BROTHER vs BROTHER CONFLICT I.Names A. The American Civil War [1861 – 1865] 1. Technically incorrect term 2. Means fighting for control of a nations govt.

BROTHER vs BROTHER CONFLICT

I. NamesA. The American Civil War [1861 – 1865]

1. Technically incorrect term2. Means fighting for control of a nation’s gov’t3. South did not want control of US

B. The War Between the States1. Technically incorrect term2. Implies indv states fighting each other

C. The War of Northern Aggression [mostly true]D. The War for Southern Independence

1. Most technically accurate2. South wanted free of Union3. Desire to establish own nation

II. Secession RevisitedA. Tenth Amendment of U.S. ConstitutionB. Virginia, New York & Rhode Island

1. Only ratified constitution b/c clause w/right to secede2. Would only happen if gov’t became oppressive3. Equal protection extended to all states

C. Federalist No. 81 (Hamilton)

III. Major Underlying CausesA. Political Imbalance

1. S lost balance w/CA and KS as free states2. S feared abuses of power fm N controlled Congress3. S feared a Republican President4. S feared North’s view of union

B. Economic Differences1. Economic basis2. Tariff question3. Investment in slaves

C. Differences in interpretation of the Constitution1. S believed secession legal2. Debate over where power should reside

D. Abolitionist Crusade1. Changed yrs of political and economic issue2. Became moral and emotional issue3. Refusal to compromise

IV. Efforts to restore the UnionA. Good possibility to avoid warB. Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky

1. Proposed compromise2. Restore the MO Compromise border of 36-303. Apply to all present and future territories4. Amend Constitution guarantee the right to own slaves

C. Republicans after victory not interested in compromiseD. Refused other offers at negotiated peace

V. Fort Sumter, SCA. Game of chicken b/t Davis and Lincoln (Lincoln broke word)B. April 12, 1861C. Union not allowed to deliver supplies to fortD. SC military forces fire on Union forces inside fortE. Two days later Union forces surrender/0 casualties sort ofF. Union forces allowed to leave with personal belongingsG. Lincoln claims a rebellion [rebel]H. Viewed as beginning of The War

VI. Battle LinesA. B/C of Ft Sumter Lincoln issues call for 75,000 volunteersB. Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland [slave states] remain in unionC. B/C of Lincoln’s desire to use force VA, NC, AR, TN leave

Confederate States of America

VII.Pockets of ResistanceA. Winston County, AL

1. Poorest & least tied to slave economy of south AL2. Residents did not serve in the Confed Army3. Many supported Union and joined Union Army4. Worked as spies for Union Army5. Meeting at Looney’s Tavern in Houston to declare

neutrality6. “Free State of Winston”

B. Western Counties of Virginia1. Appalachian Mtns divide VA culturally and

geographically2. West side of mtns felt tied to union and not plantation

culture3. Split and became state of West Virginia in 1863 [free]

VIII.Union’s StrategyA. One goal: compel the Southern states to rejoin the UnionB. Means

1. Invade the South2. Destroy the south’s ability to wage war3. Lower morale of the south so would no longer fight

C. Fight a war of attrition b/c larger population1. 24 million vs 8 million white population2. More weapons and ability to make more

D. Anaconda Plan [war plan] [Scott and/or McClellan idea]1. Use naval blockade around Southern coast2. Seize control of Miss R and divide E/W Confed3. Troops close in tighter and tighter like anaconda4. Crush the fighting spirit of South

E. Blockade Runners1. Small, fast vessels used by South2. Used to smuggle goods past blockade3. Effective but too few

Union War Plan Map – The Anaconda Plan

IX. Confederacy’s StrategyA. One goal: force Union to recognize right of S to secedeB. Means:

1. Fight a defensive war to own advantage2. Prolong war until the N tired of fighting ask for peace3. Convince Euro nations to support the S

a. Cotton exports keyb. Vital to British and French economy

4. Battle occur over terrain and climate familiar5. S had better educated and more competent generals

X. Government TroublesA. North

1. Conscription: draft or forcing to serve in militarya. Rich could pay someone to take place legally

[$300]b. Immigrants forced into service for 2+ as

requirement for US citizenship2. Riots over draft and length of war in OH, IN, PA, WI,

NY

3. NYC attempts to secede from Union as independenta. Irish immigrants large percent of inductionsb. Riots pit Irish cops v Irish drafteesc. Lots of southern sentimentd. Catholic bishop oppose Euro support of S

4. RI secede b/c failure to negotiate 5. 6th MA attacked in Baltimore

a. 12 civilians killed/4 soldiers killed/17 woundedb. RRs, bridges, telegraph lines destroyed

6. Lincoln suspends writs of habeas corpus (14,000 arrested)

7. Lincoln declares martial law in MD8. Trent Affair

a. US ship stops British ship at seab. Arrest 2 Confed diplomatsc. Almost cause GB to go to war with USd. N thinks US ship captain hero

