emulsion down the gradient .
Use Clause Emulsion class anionic Emulsion class cationicCoated
stone 12 A2-57 K2, K3Concrete curing 15 A140, Al-55 K140,
Kl-60Grouting 9 Al-60, Al-55 K1-60, Kl-70Lean mix sealing 8 A140,
Al-55 K140, KI-60Mist spraying 13 Al-40 Kl-40Patching 6 At-60 1,
Al-55 KI-60Premixing 11 A2-50, A2-57, A3
Retreading 10 A2-50, A3 K2Sealing formation and sub-base 8
Al-60, Al-55 K1-60, KI-70Slurry sealing 16 A4 K3Surface dressing
and sealing 7 Al-60, Al-55 K1-60, KI-70Tack coating 14 Ai-40
KI-40Miscellaneous 17 By agreement between the highway
engineer andthe supplier
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BS 434-2:1984
Bitumen emulsions c,~~ -,--rmallybe applied todamp surfaces
with
results but, sincethey contain water, fl ,..
a r~~ liable to be adversely! .~ring or directly after
not be carriedi% However, cationic
~-.re rapidly than anionicTO, are less susceptible to-id
premixing, abnormally
hot weather may also cause difficulty and trafficshould, if
possible, be kept off the road for a fewhours after the work ~
~ ~ , ~pleted .
affected by frostapplication. Work sh-,u!out in frosty or wet w(
, .emulsions tend to brenand, particularly classrain . In surface
dressin
Special altention is do ;" n to the fact that anionic-,, e
mutual coagulation if
equipment whichfor cationiccleaned before A is
- vice versa.
and cationic emulsio,-, :-mixed together . Them ihas or may have
beenemulsions should be iagain used for anioni . . ,4.2 Breaking of
eniul--~ons. Breaking is indicatedby a change in colour w L
emulsion from brown toblack. The rate of breal,
of emulsionis dependentupon the following faw
a) the compositico,b) the rate of evaturn is dependenthumidity,
atmosplic .,method of applicai
e) the mechanicalemulsion/aggrego .rolling or by the ~
When the breaking ofdelayed, for instancedesirable that
trafficas long as possible aclear that the emulsio, ,section cannot
be clo-- , ~~the traffic should ~rshould not exceed 30 1; -
~iemulsion has broken,Lightly coated chippings-emulsion but, as
this ca n,allowance should becontrol . .
2
water, which initions, relative
ure, rate and
c) the porosity o "emulsion A being "N J o nd the
consequentremoval of water by
Ilary attraction ;d) the chemical and pl r, -ic,0 . influences
of theaggregate with which
emulsion comes incontact;
ce of theing laying and
ffic .n is likely to be
poration is slow, it isd be kept
offthe work for
rolling, or at least until it isbroken, if the treated,
then the speed oflow as possible and
'20 in.p.h) until the
sed with. thebreaking,
by suitable traffic
5 Work on site5.1 Heahh and safety when handfing5.1.1 Gen.eral.
principles. Bitumen em ulsions aresafe and without risk to health
when properly used .This does not obviate the need for working
methodsthat avoid dired skin contact with the emulsionsand adequate
protective clothing (overalls, gloves,etc.) should be worn .
Protective clothing should bemaintained in a sound condition and
cleaned orwashed regularly . Drums of emul~, ion should not
beheated without reference to the manufacturer.5.1 .2 Cleaning
rnethods. Unbroken emulsion may beremoved from any surface by
washing with coldwater but this method is ineffective for the
removal.of residual bitumen adhering to tools or appliancesor to
the person . In such cases, kerosine will assistthe removal, of the
bitumen and protective glovesshould be worn to minimize skin
contact.If kerosine is used on the skin, it is essential that itis
subsequently removed by thorough washing withsoap and w9on The use
before work of a barriersubstance on the skin will usually dispense
with theneed for L, r- ~ne or other skin cleaners, other thansoap
a5.2 Protection and storage of materials . Drums,or other conuJners
should bestored under cleanconditions . Emulsions can be damaged by
thefreezing of the water contained within them andtherefore the
druims should be protected fromfreezing . If the storage period
exceeds 1 month, thedrumsshould he turned or inverted at least once
amonth.Containers should be well rolled to agitate thecontents
before use. This applies particularly toemulsions in classes A] -40
and K1 -40.Care should be taken to prevent damage to thecontainers,
when handling tbetnand removing thebungs.Immediately after use,
returnable containers shouldbe completely emptied and the bungs and
ventplugs rep5.3 Preparation of surface. All mud, dust, leaves,etc.
should be removed from the surface to betreated by brtwhbg with
band brooms or withmechanical brooms . In very hot weather, it may
beadvisable to dampen the road surface with water inorder to retard
the loss ofwater from the emulsion,to reduce the rate ofbreak andto
encourage wettingof the surfin- by the emulsior .It is essenti ; il
that the road ~i i ~ 6~ce is free fromstanding wo i
Kle the en, 00 a is applied.
