Broadcasting Revolution: The Power and Limitation of Satellite News Broadcasting in the Middle East

7/31/2019 Broadcasting Revolution: The Power and Limitation of Satellite News Broadcasting in the Middle East

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K{edomd}`fc [irejyèf

_ai \esi{ dfo J`g`dèf} eb ]dijjì Fis} K{edomd}`fc `f ai Gòoji Id}

Hiifdf Oybbip

\{ebi}}e{ Ne}i|a Dgd{

]ifè{ D{dk`m _ai}`}



Oybbip ;

_ai y|aidrdj eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc sd} d `gi eb yf|{imioifio madfci `f ai Gòoji Id}

dfo Fe{a Db{`md& _ai |{ei}} `f _da{`{ ]tyd{i `f Md`{e* Gd{p{―} ]tyd{i `f Kda{d`f dfo

ij}isai{i `f ai Gòoji Id} adri madjjifcio ai `fmygkif mef}if}y} dkey ai {icèf& _ai

D{dk ]|{`fc* d} ` `} fes |e|yjd{jp hfesf* |ifi{dio ai mjeyo} eb e||{i}}èf dfo iri{pefi

b{eg |ej``mdj |{ecfe}`mde{} ef ijir`}èf e ai |{ei}e{} `f ai }{ii} jeehio be{sd{o e ai

|e}}`k`j`ì} eb df `fr`ce{dio dfo b{ii Gòoji Id}& Jeeh`fc kdmh ef ai D{dk ]|{`fc* ai

|i{}|im`ri ad} madfcio& [irejyèfd{p bi{re{ ad} {imioio* {i|jdmio kp ai {idj`p eb o`bb`myj

|e}'{irejyèf oim`}èf}& ]maejd{}* |yfo`}* ney{fdj`}} dfo |{ei}e{} d{i fes `f ai |{emi}} eb

dfdjp~`fc ai mdy}i} dfo irif} eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc `f e{oi{ e kii{ yfoi{}dfo ai {ee}*

|{emi}}i} dfo eymegi} eb a`} }iig`fcjp }|efdfiey} eyky{} eb |{ei}&

_ai mdy}i} dfo jefc'i{g eymegi} eb df`'{ic`gi |{ei}} oy{`fc ai D{dk ]|{`fc adri

kiif iqdg`fio dfo oikdio `f ai |dci} eb ai be{i`cf |ej`mp gefajì} dfo ef ai d`{sdri} eb

ai ;?'aey{ fis} fise{h}& _ai }id{ma be{ d yf`bp`fc bdme{ dgefc ai o`bbi{if |{ei}} ad}

pìjoio g`qio {i}yj}& Iri{p Gòoji Id} iq|i{ dfo |yfo` ad} kiif }id{ma`fc be{ }egia`fc e

iq|jd`f sap mi{d`f meyf{ì} adri }iif {ikijjèf} sa`ji eai{} adri fe e{ }egia`fc e iq|jd`f

sap }egi {ikijjèf} adri }ymmiioio dfo }egi adri fe& _ay} bd{* fe mefr`fm`fc* mefmjy}`ri*

djj'ifmeg|d}}`fc iq|jdfdèf ad} kiif |e}ìo&

@ ad} kiif }ycci}io ad ai mdy}i} eb ai y|aidrdj si{i ai o{dmef`df fdy{i} eb ai

{yj`fc {ic`gi} ad adri kiif madjjifcio e{ eri{a{esf& _ai{i `} fe oeyk ad ai bìjo} eb

{irejyèf si{i bi{`ji dm{e}} ai D{dk Se{jo& _ai |{ekjig* aesiri{* ad }egi |jdmi} si{i

ge{i bi{`ji adf eai{}& _ai meyf{ì} ad adri kiif {emhio kp y|aidrdj dfo ai {yji{} ad

adri kiif madjjifcio e{ ey}io d{i fe gefejà`m `f |ej`mp e{ |{dm`mi& ^`fi Ij Dkò`fi Kif Dj`

eb _yf`}`d dfo Gydggd{ Tdoodb` eb J`kpd si{i kea gyj`'oimdoi dyem{d} ky a`} `} sai{i



Oybbip =

ai`{ }`g`jd{`ì} ifoio& _aip m{idio se ri{p o`bbi{if }emìì} oy{`fc ai`{ {i`cf}& _yf`}`d―}

yfig|jepgif {di `f ;<4<* ai pid{ kibe{i ai eri{a{es eb Kif Dj`* }d d 4=)* sa`ji J`kpd―}

`f ;<<?* ai jd} pid{ eb drd`jdkji odd* sd} d kjedio =<)&4 Be{i`cf O`{im @fri}gif !BO@*

df `fo`mde{ eb imefeg`m }dk`j`p* dj}e rd{ìo o{dgd`mdjjp kisiif ai}i se meyf{ì} oi}|ì

ai`{ }`g`jd{ |e|yjdèf }`~i} dfo ciec{d|a`m |{eq`g`p& _yf`}`d {imi`rio eri{ /=4 k`jjèf `f BO@

`f ;<4< sa`ji J`kpd {imi`rio efjp /40 k`jjèf&; _yf`}`d {dfhio ?<a `f ai ;<44';<4; Se{jo

Imefeg`m Be{yg Cjekdj Meg|i``rifi}} [i|e{ daido eb @djp dfo \e{ycdj sa`ji J`kpd `} fe

irif {dfhio `f ai {i|e{* sa`ma `fmjyoio }yma imefeg`m bidai{si`ca} d} Fi|dj dfo Gdjds`&=

Imefeg`m} mdffe ki ai yf`bp`fc bdme{ eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc saif }yma o`ri{}i dfo `f }egi

md}i} iqmi|èfdj imefeg`m mefo`èf} iq`}io `f ai {icèf&

]em`djjp* fe ny} imefeg`mdjjp* _yf`}`d dfo J`kpd d{i ri{p o`bbi{if |jdmi} d} sijj&

_yf`}* ai _yf`}`df md|`dj* ad} d {i|ydèf d} d Iy{e|idf m`p `f Fe{a Db{`md& _ai |ykj`m

`fijjimydj Ma{`}e|ai{ A`maif} oi}m{`kio _yf`}`d d} d meyf{p ‚sai{i |ie|ji o`}my}} g`m{e'

m{io`} be{ }gdjj ky}`fi}} `f}ido eb ‖gdm{e― }maigi} }yma d} aejp sd{‗ dfo d} d meyf{p sà

‚fe c{dfoè}i d{gio be{mi}* ai my{}i eb ai {i} eb ai mef`fif* biio`fc |d{d}``mdjjp ebb ai

fdèfdj `fmegi dfo {isd{o`fc ai`{ esf {i}ji}}fi}} sà ai emmd}èfdj mey|&‗ ? J`kpd* djefc

sà ge} eb ai {i} eb ai {icèf* `} ai |ejd{ e||e}ì eb a`} oi}m{`|èf& _ai |d{dfeò

Gydggd{ Tdoodb` gd`fd`fio d jd{ci g`j`d{p dfo }`|aefio ebb e`j {irifyi} e if{`ma a`g}ijb

dfo bijjes gigki{} eb a`} Tdoodb` {`ki& Fe efi seyjo gifèf _{`|ej` `f ai }dgi k{ida d}

4_ai odd `} ai ge} {imif drd`jdkji |{i'D{dk ]|{`fc odd drd`jdkji& _ai {di be{ _yf`}`d `} b{eg ;<4< dfo ai odibe{ J`kpd `} b{eg ;<<?&Mif{dj @fijj`cifmi Dcifmp* _ai Se{jo Bdmkeeh* a|}>%%sss&m`d&cer%j`k{d{p%|ykj`mdèf}%ai'se{jo'bdmkeeh% ; _yf`}`d dfo J`kpd* @fsd{o dfo eysd{o be{i`cf o`{im fri}gif }emh* dffydj 401<';<4<* `f Yfìo Fdèf}

Mefbi{ifmi ef _{doi dfo Oirije|gif ]d`}`mdj Oddkd}i*a|>%%yfmdo}d&yfmdo&e{c%_dkjiRìsi{%dkjiRìs&d}|q&=‚_yf`}`d*‗ `f @foiq eb Imefeg`m Meg|i``rifi}}* Se{jo Imefeg`m Be{yg*

a|>%%sss=&sibe{yg&e{c%oem}%SIBUCM[UMeg|i` rifi}}@foiq[dfh`fcU;<44'4;&|ob& ? A`maif}* ‚D ai Oi}i{―} Ioci*‗ |ej``m}&



Oybbip ?

