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Lithium-Ion Battery+ Nano-technology
An Overview of the battery technology thatpowers our mobile society.
Bryan LambleEnergy Law, Spring 2008
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Battery History andBasics
The modern battery was developed by
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800.
Ingredients: Zinc, Saltwater paper, andSilver
An electrochemical reaction.
The Voltaic Pile
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Battery Chemistry
101Electrochemical reaction - a chemicalreaction between elements which createselectrons.
Oxidation occurs on the metals(electrodes), which creates the electrons.
Electrons are transferred down the pile via
the saltwater paper (the electrolyte).
A charge is introduced at one pole, whichbuilds as it moves down the pile.
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Primary vs.
Secondary BatteriesPrimary batteries are disposablebecause their electrochemical reaction
cannot be reversed.
Secondary batteries are rechargeable,because their electrochemical reaction
can be reversed by applying a certainvoltage to the battery in the oppositedirection of the discharge.
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Standard Modern
BatteriesZinc-CarbonZinc-Carbon: used in all inexpensive AA, C andD dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zincand carbon, with an acidic paste betweenthem that serves as the electrolyte.
(disposable)
AlkalineAlkaline: used in common Duracell andEnergizer batteries, the electrodes are zincand manganese-oxide, with an alkaline
electrolyte. (disposable)
Lead-AcidLead-Acid: used in cars, the electrodes arelead and lead-oxide, with an acidic electrolyte.
(rechargeable)
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Battery types (contd)
Nickel-cadmiumNickel-cadmium: (NiCd)
rechargeable,
memory effect
Nickel-metal hydrideNickel-metal hydride: (NiMH)
rechargeable
no memory effect
Lithium-IonLithium-Ion: (Li-Ion)
rechargeable
no memory effect
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Recharge-ability &
the memory effectRecharge-ability: basically, when thedirection of electron discharge (negative
to positive) is reversed, restoring power.the Memory EffectMemory Effect: (generally) When abattery is repeatedly recharged before ithas discharged more than half of its
power, it will forget its original powercapacity.
Cadmium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd)
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Lithium
Periodic Table Symbol: Li
Atomic Weight: 3 (light!)
Like sodium and potassium, an alkali
metal. (Group 1 #s 1 through 7)
Highly reactive, with a high energydensity.
Used to treat manic-depression becauseit is particularly effective at calming aperson in a manic state.
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The Periodic Table
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Lithium (Ion) Battery
DevelopmentIn the 1970s, Lithium metal was usedbut its instability rendered it unsafe andimpractical. Lithium-cobalt oxideLithium-cobalt oxide andgraphitegraphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.
The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly
lower energy density than Lithiummetal, but is much safer. Introduced bySony in 1991.
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Advantages of Using
Li-Ion BatteriesPOWERPOWER High energy density means greaterpower in a smaller package.
160% greater than NiMH220% greater than NiCd
HIGHER VOLTAGEHIGHER VOLTAGE a strong current allows itto power complex mechanical devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFELONG SHELF-LIFE only 5% discharge lossper month.
10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd
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Disadvantages of Li-
IonEXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.DELICATEDELICATE -- battery temp must bemonitored from within (which raises theprice), and sealed particularly well.
REGULATIONSREGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ionbatteries in bulk (which also raises theprice).
Class 9 miscellaneous hazardousmaterial
UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III,38.3)
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Environmental Impact
of Li-Ion BatteriesRechargeable batteries are oftenrecyclable.
Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic, and canbe extracted from the battery,neutralized, and used as feedstock fornew Li-Ion batteries.
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The IntersectionIn terms of weight and size, batteries have
become one of the limiting factors in thedevelopment of electronic devices.
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.php
The problem with...lithium batteries is that noneof the existing electrode materials alone candeliver all the required performance
characteristics including high capacity, higheroperating voltage, and long cycle life.Consequently, researchers are trying to optimizeavailable electrode materials by designing newcomposite structures on the nanoscale.
