-
Only for internal use!
BRITISH STANDARD
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Bitumen roademulsions(anionic andcationic)Part 1: Specification
for bitumen roademulsions
!W6218W.W31151715
NO COPYING WITHOUTBSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY
COPYRIGHT LAW
BS 434-1 :1984(Reprinted,incorporatingAmendments No. 1,No. 2and
No. 3)
-
On y orntrn~-se!
'this British Standlard, hru ;been prepared under tl .
.direction ofthe road 1 : ry=~ ;Standards (;om~nitter, ,~. .
.published under the aui `~ : ~ ,
N
the Board of BSTand o: :~d~ ; .~+- "
eflada an,~ 291+eb5uarv 194
t< ., S( 12-199D1
I~'irst published 2ece
b~ :Pi~st revision I)ecexnbd. ~
? a.
Secand revision Febru~~r~. IThird revision .~1pr1 19L~Faurth
revision a:: BS ~~a~ .Ud d~ber l f173
ISI3N 0 580 7.~9~2?s.
v
BS 434-1:1984
aration of this British Staa~d~,jd~ ., . , r ^trrasted ~~>
the Rd~adeering Standards Committee ~f~?~)'-` : ~
~ ~r^hn~c,~dl. `d7r~x~nittee E1?~i11oai vrhich the fllowing
bodies wd}~~,~ rdrh
mmittees resp~nsi le far t isitish ~tandard
i~r~ti~h aggregate Construction TVlat:er~- ~
p~~~~nty Surveyors' Society
ion of Civil Engineering
ondon Council
of PdaroleurxD
zti:an of Civil Engineers
notion of Highway Engineers
st~tution of Municipal Engineers
~~d~~d Emulsion Association Ltd.
o~ Chemical Industry
Arnendxnents issued since publics
Date O~ 1~SUe
December
'lhe follovvin~ BSl refers ada~== :
a--~-w-..-
~-relate to the work on ties
~ 9d~
141ay 1988standard :Gomna ttee relr'renr:c; 1Draft far d~omment
8t1l1
..$:~ t ti ~lune 1991 ~nd1C~7td`d 55'' ~i `k351'iltlt'
6,'11;~2dp 91ls~k"gAll
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C) BSI 12-1998
BS 434-1 :1984
This document may be used in partonly for the internal use!
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BS 434-1 :1984
eword
lion of this fart of this British Standard, prepared tinder the
directionoad Engineering Standards Comiri',~i , ~
specifies requirements for, ;ionic and cationic bitumen road
emulsion ; . It supersedes the 1973 edition
is withdrawn . Recommendations for the use of these emulsions
for roadsurfaces are covered by Part 2 of this standard .
~-,, iajor changes have been made to the previous edition of
this standard but thetunity hasbeen taken to make a large number of
minor alterations which
shown to be necessary as a result of users' experience,itish
Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a
".-rast . Users of British Standards are res ,ible for their
correct application.
;VMhance with a British Standard does not of itself confer
immunityn legal, obligations.
of pagesis document comprises a front cover. tin inside front
cover, pages i and ii,
to 16, an inside back cover and a lack cover.and has been
updated (see copyright date) and may have had
, 1, Iments incorporated. This will be indicated in the
amendment table on thent cover.
o 13S] 12-1998
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Only for internal use!
Mr_Co
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I ScopeThis Part of BS 434 specifies requirements faranionic and
cationic bitumen emulsions used for thepreparation and treatment of
road and othersurfaces carrying wheeled and foot traffic .NOTE
Thetitles ofthe publications referred to in this standardare
listed on the inside back cover .