\d{`} e{ [egi& _ai bdm `} ad ai dyem{d} ad adri kiif oi|e}io `f ai |d} pid{ {yjio `f

o`bbi{if sdp} dfo ai`{ {yj`fc |{dm`mi}* sa`ji djj {i}{`m`ri eb |i{}efdj b{iioeg}* mdffe ki

jyg|io `fe efi c{ey|& _ai gdne{ yfoi{jp`fc mdy}i* sa`ji |d{`djjp {ijdio e ai {i}{`m`ri

{yj`fc |{dm`mi} eb D{dk dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf jidoi{}* gy} dj}e ki d c{es`fc }if}i eb }ejòd{`p

dgefc Gòoji Id}i{f dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf |ie|ji& _aip adri {idj`~io mejjim`rijp ad* ef ai

saeji* aip j`ri sà bd{ bisi{ b{iioeg} dfo ifnep bd{ bisi{ e||e{yf`ì} adf ge} eb ai {i}

eb ai se{jo& _ai }{yccji} dfo d}|`{dèf} eb efi meyf{p `f ai D{dk Se{jo d{i fes ai

}{yccji} dfo d}|`{dèf} eb iri{p meyf{p `f ai D{dk Se{jo& @b a`} si{i fe ai md}i aif ai

|{ei}} `f Icp| seyjo oe j`ji e mdy}i df y|{`}`fc `f Pigif dfo ai eri{a{es eb Kif Dj` `f

_yf`}`d seyjo oe j`ji e `fmì {ikijjèf dcd`f} Kd}ad{ Dj'D}}do `f ]p{`d& ]e* sai{i oò a`}

yf`p dfo }ejòd{`p megi b{eg5

_ai yf`p dfo }ejòd{`p }|{yfc b{eg df igi{c`fc meggefdj`p eb `fbe{gdèf `f ai

{icèf& D{dk |ykj`m} ado o`}|d{di rìs} eb ai se{jo kimdy}i aip si{i iq|e}io e o`bbi{if*

a`cajp mif}e{io }ey{mi} eb fis}* sa`ma si{i riio kp ceri{fgif g`f`}i{}& _ai igi{c`fc

meggefdj`p eb `fbe{gdèf mdgi b{eg ai fes yk`tyèy} }dijjì o`}ai} ad oe ai {eebe|}

eb iri{p d|d{gif ky`jo`fc `f iri{p D{dk m`p& _ai `gdci}* sa`ma adri kiif kidg`fc dm{e}} ai

Gòoji Id} be{ ai |d} gefa}* oi|`mio d }{efc |e|yjd{ madjjifci e d }ad{io dfo oi}|e`m

{idj`p& @f ai |d} efi ibbim`ri |{ei} sd} id}`jp j`bio ebb ai d`{sdri} kp ceri{fgif mif}e{}*

sa`ma `f y{f seyjo }{`| d gerigif eb dfp gegifyg ` g`ca adri cd`fio& @f ai }dijjì

dci* aesiri{* efi }ymmi}}byj |{ei} `} kidgio dm{e}} ai Gòoji Id} dfo ceri{fgif mif}e{}

d{i* be{ ai ge} |d{* d{i `fmd|dkji eb oe`fc dfpa`fc dkey `& D |{ei} `f _yf`} {idmai} Pigif

d} aeyca ` ad||ifio `f ai Pigif` md|`dj eb ]dfd―d& _a`} yf`bp`fc |aifegifef ad} kiif

ad||if`fc c{doydjjp }`fmi ai b`{} d||id{dfmi eb }dijjì ijir`}èf fis} `f ai 400<―} dfo



Oybbip 9

}i{rio e yf`bp ai gerigif} eb Pigif* Icp|* Kda{d`f dfo ij}isai{i oi}|ì ai`{ o`bbi{if

}em`dj dfo imefeg`m }i`fc}& Sad aip ado `f meggef sd} `fbe{gdèf&

_ai }imefo tyi}èf d}hio dfo df}si{io `f |{`f dfo ef ijir`}èf `} ‚sap oò ai

{irejyèf} }d{ saif aip oò5‗ _ai dyem{d`m {yji{} madjjifcio dfo e||jio `f ai |d} pid{*

djge} dm{e}} ai ked{o* adri kiif `f |esi{ be{ oimdoi}& _ai bd}aèfdkji {i}|ef}i e ai `g`fc

tyi}èf ad} kiif* be{ ai ge} |d{* ad ai c{es`fc |esi{ eb }em`dj gio`d dfo `} dk`j`p e

{ey}i gd}}`ri |{ei}} {d|òjp {`cci{io ai |{ei}} kimdy}i eb `fm{id}`fc @fi{fi dmmi}}& _ai

d}}yg|èf ad} kiif ad ai D{dk ]|{`fc sd} }`g|jp* d} Gdjmejg Cjdosijj g`ca }ycci}* ai

`||`fc |e`f be{ }em`dj gio`d& ]em`dj gio`d* yfoeykiojp* sd} d |esi{byj bdme{ f }egi md}i}&

Bdmikeeh dfo _sì{ d{i iq{igijp ibb`mìf e{cdf`~dèfdj madffij} be{ |ie|ji dj{idop

meffimio e ai Bdmikeeh dfo _sì{ fise{h}& D sijj'e{cdf`~io Bdmikeeh |dci mdf mi{d`fjp

mef{`kyi e e{cdf`~`fc d |{ei} dfo d ceeo _sii mdf meggyf`mdi y|odi} dkey ai

gerigif} eb {è |ej`mi e{ g`j`d{p be{mi} e{ {ey}i eai{ ima'}drrp m``~if} e megi dfo ne`f d

|{ei}& Mi{d`f irif}* j`hi ai fes fee{èy} ‚Odp eb [dci‗ ef Ndfyd{p ;9* ;<44 `f Icp| dfo

eai{}* si{i yfoeykiojp |jdffio dfo iqimyio sà ai d}}`}dfmi eb Bdmikeeh&9 _ai D{dk

]|{`fc sd} d |{irìs eb ai |eif`dj |esi{ eb }em`dj gio`d `f m`r`j }emìp&

_ai{i `} efi hip sidhfi}}* aesiri{* e ai aie{p ad }em`dj gio`d―} `fbjyifmi `f ai

Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md {`cci{io ai D{dk ]|{`fc> ai @fi{fi ad} pi e |ifi{di d

gdne{`p eb ai |e|yjdèf `f dfp Gòoji Id}i{f meyf{p ey}òi eb ai Cyjb& Cyjb meyf{ì} j`hi

