Brown R.a. the Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement at Woodcock Hall, Saham Toney,

The Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement at Woodcock Hall, Saham Toney,Norfolk

Robin A. Brown

Britannia, Vol. 17. (1986), pp. 1-58.

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The Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement at Woodcock Hall,

Saham Toney, Norfolk By R O B I N A . B R O W N

THE Romano-British settlement at Woodcock Hall, Saham Toney, Norfolk (FIG. I ) has been known since the mid-19th century when a local landowner, Thomas Barton of Threxton, donated some artefacts to the Castle Museum in Norwich. The site lies

mainly in the parish of Saham Toney, but remains have been found in the adjoining parishes of Threxton and Little Cressingham. The site has not been identified with any place mentioned in the British section of the Antonine Itinerary, but Camboritum, the most likely site, is now thought to refer either to Hockwold-cum-Wilton or to Lackford, although the suggested translation of the name: 'the ford at the bend of the river' would suit the Woodcock Hall site well. The site has never been professionally excavated, either wholly or in part.

The quantity of artefacts found during systematic field-walking suggests that much can be learned by the analysis of surface evidence without necessarily resorting to excavation. What is required is a constant year-by-year field-walking programme, throughout all seasons, for a period not less than 5 years, but ideally more.

The amount of material thus recovered cannot adequately be dealt with in a short article and a restraint has been imposed in order to discuss some of the finds and their significance in greater detail. For example, the total coin collection from the site is at present more than 2,500 coins up to the end of the Roman period. To this end discussion is limited to the period prior to A.D. IOO in order to demonstrate that models can be formulated to suggest the probable sequence of events before, during and after the Roman conquest, the size of the settlement and aspects of its economic development.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The settlement lies at the junction of the boulder clay plateau of central East Anglia and the well-drained Breckland z o n e . ' ~ h e geophysical nature of the local area is of an undulating,

This paper is based in part on a degree dissertation. Acknowledgements and thanks for assistance are due to the following: Barbara Green & Tony Gregory (Roman and Iron Age material), Graham Webster (Roman military equipment), Richard Reece (Roman coins), Terence Volk and Colin Haselgrove (Celtic coins). Don Mackreth and Richard Hattatt (brooches). Ian Scott (ironwork). Ralph Jackson (Roman bronzework). Miranda Green (cult items) and Robert Kenyon (Claudian coins).

R O B I N A . B R O W N

FIG.I . The Woodcock Hall Settlement Site.

3 T H E I R O N A G E A N D ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT A T WOODCOCK H A L L

wooded character, and the falling water-table has resulted in the typical 'dry valleys' of the region. The stream that bisects the site was once much wider and deeper, but has now been canalised by dredging. Nevertheless, it is subject to extravagant meanderings between interlocking spurs of high ground on either bank which suggests the terrain has experienced a slow but regular uplift in recent geological times. The stream that divides the site is caused to turn sharply south by one such pair of interlocking spurs (FIG. I) passing through a constriction which, on 19th-century maps, is named 'The Straits'. From this point the stream enters a low-lying marshy meadow before resuming its original direction.

To the south of the stream the soil is light and well drained and objects of bronze have been found in excellent condition and with a clear, bright patina. To the north of the stream the soil is heavier and not so well drained and metal objects are not so well preserved. In the vicinity of the stream the peaty margins, which corrode metal severely, are an indication of areas of still water in the past, possibly in pre-Roman and in mediaeval times.

THE SITE

The settlement lies on the Peddar's Way Roman road that runs north-west/south-east across west Norfolk. In the vicinity of the site no trace now remains of its alignment although the approximate route can be inferred by extending the last known stretches to the north and south, but as this results in two off-set alignments at the settlement it would seem likely that a dog-leg connection within the built-up area north of the bridge constituted the necessary link. Initially it would appear that the settlement was established in the late Iron Age, probably by enlarging some form of habitation that was already there. This move into a river valley echoes similar movements in other parts of late Iron Age lowland Britain where political and economic factors were instrumental in initiating the migration of communities from hill-top locations down onto the new trade routes.*

Evidence for this lies in the spread of Icenian coins (FIG. 3) and the scatter of early brooches (FIG. 6) over an area north and south of the stream, suggesting a date for the foundation of the settlement in the first, or possibly second quarter of the 1st century A.D.

The river crossing point, which initially was probably no more than a ford, is particularly rich in riverine deposits of coins and brooches. Three of the four gold coins found on the site originate from the stream bank, while a secondary crossing point is also indicated by a group of finds a few hundred metres downstream.

The initial Roman presence is a military one, with the siting of a Claudian fort on high ground overlooking the river. Evidence for this fort, which appears to overlie earlier Celtic occupation, comes in the form of a scatter of mid-first-century military metalwork which is discussed in more detail later in the paper (below, pp. 42f.).

The date for the occupation of the fort rests largely on coin evidence, both Icenian and Roman, and it would appear probable that this occurred in the aftermath of the first Icenian uprising of A.D.47 rather than after Boudica's rebellion of A.D.60/61.

The vicus that may have attended the fort was probably much reduced by the events of Boudica's revolt and defeat, and both coin and brooch evidence appears to show a decline in occupation with only a gradual recovery in the latter part of the 1st century A.D. Thereafter the settlement appears to have become a market for the local area, served by a ring of small farmsteads and the network of Roman roads that cross the region. Apart from some economic or political reversal that is suggested by the comparative shortage of late

B. Cunliffe. Iron Age Communiries in Britain (London, 1974). 285; idem in B. Cunliffe and T. Rowley (eds.) Oppida in Barbarian Europe, B A R Suppl. Vol. 1 1 (1976), 148.

4 R O B I N A . B R O W N

third-century coins, the settlement seems to have survived until the first part of the 5th century, with finds of well-worn coins of Theodosius I, Arcadius and Honorius that suggest continuing occupation into the early Anglo-Saxon settlement period.

The Roman settlement that developed after the abandonment of the Claudian fort was concentrated almost entirely to the north of the stream, unlike the late Iron Age village that lay on both banks. What little evidence there is of activity south of the stream between the 2nd and 5th centuries may indicate some occupation on a small scale, or it may be nothing more than traces of agricultural activity.

North of the stream the settlement lay on gently rising ground with a southern aspect. Here there is more room for expansion, and on the flanks of the site marshy ground may have afforded some protection, although the settlement eventually expanded across it. Fresh water can be obtained from the river, or from wells that need be no deeper than about 5 m (16 ft) to draw water from the top of the underlying clay.

Thus many of the criteria suggested by ~ o d w e l l ~ areas settlement location factors satisfied, and the subsequent economic success of the site is shown by the quantities of pottery, including much samian, the variety and quality of metalwork and the traces of several substantial structures that can be seen whenever the fields are ploughed.

The settlement location would have allowed for the exploitation of two differing economic zones, the Breckland heath which has supported cereal farming probably since Neolithic times4 and the dense woodlands of the central East Anglian plateau for hunting and pasturage and for plentiful timber.' The river and the water-meadows would have been rich in wildfowl, as they are to-day, and in fish.

Modern agricultural techniques involve the use of heavy plant, drainage machines, dredging equipment, tractors and deep ploughing, heavy lorries and huge harvesters. Many artefacts that are picked up off the surface are in a fragile condition and many are broken. Metal objects are often in need of immediate treatment to save them from deterioration, due probably more to the effects of farm slurry and agrochemicals than the effects of the previous millennia in the soil. In a real sense the retrieval of surface evidence can thus be classed as 'rescue archaeology'.

Since much of the following argument devolves on the find-spots of surface evidence, it may be argued that objects could have moved quite appreciably since the day they were discarded. There may have been a gentle downhill drift in places, due to actions associated with farming or the effects of rain, but probably only on steeper slopes than are found at this site. Clarke6 discusses the movement of 'buffered particles' and concludes they probably do not move very far, even over a long time span. This proposition appears to agree with much of the evidence from the site, and in particular from the fort, as will be seen from the maps (FIGS. 4 and 27).

THE FINDS

COINS

A total of 204 coins are listed in Table I , up to and including those of the reign of Nerva. Trajanic coins are omitted since it is unlikely they would have reached the settlement before

WW.Rodwell in B. Cunliffe and T. Rowley, op. cit. (note 2), 290. W. Pennington, The History of British Vegetation (London, 1969), 71. R. Rainbird Clarke, East Anglia (London, 1971)~ 16, I7 and 75. D.L. Clarke, Models in Archaeology (London, 1972), 806.

5 T H E IRON AGE AND ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT AT WOODCOCK HALL

I i I I I I I 1 i I I i I

I .A . , Claudius Nero Viteliius Vesp. Titus Domit. Nerva Traian Hadrian E l ius A.Pius M.Aurei Roman L.Verus RepublicOtC.

I- - 1

Period covered by report * after Ravetz

FIG. 2 . Histogram of Coins Found

the end of the 1st century. No hoard has been found within the settlement area, each coin listed being an individual find. However two Icenian coins (Nos. 44 and 45) are of very similar appearance and were found within inches of each other, and another Icenian coin (No. 43) was found adhering to a sherd of pottery, two possible indications of hoards.

To illustrate the quantities of coins found by reigns, FIG. 2 is a histogram indicating comparisons, using Dr Ravetz's f ~ r m u l a , ~ of reigns up to the end of the 2nd century A.D.

This indicates 'peaks' in the reigns of Claudius and Vespasian, the first as a result of the planting of the fort and the second suggesting the economic recovery of the settlement after the Boudican revolt.

I . British coins Under this general heading are grouped the four gold coins, all but one of which came from the area of the stream as if they were deliberately deposited there (FIG. 3).One other gold

'A. Ravetz, Num. Chron. (1965), 15


stater is reported to have been found in or near the stream in the 1930s by the wife of a local farmer, but its whereabouts to-day are not known. No. 4, the so-called 'Irstead' quarter- stater appears to be a rare coin since Allens only records two others, one of which was found at Irstead in Norfolk in 1880.

2 . Icenian coins If it were not for the questions raised concerning the role of coins in the late Iron ~~e~ there would appear to be little to distinguish in the pattern of Icenian coin finds across the settlement from the pattern resulting from a full monetary economy in the later Roman period. If this scatter of Icenian coins does in fact represent casual coin-losses of a people involved in a market economy then it is possible they were financially more sophisticated than has been thought hitherto. However, the nature of their monometallic coinage seems virtually to preclude this and it seems more likely that the quantity of individual coin finds (60 coins) represents, at least in part, the ploughed out evidence of coin caches or small hoards, never recovered for some reason or other.

ase el grove" remarks on the relatively high incidence of silver coin-losses on settlements in the peripheral coin-using areas and suggests this was compatible with a 'fully social economy', which was in all probability the case on this settlement. Although the total of Iron Age coin finds from this one site is an impressive one, placing it amongst the 'richest' of the minor settlements in Rodwell's table,'' it probably reflects no more than the results that can be obtained by continuous and intensive field-walking for a long period.