2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Part of BS 434,
thefollowing definitions apply.11bitumena viscous liquid or a
solid, consisting essentially ofhydrocarbons and their derivatives,
that is solublein carbon disulphide l ) ; it is
substantiallynon-volatile and softens gradually when heated . Itis
black or brown in colour and possesseswater-proofing and adhesive
properties . It isobtained by refinery processes from petroleum
andis also found as a natural deposit or as acomponentof naturally
occurring asphalt in which it isassociated with mineral
matter12bitumen road emulsiona liquid product in which a
substantial amount ofbitumen is suspended in a finely divided
conditionin an aqueous medium by mans of one or moresuitable
emulsifying agents . There are two types,anionic and
cationic13anionic emulsion
an emulsion in which the anion of the emulsifier isat the
interface with the bitumen particle that isnegatively charged andin
which the aqueous phaseis normally alkaline14cationic emulsionan .
emulsion in which the cation ofthe emulsifier isat the interface
with the bitumen particle that ispositively charged and in which
the aqueous phaseis normally acid2.5binder content (including
emulsifier)the difference between 100 % and the percentagewater
content determined in accordance withappendix F
"The internationally agreed definition ofbitumen relates its
solubility to carbon disulphide but in the UK trichloroetused since
it is safer than carbon disulphide .
fG BSI 12-1998
BS 434-1:1984
3 Classification of road emulsions3.1 Anionic road emulsions.
Anionic roademulsions shall be classified in order of stability
asfollows.
a) ClassAl: labile . An emulsion characterized byrapid breakdown
on . application and normallyunsuitable for mixing with aggregate;
used cold .b) Class A2., semi-stable. An emulsion withsufficient
stability to permit mixing with certaingrades of aggregate before
breakdown occurs ;used cold .0 Class A& stable . An emulsion
with sufficientmechanical and chemical stability for
all
purposes involving mixing with aggregatesincluding those
containing large proportions offines or chemically active materials
such ascement or hydrated lime; used cold .d) Class A4.' slurry
seal. An emulsion formulatedfor the slurry seal process; used cold
.NOTE
Additives may be used at the time of laying ifrequired to adjust
the setting time or viscosity ofthe mix.This class shall be
subdivided as follows.
1) Class A4: slow setting. Suitable for mixing insimple mixers
for hand laying, in bulk transitconcrete mixers c r mobile mixing
machines .2) Class A& rapid setting. Suitable for handling
inspecial mobile mixing machines only .NOTE I
Classes Al andWam subdivided according to theirnominal binder
contents (see Table 1) .NOTE 2
Due to the wide variation in chemical activity andphysical
structure of aggregates from different sources, not allare suitable
for the slurry seal process . It is necessary, therefore,to test
each aggregate in the laboratory with class A4 emulsionand to
subject the mixes with class A4 emulsion to the trackabrasiontest
inaccordance with appendix AofPart 2:1984 of thisstandard. The loss
in mass ofthe specimen after abrasion shouldnot exceed 5M g/m2 :3.2
Cationic road emulsions. Cationic roademulsions shall be classified
in order of stability asfollows.
a) Class KI: rapid acting. An emulsioncharacterized by rapid
deposition of binder oncontact with road surfaces and
aggregatesfollowed by early resistance to rain . Unsuitablefor
mixing with aggregates ; class KI-70 gradesused hot, other grades
cold .b) Class K2: medium acting. An emulsion inwhich the rate of
deposition of binder issufficiently delayed to permit mixing with
certainclean coarse aggregates before breaking to form acontinuous
adhesive film without stripping ; usedcold .
is
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BS 434-1:1984
NOTE I
ClassMis mubth ,
content (see Table 2).NOTE,2
Dueto the wide',physical structure ofaggrc,,~are suitable for
the slurry ,,to test each aggregate in the i ; ,and to subject the
mixes withabrasion test in accordance ,Nstanda rd . The loss in
mase oinot exceed 5W g&2.