Kda{d`f* Tdd{ dfo ai Yfìo D{dk Ig`{di} djj adri dkeri 9<) eb ai`{ |e|yjdèf} y}`fc ai

9 _ai ‚Odp eb [dci‗ sd} m{idio d} d Bdmikeeh ‚irif‗ dfo |ie|ji si{i `frìo e ai irif& _ai irif `} fee{èy} kimdy}i ` |{eròio d fdgi be{ ai Ndfyd{p ;9a |{ei}} `f _da{`{ ]tyd{i& 09*<<< |ie|ji si{i ‚difo`fc‗ ai irif

dmme{o`fc e ai Bdmikeeh |dci&Dg`{d Fesd`{d* ‚Icp|―} Odp eb [dci cei} ef& @} ai se{jo sdma`fc5‗ _ai Cyd{o`df !YH)* ;3 Ndfyd{p ;<44*a|>%%sss&cyd{o`df&me&yh%meggif`}b{ii%;<44%ndf%;3%icp|'|{ei}}'{ic`gi'm``~if}&



Oybbip 2

@fi{fi& @fi{fi |ifi{dèf }dfo} d d be{gòdkji ==&0) `f _yf`}`d* `f Icp| ` }dfo} d

;?&9)* ky `f J`kpd* sai{i efi eb ai ge} rèjifjp }y||{i}}io iq|{i}}èf} eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc

if}yio* @fi{fi |ifi{dèf }dfo} d d gidci{ 9&?)&2 _ai {irejyèfd{p gegifyg eb ai

D{dk ]|{`fc gi `} eycai} madjjifci `f J`kpd* sà ai |e}}`kji iqmi|èf eb ]p{`d* dfo }`jj

eri{mdgi ad madjjifci oi}|ì jes @fi{fi y}dci& ]e aes oò ai gerigif kic`f `f J`kpd5

E{ Pigif5 E{ ]p{`d5 _ai{i gy} ki dfeai{ iq|jdfdèf& Dfeai{ |{ekjigd`m iqdg|ji be{ ai

}em`dj gio`d m{eso `} ai iqdg|ji eb ]dyo` D{dk`d& @ `} d meyf{p sai{i @fi{fi |ifi{dèf

}dfo} d ?=&2) ky |d{doeq`mdjjp ai meyf{p `} {dio d ai gdq`gyg eb ‚yfb{ii‗ kp B{iioeg

Aey}i&

3

@f ai H`fcoeg* ai{i `} fe }`cf eb {irejyèf* mey| o―àd* e{ eai{s`}i jeeg`fc ef ai

ae{`~ef& Eoojp ifeyca* ai meyf{p sà ai jd{ci} edj fygki{ eb @fi{fi y}i{} `f ai {icèf `}

@{df sà =2*9<<*<<< y}i{} dmmeyf`fc be{ ?2&0) eb `} |e|yjdèf& 1 _a`} fygki{ osd{b} ad eb

eai{ Gòoji Id}i{f meyf{ì} dfo pi ai{i ad} kiif fe }ityij e ai D{dk ]|{`fc `f @{df& _ai

{idj`p `}* yfbe{yfdijp be{ ]dyo`} dfo @{df`df}* ad dmmi}} e }em`dj gio`d dfo ai @fi{fi `} fe

cyd{dfe{ eb |e|yjd{ {i}`}dfmi e e||{i}}`ri {ic`gi} e{ }ymmi}}byj |{ei}} `b dfo saif aip oe

if}yi& Aifmi* ]dyo` D{dk`d dfo @{df―} {yj`fc {ic`gi} {igd`f `f b`{g mef{ej eb ai`{ meyf{ì}&

]em`dj gio`d mdf mef{`kyi e |{ei}} ky ` oei} fe d}}y{i ai`{ iq`}ifmi e{ }ymmi}}&

Oi}|ì ai }ycci}èf} eb d {imifjp |ykj`}aio {i|e{* `jio ‚E|if`fc Mje}io [ic`gi}>

Sad sd} ai {eji eb ]em`dj Gio`d `f ai D{dk ]|{`fc5‗ sa`ma sd} s{ìf kp }iri{dj }maejd{} d

2 _ai{i d{i efjp se {ity`{igif} be{ d |i{}ef e ki mef}òi{io df @fi{fi Y}i{>!4 _ai |i{}ef gy} adri drd`jdkji dmmi}} e df @fi{fi meffimèf |e`f* dfo!; _ai |i{}ef gy} adri ai kd}`m hfesjioci {ity`{io e y}i sik imafejecp& @fi{fi Y}dci ]d`} m} be{ Db{`md* `f @fi{fi Se{jo ]d}> Y}dci dfo \e|yjdèf ]d`}`m}*a|>%%sss&`fi{fise{jo}d}&meg%}d}4&ag!dmmi}}io Ndfyd{p ;1* ;<4;&3 B{iioeg Aey}i* ‚Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md*‗ a|>%%sss&b{iioegaey}i&e{c%{icèf}%g ooji'id}'dfo'fe{a'db{`md !dmmi}}io Ndfyd{p ;0* ;<4;&1 @fi{fi Y}dci ]d`} m}* @fi{fi Se{jo ]d} Y}dci dfo \e|yjdèf ]d`}`m}&

http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm

http://www.freedomhouse.org/regions/middle-east-and-north-africa





http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm



Oybbip 3

ai Yf`ri{}`p eb Sd}a`fcef']idji dfo Dgi{`mdf Yf`ri{}`p*0 }em`dj gio`d mdffe iq|jd`f ai

irif} eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc `f Pigif* J`kpd dfo eai{ `fi{fi }d{rio meyf{ì} dfo mdf efjp

|d{`djjp iq|jd`f ai {irejyèf} `f _yf`}`d dfo Icp|& _ai {i|e{ }ycci}} ad }em`dj gio`d sd}

ai o{`r`fc be{mi kia`fo ai e{cdf`~dèf dfo iqimyèf eb |{ei}} `f Icp| dfo m{io` `* d} ai

`ji }ycci}}* sà ‚e|if`fc mje}io {ic`gi}&‗4< @f {idj`p* ijir`}èf `} d ge{i yk`tyèy} be{mi

adf }em`dj gio`d dfo ad} kiif e|if`fc mje}io {ic`gi} `f ai {icèf be{ ai jd} oimdoi dfo d

adjb& _ijir`}èf* yfj`hi }em`dj gio`d* |i{gidi} ai saeji eb }emìp {dai{ adf efjp ai

`fijjimydj dfo imefeg`m ijì* dfo `} {df}be{g`fc ai Gòoji Id} `f |{ebeyfo dfo djj'

ifmeg|d}}`fc sdp}& ]em`dj gio`d dk}ejyijp |jdpio d {eji `f ai D{dk ]|{`fc& Dkey a`} ai{i

mdf ki fe oeyk& Ky ai {eji eb }dijjì ijir`}èf `f ai D{dk ]|{`fc ad} kiif yfbd`{jp dfo