Coin weights of the Icenian coins given in Table I are invariably lighter than Allen's average weights.12 This discrepancy may be due to a variety of factors involving, among other things, Allen's examples coming from hoards (which could mean they represented selected coins of better quality and weight). Furthermore, coins existing in a ploughsoil environment for nearly two millennia would suffer wear in greater proportion to coins protected by containers, and casual coin-finds may have been circulating for longer than those removed from circulation by hoarding. A group of very underweight coins (Nos. 26, 34, and 54) includes one that disintegrated shortly after finding, No. 54 is only a fragment and No. 23 broke while in storage, which indicates the fragile nature of many of the coins turning up in the ploughsoil. Some coins are so badly worn that identification of the type and style is often difficult. The collection contains some hitherto unrecorded examples (Nos. 6, 27, 55, 56 and 57). So far no die-link has been noted.

The three designs of Icenian coins (BoarIHorse, FaceIHorse, PatternIHorse) were probably not all struck contemporaneously, but were almost certainly in circulation at the same time.13 It is possible that the significance of the three designs may lie in the various sub-tribes suggested by Caesar's reference to the Cenimagni.l4~ l l e n ' ~in his examination of Icenian coins records the following percentages of designs: BoarIHorse 7%, FaceIHorse 30%, PatternIHorse 60% and miscellaneous (presumably other Celtic tribal issues) 3%. The sample from this settlement is somewhat different, being BoarIHorse 24.3% (notably larger), FaceIHorse 12.8% (much less), PatternIHorse 39.7% (less) and non-Icenian coins 23% (much larger). The discrepancy may be the result of the settlement sample being

* D.F. Allen, Britannia i (1970)~ 27. 'Rodwell, op. cit. (note 3). 21 I . "' C.C. Haselgrove in B.C. Burnham and H.B. Johnson (eds.) Invasion and Response BAR 73 (1979), 204. " Rodwell, op. cit. (note 3). table I on p. 315. " Allen, op. cit. (note 8). 22-3. '"bid. fig, 8; A . Gregory, Iron Age Coinage in Norfolk (Norwich, 1977). tables I & 2. '"odwell, op. cit. (note 3). 215. '' Allen, op. cit. (note 8) , 8 .

7 T H E IRON A G E A N D R O M A N O - B R I T I S H S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L


somewhat smaller, 82 compared to 208, but it could also point to the site being in the area that produced BoarIHorse coins. In support of this notion is the finding of six fragments of coin-flan mould in the stream area. A sample was subjected to tests by the British Museum Research ~ a b o r a t o r y ' ~ in March 1983, and the conclusion reached was that it had been used in the production of silver coinage, suggesting there was indeed an Iron Age mint on the site.

The discrepancy between Allen's totals of non-Icenian coins and those found at the settlement may lie in a high percentage of them being bronze (ten; over half). These are unlikely to have been stored away in hoards as 'wealth', the type of deposit that Allen was examining. Nevertheless, the presence of non-Icenian coins is an indication of the connections the settlement had with other areas, possibly lying on a trade route to the south and south-west, with contact not only with near neighbours such as the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes, but also more distant 'down the line' trade with the Cantii, Atrebates and Durotriges.

The most likely interpretation of the Iron Age coin-evidence is that the Icenian silver represents the remains of small unretrieved hoards that have been ploughed out and scattered, hoards that may not have contained more than a few coins, perhaps hidden under hut-floors. The non-Icenian coins, particularly those in and around the stream, whether bronze, silver or gold, may represent ritual deposits of some sort, although the presence of the bronze also suggests that there was some need amongst the Iceni for a form of 'small change' for some purpose and, furthermore, that there was some mechanism whereby it could be acquired.

Among the Icenian coins there are relatively few of the late issues, only two ECEN, and one SAENV and two possibly with symbol inscriptions, coins that together span the period from about A . D . 50 to 61, a small percentage in comparison with the earlier issues. This suggests that late Icenian coinage, anything later than the issues of Antedios, did not circulate on the settlement in any great quantity after the late 40s or early 50s. In Allen's list these late coins form 35% of the total and their absence here indicates there was little or no Iron Age coinage circulating after the revolt of A.D 47, a notion that tends to support the idea that the site was economically impoverished, if not deserted.

3. Roman coins ( F I G S . 4-5) The earliest Roman coins are two silver denarii of the Republic, dating respectively from 74 B.C, and c. 67 B.c., two 'legionary' denarii of Mark Antony, a denarius of Caesar and three aes of Augustus. The presence on a site of such early coins is not unusual as Robertson points out17 and legionary denarii have been found in hoards as late as Severus and Postumus. What seems more significant is the large group of Claudian aes 'copies' which, with three exceptions, are to be found clustered round the probable fort site south of the stream.

The origin and purpose of the Claudian 'copies' have recently been discussed by Boon and ass all'^ in relation to the examples found at Usk, and the conclusion that they were minted for and by the army seems to be supported by the evidence from this site. Had the Claudian aes been minted by anyone else, which, in this case can only mean indigenous coin-makers, then the spread of copies ought to correspond more nearly to the extent of the

I h British Museum, R.L. File no. 4615. " A.S. Robertson in J . Casey and R. Reece (eds.) Coins and the Archaeologist BAR no. 4 (1974), 19. '* G.C. Boon & M. Hassall, The Coins, Inscriptions and Graffiti. Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965-1976

(Cardiff, 1982). 3-5.

FIG 4. Find-Spots of Roman Coins: Republic to Nero.

I 0 R O B I N A . B R O W N

pre-Roman settlement. As it is, the distribution of aes copies corresponds almost exactly to the area of the military metalwork finds.

In the Tabulated List of coins (Table I ) an attempt has been made to grade the Claudian aes by reference to their weight, diameter and by a somewhat subjective appraisal of their quality. Of the total of 35 'copies' seventeen are suggested as Grade I, five Grade 1/11, ten Grade 11, two Grade 111111 and one Grade 111. The bias towards the higher grades, together with the presence of coins copied from issues of Agrippa, Germanicus and Augustus points towards the fort site occupation dating A . D . 46-c. 54 on the following basis:'"

< Claudius --r=rNero -Regular

issues Good copies Poor copies Grade I Grade I1 Grade I11 Grade IV Grade V

A.D. 41k 1 46-50 49-54 52-58 1 56-62 60-66 Woodcock Hall group

Furthermore the absence of the late aes copies (Grade IV) suggests a break in occupation from about A.D. 58, with regular monetary use not recommencing until the arrival of the regular issues of Nero, minted from A.D. 64, by which time the fort had long since been abandoned. The concentration of aes copies within the confined area south of the stream suggests some restraint whereby circulation of these coins was confined effectively to military per~onnel .~ ' Either the local inhabitants were excluded from handling this currency (in which case the question arises - what were the troops supposed to spend their money on?), or there were no locals in the vicinity to use it.

The preponderance of Group I and I1 Claudian aes copies must also have some bearing on the absence of late Icenian coinage mentioned above. In the post-Boudican period Icenian coins would have been swiftly confiscated and demonetarised and there seems little likelihood of any remaining in private hands after A.D. 60161. The absence of late Icenian coins of the period A.D. 50 to 61, linked to some political, economic or, most likely, military disaster, surely points to the reduction of the flourishing Icenian settlement to such an extent that patronage no longer existed and the mechanism relating to the distribution of wealth was dismantled and dispersed.

If this interpretation is correct it sheds some light on the relations between Rome and a client kingdom. In the aftermath of the abortive uprising of A.D. 47 the Romans felt it politically and militarily advisable to place garrisons deep in Icenian territory, specifically that part of the territory that had given trouble. To supply these garrisons and to ensure the swift movement of troops in any future disturbance military roads were driven through the region, check-points set up at river crossings and the area patrolled by auxiliary cavalry. There is evidence of Roman military influence in the period of Prasutagus's rule in the design and construction of the enclosure at Gallow's Hill, Thetford, from which site items of Roman military equipment have come.

If the events of A.D. 47 had virtually destroyed the settlement, no doubt those of A.D. 60161 would have had even more dire consequences. The fate of the auxiliary fort at the outset of the Boudican revolt may be irrelevant, since the coin-evidence suggests it was abandoned and dismantled by about A.D. 58, if not earlier, but the fate of the vicus, presuming there was one, could have been violent, either at the start of the revolt or in the subsequent Roman reoccupation of Iceni territory during the clades Icenorum.

" From notes prepared by R. Reece for the author in 1981. Perhaps along similar lines to the post-1945 British Army BASVs token currency that was used solely by

British military personnel and their dependents in canteens and NAAFIs in the Occupied Zone in Germany.

THE IRON A G E A N D R O M A N O - B R I T I S H SETTLEMENT A T WOODCOCK H A L L I I

The virtual absence of Claudian aes copies in the area of the presumed vicus may imply a barter economy, and no doubt this situation persisted for some time, possibly throughout the rest of the first century A.D. The acceptance of the concept of a monetary economy must have been slow and the presence of coins of Nero, Vespasian and other first-century emperors does not necessarily prove an immediate adoption of 'sophisticated' marketing methods. Indeed these coins may not have circulated on the site or in the surrounding districts for many years, although the building of a mutatio or any other official or semi-official establishment would have resulted in coinage being used, even if only within a restricted circle.

FIG. 5 shows the spread of coins dating from A.D. 59 to the end of the first century. It also appears to show the probable extent of the settlement, based principally north of the stream, and the continued use of the two crossing points. Activity on the old fort site seems sparse.

The fate of the vicus mav have been violent (there is no evidence one way or the other), but what seems plain is' that the fort site 'was not reoccupied. The -post-~oudican development of the settlement was, therefore, not the direct result of the existence of an established vicus, which was the case elsewhere, but must have been due to other circumstances.

Conceivably the Romans recognised the importance of the site in terms of the requirements of tribal government in this part of Icenian territory, however depopulated it might have been. Perhaps the economic infrastructure, supported now by the network of new roads, led to the re-establishment of the settlement on the old site, and the siting of a mutatio or mansio would soon have attracted natives back.