9. Copperheads: Demo who oppose the war10. Greenbacks: paper money used as legal tender11. Inflation rate of 80%

B. South1. Strong states-rights = weak ctl gov’t 2. No national treasury

a. Lack of money from taxes or bondsb. Difficult to finance war

3. Conscription brings resistance4. Lack of gold reserve means paper money based on

trust5. Inflation rate grows to 9000%

XI. Real FightingA. First Battle of Bull Run [July 21, 1861]

1. aka First Manassas2. Confed use rail junctions or cross roads/Union use natural landmarks to id battle sights3. 25/30 miles south of WDC

B. Union forces not ready to fight – pressured by LincolnC. Confed forces not ready to fight eitherD. Gen Irwin McDowell led Union forces south to attack ConfedE. Gen P.G.T. Beauregard command Southern forcesF. Large crowd Congressmen w/ladies and picnic lunches come to watch the whipping of the SouthG. Early Union success turns into Confed victory

1. Gen Thomas J. Jackson arrives w/reinforcements2. “There stands Jackson like a stonewall!”

H. Humiliating defeat for the North1. Unorganized retreat back to WDC2. Gear, supplies abandoned

I. Could easily have led to a Confed invasion of WDCJ. Caused Lincoln to increase call for army of 500,000 not 75,000K. Both sides change opinion of war

1. Both thought be over quickly and decisively [90 days]2. Both now see a long and hard fought war

L. Six minor attacks by Union forces prior to First Manassas

M. Crittenden-Johnson Resolution [July 1861]1. Declared war for reunion of states2. Not interfere w/institutions of South [slavery]3. Many in N opposed to cause of abolition4. Came to mean little

a. Two weeksb. Lincoln sign confiscation actc. Seize all property of rebellious citizensd. Slaves defined as property in act

5. Reunification still remained focus for another 1 ½ years

N. Corwin Amendment [March 1861]1. No amendment ever to abolish slavery2. Supported by Lincoln

XII.Life Goes OnA. South

1. Food shortagesa. Cotton fields converted to food crops but no transb. Union occupation of some areas

2. Morale down3. Riots in some locations by women seeking food/supplies

B. North1. Boon to economy

a. Growing industries to supply troopsb. Mechanization of farming required fewer

workers2. Women assumed many jobs just as in South

C. Homestead Act [1862]1. Designed to settle west2. Agree to cultivate 160 acres/5yrs/rec title free

D. Morrill Land Grant Act [1862]1. Allotted each state thousands of acres of land2. Amount based on number of senators and representatives3. Required to use land to fund at least one public university4. Money generated formed foundation for public univ

systemE. Emancipation Proclamation

1. Written Sept 1862 but not take effect until Jan 1, 18632. Time lag to allow to rescind if border states attempt to

leave3. Freed slaves in states in rebellion only4. Maintained slavery in border states and WDC (800,000)5. Gave war a moral focus/a shift from restore union6. Undermined slave labor force supporting Confederacy7. Cost South support of England and France8. “did not mean much…” A. Lincoln

F. Gettysburg Address [Nov. 1863]1. Lincoln speech to dedicate military cemetery2. One of best known orations in Am history3. Political speech not fact

a. “…new birth of freedom…gov’t of the people…”

b. Opposite was true due to waging bloody warc. Ignored calls for negotiated peaced. “Rebels” intent on self government

4. Primary speaker Edward Everett [2 hours]

G. Fighting Food1. Northern troops: hardtack [wheat flour biscuit], potatoes, beans, what could take or steal2. Southern troops: cornbread, wild game, what could buy

or was donated, no coffeeH. Andersonville Prison

1. Conf prisoner of war camp SW GA2. Most famous3. Hard conditions/100 day die4. Making best of bad situation5. Commander Henry Wirtz only person executed for war crimes

I. Camp Douglass1. Union prisoner of war camp Chicago2. Death rate nearly equal to Andersonville3. Refusal to issue blankets in winter [many froze to death]4. Food rations sold on black market5. Commander promoted for efficiency

XIII.Decisive BattlesA. First Battle of ManassasB. Battle of Shiloh [April 6-7, 1862]

1. Western TN2. Bloodiest of the WfSI3. Total casualties for both sides over 20,000 [U13/C10]4. Ended w/o clear winner

C. Antietam [Sept 17, 1862] [aka Battle of Sharpsburg]1. REL planned invasion of the North2. Antietam Creek MD3. So battle plans wrapped around cigar fell into hands of

No4. Confed forces met larger Union army than anticipated5. Bloodiest one day battle in history of US6. 23,000 killed or wounded