`fme{{imjp o`}meyfio& D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì ijir`}èf fis}* yfj`hi }em`dj gio`d* |{i}if}

fis} e d k{edo D{dk dyoìfmi& _a`} imafejecp yf`bìo dfo }|{ido ai {irejyèf} e djj }em`dj

dfo imefeg`m jirij} eb D{dk }emìp dfo oi}i{ri} bd{ ge{i m{io` adf ` ad} kiif c`rif `f ai

sdhi eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc&

Dmmi}} `} sad gdhi} }dijjì ijir`}èf }yma d |esi{byj be{mi& ]dijjì o`}ai} dfo

ijir`}èf} d{i sòijp drd`jdkji be{ |y{mad}i `f gdne{ D{dk m`ì}& _aip d{i fe jefci{ efjp ai

jyqy{ì} eb ai ijì dfo sidjap& Irif ae}i sae mdffe dbbe{o e kyp efi s`jj j`hijp b`fo efi d

ai`{ r`jjdci* esf e{ fi`cake{aeeo mdbà& _ai D{dk |ykj`m `} yf`fc `fe D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì

fis} madffij} ef d od`jp kd}`} `f aey}i}* d|d{gif}* ebb`mi} dfo mdbi} b{eg Gd{{dhima*

Ge{emme e Gdfdgd* Kda{d`f& D{dk m``~if} d{i ifcdc`fc sà ai se{jo d{eyfo aig dfo ki`fc

0 _a`} {i|e{ dfdjp~io _sì{ y}dci oy{`fc ai Icp|`df |{ei}} jido`fc y| e Gykd{dh―} ey}i{& _aip jeehio d

gdfp d}|im} fmjyo`fc mefif* e{`c`f dfo {dbb`m&\a`j`| F& Aesd{o* Dòif Oybbp* Oiif Biijef* Gy~dgg`j Ay}}d`f* S`jj Gd{`* Gd{sd Gd~dò* E|if`fc Mje}io

[ic`gi}> Sad sd} ai [eji eb ]em`dj Gio`d Oy{`fc ai D{dk ]|{`fc5* !Yf`ri{}`p eb Sd}a`fcef']idji> \{enimef @fbe{gdèf _imafejecp dfo \ej``mdj @}jdg* ;<44&4< Aesd{o* Oybbip* Biijef* Ay}}d`f* Gd{`* Gd~dò* E|if`fc Mje}io [ic`gi}&



Oybbip 1

iq|e}io e `fbe{gdèf |{irèy}jp hi| kia`fo ceri{fgif mif}e{}& _ai ibbim`rifi}} eb

ijir`}èf }ig} b{eg `} dk`j`p e }|df }em`dj dfo imefeg`m mjd}}i}& @ oei} fe }`g|jp }i{ri ai

gefipio d{`}em{d} e{ ai }drrp `fijjimydj} kimdy}i fe |{ea`k``rijp iq|if}`ri `\aefi*

GdmKeeh e{ Kjdmhki{{p `} {ity`{io& ]dijjì ijir`}èf `} d |d{ eb j`bi be{ d gdne{`p eb D{dk}& D

;<4< |ejj eb D{dk |ykj`m} beyfo ad 19) eb D{dk} ci ai`{ fis} b{eg ijir`}èf sa`ji efjp 1)

ci ai`{ fis} b{eg ai @fi{fi dfo 9) b{eg fis}|d|i{}&44 _ijir`}èf {i`cf} }y|{igi d} df

`fbe{gdèf o`}{`kyèf gimadf`}g `f ai Gòoji Id}& _a`} be{mi* iri{ |{i}if* |d}}`ri dfo pi

md|`rd`fc* ad} madfcio ai g`fo}i eb ai D{dk |ykj`m dfo byijjio ai `fbi{fe eb o`}tyì dfo

{ikijjèf ad ad} ifcyjbio ai {icèf& _ai `gdci} eb |{ei} {i`fbe{mio efi dfeai{& _ai

oigef}{dèf} ef ijir`}èf `f ai }{ii} eb dfeai{ D{dk m`p ty`mhjp kimdgi ai |{ei}}

ey}òi ai rìsi{} esf s`foes& ]dijjì ijir`}èf fise{h} d{i òidj gio`yg} be{ }|{ido`fc

{irejyèfd{p òid} dfo `gdci} `f df `fbe{gdèf'}d{rio {icèf& Be{ ai ge} |d{* aip jì

kipefo ai {idma eb ceri{fgif} ad seyjo {dai{ ai fise{h} }`jifmi ai |{ei}e{}& Sad

si{i g`}}`fc kibe{i ai D{dk ]|{`fc si{i `gdci} eb }ymmi}}byj |{ei} dfo madfci& Djj ad sd}

fiioio sd} d }|d{h dfo ai gd}}`ri o`}{`ky`ri |esi{ eb }dijjì} seyjo kidg m`r`j

o`}ekioìfmi dm{e}} ai oi}i{} eb Fe{a Db{`md* a{eyca ai D{dk |if`f}yjd dfo y| `fe

Gi}e|edg`d& _ai |i{bim }|d{h `} o`bb`myj e be{imd}& D gefh bdgey}jp }ijb'`ggejdio d d

m{esoio ]d`cef `fi{}imèf `f Rìfdg dfo k{eyca cjekdj dsd{ifi}} e ai {ij`cèy}

`feji{dfmi eb ai ]eya Rìfdgi}i ceri{fgif& D jefi m``~if }eeo kibe{i d j`fi eb `g|e}`fc

dfh} `f Ma`fd dfo }aesio ai se{jo ad Ma`fd sd} fe ai {dfty`j meyf{p ai Ma`fi}i

ceri{fgif |y{|e{io ` e ki& Geyadggdo Keyd~d~` kimdgi ai }|d{h ad `cfìo ai D{dk

44 _ai }y{rip sd} mefoymio `f Icp|* Ne{odf* Jikdfef* Ge{emme* ]dyo` D{dk`d dfo YDI& _ai }dg|ji }`~i sd}=*032 sà d gd{c`f eb i{{e{ eb (%' 4&2)&]a`kjip _ijadgip* ‚;<4< D{dk \ykj`m E|`fèf \ejj*‗ _ai K{eeh`fc} @f}`yi*

a|>%%sss&k{eeh`fc}&ioy%v%gio`d%B`ji}%{m%{i|e{}%;<4<%<1Ud{dkUe|`fèfU|ejjUijadg`%<1Ud{dkUe|`f efU|ejjUijadg`&|ob&



Oybbip 0

]|{`fc saif ai meggìo a`} dm eb }ijb'`ggejdèf `f b{ef eb ai |{er`fm`dj ceri{fe{―} ebb`mi

`f _yf`}`d ef Oimigki{ 43* ;<4<&4;

]dijjì ijir`}èf* eri{ ai |d} oimdoi dfo d adjb* sd}aio ey ai odg eb ceri{fgif'

mif}e{}a`| dfo {ijid}io d oijyci eb `fbe{gdèf efe ai |{irèy}jp `f}yjdio D{dk |ykj`m}& @

ad} k{eyca |e`f'meyfi{|e`f }pji ijir`}èf }aes} `fe D{dk aegi} dfo d |e`f'meyfi{|e`f

gifdj`p e ai |ykj`m }tyd{i& Oikdi} d{i bidy{io |{ec{dgg`fc ef ai ge} |e|yjd{ D{dk

fis} fise{h} j`hi Dj'Nd~ii{d* Dj'D{dk`pd* dfo KKM D{dk`m& O`}}if}èf sd} {d{ijp `b iri{

bidy{io ef ceri{fgif ijir`}èf saif ceri{fgif g`f`}i{} gefè{io ai |{ec{dgg`fc& Ef'

d`{ mefbj`m dfo o`}dc{iigif sd} fef'iq`}if* ekrèy}jp* kimdy}i ` sd} `f fe o`mde{―} ki}