4 Composition4.1 General. Road em~bitumen, modified if r ~ ,
~emulsifying agents ani .1surfactants and addit!modify
performance,,emulsions for special4.2 Bitumen. The bif , ~ ,
f,~
~ used for themanufacture of the emuk Y wa shall comply with138
3690 and
shallbe " n nc (I from the range
grade 70 penetration to ; ~~Ke 300 penetration, asdefined
therein.NOTE I
Thebitumen mayfluxingagents ranging frorni ;,the amount
offluxing agent ti
~
than 5 % 1~y mass of the bi~ ;iforeationicemulsion, oras ;!-
:~~manuActurer of the em &NOTE2
Ifrequired by th~provide a typical sampli, Wbasic ingredient of
the einonominal viscosity ofthe hi ; ~ ~NOTE 3
Attention is dra~% ~ ;mmoying
withBS 300 rn,
analysis after extraction F-
2
c) ClassK3.- slow actint-, . An emulsion in whichthe rate of
depositio~
~fidnderissufficientlydelayed to permit i) ~
, ~ ~
xx -Lth certain fine.
aggregates belre J- ;
j ig to form a continuousadhesive film wi~l- ~
- v,ippi ng; used cold,
Cationic slurry seal
~-.,As.ions are included inhandlinginspecial
in in chemical activity and'c'wr different sources, not all
At is necessary, therefore,r~ with class K3 emulsion
ion to the track'Part2:1984 ofthis
fter abrasion should
shall containy as specified in 4.2,
ter. Small amounts ofiall be permitted to
~zlurry seal and other
toits
nonrim al Under
-odifiect by the addition ofuz:tile distillates to
beavyoils,
ern ally being not moreanionic emulsion and 10 %
thepurebaserand the
supplier should'ation bitumen used as do
Uorshould disclose thex mixture used .
bitumen originallysame test readt, on
I
3 Toxicity . Any dr,
q ,, washAgs or the like,passing from. the worl,
:I reams, ponds, rivers,etc., shall not, after dilub-?n by these
waters, haveany toxic effect upon p1m . 4 animal or fish life .
5 Particle chargeWhen tested in accordance with appendix C,
anionicemulsion, shall deposit on the anodej indicating thatthe
particles have a negative charge and cationicemulsion,,; sball.
deposit on the cathode, indicatingthat the partio', - have a
positive charge .NOTE
The chn n"~ F
ni amount of deposit will depend on theclass of emu6, , . ,A
-i,
6 Properties of emu
After sampling in accordance with appendix A,emulsions shall be
tested in accordance withappendices B tod. The properties of
anionic roademulsions shall be as given in Table I and
theproperties of cationic road emulsions shall be asgiven in Table,
2,
7 Containers and marking
7.1 Containers . No corrosion or attack shall occurbetweenthe
emulsion andthe container or bung andthe emulsion shall not be
adversely affected by thecontainer or bung .NOTE
The ti~, , i : iv~it metals or theiralloys may lead to
theevolution ol it,, ~
z;u" and On mulwmpwrd explosion of Mecontainer.
12 Marking. Containers shall be legibly labelledwith the
following minimum information:
a) the name wtrade mark ofthe manufacturer orsupplier
b) the date , of filling,
c) the number of this'Ai.e . BS 434/1 : 1984 ~,
Q the closs of erntilsion and nominal bindercontent
~-Ne I and Table 2) ;
e) the mwo ~ 9f contents in Ifflograins or volumelitres ;
0 the word "Anionic" or "Cationic" on the head ofthe container
which shall be coloured black forAnionic and areen for Cationic
;
g) the instructions to roll the drums before use,particularly in
the ease of 40 % binder contentemulsions :
W aninslovetiDocumentssimilar .r~ ,
rotect Irn frost.
tive to bulk deliveries shall provideinformation.
MarkingBS 434/1:1984 on or ~, ; rulation to a product. is a
claim by the jnanulactv~-~- , - ~t-ro the product has been
manufactured
in accordance with Me rewo,ras of Me stanthtrd- Ile accuracy
ofsuch a claini
- tii~ wfw, - , solely the manufacturet'sresponsibility.
Enquiries a~
iWainlity of third party certification to suppo! 1
~7
claims. should be addressed to tile
Director, Quality Assan~nv , 'P
7 - i ~~a t, British Standards Institution, Unford W-0 Ahh, ,~i
licynes NIKH 6LE in the case of
certifiattion marks qdmii~'
,f v BSI or to the appropriate authority for oth r-
ABS1 IN 1998
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Only for internal use!
