BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION Emily Cooksey
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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION
Emily Cooksey
A Little History
1865 Civil War ends 13th Amendment abolishes slavery
1866 Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
1868 14th Amendment ratified
Grants equal protection under the law and citizenship to ALL persons born in the United States
1870 15th Amendment ratified
African American men have the right to vote 1881
First "Jim Crow" laws
A Little More History
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate Car Act Segregated "separate but equal" intrastate public
transportation was constitutional. Led to even further segregation, especially in the South
1939 Clark Doll Tests
1949-1951 NAACP initiates 5 cases against school segregation in
different states 1954
Brown v. Board of Education
Life in the 1940’s
Life in the 1940’s
Economic Share cropping If they could find a wage/salary job:
Equal pay for teachers?
Life in the 1940’s
Educational $179 per white vs. $43 per black 61 black schools (6,531 pupils) total value
$194,575 12 white schools (2,375 pupils) total value
$673,850 35% over age ten illiterate
Life in the 1940’s
Political Voting
Literacy tests Poll Tax
Jim Crow Laws/ Etiquette Examples
Illegal to have whites and blacks in the same room, unless they were separated by a 7 foot or higher wall.
Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a white female
Blacks were not allowed to show public affection because it offended whites
A dozen black men were lynched a month
Life in the 1940’s
Personal Accounts Muhammad Ali
Olympic Gold Medalist in Boxing Jackie Robinson
First Black man in Major League Baseball Tuskegee Airmen
First black pilots
Clark Doll Test
Clark Doll Test
Dr. Kenneth Clark and Mamie Clark Stereotypes and children's self-perception in
relation to their race. Black children ages 6-9 were shown two dolls, one
white and the other black Show me the doll that you like best or that you would
like to play with. Show me the doll that is the 'nice' doll. Show me the doll that looks 'bad.‘ Give me the doll that looks like a white child. Give me the doll that looks like a colored child. Give me the doll that looks like you.
Clark Doll Test (cont.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZryE2bqwdk
Often chose to play with the white dolls more than the black ones.
‘White' = good and pretty. ‘Black' = bad and ugly.
The last question considered the worse Most of the black children had already
identified the black doll as the bad one.
The Five Cases
Delaware
Belton v. Gebhart Run-down segregated high school in a different
city vs a white school in the community Bulah v. Gebhart
Bus transportation for black children Results
Chancellor of the US District Court ruled that it was discrimination 11 black children should be admitted to white school
Board of education appealed the decision
Washington D.C.
Bolling v. Sharpe 11 young Black students applied to be
admitted to the John Philip Sousa Junior High School.
They were turned away Empty classrooms.
Results Argued the issue was segregation itself Dismissed
Segregated schools were legal in D.C.
South Carolina
Briggs v. Elliott Petition for school busses Backed by Principle DeLaine Used the findings of Clarks’ test
Segregation=psychological damage to black children
Results 2-1 loss “Equalization” DeLaine and Briggs lost their jobs
1 judge move to Florida
Virginia
Davis v. School County Board Students went on 2 week strike No gymnasium, cafeteria, infirmary or
teachers restrooms Results
Overturned. “Equalization”
Arkansas
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education Parents petitioned to enroll kids in white
schools Oliver Brown was first parent listed
Results Ruled against Accepted Clark’s evidence
Brown v. Board of Education
Taken to the US Supreme Court Used Clarks’ findings 14th Amendment violation
Didn’t require integration, but didn’t prohibit it. Results
Plessy v. Ferguson overruled Integrate schools!
Today?
Average white student: 73% white 8% black
Average black student 49 % black 28 % white.
Northeast: school segregation 42.7 % in 1968 to 51.4 % in 2011
Over ½ have poverty rates above 90%. 1.9% of schools serving whites have similar poverty rates
Clark studies still reach same results today https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSdKy2q6pEY
Questions
Even though there is legal integration now, how successful do you believe Brown v. Board of Education was in getting rid of segregation?
What are some ideas on how we could “change the results” of the Clark Doll Study in the future?
References
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/african-americans-in-the-twentieth-century/
http://orig.jacksonsun.com/civilrights/sec1_crow.shtml “Simple Justice” by Richard Kluger http://www.nps.gov/brvb/learn/historyculture/people.htm http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/
2014/05/brown_v_board_of_education_60th_anniversary_america_s_schools_are_segregating.html
http://www.usca.edu/aasc/briggsvelliott.htm “Grappling with Diversity: Readings on Civil Rights
Pedagogy and Critical Multiculturalism” by Susan Schramm-Pate and Rhonda B. Jeffries
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