`fi{i} e oikdi ai gi{`} eb ai`{ {yji ef ai`{ esf }di'{yf d`{sdri} _ai igi{cifmi eb

D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì ijir`}èf fise{h}* sa`ma kicdf d||id{`fc `f ai gò'400<#}*

aesiri{* m`{mygrifio djj ceri{fgif `fi{bi{ifmi iqmi| be{ ad eb ai`{ aegi meyf{p& Sa`ji

aip d{i kd}io `f efi meyf{p* aip d{i md|dkji eb {idma`fc ai saeji eb ai D{dk`m'}|idh`fc

se{jo& _ai {dg`b`mdèf} eb a`} `fbe{gdèf {irejyèf d{i }`jj ki`fc yfmeri{io dfo dfdjp~io

a{eycaey ai {icèf& _ai ibbim `} d} |{ebeyfo d} ` `} yfmi{d`f& Sad D{dk} s`jj oe sà a`}

fis }emh|`ji eb `fbe{gdèf {igd`f} e ki }iif& @ oei} d||id{* aesiri{* ad D{dk m``~if} d{i

fes kii{ `fbe{gio adf iri{ kibe{i dfo s`jj fe jefci{ eji{di c{e}} dky}i} eb |esi{* sa`ma

adri oib`fio Gòoji Id}i{f dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf jidoi{} be{ ai |d} adjb'mify{p&

D sòi}|{ido d}}yg|èf `f ai Si}* dfo ai se{jo be{ ad gdi{* `} ad a`} md}mdoi

eb |{irèy}jp yf}iif `gdci} dfo yfaid{o e|`fèf} s`jj }|y{f oigem{d`m gerigif} a{eycaey

ai |{irèy}jp }dcfdf D{dk Se{jo& Irif kibe{i ai D{dk ]|{`fc* gdfp d}}ygio ad }dijjì

4; Pd}g`fi [pdf* ‚_ai _{dc`m J`bi eb d ]{ii Rifoe{*‗ Dj Nd~ii{d Ifcj`}a* Ndfyd{p ;<* ;<44*a|>%%sss&djnd~ii{d&meg%`foi|a%bidy{i}%;<44%<4%;<444421?;?;9411=0&agj !dmmi}}io Ndfyd{p =4* ;<4;&

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201111684242518839.html

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201111684242518839.html



Oybbip 4<

ijir`}èf seyjo mdy}i d c{doydj oigem{d`~dèf eb ai Gòoji Id}& _ai \ykj`m K{edomd}`fc

]dèf !\K]* ef d ;<<3 i|`}eoi eb ai`{ sijj'{icd{oio fis}gdcd~`fi }i{ì} Sòi Dfcji* {df d

|{ec{dg `jio ‚O`}a`fc Oigem{dmp> ]dijjì _R ]|y{} Irejyèfd{p Oigem{dmp `f ai D{dk

Se{jo&‗4= _ai i|`}eoi }ycci}} ad Dgi{`mdf `fbjyifmi ef ijir`}èf |{ec{dgg`fc `} adr`fc d

oigem{d`~`fc `g|dm `f ai Gòoji Id} kp iq|e}`fc Gòoji Id}i{f dyoìfmi} e e|if oikdi

}pji |{ec{dgg`fc& _ai be{gi{ Ma`mdce _{`kyfi be{i`cf dbbd`{} me{{i}|efoif dfo my{{if

D{dk`m gio`d |{ebi}}e{ Gd{od Oyf}hp* s{``fc `f mejjdke{dèf sà ai \K] }i{ì}* }dio*

‚D{dk }dijjì k{edomd}`fc |jdp} d hip {eji `f ai oigem{d`~dèf eb ai {icèf&‗4? ]y||e}iojp*

|e`f'meyfi{|e`f |{ec{dg} dfo c{ey| o`}my}}èf |{ec{dg}* geoijio `f ai }pji eb DKM―} _ai

Rìs* d{i be}i{`fc kd}`m oigem{d`m òid} kp {i`fbe{m`fc ad iri{pefi ad} d {`ca e ki aid{o `f

ai Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md&

Kipefo ai d`{sdri} eb \K]* ai adjj} eb dmdoig`d d{i imae`fc ai }if`gif ad

oigem{d`m `fmj`fdèf} d{i }|{ey`fc b{eg ai bìjo} eb }dijjì o`}ai} oe`fc D{dk {eebe|}&

Pdji Cjekdj* d |ykj`mdèf eb ai Pdji Mifi{ be{ ai ]yop eb Cjekdj`~dèf* `f df d{`mji

|ykj`}aio `f ;<<9* }ycci}io ad Dj'Nd~ii{d―} meri{dci eb Sd}a`fcef O&M& oy{`fc ai sd{ `f

@{dt* ‚ad} oefi ge{i e ioymdi D{dk} dkey oigem{dmp adf dfp eai{ k{edomd}i{&‗49 _ai

d{`mji* kp be{gi{ FKM Md`{e Ky{idy Maìb ]& Dkodjjda ]majìbi{* dj}e }ycci}} ad }dijjì

ijir`}èf myj`rdi} d ‚oigem{d`m mef}mèy}fi}}&‗42 _a`} d}}yg|èf* aesiri{* d}}ygi} ad

efjp oigem{d`m òid} |jp ai }id eb D{dk fis} madffij}& Yfbe{yfdijp be{ oigem{d`m dm`r`}}*

4= Sòi Dfcji* ‚O`}a`fc Oigem{dmp> ]dijjì _ijir`}èf `f ai D{dk Se{jo*‗ o`{& K{icni rdf oi{ Addh* \K]* Nyjp

=4* ;<<3* a|>%%sss&|k}&e{c%sfi%sòidfcji%5|7?=31&4? Gd{od Oyf}hp* ‚O`}a`fc Oigem{dmp> ]dijjì _R ]|y{} Irejyèfd{p Oigem{dmp `f ai D{dk Se{jo*‗

a|>%%sss&|k}&e{c%sfi%sòidfcji%ji}}ef}%o`}a`fc'oigem{dmp%}dijj i'r'}|y{}'irejyèfd{p'oigem{dmp' f'ai'd{dk'se{jo%?==3%&49 ]& Dkodjjda ]majìbi{* ‚_ai @g|dm eb D{dk ]dijjì _ijir`}èf ef ai \{e}|im} be{ Oigem{dmp `f ai D{dk

Se{jo*‗ Pdji Cjekdj Efj`fi !4= Gdp ;<<9> a|>%%pdjicjekdj&pdji&ioy%mefif% g|dm'd{dk'}dijjì'ijir`}èf'|{e}|im}'oigem{dmp'd{dk'se{jo !dmmi}}io Ndfyd{p ;?* ;<4;&42 ]majìbi{* ‚@g|dm eb D{dk ]dijjì _ijir`}èf&‗

http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/impact-arab-satellite-television-prospects-democracy-arab-world






Oybbip 44

a`} `} ad{ojp ai md}i& _ai my{{if D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} jdfo}md|i `} {`bi sà