C
C
'%
>+Q.fl
4)C
aJ
~ These viscosity values are intended to serve as asupplier.
~t BSI: 12-1948
Table 1- Properties of anionic road emulsions
BS 434-1:1984
N(3'f1~'
In special circumstances, class A1-60 emulsion with. a higher
viscosity can. be used for hand applcation provided that theemulson
conxplies with all the atherregxirements cifth s standard.a The
visca ities given in the table are suitable far use in hulk
spreaders complying with BS 1707 or BS 3136 ar for use in
handoperated sprayers complyng with . BS 3136 . As a general guide,
a maximum ~~iscosity of9E at the temperature ofthe spraying
iscoxxsidered to be suitable .
1y and other values xnay be agreed between the purchaser and
the
3
Property appendix Class ofanionio road emulsionsor clause
1-60 Al-55 Al-40 A2-57 A2-50 A3
Particle charge~~i__
neg. neg. neg. neg. neg. neg.
Residue on t10 ~m BS sieve (% (rnlrn),nxaximum} ~ U,1 a,05 0.05
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Kesdue on 150 ~m BS sieve(g per 100 mL, maximum) 1J.2 ~ 0.15
0.15 U.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Stability to mi.xng wth coarse aggxegrxte 20 to 20 to 20 to(lo
coagulation.} FJ,1 80 80 80 < ~o < ~o
Stability to mixing with cement(lo coagulation} E,2 >2
>2
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Only, or internal 6e!
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0-0
C:(D
BS 434-1 :1984
Residue on(% Onho, maximum)
Property
Residue on 150 p,m(g per 100 mL, maxinr. s .,oBinder contentWOn
57"Id-immum)Viscosity (degrees U , 7 ('11) at 20')Viscosity Redwood
N'
a The viscosity range in theand transit and viscosatzerthe
transverse distributioncomplying wth BS 1717.
Table 2 -Properties of cationic road exxxtxfsions
Coagulation of emulsion at"temperatureStorage stability (short
pf.-!riod test)(inversions to clear sediment, maxitnum)Storage
stability Clang y- ~~~~)d test)(9/6 water content diffe
;-,maximum)
lnspecial eireum-,aro
zclass K I-60 emulsion with a higher vistaNOTEemulsion complies
with all ' ira + , Iier rcquirements of this standard .
intended to serve as a guide only. Bitumen emulsions can change
in viscosity during storagethis range may be used by agreement
between the purchaser and the supplier provided thatownr,.-, of BS
1707 are met when the emulsions art, ;prayed in hot hinder
distributors
(e) RSI 12-1998
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Only for internal use!
Appendix A SamplingA.1 General. Draw samples of emulsion as soon
aspossible after delivery, preferably within 24 h, andtest within 7
days from the date of drawing. Do notexpose the samples to
temperatures below 0 OC .A.2 Deliveries in drums. Select and sample
atleast three drums.NOTE
This standard does not specify the exact number ofdrunis to be
sampled and this should be agreed between themanufacturerand the
purchaser.Thoroughly mix the contents of each drum to besampled by
rolling the container to and fro for aperiod of 2 min to 3 min
successively in oppositedirections, making at least five
revolutions in eachdirection and then up-ending each drum
throughtwo revolutions, first in one direction and then inthe
opposite direction. Then pour the whole contentsinto a clean drum
ofjust sufficient capacity,normally 200 L, stir and immediately
take aspecimen of at least 4 L. If residual matter ispresent in the
original container, submit a reportwith the specimen .
Useone of the three, or more, specimens for carryingout the
tests given in appendices C to J inclusiveand keep the other
specimens in reserve.Seal each drum so that it is airtight and
label withthe following information:
a) the manufacturer's name and description ofthe emulsion;
b) the class of emulsion;
c) the date of delivery ;
d) the date of sampling,e) the water content of the 4 L
specimen,determined in accordance with appendix F.
Use one of the drums and its contents for carryingout the test
given in J .2 .
