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Broadening Access to Statistical Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Data by Improving User Interfaces Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research Systems Research University of Maryland, College Park University of Maryland, College Park ([email protected]) ([email protected])
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Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

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Page 1: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Broadening Access to Statistical Data Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfacesby Improving User Interfaces

Ben Shneiderman Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction LaboratoryFounding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

Professor, Department of Computer ScienceProfessor, Department of Computer Science

Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchSystems Research

University of Maryland, College ParkUniversity of Maryland, College Park([email protected])([email protected])

Page 2: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

Page 3: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Scientific ApproachScientific Approach (beyond user friendly)(beyond user friendly)

Specify users and tasksSpecify users and tasks Predict and measure (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing)Predict and measure (theory-driven, hypothesis-testing)

time to learntime to learn speed of performancespeed of performance rate of human errorsrate of human errors human retention over timehuman retention over time

Assess subjective satisfactionAssess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction)

Accommodate individual differencesAccommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural contextConsider social, organizational & cultural context

Page 4: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Design IssuesDesign Issues Input devices & strategies

Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands

Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help

Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training

www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com

Page 5: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Library of CongressLibrary of Congress

Scholars, Journalists, CitizensScholars, Journalists, Citizens

Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students

Page 6: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Visible Human Explorer (NLM)Visible Human Explorer (NLM)

DoctorsDoctors

SurgeonsSurgeons

ResearchersResearchers

StudentsStudents

Page 7: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

NASA Environmental DataNASA Environmental Data

ScientistsScientists

FarmersFarmers

Land plannersLand planners

StudentsStudents

Page 8: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

LifeLines

Page 9: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 10: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Children as Our Design PartnersChildren as Our Design Partners

Page 11: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs)Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs)

Page 12: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Bureau of CensusBureau of Census

Economists, Policy Economists, Policy makers, Journalistsmakers, Journalists

Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students

Page 13: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Snap-Together VisualizationSnap-Together Visualization Allow

coordination designers to create novel layouts that combine existing visualizations

Allow users to navigate large datasets conveniently

Page 14: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Census Statistics with MapsCensus Statistics with Maps

Page 15: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industryTreemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

Page 16: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy

Solutions: Raise user expectations Conduct research Provide practical tools & methods

Universal Usability Universal Usability

Page 17: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Problem: Confusion, frustration, and remorse dominate user experiences Survey of 6000 users finds 5.1 hours/week wasted Incompatible files, interfaces, networks, hardware Poorly designed websites lacking accessibility policy

Solutions: Raise user expectations Conduct research Provide practical tools & methods

Skeptics corner - Dumbing down

- Lowest common denominator

Universal Usability Universal Usability

Page 18: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

ACM Code of EthicsACM Code of Ethics

In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.

Page 19: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Internet Use by Education - 1998Internet Use by Education - 1998 Percent of U.S. Households Using the InternetPercent of U.S. Households Using the Internet

Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas

Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide www.ntia.doc.gov

Page 20: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Internet Use by Income - 1998Internet Use by Income - 1998 Percent of U.S. Households Using the InternetPercent of U.S. Households Using the Internet

Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas Total U.S., Rural, Urban, and Central City Areas

Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide

www.ntia.doc.gov

Page 21: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Technology variety:Technology variety: Support broad range of Support broad range of hardware, software, and network accesshardware, software, and network access

1 to 100 range in processor speeds

286 486 Pentium

1 to 100 range in screen sizes

Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels

Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms

Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,...

1 to 100 range in network bandwidth

9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps

Page 22: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing...

Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful

User diversityUser diversity: Accommodate different users: Accommodate different users

Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert

Age Young to oldGender Male or FemaleIncome Impoverished to wealthy

Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive

Disabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight

Page 23: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities

Gaps in User Knowledge - StrategiesGaps in User Knowledge - StrategiesBridge the gap between what users know and

what they need to know

Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training

Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist

Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active

Customer service Email Phone Help desks

Page 24: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

ACM Conference on Universal Usability

Washington, DC November 16-17, 2000

www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu

Page 25: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Broadening Access to Census DataBroadening Access to Census Data Dynamaps

Speeds exploration of geographic data Facilitates comparisons & visibility of extremes

Query Previews Speeds exploration of statistical data Facilitates study of distributions of data

Table browser Speeds exploration of tabular data Facilitates understanding of data patterns

Page 26: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

DynamapDynamap

Page 27: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

DynamapDynamap

Page 28: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

DynamapDynamap

Page 29: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 30: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Broadening Access to Census DataBroadening Access to Census Data Dynamaps

Speeds exploration of geographic data Facilitates comparisons & visibility of extremes

Query Previews Speeds exploration of statistical data Facilitates study of distributions of data

Table browser Speeds exploration of tabular data Facilitates understanding of data patterns

Page 31: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Problems with Browsing Large Online TablesProblems with Browsing Large Online Tables

e.g. 1997 US Economic Census Data, for Counties:more than 3000 Tuples

Hard to see overview, gaps, and clusters or find answers to questions without many zero or mega hit queries and large unnecessary downloads

Universal Relation >> 1000 Tuples

Page 32: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 33: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 34: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 35: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 36: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 37: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 38: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 39: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 40: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 41: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

ConclusionsConclusions

Visual presentation of dataVisual presentation of data Visual manipulation of dataVisual manipulation of data Continuous immediate feedback on actionsContinuous immediate feedback on actions Easily reversible actionsEasily reversible actions Error prevention instead of error correctionError prevention instead of error correction Better network performance:Better network performance:

No zero/mega hit queriesNo zero/mega hit queries Loading only the metadata prior to query submissionLoading only the metadata prior to query submission

Page 42: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Broadening Access to Census DataBroadening Access to Census Data Dynamaps

Speeds exploration of geographic data Facilitates comparisons & visibility of extremes

Query Previews Speeds exploration of statistical data Facilitates study of distributions of data

Table browser Speeds exploration of tabular data Facilitates understanding of data patterns

Page 43: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 44: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,
Page 45: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings.

-- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808

Page 46: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

ACM Conference on Universal Usability

Washington, DC November 16-17, 2000

www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu

Page 47: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory

(www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

Page 48: Broadening Access to Statistical Data by Improving User Interfaces Ben Shneiderman Founding Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor,

ReferencesReferences Hert, C.A. (1999). Federal Statistical Website Users And Their Tasks: Investigations Of AvenuesTo

Facilitate Access: Final Report to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at: http://istweb.syr.edu/~hert/BLSphase3.PDF

Hert, C.A. (1998). FedStats Users and Their Tasks: Providing Support and Learning Tools: Final Report to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at: http://istweb.syr.edu/~hert/BLSphase2.html

  Haas, S.W. and Hert, C.A. (2000). Terminology Development and Organization in Multi-Community

Environments: The Case of Statistical Information. In Soergel, D. (ed.) Proc. 11th ASIS&T SIG/CR Classification Research Workshop. Chicago, IL, November 12, 2000, p. 51-72

Hert, C.A. and Marchionini, G. (1997). Seeking Statistical Information in Federal Websites: Users, Tasks, Strategies, and Design Recommendations: Final Report to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://ils.unc.edu/~march/blsreport/mainbls.html

  Marchionini, G. (1998) Advanced Interface Designs for the BLS Website: Final Report to the Bureau of

Labor Statistics. http://ils.unc.edu/~march/blsreport98/final_report.html

Marchionini, G. (1999). An Alternative Site Map Tool for The FedStats Statistical Website. http://ils.unc.edu/~march/bls_final_report99.pdf

Marchionini, G. (2000). From Overviews to Previews to Answers: Integrated Interfaces for Federal Statistics Report to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 30, 2000 http://ils.unc.edu/~march/bls_final_report_99-00.pdf


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