BRONZE OBJECTS

I . Bow Brooches The finding over a period of years of 153 complete or fragmentary bow brooches and 32 other brooches provides a sample that is large enough to base some hypotheses on. The majority of the brooches are in some way incomplete, as would be expected, but quite a large proportion of the bow brooches (about 34%) have apparently been deliberately mutilated. This mutilation takes the form either of crushing, or, more commonly, by cutting or breaking the brooch about midway down the body, resulting in a selection of upper or lower halves.

This mutilation must surely be associated with the evidence for bronze-smelting that seems to have taken place at various locations within the settlement boundaries, including the fort site. Over ninety fragments of bronze 'melts', weighing 1.9 kg (4 lb), have been picked up, and one fragment still has the sprue or casting-jet attached.

The cutting or crushing of brooches to fit into smelting crucibles seems a reasonable explanation, although it will be seen (FIGS. 8-22) that some of the cut fragments, No. 142 for example, are far larger than complete brooches, and even the smallest brooches, Nos. 133 or 134, are likewise cut in half, though it would appear obvious they could fit into a crucible whole. The question remains as to why it was felt necessary to 'deactivate' brooches regardless of their size, whether it was to prevent them from being stolen and repaired once they were marked down for smelting, or whether some other explanation is required.

All the brooches found on the settlement are illustrated in FIGS. 8-25. The find-spots of the earliest groups of bow-brooches are shown in FIG. 6 and these can be compared to the spread of Icenian coins as shown in FIG. 3, illustrating the growth and extent of the

I 2 ROBIN A . B R O W N

FIG. 5. Find-Spots of Roman Coins: Vitellius to Nerva.

T H E IRON AGE AND ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT AT WOODCOCK HALL I3

FIG. 6. Find-Spots of early Bow Brooches

I 4 R O B I N A . B R O W N

settlement up to the period of the military occupation. Naturally pre-conquest brooches predominate, with the later types associated with the arrival of the Roman army, notably the Hod Hill group, completing the picture. The range of the early brooches strongly suggests that the settlement was affluent and well established by the end of the first quarter of the 1st century A . D . .

In the same way that coins cannot be relied upon too heavily to point towards events and dates, brooches have to be treated with caution. A brooch could remain in use, or be retained as an heirloom perhaps for a couple of senerations before being lost or discarded, while fashion, or taste, might be conservative or innovative when viewed in comparison with similar sites elsewhere, so that too much emphasis cannot be placed on find-spots to support this or that argument, particularly within a relatively confined area of go acres.

It would be convenient for the argument for the placing of the fort-site if a group of Hod Hill types had been found there instead of only one. Possibly the military were more careful in ridding their site of old brooches, possibly deep pits still contain the evidence, or perhaps the group at the stream crossing is a clue to the method of disposal. The sole Hod Hill brooch from the fort-site (No. 111) seems to have been on its way to a bronze-smith's crucible when it was lost, perhaps an indication of their normal fate.

The large group of brooches from the two stream crossing points is an assemblage that

R A V E T Z " F A C T O R

..t,m.t. Of

B R O O C H - T V P E S r C B R O O C H E S In USE-

'af1.r R.v .1~

FIG. 7. BOW Brooch totals related to dates.

THE IROU 4 G E 4 U D RO\tr \hO-BRIT1511 SETTLEMENT AT l 3 0 0 D C O C K [{ALL I 5

may have been subject to distortion by factors such as the eroding of the stream banks, o r flooding, o r the presence of bridge abutments and piles. Proportions of brooches on Romano-British sites could be an important subject for study, but so far little work seems to have been done to produce a 'standard' assemblage from which comparisons could be drawn. North of the stream the bow-brooch scatter represents finds of diverse origins and is, in a sense, a 'natural' group unlike the finds from the stream. North of the stream the balance of imported to native brooches is almost the reverse of the picture south of the stream; possibly different strata of society occupied different parts of the settlement.

The high proportion of Colchester derivatives at this site is not reflected at Camulodu-num, although the percentage of Langton Downs, Eye brooches and Double-Lugs are a good match. Langton Downs seem to have been more popular than Rosettes, but this may be no more than a reflection of some imbalance in market forces, perhaps Rosettes were too expensive. Nevertheless the picture emerges of a reasonably prosperous population, attracting traders from the south both before and after the conquest.

FIG. 7 uses a modified form of D r Ravetz's formula on coin losses, in which a graph has been constructed indicating the proportion of brooches being lost (therefore an approximate equivalent to those in circulation) at various times during the 1st century. Making allowances for the potential inaccuracies and biases (which probably cancel out) , the peak of the brooch losses occurs in the mid-30s A D after a gradual rise over the previous twenty years, thereafter there is a decline that only begins to show signs of recovery towards the end of the century. The peak of the graph is accentuated by the larger numbers of Colchester rear-hook brooches (a poor design that probably broke with irritating regular- ity) and the influx of Hod Hill brooches which, although they had a longer life span than rear hooks, are second in terms of apparent popularity.

It would be interesting to be able to understand the market forces involved to account for the rise and fall in brooch quantities; possibly the Colchester rear-hook variety was a cheap brooch to manufacture and put together; perhaps the seemingly inefficient design meant that the turnover was greater and the settlement's bronze-smelting industry profited as a result. O n the other hand, as suggested above, the peak of brooch losses could be due simply to an increase in the population, and increasing wealth for a wider spectrum of the inhabitants.

Catalogue

No. I .

No. 2 .

No. 3. No. 4. No. 5 .

No 6. No. 7.

No. 8. No. 9.

La Tene 1. Thls 1s miss~ng the spring and pin. No decoration, but a small circular recess in the turned up foot may once have held enamel or glass. This brooch. No. 4 and No. 3 appear to come from the same workshop by virtue of the snout on the foot disc; all probably date from early to mid-4th century B c to the early 3rd century B c " La Tene I . Missing the coiled spring and pin and part of the turned up foot. La Tene I. Complete. Longitudinal ribbed decoration on the body. Found in the stream bed. La Tene I Missing a portion of the coiled spring and all the pin. La Tene 111. The brooch is badly distorted and lacks most of the catch-plate and foot. Traces of decoration on the flattened portion of the body. Dates from about A D 2"35, La Tene 111. A small, plain brooch, missing most of the foot and catch-plate. spring partly distorted. Colchester. An example of a pre-conquest type that continued until about A D 5 5 . This one is very fragile and lacks half the spring, pin and catch-plate. Colchesrer Badly distorted and lacking most of the pin and catch-plate. One vestigial wing is bent. Colchester. In poor condition, show~ng the effect of peaty conditions near the stream. Only a vestige of the forward hook remains.

" C.F.C. Hawkes, in litt.


FIG. 8. Bow Brooches, Nos. 1-8. (Sclae I : I )

T H E IRON A G E A N D R O M A N O - B R I T I S H S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L I7

FIG, y. BOW Brooches, Nos. y 1 8 .

R O B I N A B R O W N

FIG 10. BOW Brooches, Nos. 1 ~ 2 8 .

THE IRON AGE: A N D R O M A S O - B R I T I S H S E T T L E M E S T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L I9

S c a l e 1 1

FIG 11. BOW Brooches, Nos. 2 ~ 3 5 .


No. 10. Colchester. Also in poor condition and with pin badly distorted, but the forward hook still holds the chord securely.

No. 11. Colchester. Pierced catch-plate. No. 12. Colchester. A more attractive example, probably of continental origin. Moulded decoration down the

length of the body and with an incised semi-circular mark on the head which once outlined the forward hook. Rocker-arm decoration on both sides of the catch-plate.

No. 13. Colchester. An attractive small example of the type, which is complete but for part of the pin. The catch-plate and foot are slightly damaged.

No. 14. Colchester. A sturdy example with a pierced catch-plate with rocker-arm decoration and decorated wings.

No. 15. Colchester. Similar in many respects to No. 14 above. File marks visible on the catch-plate and under the body. Lacks only the pin and two turns of the spring.

No. 16. Colchester. One wing distorted and lacks pin and spring. Rocker-arm decoration on one side of the catch-plate.

No. 17. Colchester. Complete but for the pin, about half the spring and catch-plate lip. Part of the chord still in position.

No. 18. Colchester. Complete but crushed flat. No. 19. Unclassified. An unclassified pre-conquest type, probably dating from before A . D 30. Small flat wings,

but no trace of the forward hook of the Colchesters. Zig-zag moulding down the body. No. 20. Unclassified. Probably of continental origin. Complete. Has the same width of wing as No. 19, but the

pin is hinged with a tension lug. Note the hinge detail and how the upper level of the wings differ slightly. Apart from the pierced catch-plate decoration only on the wings.

No. 21. Catch-plate, possibly Colchester. The brooch body has been cut or snapped. No. 22. Catch-plate, possibly Colchester. NO. 23. Catch-plate, possibly Colchester. From a large brooch and with quite an elaborate pierced design. NO. 24. Catch-plate, probably Colchester. Vertical ribbing on the foot. NO. 25. Catch-plate, probably Colchester. Cable decoration down the body. No. 26. Unclassified. An unidentified type with a Langton Down cylindrical hood, but with a plain body that has

only three horizontal ribs for decoration. Pierced catch-plate. Unclassified.An unidentified type with a cylindrical hood enclosing the spring. Two raised ribs across a slender body, possibly a development of No. 26 above.

No. 28. Unclassified. Possibly a form of Langton Down. The body has a single raised decorative spine. Pierced catch-plate. Badly distorted.

No. 29. Eye-brooch (Augenfibel). Complete. A type that is comparatively rare in Britain. Contemporary with Colchester brooches but going on until the 80s or 90s. Introduced into Britain from Germany with the military. Early Rosette (or Collared brooch). Possibly dating from the first quarter of the 1st century A . D . Pin, most of the catch-plate and foot are missing. The spring is only partly hooded and it has a wide, flat forward hook. A one-piece brooch. Rosette. The body is made in three parts, rivetted together at the centre. Most of what was probably a diamond or circular-shaped plate is missing. Pierced catch-plate. Rosette. Dates from about A.D. 2-40, Lacks the pin and most of the catch-plate. The central diamond-shaped plate appears to have been designed to be removable, and to snap into place under the circular disc at the foot of the arched bow.

No. 33. Rosette. Fragment of a Rosette brooch with attractive and detailed decoration on the arched bow and circular disc. Lacks the foot and spring.