A.3 Deliveries in bulk. Either sample by meansofa sampling
container over the whole depth of theemulsion, or take a sample at
the level of half thedepth of the emulsion, usingaweighted
container asshown in Figures 1 and 2 of BS 3195-1:1978.Take three
samples of at least 4 L each . Use one ofthe samples to prepare
specimens for carrying outthe tests described in appendices C to J
inclusiveandkeep the other two samples in reserve.NOTE
Reference should also be made to Part 2 of this standard .
(0 BSJ 12-1998
AA Test requirements . The test result from one ofthe 4 L
samples tested shall be compared with theappropriate limit(s) given
in Table 1 or Table 2. Ifthe test results do not comply with the
limit(s) givenin Table 1 or Table 2
,two further reserved samples
shall be tested and the test results of two out of anyof the
three samples tested shall comply with thelimit(s) given in Table 1
or Table 2.
Appendix B Preparation ofspecimensNOTE1
Notapplicable to class KI-70 emulsion .Prepare the 4 L specimen
by passing it througha 710 gm sieve as described in D.1, and use
thisemulsion, after gentle stirring immediately beforeuse, for all
tests.NOTE2
Theresidue on the 710 gm sieve maybe used to decideif the
specimen complies with limit(s) given in Table Iand Table
2.Appendix C Method for determinationof particle chargeNOTE
This method is technically equivalent to IP 292/73.C. I General.
This method identifies the type ofbitumen emulsion. A direct
current is passedthrough a bitumen emulsion between two
parallelplate electrodes . Deposition ofthe bitumen on one ofthe
twoelectrodes indicates whether the emulsion isof the anionic or
cationic type . Positively charged
rticles indicate that the emulsion is cationic,negatively
charged particles that it is anionic.
C.2.1 Current source, direct current,approximately 12 V to 15
V.
C.2.3 Variable resistor
C.2.4 Electrode leads
BS 434-1:1984
C.2.5 Electrodes, consisting of two stainless steelplates
approximately 75 mm long andapproximately 25 mm wide with an
immersionmark at 25 2 mm. An insulating device is used tohold the
plates parallel 25 2 mm apart in theemulsion sample during the
test.C.2.6 Beaker, of 150 mL capacity .C.2.7 Timing device,
stop-watch or other suitabledevice .
5
-
Only orintrn~use!
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ccz(1)= ~ z with BS 45, with anevaporation. residue n v
A~edingOQQT.E.1.3.3 Soap solution,potassium or sodium ~~ '~
awater.111.4 Nocedure . Clean K, iJass bottle with xylene,dry
it, wash with the swu- .Rolution and then withdistilled water, and
fi,na, liv d ry with a soft cloth orjap paper.Bring tile bottle and
all ttemperature betweenstart of the test and mr i ~ iitemperature
rang(.~ t
of not more than't miemulsion to the aggre,~,,; :A.machine.
After draining awaywater, place the sievfxylene into the
beaketthe sieve andthen pourWash the sieve and b,xylene andadd
thisclose the bottle, repla,it for a period of Ibitumen,
OWNS&Mm Amy !
f criggion chippmgs l)
erials to aand. 25 OC before the
within this+out the test.
Weigh 200 I g of Oik, -~~-,,,~-ogate into the bottle,followed by
20 0.2 gjl -nulsion which hass, beenpassed through the 7 1 0 ,,j
Tir-deve (E.1.2.6) . Screwonthe lid immediately, invert the bottle
and sharplytap on the base with the 1
ad so that the aggregateandemulsion fall freplvPlace the bottle
in the
'~,i,~ngnlachineintheinverted position andrW ~ ~ ~ end over end
140 times,(i .e . 140 complete 36U' r- ~Iutions) . Allow a
period
between. adding thestarting the rotating
rotating, machine,boiled, distilled water
Remove the bottle fromadd 200 1 mL of fre-Ii i vat 20 'C to 25
'C, rept-o.- -,, I-,elid and rotate in themachine 60 to 70 tim-- .