òiejec`mdj dfo }pj`}`m meg|i`èf& Fis} fise{h} sà o`}|d{di `fi{i}}* k`d}i}* dfo

ge`rdèf} meg|ii be{ df `fm{id}`fcjp `fbe{gdèf ayfc{p D{dk |e|yjdèf& _a`} sdri eb

`fbe{gdèf s`jj k{`fc sà ` mef{d}`fc dfo mefbj`m`fc òid}& ]egi s`jj oib`fìjp |{egei

oigem{d`m rdjyi} sa`ji* yfoeykiojp* eai{} s`jj fe& Sa`ma òid} s`jj {i}efdi sà d gdne{`p

eb D{dk} {igd`f} e ki }iif& _e yfoi{}dfo ai my{{if }`ydèf eb D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì

ijir`}èf `f ai Gòoji Id}* ` `} m{``mdj e yfoi{}dfo ai a`}e{p eb ijir`}èf dfo ai a`}e{p

eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai Gòoji Id}&

D{dk _ijir`}èf A`}te{p

_ijir`}èf `} fe fis e ai Gòoji Id} e{ Fe{a Db{`md dfo ` ad} kiif d}}em`dio sà

|ej``m} od`fc kdmh e ai `gi eb Cdgdj Dkoyj Fd}}i{―} {i`cf oy{`fc ai 409<―} dfo 402<―}&

Irif kibe{i ai igi{cifmi eb ai }dijjì o`}a `f ai 400<―}* ijir`}èf ado cd`fio d bidy{io

|jdmi `f ai Gòoji Id}i{f dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf myjy{dj ge}d`m& Icp|* `f ai |{i'}dijjì i{d*

sd} ai ijir`}èf md|`dj eb ai D{dk`m }|idh`fc se{jo& _ai {d|ò geoi{f`~dèf eb ai

ijir`}èf `foy}{ì} `f Tdd{ dfo ai Yfìo D{dk Ig`{di} `f ai 400<―} dfo id{jp';<<<―}

yf}idio Icp| b{eg a`} {eji& Kibe{i a`} geoi{f i{d* aesiri{* Icp| sd} ‚df D{dk se{jo

jidoi{ `f ai oirije|gif eb k{edomd}`fc dfo ad} `fbjyifmio {doè dfo ijir`}èf `f ai

{icèf&‗43 _ijir`}èf sd} d}}em`dio sà ai g`}{p D{dk`m o`djim dfo Icp|`df }ed| e|i{d}& _ai

Icp|`df ijir`}èf `fb{d}{ymy{i sd} ‚mef}òi{io efi eb ai ge} iqif}`ri dfo ibbim`ri

dgefc djj yfoirije|io meyf{ì} eb D}`d dfo Db{`md&‗41 Icp| byfmèf} d} d g`m{eme}g eb ai

a`}e{p eb ijir`}èf `f ai Gòoji Id} kimdy}i ` ad} ai jefci} ijir`}èf a`}e{p `f ai {icèf

43 Oeycjd} D& Kepo* K{edomd}`fc `f ai D{dk Se{jo> D ]y{rip eb [doè dfo _ijir`}èf `f ai Gòoji Id} !\a`jdoij|a`d* _ig|ji Yf`ri{}`p \{i}}* 401;* =&41 Ifmpmje|io`d eb _ijir }èf* ;fo io&* !Ma`mdce* B`~{ep Oid{ke{f \ykj`}ai{}* ;<<? }&rr& ‚Icp|&‗



Oybbip 4;

dfo oy{`fc ai |{i'}dijjì i{{i}{`dj i{d ` |e}}i}}io ai ge} meg|jiq i{{i}{`dj fise{h& @

dj}e ad} d {`ma a`}e{p eb k{edomd}`fc ceri{fgif |{e|dcdfod* sa`ma sd} igyjdio kp gdfp eb

`} fi`cake{}* dfo ` sd} a`} |{e|dcdfod ad mdgi e oib`fi ai gio`yg `f ai {icèf be{ fid{jp

a{ii oimdoi}&

Icp| kicdf k{edomd}`fc ijir`}èf ef Nyjp ;4* 402< dbi{ \{i}òif Cdgdj Dkoyj

Fd}}i{ ado d{{dfcio be{ ai m{idèf eb d ijir`}èf fise{h sà ai d}}`}dfmi eb ai [doè

Me{|e{dèf eb Dgi{`md ![MD&40 Fd}}i{―} |y{|e}i}* d} g`ca ki iq|imio b{eg ai df`'

`g|i{`dj`} dfo |df'D{dk`}* si{i fe gi{ijp e ifi{d`f ai Icp|`df |e|yjdèf& A`} d`g sd}

e |i{}ydoi Icp|`df}& Oy{`fc ai be{gd`ri |ad}i eb Icp|`df k{edomd}`fc* ai gdne{`p eb djj

|{ec{dgg`fc bemy}io ef |{e|dcdfod& _ijir`}èf sd} d eej* j`hi Fd}}i{―} bdgey} Reìm eb ai

D{dk} {doè }dèf& _ai k{edomd}} bijj yfoi{ ai dy}|`mi} eb ai G`f`}{p eb Myjy{i dfo

Fdèfdj Cyòdfmi* ‚df e{cdf`~dèf ad b`cy{io |{eg`fifjp `f ai Fd}}i{ {ic`gi b{eg ai }d{

dfo ad y}io {doè dfo ijir`}èf k{edomd}`fc e o`}}ig`fdi |{e|dcdfod `f }y||e{ eb ai

{yj`fc {ic`gi&‗;< _ijir`}èf kimdgi }pfefpgey} sà ai {ic`gi&

_se mefbj`m} kisiif @}{dij dfo Icp|* ai b`{} `f 4023 dfo ai }imefo `f 403=*

`jjy}{di ai {eji ad ijir`}èf |jdpio `f ai {icèf oy{`fc `} b`{} oimdoi}& _ai 4023 ]`q Odp

Sd{ kisiif @}{dij dfo Icp| sd} df igkd{{d}}gif be{ Fd}}i{―} {ic`gi `f Md`{e& @}{dij

oim`gdio ai Icp|`df D`{ Be{mi `f d }y{|{`}i ddmh dfo `} d{gp `frdoio Icp| dfo m{e}}io ai

]`fd` \if`f}yjd `f d gdi{ eb odp}& @f ai kj`fh eb df ipi* ai @}{dij` g`j`d{p }d ef ai Id}

kdfh eb ai ]yi~ Mdfdj& Djj ad }i|d{dio ai @}{dij` d{gp dfo Md`{e sd} d efi ayfo{io

h`jegii{ }{ima eb oi}i{ dfo ai fd{{es madffij eb ai ]yi~& Icp|―} D{dk djjì}* _{df}ne{odf

40 Ifmpjme|io`d eb _ijir }èf* }&rr& ‚Icp|&‗ ;< Ifmpjme|io`d eb _ijir`} ef* }&rr& ‚Icp|&‗



Oybbip 4=

dfo ]p{`d* si{i }`gyjdfiey}jp iq|ijjio b{eg ai Si} Kdfh dfo ai Cejdf Ai`ca}& Fd}}i{―}

m{io`k`j`p dfo ai m{io`k`j`p eb ai \df'D{dk gerigif ai jio si{i oidj d }i{èy} kjes& A`}

{ic`gi fiioio df eyji `f sa`ma e iq|{i}} `} }òi eb ai g`j`d{p mefbj`m* e{ d jid} }|`f ai

eymegi `f d sdp ji}} igkd{{d}}`fc be{ ai {ic`gi dfo `} djjì}& @f doo`èf* aip dj}e fiioio d

be{yg e ddmh ae}i `fi{fdj bei} ad }eyca e dhi dordfdci eb ai {ic`gi―} sidhifio

|e}`èf& _ijir`}èf |{erio e ki a`} eyji& ‚X@fW ai}i fis} k{edomd}}* d} sijj d} eai{

|{ec{dg}* ai |ej`mì} eb \{i}òif Fd}}i{ si{i mjid{ e ai rìsi{* d} si{i ai òif`ì} eb

ae}i sae si{i mef}òi{io ai ifigì} eb ae}i |ej`mì}&‗;4 _ai d`{sdri} kimdgi d oir`mi be{