No. 34. Foot and catch-plate, probably from a Rosette. No. 35. Rosette. Fragment of a large brooch, with pin complete, but lacking the arched bow and most of the

body. No. 36. RosetteiThistle. A cheaper and later version of the type shown above, and dating from the late Claudian

period to about A.D. 60. A hinged pin, which is missing, was held by a Hod Hill type rolled-under head. A plate, or rosette is also missing.

No. 37. Rosette derived brooch. Dates from about A D 35-50. Has a rear-hook chord attachment. Melon-bead effect on the central rlng. Lacks all the foot. the spring and the pin."

No. 38. Rosette derived brooch. Silvered bronze. Rather decayed, and lacks one wing, most of the foot, the spring and the pin. Langton Down. A brooch with thick and clumsy body, plain except for some decoration on the spring housing. Pierced catch-plate.

"D.F. Mackreth, Britannia xiii (1982), 3 1 ~ 1 5 reports on a similar example.

TI lE IRON A G E AND ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT AT WOODCOCK HALL 2 1

NO. 40. No. A I .

NO. 42. No. 43. No. 44. No. 45. No. 46. No. 47. No. 48. No. 49. NO. 50. No. 51. NO. 52.

No. 53. No. 54. No. 55. No. 56.

No. 57.

No. 58.

No. 59.

No. 60.

No. 61. No. 62. No. 63. No. 64.

No. 65. No. 66.

No. 67.

No. 68.

No. 69. No. 70.

NO. 71. No. 72. No. 73. No. 74. No. 75. No. 76.

No. 77.

No. 78.

No. 79.

No. 80.

No. 81.

Langton Down. Traces of decoration on the body. Reeded Langton Down. An attractive example in good condition, with a bright clear patina. Lacks part of the pierced catch-plate and the pin. The Langton Down group dates from about A.D. 2 e 5 0 . Reeded Langton Down. Complete. Reeded Langton Down. The catch-plate on this brooch was made separately, unlike most examples. Reeded Langton Down. Complete, with an attractive patina. Reeded Langton Down. Lacks the lower part of the body, spring, pin and part of the hood. Reeded Langton Down. Similar to NO. 45. Reeded Langton Down. Retains the spring and part of the pin. but lacks the lower half of the body. Reeded Langton Down. Reeded Langton Down. Reeded Langton Down. Reeded Langton Down. A slightly unusual type. These four brooches have all been cut or broken. Nauheim derivative. Dates from the pre-conquest period to the late 1st century A.D. This example lacks the coiled spring and pin. Rocker-arm decoration on the body. Nauheim derivative. Also lacks pin and spring. Nauheim derivative. Body and catch-plate distorted, and lacking pin and spring. Nauheim derivative. Lacks pin and spring. Nauheim derivative. Similar to a late La Tene 111 type, with sceuomorphic representation of the turned back foot. Nauheim derivative. Lacks one turn of the spring, the pin and the foot. Some slight decoration on the body. Beaked brooch. Not a very well dated type, but probably c. A.D. 35-45. This example lacks most of the foot and catch-plate, also most of the pin although where the head has broken away the method of pin insertion is revealed. Beaked brooch. Gilded brooch. Only part of the body remains, but this has attractive moulded decoration. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Dates from the late 40s to c. A.D. 65. As with most rear-hook examples this one lacks the spring and pin. Decoration on the wings and body. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Ribbed decoration on the wings and body. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A badly corroded brooch lacking most of the catch-plate lip. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Quite prominent denticular decoration on the wings and body. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Upper half of a brooch that has been cut o r sheared in two. Quite elaborate decoration on the wings and body. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A brooch disfigured by bending. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A small, badly corroded cut brooch. The rear hook is offset from the centre line. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A stocky body with small rather insignificant wings. Moulded decoration on the body. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Elaborate and detailed decoration on the wings and body. Most of the catch-plate is missing, but what remains seems to show a perforation. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). An attractive example with a clear patina. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A badly corroded brooch lacking one wing and most of the catch-plate. Half the spring and chord remain firm in the vestigial rear hook. Pin. Four turns of the spring and a complete pin, possibly from a Colchester type brooch. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). These four brooches have been cut or sheared. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Strong vertical decorative lines down the body and diagonal lines on the wings. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A small brooch with delicate denticular decoration on the body and diagonal lines on the wings. Also a slight pinching in of the body near the waist. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A brooch with a bright clear patina and unusual linear decoration on the bodv . Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A rather badly corroded brooch, with signs of having been flattened. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). Sharply etched double cable decoration down the length of the body, and with a particularly prominent rear hook. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). In poor condition, but showing traces of chevron decoration on the upper part of the body.

2 2 ROBIN A . BROWN

42

Sca le 1 ' 1

FIG. 12 . BOW Brooches, Nos. 36-46.

23 T H E I R O N A G E A N D R O M A N O - B R I T I S H S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L

FIG. 13. BOW Brooches, Nos. 47-59.

*4 R O B I N A B R O W N

S c a l e 1:l


I

A G E A N D ROMANO-BRITIS t I S F L E M E N T A T W O O D ( 'OCK H A L L

FIG 15 . BOWBrooches, Nos. 6 ~ 8 0 .


No. 82. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). An unusually robust body, slightly distorted. No. 83. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). A small brooch, badly corroded and lacking most of the catch-plate. No. 84. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). This brooch has small, rather worn wings and simple decoration. No. 85. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook variant). Complete and functional due to the closing over the wings to

secure firmly the axis pin. The wings as a result are slightly conical. The brooch is serviceable and the pin engages in the catch-plate lip.

No. 86. Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). The large rear hook is offset from the centre line. Cable decoration down the body. Catch-plate missing.

No. 87 Colchester derivative (Rear Hook). An unusual brooch with an enlarged V-shaped foot and inverted chevron decoration. Integral foot knob.

No. 88 Triangular body. A small group of three brooches, all of somewhat similar form, but with rear hooks, suggesting a Colchester sub-type. Probably dating from about A.D. 40-50.

No. 89 Triangular body. With a prominent arched head and attractive decoration. The rough surface texture of the body suggests the loss of a decorative plate.

No. 90. Triangular body. Similar decoration on the body to No. 88. No, 91. Aucissa. In a fragile condition. The head is a rolled-under (or British) type and is uninscribed, although

a faint decoration across the head is suggestive of lettering. Sweated-on foot-knob. Probably dating from about A D 55-65.

No. 92. Hod Hill. A near original pattern Hod Hill (Hawkes & Hull Class 'A'). Traces of tinning on the foot and delicate moulding on the body. Dates from c. A.D. 40-70.

No. 93. Hod Hill. Early type with sweated-on foot-knob. No. 94. Hod Hill. Small, neat example. Find-spot not recorded. No. 95. Hod Hill. Lacks part of the axis bar attachment. No. 96. Hod Hill. No. 97. Hod Hill. No. 98. Hod Hill. Complete except for the distorted pin. Only two examples of the 15 relatively complete Hod

Hill brooches still retain their pin and axis bar. No. 99. Hod Hill. Foot, apparently from a Class 'A' type. No. 100. Hod Hill. An attractive example that still retains traces of tinning. Punched decoration on the upper

part of the body. No. 101. Hod Hill. Lacking the axis bar and pin. A Hawkes & Hull Type 'B'. No. 102. Hod Hill. Foot. No. 103. Hod Hill. A larger than normal example, lacking the pin and axis bar. Some slight punched decoration

on the lower part of the body. No. 104. Hod Hill. Complete but for the catch-plate lip. Pin badly distorted. No. 105. Hod Hill. ~ o o t : No. 106. Hod Hill. Foot of unusual shape and decoration, but similar to one from ~ i c h b o r o u g h . ' ~ -No. 107. Hod Hill. Foot. No. 108. Hod Hill. Foot. No. 109. Hod Hill. Complete but for pin and axis bar. Catch-plate and foot slightly damaged. No. 110. Hod Hill. Axis bar housing slightly distorted, and one lug missing from the central disc. Traces of

tinning on the foot. No. 111. Hod Hill. Fragment of badly distorted Class 'B' brooch from the fort site. No. 112. Hod Hill. A small brooch with XXXX pattern in niello across the central panel. NO. 113. Possible Hod Hill derivative. This fragment has lost the lower half of the body, but has a Hod Hill type

axis bar housing. In some respects it resembles brooches found at N ~ r ' n o u r . * ~ NO. 114. Bow & Fantail. Upper part of the brooch only. Head loop broken. Dates from c. A.D. 50-150. No. 115. Bow & Fantail. Upper part of brooch only, with head loop complete. No. 116. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). A n early example dating from about mid-1st century of a type that

continues into the 2nd century. Complete but for part of the pin. No. 117. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). A small, neat example of the type with a pierced catch-plate. No. 118. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). Fragment showing signs of having been cut in half. No. 119. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). The design of the double-lug can be clearly seen in this example

due to the loss of the spring and axial bar. Rather a corroded brooch with a pierced catch-plate and zig-zag decoration down the body.

'' J.P. Bushe-Fox. Second Report on the Excavation of the Roman Fort at Richborough, Kent (Oxford, 1928). pl. IV, no. 13.''M.R. Hull in D . Dudley, 'Excavations on Nor'nour in the Isles of Scilly', Arch. Journ, cxxiv (1967), 28.

T H E IRON A G E AND ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT A T WOODCOCK HALL *7

No. 120. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). A small, undecorated example with pierced catch-plate, complete but for part of the pin.

No. 121. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). A slender brooch with a body that appears to be distorted. No. 122. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). A cut brooch. No. 123. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). A crushed brooch, lacking part of the spring and all the pin.

Pierced catch-plate and moulded foot. No. 124. Colchester derivative (Double-Lug). Dates from probably the second half of the 1st century A.D. Cable

decoration and pierced catch-plate. No. 125. Disc & Fantail. Traces of enamel still in the centre disc and on the foot. Dates from c . A D. 50 to the 2nd

century. No. 126. Disc & Fantail. The head loops on both these examples suggest they were British made. Hinged pin. No

trace of enamel remains either on disc or foot. No. 127. Colchester derivative (Dolphin). O f supposed West Midlands manufacture. Late 1st o r early and

century. Moulded foot-knob. Polden Hill type axis bar attachment. No. 128. Colchester derivative (Dolphin). Body distorted. A small depression about halfway down the body

probably contained a paste or enamel inset. No. 129. Colchester derivative (Dolphin). A large and rather ungainly brooch with head loop. Wings are closed

at either end firmly securing the axis bar. Colchester derivative (Dolphin derivative). Probably dates from the second half of the 1st century, and may originate from south-west Gloucestershire or Wiltshire. Polden Hill type axis bar attachment. Lacks the foot, catch-plate and pin. Colchester derivative (Hinged). An attractive example with three inset glass panels (blue, red and green). Decorative moulding near the foot. Colchester derivative (Hinged). Unusual 'M' shaped moulding on the body. Whole span axis bar of iron. Colchester derivative (Hinged). A very small brooch, lacking the foot and catch-plate, pin and axis bar. Colchester derivative (Hinged). Lacks one wing and the lower part of the body. Colchester derivative (Hinged). A small brooch with delicate moulding on the wings and body. Probably dates from c. A . D . 50.