'-ten pass the wash waterand residual. emulsion Cs
the 710 pm sieve(E.1.2.6) and repeat 11 ,
,~,%,~-untilthewashingsremain clear.
possibleOf thc~L,~r . Ponr 100 mL of
he bitumen onsol ~ ition into the bottle.i ,,'Ii a further 100
mL ofaNo to the bottle . Then
aebine and rotate-olve the coagulated
Allow the bottle to stand for 30 min to permitdispersed water
and any aggregate dust to settle .R.emove two25 ml, aliquots ofthe
xylene solution bypipette and evaporate in the two weighed
nickeldishes by placing them for 1.5 hon the metal surfaceof a
boiling water bath in a fume cupboard . Cool ina desiccator .
Determine accurately the masses ofbitumen residue in the dishes and
if they differ bymore than 0.002 g repeat the procedure .E.1.5
Usethe mean bofthe two massesto calculate I
amount of binder coagulated as a.percentage of the total binder
originally present.Thecoagulation vahin expressed as a percentage,
isgiven by the expressi
bx8xIOO
~-O(where
b
is the
ofthe binder in 25 mL of xyleneso! ~ 7.t ; i ,
~i n g) ~-W
is the nmer content of the original emulsion(percentage by mass)
estimated inaccordance with appendix F.
E. 1.6 Reporting of results. Report coagulation valueas a
percentage to the nearest whole number.
E.2 Stability to mixing with cement (classes A2andA3 only)E.2.1
ApparatusE.2.L1 &eve, of 1 .4 min minal apeAure,
weighedandapproximately 100 mill in diameter and 40 mindeep and
coinplying with BS 410.E.2.1.2,Sieue, of 180 gin nominal
aperture,approxii-nateiy 200 mm in diameter and complyingwith BS 4
10 .E.2.1.3 Roatid-bottomed On dAk or similar metalutensil of
approximately 500 nil, eE.2.1.4 Steel rod with rounded
ends,approximately 13 mra in diameter .E.2.1.5 Baloare, of 250 g
capacity, readable andaccurate to 01 g.E.2.1.6 Gradutited cylinder,
of 100 mL capacity .E.2.1.7 Shallotopau, weighedand ofapproximately
50 nil, capacity andapproximately 110 min in diameter .E.2.1.8
11"ell oentilated oven, thermostaticallycontrolled at 105 5 OC
.K2.2 Material
M"~ 160-162 Abbey Foregate . Sbrvw~A~tirv.SY2 ( ;AV~
E.111 Ordbtary lortland ceinent, complying withBS 12, kept i a
sealed containers and not exposed tothe atmcaspb~'t- before use
.
V, BSI 12-1998
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Only for internal use!
M'a'Mr_cz(n
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E.2.3 Procedure. If the water content of theemulsion, determined
in accordance withippendix F, is below 50 %, dilute the emulsion
with
sbly boiled distilled water at 20 *C to 25 'C, to awater content
of 50 %.Sift a portion of the cement through the 180 pinsieve
(E.2.1.2) and weigh 50 g of the sifted cementinto the iron dish
.Weigh the 1.4 mm sieve (E.2.1.1) and the shallowpan to the nearest
0. 1 g (TV,).
Add 1.00 mL of the 50 % emulsion to the cement inthe dish and
stir the mixture at once with the steelrod with acircular motion,
making 60 completerevolutions during 1 min. immediately at the end
ofthe 1 min mixing period, or after a longer period ifnecessary to
obtain a homogenous mixture,add 150 mL offreshly boiled distilled
water at 20 "Cto 25 'C and continue stirring for 3 min. Maintainthe
ingredients and apparatus at a temperatureof 20 OC to 25 'C during
the mixing period .
Pourthe mixture throughthe 1.4 mm sieve (E.2.1 .1)rinse with
distilled water poured from a
receptacle held at a height ofapproximately 150 mm. Place the
sieve in the pan,heat them both in the oven at 105 5 'C until
dryand weigh them together to the nearest 0. 1 g (W2) .E.2.4
Calculation. Calculate the coagulation value,as a percentage, which
is given by the expression :
W,
W2
W2 __ IV, X 100T3
where
the mass of the weighed sieve and pan(in g) ;
(Q BSI 12-1998
is the mass of the sieve and pan, and thematerial retained in
and on them (in g) ;
is the mass of the binder in 100 mL of thediluted emulsion (in
g) determined by theprocedure in appendix F.