Fd}}i{ e {djjp a`} }y||e{i{} dfo e }`jifmi a`} oi{dme{} i}|im`djjp d `gi} saif ai byy{i eb

ai {ic`gi sd} `f oeyk& _ijir`}èf sd} d fis dfo |eif eej eb |esi{ mef}ejòdèf be{

Gòoji Id}i{f dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf ceri{fgif}&

Ceri{fgif `f{y}èf sd} efi eb se gdne{ bdme{} ad `fbjyifmio ai oirije|gif eb

ijir`}èf `f ai {icèf& _ai }imefo gdne{ bdme{ ad }ad|io ijir`}èf oy{`fc a`} |i{èo sd}

}md{m`p& _ai{i si{i efjp d bis madffij} `f ge} D{dk meyf{ì}* `b fe ny} efi madffij* dfo fe

ifeyca |{ec{dgg`fc e b`jj ai`{ d`{sdri} idma odp& Fis} |{ec{dg} si{i ai efjp D{dk

|{eoymio |{ec{dg} ef ai d`{& _ai}i |{ec{dg}* d} g`ca ki `gdc`fio* si{i djsdp} b{ìfojp

esd{o} ai {yj`fc {ic`gi& Dfo ai{i si{i fe eai{ |{ec{dg} |e{{dp`fc d mef{d}`fc {idj`p&

Fid{jp djj eai{ |{ec{dgg`fc mdgi b{eg ai Si}& ‚@f }di} }yma d} Hysd` dfo Oykd` ad

adri se madffij}* efi madffij `} oireio iqmjy}`rijp* e{ fid{jp }e* e fef'D{dk

|{ec{dgg`fc&‗;; _ai Si}i{f |{ec{dgg`fc* kimdy}i ` sd} }e {do`mdjjp o`bbi{if adf ai {idj`p

eb D{dk}― od`jp j`ri} sd} }iif d} gi{ijp ifi{d`fgif& [ic`gi} beyfo ‚Kdpsdma‗ |i{ad|}

me{{y|`fc ky fe {irejyèfd{p& Irif `f Icp|* ai ge} dordfmio eb ai D{dk }di} `f i{g} eb

;4 Ifmpmje|io`d eb _ijir }èf* }&rr& ‚Icp|&‗ ;; Kepo* K{edomd}`fc `f ai D{dk Se{jo * 1&



Oybbip 4?

ijir`}èf* ai{i si{i efjp se ijir`}èf madffij} ki`fc k{edomd} d} {imifjp d} 401;&;= Fef'

D{dk |{ec{dgg`fc* kimdy}i ai{i }`g|jp sd} fe ifeyca D{dk |{eoymio |{ec{dgg`fc e b`jj ai

d`{`gi* mdgi e oib`fi ge} D{dk madffij}― fef'fis} |{ec{dgg`fc& _a`} jio e ai }{dfci bdm

ad `f d {icèf hfesf be{ ki`fc d eoo} sà Si}i{f myjy{i dfo }|im`b`mdjjp Dgi{`mdf myjy{i*

rìsi{} `f ai Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md si{i `fyfodio b{eg ai 402<} yf`j ai id{jp 400<}

sà ai ge} yk`tyèy} eb Dgi{`mdf myjy{dj }pgkej}> Dgi{`mdf ijir`}èf }aes}&

D o{dgd`m }a`b `f ai {dnime{p eb D{dk ijir`}èf kicdf `f ai gò'400<―} saif

}dijjì} md|dkji eb {df}g``fc e ai Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md si{i* be{ ai b`{} `gi*

jdyfmaio `fe }|dmi& @f``djjp* djj madffij} ae|`fc e k{edomd} e df D{dk dyoìfmi ado e gdhi

y}i eb Iy{e|idf'esfio }dijjì} `f e{k`& _ai}i }dijjì} |{eròio d gio`yg be{ {df}g``fc

D{dk`m jdfcydci |{ec{dg} e d k{edo D{dk`m }|idh`fc dyoìfmi& F`ji}d* dbi{ ki`fc jdyfmaio

`fe e{k` ef D|{`j ;1* 4001* kimdgi ai b`{} D{dk'esfio k{edomd}`fc }dijjì `f }|dmi&;? Dbi{

a`} mdgi ai D{dk esfio D{dk]d dfo Aek`{o }dijjì}& Djj eb ai}i }dijjì} k{edomd}

ayfo{io} eb b{ii'e'd`{ D{dk`m jdfcydci madffij} dm{e}} ai Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md&;9

_ai}i }dijjì} adri ai md|dk`j`p e md{{p ayfo{io}* `b fe aey}dfo} eb madffij}& _ai{i sd}*

be{ ai b`{} `gi* df eyji be{ jd{ci'}mdji |{eoymèf eb D{dk`m jdfcydci |{ec{dgg`fc& ]dijjì}

{i}ad|io ai |eif`dj dyoìfmi be{ df D{dk`m'jdfcydci }aes b{eg d fdèfdj dyoìfmi e ai

if`{ip eb ai D{dk`m }|idh`fc se{jo& Mad`{gdf eb ai Ney{fdj`}g dfo Gd}} Meggyf`mdèf

Oi|d{gif d ai Dgi{`mdf Yf`ri{}`p `f Md`{e* Ay}}i`f P& Dg`f* }|idh`fc d ai @f}`y oy

;= Kepo* K{edomd}`fc `f ai D{dk Se{jo * 0&;? Ay}}i`f P& Dg`f* ‚_ai My{{if ]di eb ]dijjì K{edomd}`fc `f ai Gòoji Id}*‗ _{df}fdèfdj K{edomd}`fc

]yoì} 9 !Bdjj%S`fi{ ;<<<& a|>%%sss&k}ney{fdj&meg%D{ma`ri}%Bdjj<<%Dg`fU\d{`}&agj !dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p ;;*;<4;&;9 B{ii'e'd`{ gidf} ad fea`fc ge{i adf ai }dijjì o`}a `}ijb `} {ity`{io e {imi`ri dfo rìs madffij }`cfdj}&_a`} `} o`bbi{if adf ai ifm{p|io {df}g`}}èf} eb Dgi{`mdf }dijjì meg|dfì} sa`ma {ity`{i df doo`èfdj}yk}m{`|èf&

http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/Amin_Paris.html

http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/Amin_Paris.html



Oybbip 49

Gefoi D{dki―} b`{} D{dk k{edomd}`fc }ig`fd{ `f ;<<< |{io`mio* ‚\jif`byj }y||jp eb }dijjì

md|dm`p }aeyjo {i}{d`f if{p me}} dfo }aeyjo hii| oesf eai{ kd{{ì{} be{ |{`rdi k{edomd}`fc*

d} sijj d} |{erò`fc d }y|i{k }i`fc be{ tydj`p |{ec{dg}& X•W @f ai b`fdj dfdjp}`}* ai |`my{i

eb }dijjì k{edomd}`fc `f ai Gòoji Id} jeeh} ri{p |{eg`}`fc&‗;2 Dg`f―} |{io`mèf} |{erio

|{i}mìf& _ai dk`j`p eb ai}i }dijjì} e k{edomd} ayfo{io} eb madffij} e D{dk`m }|idh`fc

dyoìfmi} {`cci{io }`cf`b`mdfjp `fm{id}io |{eoymèf eb D{dk`m jdfcydci ijir`}èf dm{e}} ai

ked{o* `fmjyo`fc ai m{idèf eb fis* oio`mdio D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} fise{h}&