No. 136. Colchester derivative (Hinged). A small rather poor quality brooch with badly distorted body and lacking the foot. Sceuomorphic spring coils cast on the underside of the wings. Colchester derivative (Hinged). A fragment with an unusual flat body with a series of recessed panels which do not aooear to have held enamel or glass insets. Broken head loop.

No. 138. Colchester deri&tive (Hinged). Fragment with-decoration on wings and body. NO. 139. Colchester derivative (Hinged). Lacks one wing. Linear decoration on wings and body. NO. 140. Colchester derivative (Hinged). Fragment with moulding on wings and body. NO. 141. Trumpet. A n elegant but slightly damaged example dating from the late 1st o r early 2nd century A D.

Decayed catch-plate and distorted pin. The pin and spring assemblage are free to rotate round the axis bar through almost 180". Traces of blue and yellow enamel insets in the head decoration. Trumpet. The foot of a large Trumpet brooch, cut or sheared halfway up the body. Large and elaborate foot-knob, but an almost identical lozenge pattern up the body as No. 141. Modified Trumpet. Traces of enamel or paste between the decorative transverse ribs on the body. Moulded foot-knob. The interior chord of the spring is held firm by a modified axis bar lug. The head-loop position is unusual, being set longitudinally. A fine and complete brooch with a silvery patina unlike normal bronze brooches. Disc-on-Bow. Fragment. Lacks all below the central disc (which has an outer ring of green glass or enamel). The head-loop is broken and the median strip, usually of silver o r niello, is missing. Four 'eyes'. The axis bar is held between two projecting lugs, Richardson's Type ii.25 Disc-on-Bow. With a semicircular disc that may have once held enamel insets. Foot-loop broken, but hrad-loop is complete. Medial strip missing. Two 'ryes'. Polden Hill type axis bar attachment (modified Richardson Type ii).

No. 146. Unclassified late type. Possibly a British Norican derivative. A chunky, heavy brooch of unusual pattern. The longitudinal tubular loop and melon-bead style for the head-loop are distinctive. Hinged pin. Probably second century A D Colchester derivative (Headstud). The stud, as is common, is missing from the recess in the head, but the section drawing shows it was once secured by a split pin. Sceuomorphic rear hook. Remnant of wire chain loop. The damaged foot-knob may also once have held a stone. XXX decoration down the body and across the wings. Late first century A.D.

No. 148. Colchester derivative (Headstud). Generally similar to No. 147, but the 'stud' is here represented by a

25 K.M. Richardson, Antiq. Journ, XI (1960), 213






FIG 18. BOW Brooches, Nos. 104-117,

T H E I R O N A G E A N D R O M A N O - B R I T I S H S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L 3 I

:s, Nos. 118-128.

R O B I N A B R O W N

S c a l e 1

-

I I

138

FIG 20. BOW Brooches, Nos. 129-139

T H E l R O S A G E A S D R O M A N O - B K I T I S I I S E T ' T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K I i A L L 3 3

145

FIG 2 1 . BOW Brooches. Nos. 140-146.


FIG, 22 . BOW Brooches, Nos. 147-153

35 THE IRON A G E AND ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT A T WOODCOCK HALL

slight circular swelling. Fixed, broken, head-loop. A n extension of the pin on the underside of the brooch is set in a small recess, perhaps to impart greater strength or elasticity.

No. 149. Knee Brooch. Dates from the third century A.D. This example is complete but for the paste or enamel insets that have disappeared from the recesses on the body. This is quite an uncommon type of Knee Brooch, and is usually found in the north. The pin is sprung.

No. 150. Knee Brooch. Similar to No. 149 above, but lacking the pin and most of the catch-plate. Distorted by flattening.

No. 151. Knee Brooch. A slightly distorted example, with no decoration. No. 152. Pin. Evidently from a very large brooch. No. 153. Crossbow. Fourth-century. This example has lost one wing, the pin and head-knob. The elongated foot

has faint decoration.

2 . Other Brooches In comparison with the bow brooches, non-bow brooches are relatively scarce on the site (FIGS. 23-25). A ring-headed pin and six penannular brooches constituting the early material. Where the terminals to the penannulars are still recognisable it can be seen that they are all Fowler's Type ' c ' . ~ ~One brooch, No. 155, is in such excellent condition that it is quite serviceable. Ring-headed pins are rare in East Anglia and the design dates back to the Hallstatt period, although in this country they appear to have continued in use until at least the first quarter of the 1st century A.D. . NOS. 176 and 182 are interesting in having an unusual type of hinge for the pin. This comprises two inter-acting wedges that appear to provide a degree of tension to the pin when it is locked into the catch-plate.

Catalogue

Ring-headed Pin. In the context of the find-spot, the stream bank, this pin probably dates from the time of the settlement, that is the first o r second quarter of the 1st century A.D. , although it could be considerably older.

NO. 155. Penannular brooch. Fowler's Type 'C' with rolled back terminals. Circular body cross-section. A complete and serviceable brooch. Could be any date, either pre- or post-conquest.

No. 156. Penannular brooch. Incomplete. Fowler Type 'C'. Cast and punched decoration on the upper surface. Rectangular cross-section. Shown here with a pin of not dissimilar decoration that was found at the same time and place. Penannular brooch. Complete but distorted. Fowler Type 'C'. The pin is secured very loosely. Diamond-shaped punched decoration around the outer circumference.

No. 158. Penannular brooch. Lacks the pin and the terminals. Circular body cross-section. Rather decayed. NO. 159. Penannular brooch. Lacks the terminals, although what remains suggests a Type 'C'. Diamond-shaped

cross-section. Pin held loosely but has survived with the brooch because of the distorted terminals. No. 160. Penannular brooch fragmenr. Type 'C' terminal. Decorated upper surface with rectangular cross-

section. No. 161. Crescenr-shaped disc-brooch. First-century. Probably an ornamental knob is missing from within the

concentric circles. Part of the pin survives. This type of brooch was introduced at the conquest, though is not necessarily military.

No. 162. Crescenr-shaped disc-brooch. Found on the supposed fort site. Similar in most respects to No. 161,but has traces of tinning.

No. 163. Buckler brooch. Late first-century or early second. Badly corroded and missing one of the peripheral blue paste studs. A palm-leaf motif survives in places. Most of the pin intact, but badly corroded.

No. 164. Buckler brooch. This has seven peripheral bosses that contain orange enamel, and one chain loop. The relatively large central boss is surrounded by a ring of small discs, each with a central red spot set in whitish enamel.

No. 165. Disc-brooch. A small, rather poor quality brooch with a central iron boss held rather loosely by a split pin. Probably first-century.

No. 166. Disc-brooch. Simple circular plate brooch with a small central stud. Could also be 1st century. No. 167. Disc-brooch. Five small peripheral lugs and a larger foot-lug. Probably second century.

26 E. Fowler, PPS xxvi (1960); see also Jackson & Ambrose Britannia ix (1978). 2 2 0 , fig. 57, No. 8, where it is suggested they may date from the first half of the first century A D .


163

FIG 23. Non-Bow Brooches. Nos. 151

37 THE IRON AGE A N D ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT A T WOODCOCK HALL

FIG 24. Non-Bow Brooches, Nos. 165-176.

ROBIN A . B R O W N

183 S C . S I ~ . 1 1

FIG. 25. Non-Bow Brooches, Nos. 177-185,

T H E I K O N A G E A N D K O M A N O - B K I T I S t I S E T T L E M E N T AT WOODCOCK H A L L 39

No. 168. Disc-brooch. Traces of four small peripheral lugs and larger head- and foot-lugs. A central hole suggests a missing knob or boss. Probably second century.

No. 169. Disc-brooch. In poor condition and lacking both hinge and catch-plate. Traces of some form of decoration, probably in enamel.

No. 170. Disc-brooch. A small central boss and traces of blue enamel decoration on the circular plate. Catch-plate and spring remain.

No. 171. Urnbonare disc-brooch. A common type of mid-second century 'sunburst' brooch. A geometric pattern of small coloured pieces of glass (red and blue) in triangular settings. A chain loop above the hinge. Complete but for one rim being slightly distorted.

No. 172. Urnbonare disc-brooch. Very similar to No. 171 above, but with the rim, the hinge and catch-plate badly crushed.

No. 173. Dragonesque brooch. A rare example of a not very common brooch, being of reversed 'S' design. Probably made in East Brigantia in the second century. No enamel remains within the patterned portions.

No. 174. Rhonlboid plate-brooch. Incomplete. Lacks the catch-plate. pin and part of the body. Central boss intact. Probably continental and dating from c. A D 25-100.

No. 175. Cruciform plale-brooch. A poor quality brooch. probably dating from the second century. Missing one wing. Traces of decoration on the centre panel.

No. 176. Crltciforrn plate-brooch. A poor quality brooch. Tinned and with small black enamel insets on the centre panel. punched decoration on the head and foot. Lacks one boss. but hinge. pin and catch-plate are complete. An unusual hinge form. presumably to impart some tension to the pin.

No. 177. Horse & Rider brooch. Black and red enamel insets. Lacks the pin and part of the horse. (See below. P. 315).

No. 178. Horse & Rider brooch. As above No. 177. but this brooch has pin and catch-plate complete. though crushed. (See below. p. 315).

No. 179. Zoonlorphic plare-brooch. Depicts, probably. a fantail dove. Crudely made and lacks the wings. Probably first century A . D

No. 180. Zoomorphic brooch. In the form of a swimming duck. Elaborate crescent and diamond-shaped patterns down the back. some of which still contain enamel insets. Chain loop at the tail.

No. 181. Triangular plate-brooch. An attractive and serviceable brooch with a pattern of small circular enamel insets. Late second or early third century, and probably continental.