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5.4 Application5.4.1 Hand application5.4.1A Buckets and brooms .
The emulsions may beapplied from lipped buckets or cans fitted
withduckbill spreaders or baffles andthen evenly spreadwith
medium-long bristled brooms or withsqueegees . It is advisable to
spread the emulsion inone direction only so as to avoid any
scrubbingaction.NOTE
Pitch-set brooms cannot be cleaned with solvent withoutthe risk
ofdamage . Wire-set brooms are therefore preferred.5.4.1 . 2 Barrel
trucks . Many different kinds of barreltrucks are available from
which the emulsion isdischarged directly from the barrel on to an
apron,which aids even distribution .5.4.2 Machine
application5.4.2.1 Small machines for pressure spraying byhand.
These may be oftwo types, either tl~ose wherethe pressure is
applied to the emulsion indirectly bymeans ofcompressed air, or
those where theemulsion itself is pumped. Both types of
machineshould comply with BS 3136 . All hoses and sealsshould be
manufactured of materials resistant tothe effects of emulsion
andkerosene .5.4.2 .2 Bulk spraying distributors . Where thesurface
to be covered is of any considerable extent,specially designed bulk
spraying distributors shouldbe used for the application ofthe
material. Thesearegenerally operated by the manufacturer
oftheemulsion or by specialist contractors. Distributorsfor cold
applied emulsions should comply withBS 3136 and distributors for
class KI-70 emulsionsshould comply with BS 1707 .NOTE
It is not possible to lay down a precise viscosityrange
foremulsion for spraying as this is partly dependent upon
thecharacteristics ofthe spraying machine. As a general
guidehowever, a maximum viscosity of 9 degrees Engler ('E) at
thetemperature of spraying is suggested. If difficulty is
experienced,reference should be made to the manufacturer of the
emulsionand/or spraying equipment.5.5 Maintenance of equipment .
All mechanicalspraying plant should be kept in a clean and
soundcondition, or inefficient spraying may result.
) Road Note 39 (second edition) . Recommendations for road
surface dressing (TRRL/DTp) . Available from HMSO .
(e) BSI 01-1999
BS 434-2:1984
6 Repair of potholes and depressionsThe emulsion should be class
Al-60, Al-55 or K1-60.Potholes and deep depressions should first
becleaned of all loose material and the area should becut out to a
regular shape with all the sides verticalor slightly undercut. If
the exposed surfaces are verydry, they should be moistened with
water in order toensure better penetration of the emulsion .
Thebottom andsides ofthe hole or depression should bethoroughly
coated with emulsion . Clean aggregateof the appropriate size (no
larger than abouttwo-thirds ofthe depth ofthe hole or complying
withnominal size 28 mm of BS 63-2, whichever is thelesser) should.
be placed in the hole to a thicknessslightly greater than its depth
and well rammed orrolled in . The minimum amount of
emulsionrequired to coat the stone should then be poured on.The
patch should then be covered with clean 10 mmor 6 mm chippings and
again rolled or rammed.Shallow depressions should first be brushed
cleanand then levelled by the application of a coating ofemulsion .
Clean chippings of a size approximatingto the depth of the
depression should be placed inthe hole and well rolled in.NOTE
1
It is strongly emphasized that the minimum quaritityofemulsion
necessary should be used, for both potholes anddepressions, so as
to avoid a "fat" spot in the road.NOTE 2
If repairs are to be made using asphalt or macadam.emulsion
should be used to coat the bottom and sides oftheprepared hole
before infilling .
7 Surface dressingNOTE
The general principles ofsurface dressing given in thisclause
are in accordance with Road Note 39 (second edition) . 1 ~7.1
General7.1 .1 Preparation of the surface. Preparation of thesurface
should be carried out in accordance with 5.3 .All potholes and
depressions should be made goodand allowed to settle down
thoroughly under trafficbefore surface dressing . Some surfaces
will requirespecial treatment and attention is drawn to 7.4 .7.1 .2
Rate of application ofemulsion . The rate ofapplication of emulsion
will depend upon thefollowing :
a) the density of traffic ;b) the nature of the surface to be
dressed,e.g. roughness, porosity and hardness ;c) the type and size
of chipping to be used .
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