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Nano-Science and
-TechnologyThe attempt to manufacture and controlobjects at the atomic and molecularlevel (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter(10-9)
1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble :Earth
1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers
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Nano S & T (contd)Nano-scienceNano-science: research of thediffering behavioral properties ofelements on the nano scale.
Conductivity (electric/thermal),strength, magnetism, reflectivity....Sometimes these properties differon the nanoscale.
Carbon is particularly strong on thenano scale.
C60 = Fullerene, a.k.a buckyball
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Nano S & T (contd)Nano-technologyNano-technology: the use of nanoscalematerials in critical dimensions ofmechanical devices.
Nanotubes -- carbon molecules havegreater mechanical strength at lessweight per volume.
Nanotransistors -- the computer industrysbest technology features microchips withtransistors as small as 45nm.
Batteries with nanoscale materials deliver
more power quickly with less heat.
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Environmental Impacts
and Use ofNanotechnology
Smaller scale technology means lessresources used and less waste.
The EPA recently issued research grants
to use nanotechnology to develop newmethods of detecting toxins in water.
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An example of the
intersection...From graphite to metallic tin (electrodes),but metallic tin isnt great eitheryet.
...the biggest challenge for employingmetallic tin...is that it suffers from hugevolume variation during the lithiuminsertion/extraction cycle, which leads to
pulverization of the electrode and veryrapid capacity decay."
But nanotechnology could offer a solution...
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The Director of the Institute ofChemistry at the Chinese Academy ofSciences published a paper in Februarydescribing the novel carbonnanocomposite above as a promising[electrode] material for lithium-ionbatteries.
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Another example...The storage capacity of a Li-Ion battery
is limited by how much lithium can beheld in the battery's anode, which istypically made of carbon. Silicon has amuch higher capacity than carbon, but
also has a drawback.Silicon placed in a battery swells as itabsorbs positively charged lithium atomsduring charging, then shrinks during use
as the lithium ion is drawn out of thesilicon. This cycle typically causes thesilicon to pulverize, degrading theperformance of the battery.
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The Nano-technology
solution...The lithium is stored in a forest of tinysilicon nanowires, each with a diameter
one one-thousandth the thickness of asheet of paper. The nanowires inflate tofour times their normal size as they soakup lithium but, unlike other silicon
shapes, they do not fracture.
See next slide
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Photos taken by a scanning electron microscope ofsilicon nanowires before (left) and after (right)absorbing lithium. Both photos were taken at the samemagnification. The work is described in High-performance lithium battery anodes using siliconnanowires, published online Dec. 16 in NatureNanotechnology.
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The Potential of Li-Ion
BatteriesElectrodes that dont deteriorate
metallic tin with carbon hollow
spheres
silicon nanowires
2D & 3D battery design
Forested rods on a thin filmelectrode
Stacked rods in a truck bed
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Nano + Li-Ion = ?
Nanotechnology and Li-Ion applicationsin the commercialcommercial sector are apparent...
lighter, more powerful batteriesincrease user mobility and equipment
life.
DeWalt 36volt cordless power tools
Nanotechnology & Li-Ion applications in
the residentialresidential sector are not soobvious...
HVAC system batteries? Micro-
generated energy storage?
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Micro-Generated
Energy StorageLi-Ion batteries high energy densityallows batteries them to power complexmachinery.
Li-Ion batteries recharge quickly andhold their charge longer, which providesflexibility to the micro-generator.
particularly helpful for wind and solargenerators!
Lightness, and power per volume allowfor storage and design flexibility.
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Finally, an interesting
idea...Background:battery research results in annualcapacity gains of approximately 6%
Moores Law: The number oftransistors on a computer microchipwill double every two years. (40years of proof!)
Idea: If battery technology haddeveloped at the same rate, a heavyduty car battery would be the size of a
penny.
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Links to References
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm
http://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520batt
http://www.batteryuniversity.com
http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanow
http://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller
http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.php
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery6.htmhttp://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520batteryhttp://www.batteryuniversity.com/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.htmlhttp://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fullerhttp://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.htmlhttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.htmlhttp://www.batteryuniversity.com/http://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520batteryhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery6.htm