No. 182. rectangular plate-brooch. Missing a rectangular glass or paste inset. Probably of continental origin. Has a similar hinge to No. 176 above. Early second century A D

No. 183. Lozenge shaped plale-brooch. A design of stepped-up lozenge shaped patterns, with small fragments of plain and coloured glass on the uppermost surface. Part of the pin remains. A continental import of the second century A D

No. 1 8 4 Glass cenlre boss brooch. A partly gilded bronze disc brooch with the central glass inset missing. The underside is tinned and the pin was sprung.

No. 185. Openwork brooch. A rare and delicate brooch of the second or third century, complete but for the tip of the pin. and part of the foot.

3. Pre-Roman bronze (FIG. 26) Considering the quantity of pre-conquest bow brooches there is no great number of other artefacts that can be specifically labelled late Iron Age. In fact only eight bronze objects can be safely included under this heading.

Two of the items (Nos. 190 and 193) have not yet been securely identified, although the former may be part of a harness fitment. No. 186, dredged from the stream is of the early Iron Age, and No. 187 is virtually identical to items dated by Sheppard2' to the 7th century B.C. This suggests a long term usage of the stream crossing dating back to some period prior to the establishment of the settlement.

The two animal models, a stag and a hare, might have been nothing more than decorative objects, or toys, but there is always the possibility they had some secular or religious significance that is now lost. The stag has an attachment loop on the underside, as though it was once secured to something, perhaps by a strap. The short projecting lug below the underside of the hare may have had a similar function.

- T . Sheppard. Arch. Carnb. xcvi (1941). pl. IVa and Vla 37


192 193

FIG 26. Pre-Roman Bronze Objects, Nos. 186-193.

T H E I R O N A G E A S D R O M A N O - B R I T I S H S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L

Catalogue

No. 186. An early Iron Age sword chape of Piggott's Group 11128 ('Bugthorpe Type') which was found near the stream after dredging. Some form of decoration is probably missing from the oval recesses on either side.

No. 1 8 7 Belt- o r strap-slide, similar to ones found in the Parc-y-Meirch hoard in 1941. No. 188. A probable belt- o r strap-slide showing signs of wear round the three holes.29 No. 189. Petal or cruciform strap-junction. The underside is hollow, with two attachment lugs. A similar object

from Corbridge is dated to the Roman period.30 No. 190. Object of uncertain use, possibly a terret base or similar, with the upper part missing. No. 191. Bronze stag model. Tail broken off. Body hollow, with attachment loop. No. 192. Bronzeilead model of a hare. Found on the fort site, but is probably pre-Roman. A hollow, slightly

concave underside with a lug that projects slightly below the base line. The eye sockets are empty but presumably held paste or gemstone eyes. Lacks part of the right ear. Green3' points out that the hare was sacred to Astarte.

No. 193. Unidentified small bronze object with a strap guide on one side, and incised ornamental lines round the circumference. The extension at the base is hollow.

4. Other objects Apart from the Roman military metalwork which is considered below, space prevents detailed consideration of the large quantity of other domestic items - hair pins, keys, finger- rings, decorative attachments to furniture, handles, escutcheons, part of door-locks and similar items from the settlement area. Iron objects have also been found, notably nails, knife-blades, sickle-blades, door-hinges, ox-goads, door keys and a ~ i s t r u m . ~ ~Fragments of silver, possibly silversmiths' off-cuts and a small silver torque have also been found, together with about 19kg (43 lb) of lead. Lead artefacts usually take the form of staples for large amphorae, thatch-weights, steel-yard weights and net sinkers; the whole site is also scattered with fragments of melted lead.

An examination of the pottery collected from the site has produced very few Iron Age sherds. The reason for this is unclear, but ma possibly be due to the poor weathering qualities of such pottery on the surface. Greener has remarked that, by Roman standards, much of East Anglia was aceramic in the first century A . D . .

Roman pottery covers the whole range of first- to fourth-century wares, but ploughsoil material is informative only insofar as it delineates the extent of the settlement and suggests trading contacts. First-century samian is found over most of the central art of the site and 12 samian bases have been found with first-century potters' stamps. . 3 9

stamp potter

ALBINI. M. probably Albinus of Lezoux AVITI. M. Avitus of Lezoux I RVCVR0.F probably Crucuro of La Graufesenque IEL1X.F probably Felix of Montans and La Graufesenque

ZX S. Piggott, PPS lii (1950). 12-14. fig. 7, 3. 29 G . Ulbert, Das fruhromische Kastell Rheingonheim. Limesforschungen IX (Berlin, 1969), Taf. 41, 9;

E. Ritterling, Annalen des Vereins fur Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschrchtsforschung XI (1913)~Taf. XV, 1 I '

'O M. MacGregor, Early Celtic Art in North Britain (Leicester, 1976), 149, no. 29." M. Green in J . Munby and M. Henig (eds.) Roman Life and Art In Britain, BAR No. 41 ( I 979). 305, pi. I 2 ,

VIIIc.''R.E.M. Wheeler. London in Roman Times (London, 1930)~ 108: M. Green, The Religions of Civilian Roman

Britain. BAR No. 24 (1976). pl. XXII(h)." K. Greene in B.C. Burnham and H.B. Johnson (eds.) Invasion and Response. BAR No. 73 (1979). ror. 3"ollowing F. Oswald, Index of Porters' Stamps on Terra Sigillata ( E . Bridgeford 1931).

77


stamp potter

OF.FRONTIN1 Frontinus of La Graufesenque GENIAI probably Genialis of La Graufesenque ILLIVS. FEC Illius of La Graufesenque MA/ 1RV.F probably Malluro or Mallurus of Lezoux MOSS1 .MAN Mossius of Lezoux and LubiC REGENVI probably Regenus of La Graufesenque SABI INVI probably Sabinus of Montans and La Graufesenque

Avitus, Crucuro, Felix, Frontinus, Genialis, Mossius, Regenus and Sabinus have been noted at Colchester, and Genialis, Malluro and Mossius at Great Chesterford, two militarv bases which could have been supply-depots for the fort's garrison. The earliest stamp, Regenus, is on a sherd from the fort site. Neronian period stamps such as Frontinus, Genialis, Sabinus and Felix came from the settlement area north of the stream.

THE FORT

The existence of the fort was unsuspected until a group of military bronze and iron fragments was identified as being mid first-century Claudio-Neronian equipment.

The small plateau, or bluff, that is bordered by the stream on two sides, is an ideal position from which to guard the river crossing and to establish a check-point where movement along the military road could be monitored. By being sited south of the river the garrison was less likely to be cut off from their base to the south, whether it was Great Chesterford or Colchester. Observation was also possible (at least it is today) several kilometres upstream and about I km downstream and the slope of the hill leading up to the plateau is sufficiently steep to make an uphill attack laborious for foot soldiers, although from the south a level neck of land would be a vulnerable sector.

ROMAN MILITARY ITEMS (FIG. 27) The group of mid-first-century military metalwork comprises forty-six objects, two of which are of iron. Two further objects are probably later in date. All but five of the first-century objects came from a circumscribed group found on the plateau, an area that produced the Claudian aes copies discussed above (p. 8ff.).

The fragment of cingulum (No. 201) that appears to show signs of having been deliberately broken comes from an area of bronze 'melts', and not far from where fibula No. 64, which has been cut in half, was found, as though both items were on their way to the furnace.

It is, however, the plateau area south of the stream that consistently produces Claudio-Neronian artefacts to the exclusion of almost anything else. Most significant is the fragment of patera handle (No. 206), which came from the slope outside the fort area, with a punched inscription on the reverse. There is nothing to indicate whether the centuria of Primus was from a legionary or an auxiliary unit, although the latter is more likely. The break in the handle may come just before the end of the inscription since there is a punctuation dot after the final letter.35

The inference that the unit stationed on the plateau was auxiliary stems from item No.

35 Pointed out in conversation by Ralph Jackson.

43 T H E IRON A G E A N D R O M A N O - B R I T I S t I S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L

44 R O B I N A . B R O W h '

199, a small shield-shaped mount, identical to one from Niederbieber where it is there identified as being from auxiliary troops' equipment, and the iron lance head (No. 241) found on the slope of the hill, which also has auxiliary associations. Frere and St. ~ o s e ~ h ~ ~ argue the case for the lorica segmentata being used by auxiliaries in the mid-first century, so the presence on the fort site of fragments of this equipment does not necessarily imply a legionary unit.

The 1.6 ha (4 acre) site on the crest is sufficient for a small fort containing, for example, a cohors uingenaria equitata comprising about 500 men in 6 centuriae of foot and 4 turmae of cavalry?7 Certainly a force of mixed cavalry and infantry would be ideal to police a section of the military road and patrol the surrounding countryside for a few years after the revolt of A.D. 47.

The totally negative evidence from aerial photography over many years is probably not surprising. A more substantial and longer-lasting feature, the Roman road itself, seems to have been totally robbed out for several miles in both directions north and south of the site and something as relatively insubstantial as a fort ditch and embankment, which was probably slighted when the garrison withdrew, is unlikely to appear on the light sandy soils of the plateau except under particularly favourable circumstances.

Bronze ( F I G S . 28--3I )

A harness pendant of first-century form, with rectangular panel, which may have been decorated, surmounted by a lunate. Lower half is incomplete, but also of lunate form, probably phallic.38

NO. 195, Baldric, or harness-attachment hook.39 No. 196. Part of a similar hook, but more looped.40 NO. 197. Part of a cuirass brass buckle.41 No. 198. Fragment of pendant or mount, similar to No. 194 above.42 NO. 199. A small shield-shaped mount with projecting boss in the form of the female pudenda.43 No. 200. D-type buckle and plate.4 No. 201. Part of the buckle of a military cingulum, or belt, with punched floral spra decoration. Of first-century

form, but specifically between A.D. 43-70, Has been violently broken. X No. 202. Two-hinged plates from a D-type buckle of a lorica segment at^.^^ No. 203. Part of a D-type buckle for attachment to leather. A very common piece of military equipment.47 NO. 204. A similar D-type buckle. NO. 205. Two separated parts of a two-hinged plate, as No. 202 above (found close together). No. 206. Part of the handle of a first-century military patera of Campanian type,48 with disc-shaped handle and

central hole and typical cable moulding on the upper side. On the underside the punched inscription 3 .PRIMI. (belonging to the centuria of Primus).

36 S.S. Frere and J.K. St. Joseph, Britanniav (1974). 40 quoting G . Ulbert. Romische Waffen des I Jahrhunder~s n. Chr.. (Aalen. 1968).