E.2.5 Reporting of results. Report the coagulationvalue as a
percentage to the nearest whole number.
Appendix F Method for determinationof water and binder
contentNui , i~,'
rhis method is based on IP 291/73 .F.1 General. The water
content as determined bythis method is used to calculate the binder
contentof an emulsion bv deducting the result from 100(see 2.5)
F.2 Aipparatus
NOTE
The apparatus is illustrated inFigure 1.
F.2.1 Glass still, of 500 mL capacity, comprising around-bottom
short-necked flask with a groundsocket for either a 24/29 or 34/35
joint, complyingwith BS 572, at the neck .F.2.2 Condenser,
consisting of a water-cooled refluxglass tube type having ajacket
not lessthan 300 mm. in length, with an inner tubeof 15 3 mm
external diameter . The lower end ofthe inner tube shall be ground
to an angle ofapproximately 60' to the axis . Thedrainage tip
shallfinish in a 19/26 cone .F.2.3 Receiver, ofannealed glass
complying with thedimensions given in Figure 1.F.2.4 Heater, such
as an electric heater.
F.3 Materials
F.3.1 Carrier liquid, petroleum or coal-tar spirit,free from
water and yielding not morethan 5 % (V/V) of distillate at 125 *C
and not lessthan 20 % (VIV)at 160 "C when tested as describedin BS
2000-123 .NOTE
Asuitable, carrier liquid is grade 3' or 5' xylenecomplyingwith
BS 458.FA Specimen. Ensure that the specimen isthoroughly
representative of the material to be
ted .F.5 Procedure. Weigh 30 g to 50 gof the emulsionto the
nearest 0. 1 g into the distillation still.Add 100 mL of the
carrier liquid and one or twoglass beads.Assemble the apparatus.
Insert a loose plug ofcotton wool in the top of the condenser tube
torevent the condensation of atmospheric moisture
e condenser tube .Heat cautiously andregulate so that the
condensatefalls from the end of the condenser at a rate of twodrops
to five drops per second . Continue until thevolume of waterin the
receiver is constant.Discontinue heating and cool to room
temperature.If any droplets of water are adhering to the sides
ofthe receiver or condenser, dislodge them with a finewire spiral .
Measure the volume ofwater.
F.6 Calculation and report. Calculate the watercontent,
expressed as a percentage by mass, whichis given by the
expression:
A X 100B
BS 434-1 :1984
where* is the volume of water in the trap (in mQ;* is the mass
of emulsion sample taken (in g) ;
Report the result to the nearest 0. 1 % (in /tit).F.7 Precision.
Results of duplicate tests shall notdiffer by more than the
following amounts:
a) repeatability: 1 .0 % (m/in);b) reproducibility: 2.0 %
(in/m).
-
1:15CnC:.5
0
(nCa).2 10-.1
BS 434-1:1984
All dimensions are in iNOTE 1 . Graduations to 0.2 ml- are
required on the receiver, though for clarity they are omitted from
this drawing.
NOTE 2. If apparatus with 1 glass bulb is used, then a dimension
30 mm to 60 mm may be used in place of 47 t ".), mm and 170 mm
to210 mm in place of IM - ~~, mm, provided the graduations in the
upper tube allow for the piouision tolerances in F
,7 to be achieved .
re I -Assembled apparatus for water content test
Y; BY 101998
-
Only for internal use!
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W
>1
0-00
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tApproximate distance between thermometer and bottom of cup.
Figure 2 - Erigier viscometer
Starring devoe
BS 434-1 :1984
. Measuring and ieveiting projections
TrTcd and adjustnq screws00,
1
i
i
Ali dimensions are in millimetres and are requirements of the
&onviscometer with the exception of those marked with an
asterisk,
(DLi
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11
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