D. Vicksburg [May 15-July 4, 1863]1. Followed Union forces under Farragut taking New

Orleans2. Moved north up Miss R to gain total control3. Vicksburg MS well guarded by Confed4. Last major obstacle to Union control of MS R5. Sherman advised retreat – Grant refused6. Ordered siege of Confed commanded by Pemberton7. Siege lasted over two months8. City residence forced to live in caves, eat rats, dogs,

mules9. Grant finally victorious 10. Cut So into east/west, cut supply lines

E. Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville [12/13/62-5/2/63]1. Heavy losses by Union troops to smaller REL army2. Burnside replaced by Hooker3. REL attack Hooker Battle of Wilderness-No retreat

F. Gettysburg [July 1-3, 1863]1. REL army following Union north into PA2. Union forces repeatedly defeat Confed charges3. Pickett’s Charge across open ground Cemetery Ridge4. Heavy losses Confed could not afford5. Turning point b/c Confed no longer able to invade

G. Chickamauga [Sept 19, 1863]1. Chickamauga Creek north GA2. Confed push Union back north to Chattanooga3. Heavy losses for Union in surprise defeat

H. Chattanooga [Nov 23-25, 1863]1. Grant, Sherman, Hooker combine to attack Lookout 2. Superior numbers & equipment force Confed east to Missionary Ridge

3. Place TN in hands of Union4. Loss of major rail center5. Cut railway supplies to Atlanta

I. Kennesaw Mountain [June 27, 1864]1. Johnston forces defend Kennesaw Mtn GA against

Sherman2. Heavy Union losses3. Failed to take mountain must bypass

J. Mobile Bay [Aug 5, 1864]1. Farragut attack/capture Fort Gaines and Morgan2. Used 4 armored and 14 wooden vessels3. For several months Union occupy forts cutting supply

route4. City remains in Confed control until after Lee surrenders

K. Atlanta [Sept 2,1864]1. Union advance slowly despite loss at Kennesaw Mtn2. Final railway terminal for the South3. Sherman burns Atlanta to the ground4. Destroying ability of South to supply war effort

L. Sherman’s March to the Sea [May – Dec 1864]1. Handpicked 60,000 to destroy everything in 60 mile

wide2. Route from Chattanooga to Atlanta to Savannah then

north3. Destroy RR, farms to prevent helping army (total war)4. Soldiers given permission to loot, rape, murder civilians5. Burn homes and towns, destroy crops, kill livestock6. At Savannah turn north to meet Grant in VA7. Continued destruction through Carolinas (Pony)8. Burned entire town of Columbia SC9. Broke spirit of South creating bitterness and tension that

still exist today [effects of “total war”] [same used by others]

M. Appomattox Courthouse1. April 9, 18652. Followed Lee’s defeat of Grant at Cold Harbor and Wilderness campaign, siege of Petersburg 3. Lee outnumber 2 to 1 no replacements surrenders4. Grant offers generous terms of surrender5. End of Civil War though fighting continues for month

Numbers Game [for informational purposes only]North South24,000,000 total population 8,000,0004,070,000 white males age 15-40 1,140,0002,900,000 served in military 1,200,0001,500,000 enlisted for 3 years 800,0001,400,000 conscripted (immigrants) 400,000630,000 casualties [22%] 340,000 [28%]360,000 killed in action [12%][9%] 250,000 [21%][22%]

186,000 blacks in Army [near end] 30,000 [throughout war]Less $ - segregated Same $ - together

110,000 mfg establishments 18,0001,300,000 mfg workers 110,00022,000 miles railroad 9,000

The war cost approximately $7 billion, roughly twice what it would have cost to buy the freedom of every Southern slave at market value.

XIV.Cost of WarA. More US soldiers die than all other wars combined

1. 600,000 men killed2. Over half die of disease not gunfire

B. North1. Federal budget grew $63 million to $1.3 billion 2. Record levels of industrial production3. International immigration increased in urban areas4. Three new states joined Union, KS, WV, NV5. Union restored6. Power of federal government increased over states7. 360,000 Union soldiers lost their lives8. Return of 800,000 soldiers to work forces9. Slower demand/more workers led to recession

C. South1. Lost fight for independence2. Lost slave-based economy3. 258,000 Confederate soldiers lost their lives

4. South devastated, RR, factories, destroyed, banks close5. Farms/plantations destroyed slaves emancipated6. Agricultural economy destroyed7. Over 2/3 of southern wealth destroyed8. People feared retaliation from North and former slaves

XV.Why the South Lost

A. Outnumbered more than 3 to 1B. European allies did not show upC. South lagged behind in transportation and industrializationD. States rights issue made So states unwilling to give Confed gov’t powers needed to wage a successful war

XVI.LincolnA. Election of 1864

1. Seeks reelection2. Democrats nominate Gen. George B. McClellan

a. Stop hostilities, open negotiations with South

3. Capture of Atlanta gives Lincoln boost who trailed at time

4. Lincoln wins electiona. Saw reelection as mandate to end slaveryb. Thirteenth Amendment passes House sent to

statesB. Assassinated

1. Shot by John Wilkes Booth2. Ford’s Theater – Our American Cousin3. Shot April 14, 1865, dies one day later4. Invites question as to what might have happened