37 G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army (London. 1969), 146. 38 Much of this section and the following commentary has been supplied in note form by Dr G. Webster. 39 J . Curle, A Roman Frontier Post and its People (Glasgow. I ~ I I ) , pl. LXXII. "G. Webster, Arch. Journ. cxv (1958), fig. 7, 202. " C.F.C. Hawkes & M.R. Hull, Camulodunum (Oxford, 1947). pl. CII, 8 and p. 337. 42 Curle, op. cit. (note 39). pl. LXXVII, 7. 43 J . Oldenstein, Bericht Rom.-Germ. Kommission lvii (1976), Taf. 34, 268. "G. Ulbert. Das friihrumische Kastell Rheingonheim, Limesforschungen IX (Berlin, 1969). Taf. 33,23-38; Taf.

3445 1-44, J.W. Brailsford, Antiquities from Hod Hill in the Durden Collection (London, 1962), i, fig. 5, A1 18; E. Kiinzl,

Acres du IVe Colloque Int. sur les bronzes antiques (Annales de I'Univ. Jean Moulin) (1977)~no. 9. 46 G. Ulbert, op. cit. (note 44), Taf. 34. 47 . .~ b ~ d . ,Taf. 33. 23-38 "J.C. McPeake & C.N. Moore, Britannia ix (1978). 331.

45 T H E IRON A G E AND ROMANO-BRITISH SETTLEMENT AT WOODCOCK HALL

S c a l e 1 1

205

Bronze, Nos. 194-205., Roman Military

R O B l K A B R O W K

210 211 212 213

FIG. 29. Roman Military Bronze, Nos. 206-213.

THE IRON A G E A N D ROMANO-BRITIS14 S E T T L E M E N T A T W O O D C O C K H A L L

225 226 227 228

FIG. 30. Roman Military Bronze, Nos. 214-228. (Scale I : I )


238 239

FIG. 31. Roman Military Bronze, Nos. 2 2 9 2 3 9 .


No. 207. Harness, baldric or apron mount of common first-century form, with traces of niello d e ~ o r a t i o n . ~ ' Two tangs on the reverse side for attachment to leather; it is noticeable that on several such items the tangs have not been crimped over for complete security in the leather, suggesting either that the loss of these decorative items was a common occurrence, or the straight-tanged examples had never been used.

No. 208. A slightly smaller example of the above, No. 207, but this could also have been the terminal for a fitment with an attachment for T-shaped hooks.50

No. 209. A fragment similar to the above two.5' No. 210. A small mount with crude moulded decoration, probably from a belt o r harness. No. 211. An almost identical item to No. 210. No. 212. An acorn terminal for attachment to leather.52 No. 213. A rather crude oval mount with rounded decorated projections at either end. Find-spot not recorded. No. 214. A belt- or strap-end of triangular form. No. 2 1 5 An unidentified hook-like object, possibly part of a dolabra sheath.53 No. 216. A small bronze No. 217. A small incomplete, hook-like object, with an attachment hole. NO. 218-221. Four girdle-plate tie hooks from the lorica segmentata." No. 222. Fragment of harness loop.56 No. 223. A small unidentified fitment. with an attachment bracket on the base. No. 224. A square sheet of decorated bronze, possibly part of a belt-buckle mount. No. 225-232. Eight bronze fragments, probably parts of D-type buckle-plates. No. 233. A Trompetenmuster harness or belt-fitting in Celtic style, but 8robably of the Roman period. Two studs

on the reverse. May be late first or early second century. No. 234. Part of a casket clasp. No. 235. Stud in the form of a human face." No. 236 Bronze terminal with its shank concealed in a heavy deposit of rusted iron. Perhaps used as some form

of decoration (on carts).59 This example came from the fort-site, but four others have come from other parts of the settlement.

No. 237. Crude, mask-like face of a man, probably decorative. No. 238. Bronze girth-buckle, showing signs of wear.60 No. 239. Part of a serpent-headed buckle pin, late R ~ m a n . ~ '

Iron (FIG. 32)

No. 240. A probable military adze-hammer. This was found in the stream debris at the supposed bridge site. It is similar to an example in the British Museum (Accession No. BM PRB 1867, 7-11 7 , found at Pakenham, Sufolk).

No. 241. Roman lance head. Possibly from an auxiliary cavalry unit of the mid-first century A D . Found on the surface in the vicinity of the fort. The lance head is of narrow, leaf-shaped pattern with the hafting beaten out and worked into a split socket. The angular heels and the asymmetrical cross-section are typical of the period and show affinities with continental native examples, suggesting possibly a unit raised in

4' G. Webster, Arch. Journ. cxv (1958), fig. 6, 164. ""urle, op. cit. (note 39). pl. LXXIII, 5. " Frere & St. Joseph, op. cit. (note 36), fig. 24. nos. 45, 46. '"ebster, op. cit. (note 49), nos. 19, 30 and 231. '"bid. fig. 6, 165. '4 Oldenstein, op. cit. (note 43), Taf. 47, 490-503. " R . Robinson. The Armour of Imperial Rome (London. 1975)~ 176, fig. 18za. "Webster, op. cit. (note 49), fig. 6 , 166; fig. 7, 175. "MacGregor, op. cit. (note 30). fig. 9, 1-8 and 12.

"B. Cunliffe, Excavations at Fishbourne (Leeds, 1971), fig. 48, 124. "'G. Webster in R.M. Butler (ed.) Soldier and Civilian in Roman Yorkshire (Leicester, 1 9 7 1 ) ~ fig. 16, 84. 60 G . Ulbert, Die romischen Donaukastelle Aislingen und Burghofe, Limesforschungen (Berlin, 1959), Taf. 18,

26. Hawkes and Hull, op. cit. (note 41), pl. CII, 18-23,

'* I .R. Scott. in lilt.


2 40 S c a l e 1:4

FIG. 3 2 . Roman Military Iron, Nos. 240-241.

CONCLUSION

The object of this paper has been to demonstrate that if a constant programme of field-walking can be undertaken over a period of years covering a defined area such as this Romano-British settlement, and the results recorded and collated, it is possible to draw up detailed hypotheses covering the historical, economical, social and cultural aspects of the site. It is emphasised that such an investigation cannot be expected to replace excavation, but it presents the excavator with a series of models upon which he can base his priorities and strategies. At a time when funding for excavations is curtailed it is worth pointing out that the research outlined in this paper was achieved at virtually no cost, either to the author or to the taxpayer.

The investigation is not necessarily completed with the publication of this article. Field-walking will continue in order to elaborate or modify the conclusions already reached. At the same time studies are in hand relating to the coins, pottery and other artefacts to establish evidence for trade, the settlement's connections with other small towns in the region and with the ring of satellite farmsteads in the vicinity.

Woodcock Hall, Saham Toney, Norfolk

This paper is published with the aid of a grant from the Council for British Archaeology.

No. Rclgn or Period

I . Br~tish'J' Typc

2. Brit~hh'Q' Type

3. British 'N(a)' Type; or [(a)

4. Br~tish 'N(o)' Typc; or I(d)

IC'ENI COINS

lceni II(;i) lceni Il(b) ncw type Iccni Il(c) Iccni II(d). Type B lccni II(d). Type B Iccni II(d). Typc B Iceni Il(d). Type B lceni Il(d), Type B lceni II(d). Type B lceni II(d), Type B lccni Il(d). Type B Iceni Il(d). Typc B 1cen1 II(e). Typc C Iceni Il(c), Type C lccni Il(c). Type C Iccni II(c), Type C lccni Il(e), Type C lceni II(c), Type C lccni 11, ncw sub-type lccni IIl(a), early type

lceni Ill(b), Typc A Iceni IlI(b), early typc lceni Ill(h), new carly variant

possibly lceni IIl(b)

Iceni Ill(b). Type A

Dates Coin Type

c.50 BC AV stater

c.4+20 BC AV I-\tatcr

c.BCIAD AV stater

CAI) 1-25 AV $-stater

CAI) 1-47 AR minim AR minim AR unit AR unit AR unit AR unit AK unit AR unit AK unit AK unit AK unit AR unit AR unit AR unit AR unit AR unit AR unit AR unit AR unit

c.AD 30 AR unit

AR unit AR unit

" AR unit

AR unit

AR unit

63 Unless otherwise s ta ted thc horse o n these coins races

Obverse

Portion of laureate head oT Apollo Portion of laureate head oT Apollo Two back-to-hack cresccnts, pellets in field, excrgu;~l line Ornamental crescent with floral arrangements

Boar Boar Boar 13oar 13oar Boar Boar Boar Boar Boar

Reverse

Wolf-like crcature lacing left. pellets and circle in tield Triple-tailed horsc facing right. floral ornaments below Horsc facing right with elaborate head. circle and pellets in tield Horse to right, with branched tail. ring and pcllcts in field

Horse6' Horse with branched tail Horse Ilorse Horse on exergual line Horse on cxcrgual line Horse Horse Horse Horse

Boar on decorative exergual line Horsc Boar Boar Boar Boar Boar Boar Boar Boar Face, crude; leaf-like object in field Face Face Face, but very worn

Face, probably to left

Face

t o t he right.

1Iorse Horse 1Iorsc Itorse Horse Horse Horse Horse on elaborate cxergual line Triple-tailed horsc, with wheels and circles in field Horse Horsc Horse with elaborate circles in field IIorsc with circles in field and unusual multiple chevron dccor- ation below. Horse

Weight (grams)

5.75

1.05

5-40

1.08

I<cmarks

Mack 49 'Norfolk Wolf l'ype' sirnilar to Mack 70

sim~lar to Allcn 5

Mack 404, Allcn qh 'Irstead type'

Mack 409, clippcd" Allcn 61 Allcn 57 Allen 58. Mack 408 Allen 56 Allcn 61 Allcn 57 Allen 56 Allen 61 Allcn 70 Allen 67 Allen 69 Allcn 68 Allen 67 Allcn 65 broken since finding Allcn 79, Mack 413(h)

Allcn XI, fragmcnt Allcn 94

Allen 92

No. Keign or Period Reverse Weight Remarks (grams)

Iccni IIl(b), Typc A A R unit Facc Horse 0.78 Allen 84 lceni Ill(b), Typc A Iceni IlI(b), Type B

A R unit A K unit

Facc Facc, with mustache, possibly

Horse 0.78 Horse, beaded circle with 1.10

Allcn 84 Allen lo2

with pellets under neck triangle in field Iceni III(b), Typc B AR unit Face, with mustachc, pellets

under neck Horsc, diamond with curved sides 0.98 below, beaded compartment with

Mack 413(d)

triangle above lceni IV, unidentified early A K unit Pattcrn Horse 0.26 disintegrated after

typeIceni IV, unidentified type A K unit Pattern Horse 0.49

finding

Iccni IV, unidcntified typc lceni IV, unidcntified typc

AR unit A K unit

Pattcrn Pattern

Horse 0.89 Horse ('Y' headed series) 0-73 Allen 178 possibly

Iccni IV, unidcntified typc AR unit Pattcrn Horse I'01

lccni IV(c), early Type B AR unit Pattcrn of cruciform ornaments 'Y' headed horse to left, wheel 1.13 Mack 415, Allcn lo9 of two wreaths, two crescents above, ring ornaments below w~th ring ornaments below

Iceni IV(c), early Typc B A K unit Pattcrn, as 39 above Horse, as above Mack 415. Allen I(K)

lccni IV(c), early Type B A K unit Pattcrn, as above l-lorsc, as above Allen III lceni V, ANTEDIOS AR unit Pattcrn Horse, ANTED monogram Allen 128 lceni V(b), ANTEDIOS lceni V(b), ANTEDIOS

A K unit A K unit

Pattern Pattern

Horse, ANTED monogram llorse. ANTED monogram

Allen 131 Mack 419, Allen 126

Iccni V(b), ANTEDIOS AR unit Pattcrn Horsc, ANTED monogram as above Iceni V(b), ANTEDIOS A K unit Pattcrn Horsc, monogram missing possibly Allcn 128 lceni V(b), ANTEDIOS AR unit Pattern Horse, monogram indistinct possibly Mack 420 lccni V(b), ANTEDIOS A K unit Pattern l-lorse, monogram ....D possibly Allen 127 lceni V(b), ANTEDIOS A K unit Pattcrn Florse, monogram A.. .. Allen I10 lceni V(b), ANTEDIOS AR unlt Pattcrn Horsc, monogram .NTED Allcn 117 Iccni V(b), ANTEDIOS AR unit Pattern Horse, monogram .NTED Allen I17 lccni V(b), ANTEDIOS AR unit Pattern Horse, monogram ANTED Allen 127 lccni V(b). ANTEDIOS A K unit Pattcrn Horse, monogram ANTED Allcn 130 possibly lceni V(b), AR unit Pattern l-lorse, monogram possibly A similar to Mack 422 but ANTEDIOS not minim Iccni V(d), new typc AR unit Pattcrn of three back-to-back

crescents, enclosing V-shapes Horse, monogram missing 0.24

lceni V, new typc A K unit Pattern Horse apparently facing Icft, 1.17 ANTEIIIOS monogram A.T.. Iceni V, new typc A K unit Pattern Horse facing left, monogram 1.08 ANTEIIIOS ..T.. Iceni V(d), possible symbol A K minim Pattern l-lorse with possible symbol 0.27 Allen 160, but not ECE Iceni VI(a). ECEN AR unit Pattern Florsc, monogram .CEN 0.86 Allen 168 lccni VI(a), ECEN A K unit Pattern Horse, monogram ECEN 1.07 Allcn 142 lceni Vl(c), unidcntified AR unlt Pattcrn Horse, poss~bly with symbols 1.30

type lcen~VI(d), possibly with A K minim Pattcrn Horse, possibly with symbols 0-32 Allen 160

symbols (ECENIED group) lceni VIII. Type B A K unit Pattcrn Horse, ECEN just visible 0.98 Allen 182 lceni IX, SAENV AR unit Pattcrn l-lorsc, monogram SA.N. 0-75 Mack 433. Allen 190

Reign or Period Dates Coin Type Obverse Reverse Weight Remarks (grams)

NERO ......CAESAR AVG GERM ... as above S C 9.89 NERO IMP NERO CAESAR AVG P as above S C 8-96

MAX TR PP (Lyon mint mark) NERC) IMP NERO CAESAR ..... . possibly as above S C 6.57 NERO IMP NERC) CAESAR AVG as above S C 7.45

P... NERO AE as ......AESAR AVG ...... as above S C 9-27 NERO AE as CAES. .... .. probably as above S C 8.42 probably NERO AE as .......SAR AVG P MAX TR P unidentified deity S C 6.9 I

ROMAN COINS OF THE SETTI-EMENT PERIOD

AR denarius .....GERMAN IMP TR P CONCORDIA PR Concordia 2.82 seated

VESPASIAN AR denarius T CAESAR IMP .... POT(?)....COS VII Kneeling 2.87 VESPASIANVS (retrograde) ligure

VESPASIAN AR denarius IMP CAES VESPAS .... .. COS ITER POT(?) ...... 1 '49 Probably Pax

VESPASIAN AR denarius IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS IOVIS ..... Jupiter with altar 2-88 Cohen 222 AVG (retrograde)

VESPASIAN AR denarius IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS PON MAX TR P COS VI Pax 3.05 Cohen 366 AVG (retrograde) seated

VESPASIAN AR denarius IMP CAESAR VES ......AVG COS ITERTR POT Possibly Pax 3.17 VESPASIAN (possibly ARIAE? CAESAR VESPASIANVS TR P IX IMP XV COS VIIl PP 2-65 counterfeit) denarius AVG (retrograde) Tripod possibly VESPASIAN AR denarius ........... ........... seated figure 2-30 VESPASIAN AE sestertius IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN PAX AVG S C Pax ro-64

AVG COS VESPASIAN AE dupondius .....VESPASIAN AVG COS ......AVG Female figure at I 1.79

1111 (?) altar S C VESPASIAN AE dupondius IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG FORTVNA..... S CFort-~na I 1.26

COS 111 with cornucopia VESPASIAN AE dupondius IMP CAES VESPASIANVS FORTVNA REDVCI S C 13.19

AVG COS III(?) as above VESPASIAN AE dupondius IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN VICTORIA NAV S C Victory 11.78

AVG COS 1111 on prow VESPASIAN AE dupondius IMP CAES VESPASIANVS Victory flying and holding globe 12.38

AVG CC)S .... S C (Rome mint) probably VESPASIAN AE dupondius ........... .. . .. indiscernible 10.0 possibly VESPASIAN AE dupondius ........... ..... indiscernible 9-02 VESPASIAN AE as IMP CAES VESPASIANVS .... AEQVITAS AVGVST S C 9.54

Aequitas VESPASIAN AE as IMP...VESPASIAN AVG AEQVITAS ... S C 9'54 VESPASIAN AE as .....S VESPASIAN AVG COS ....A.. ..AVGVST S C 6.93

VIII probably Aequitas

No. Reign or Period

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

prohahly VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN VESPASIAN VESPASIAN VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN

VESPASIAN prohahly VESPASIAN TITUS

TITUS

JULIA TIT1

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

prohahly DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

Coin Type

AE as

AE as AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as AE as AE as AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as AE as AR dcnarius

AE as

AR denarius

AE dupondius

AE dupondius

AE dupondius

AE dupondius

AE dupondius

AE dupondius

AE dupondius

Ohverse

IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG .....IAN AVG COS .... IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS ... IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS ... IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS IIII(?) IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS 1111 IMP CAESAR .....AVG COS 111 CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS . . .. ...AR VESPASIAN AVG C... .... VESPASIAN AVG ... .... VESPASIAN AVG C... .... VESPASIAN AVG COS ...

IMP CAES VESPASIAN AVG COS I11 IMP CAESAR VESPASIAN AVG COS VIII IMP CAESAR VESPA .... AVG COS .... .....VESPASIAN AVG ..........AVG...... IMP TITVS CAESAR

Rcversc

Eagle on globe S C

as above S C as above

as ahove S C

as ahovc prohahle S C

as ahove S C

as ahove S C

possibly as above

Eagle on glohe prohahle S C

as above S C as ahove S C PROVID in exerguc S C Altar PROVIDENT in exergue S C Altar as above

as ahove

PAX .. .. S C Pax

...... indisccrnihlc

....... unidentified figure S C

.... 111 IMP XV COS VII(?) VESPASIAN AVG (rctrogradc) Elephant T CAES IMP AVG F TR P VICTORIA NAVALIS S C COS ....CENSOR Victory on prow IVLLA AVGVSTA TIT1 VENVS AVGVST (retrograde) AVGVSTI F (rctrogradc) Venus with hclmct and sceptrc IMP CAES DOMIT AVG VI.... .. S C Virtus GERM COS ....

Weight Remarks (grams)

2.99 Cohcn 14

IMP CAES DOMIT AVG VIRTVTI AVGVSTI S C Virtus GERM COS XI11 CENS PERP P IMP CAES DOMIT AVG as abovc GERM COS .... ...AVG GERM COS XI1 CENS VIRTVTI ...... S C P... IMP CAE ......ERM COS XI1 CENS PERP P ......OMIT AVG GERM COS ... .....DOMITIANVS.....

possihly Mars S C

seated figure

unidentified

No. Reign or Period

prohably DOMITIAN possihly DOMITIAN possihly DOMITIAN DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

DOMITIAN

prohahly DOMITIAN

NERVA

NERVA NERVA

possibly NERVA

Coin Type

AE dupondius AE dupondius AE dupondius AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AE as

AR dcnarius

AE dupondius AE dupondius

AE coin

Ohvcrsc

....VG GERM COS .....

...........

............. I'M.. IMP CAES DOM .....EKM .... XI1....CENS IMP CAES DOMlT AVG GERM COS XI1 CENS P P IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI1 CENS PERP P P IMP C ...... AVG GERM COS XI1 CENS PERP P IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM ....... .......AVG GERM COS XI1 CENS IMP CAESAR DOMIT AVG GERM COS XI1 CENS PERP P IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GEKM .......

Rcvcrse Weight (grams)

Remarks

indiscernible indisccrnihlc indiscernible FORTVNAE AVGVSTI S C Fortuna standing as ahovc

....TVNAE AVGVSTI S C Fortuna standing

...... AVGVSTI S C Fortuna standing MONETA AVGVSTI S C Moneta standing as above

as above

SALVTI AVGVSTI S C Large altar

IMP(?).....OMITIA.. ...a..IRTVTI ...... S C Virtus 111(?) standing IMP NERVA CAES AVG P M FORTVNA AVGVST TR P COS 111 Fortuna standing .......AES AVG GERM .................. probably Fortuna .....NERVA CAES AVG P M ..... S C probably Fortuna TR .... ...........AVG...... ...... indiscernible

Brown R.a. the Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement at Woodcock Hall, Saham Toney,

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