]dijjì} ij`g`fdio ai kd{{ì{} eb {df}g`}}èf md|dm`p dfo j`gìo dyoìfmi* sa`ma

ado |{irèy}jp {i}{d`fio gd}}`ri |{eoymèf eb D{dk`m'jdfcydci |{ec{dgg`fc& _ai a`{o bdme{*

sa`ma ado |{irifio `fm{id}io |{eoymèf eb e{`c`fdj D{dk`m |{ec{dgg`fc yf`j ai 400<―}* sd}

fe ny} ai jdmh eb D{dk |{eoymio |{ec{dgg`fc ky dj}e ai jdmh eb |{eoymèf md|dk`j`p& _ai

bdm`j`ì} drd`jdkji e |{eoymi{} `f ai Gòoji Id} |djio `f meg|d{`}ef e ae}i `f ai Yfìo

]di} dfo Iy{e|i& D{eyfo ai }dgi `gi }dijjì} si{i ki`fc jdyfmaio `fe e{k` `f e{oi{ e

k{edomd} e ai D{dk Se{jo* ceri{fgif} dfo |{`rdi meg|dfì} mdgi eciai{ `f Icp| e aij|

mje}i a`} |{eoymèf cd| kp ky`jo`fc ai gdggea Icp|`df Gio`d \{eoymèf M`p&

Mef}{ymèf ef ai bdm`j`p kicdf `f 400; sd} meg|jiio `f 4009& _ai |{enim* byfoio `f |d{ kp

ai ceri{fgif esfio Icp|`df [doè dfo _ijir`}èf Yfèf !I[_Y* `} jemdio `f ai yj{d'

dbbjyif Md`{e }yky{k eb ]`qa eb Emeki{ M`p& _ai meg|jiq `} gd}}`ri dfo d ai `gi eb `}

meg|jièf ado ;0 }di'eb'ai'd{ |{eoymèf }yoè}* if eyoee{ }aee`fc d{id}* df dgy}igif

|d{h* d }ae||`fc gdjj dfo d b`ri'}d{ aeij&;3 _ai meg|jiq ebbi{} }yoè} dfo |{eoymèf

meg|dfì} gd}}`ri dq k{idh} dfo iqig|èf} `b ai meg|dfì} d{i s`jj`fc e |{eoymi ai`{

;2 Dg`f* ‚_ai My{{if ]di eb ]dijjì K{edomd}`fc `f ai Gòoji Id}&‗ ;3 Aikd Hdfo`j* ‚_ai Gio`d B{ii êfi> Df Icp|`df Gio`d \{eoymèf M`p B`fi}}i*‗ _{df}fdèfdj K{edomd}`fc

]yoì} 9 !Bdjj%S`fi{ ;<<<& a|>%%sss&k}ney{fdj&meg%D{ma`ri}%Bdjj<<%Hdfo`j&ag!dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p 41* ;<4;&

http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/Kandil.htm

http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall00/Kandil.htm



Oybbip 42

|{ec{dg} `f Icp|& _ai cedj eb ai |{enim sd} e m{idi ai ‚Aejjpseeo eb ai Id}‗ dfo d

‚|{eoymi{} |d{do`}i‗ `f Md`{e `f e{oi{ e m{idi ge{i e{`c`fdj D{dk`m |{ec{dgg`fc&;1 _ai

ceri{fgif* sa`ma sd} ai jd{ci} `fri}e{ `f ai |{enim* dj}e }eyca ai |{i}`ci d}}em`dio

sà kimeg`fc d geoi{f gio`d |{eoymèf ayk&

Md`{e `} fe ai efjp |jdmi ad ad} kiif ky`jo`fc }di'eb'ai'd{ |{eoymèf `fb{d}{ymy{i

`f df ibbe{ e `fm{id}i e{`c`fdj D{dk |{ec{dgg`fc& Oykd` Gio`d M`p !OGM sd} ebb`m`djjp

jdyfmaio `f ;<<4 dfo ebbi{} }`g`jd{ kifib`} e Icp|`df Gio`d \{eoymèf M`p ky ef d gyma

jd{ci{ }mdji& @ ebbi{} ‚b{ii'~efi‗ dq }dy} be{ gio`d eyji} s`jj`fc e |{eoymi dfo e|i{di `f

ai`{ bdm`j`ì}& Dj D{dk`pd* ai ]dyo`'esfio D{dk`m fis} fise{h* k{edomd}} b{eg Oykd` Gio`d

M`p& _ai ]dyo` \df'D{dk fis}|d|i{ Dj']ad{t Dj'Ds}d dj}e gd`fd`f bdm`j`ì} `f OGM& @f

doo`èf e ai}i D{dk'kd}io fis} eyji}* gdfp `fi{fdèfdj eyji} `fmjyo`fc MFF

@fi{fdèfdj* [iyi{} dfo KKM Fis} gd`fd`f Gòoji Id}i{f ky{idy} ai{i& Oykd` Gio`d M`p

ad} fe }e||io `} dgk`èy} c{esa |jdf iài{& Oykd` Gio`d M`p ad} bejjesio y| `} e{`c`fdj

oirije|gif sà ai m{idèf eb ai `fcifèy}jp `jio Oykd` ]yoè M`p& D} pey g`ca

`gdc`fi* Oykd` ]yoè M`p |{eròi} }di'eb'ai d{ }yoè} be{ ijir`}èf dfo b`jg |{eoymèf&

Ndgdj Dj ]ad{`b* o`{ime{ eb Oykd` ]yoè M`p* }dò eb ai |{enim―} cedj}*

Ey{ d`g `} e d{dm ai k{edomd} `foy}{p dfo ai {i} eb ai rdjyi mad`f }yma d} ai

gdfybdmy{i{}* }ejyèf |{eròi{} dfo }p}ig} `fic{de{}& X•W ]yoè M`p ad} kiif

oi}`cfio }|im`b`mdjjp be{ aig !k{edomd}i{}& Si dj}e adri d dq'b{ii |ej`mp dfo d

|ej``mdjjp }dkji ceri{fgif sà d r`}èf ad `} d`gio d aij|`fc ky}`fi}}i} c{es&;0

;1 Aikd Hdfo`* ‚_ai Gio`d B{ii êfi&‗ ;0 R`ndpd Mai{`df* ‚Oykd` ]yoè M`p e See K{edomd} M{eso*‗ D{dk`df Ky}`fi}}* Dycy} ;3* ;<<3*a|>%%sss&d{dk`dfky} fi}}&meg%oykd`'}yoè'm`p'see'k{edomd}'m{eso'93<2<&agj !dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p 4;* ;<4;&

http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-studio-city-woo-broadcast-crowd-57060.html

http://www.arabianbusiness.com/dubai-studio-city-woo-broadcast-crowd-57060.html



Oybbip 43

_ai |{i}`ci* r`}`k`j`p dfo ky}`fi}} ad ai}i |{eoymèf m`ì} k{`fc e ai`{ ae} meyf{p }|y{

meg|i`èf kisiif ceri{fgif} e jy{i |{eoymèf e ai`{ jemdèf& Doo`èfdj gio`d m`ì}*

}`g`jd{ `f mefmi| dfo }{ymy{i e ai efi} `f Md`{e dfo Oykd` adri dj}e kiif i{imio `f

Dggdf* Ne{odf dfo Dky Oadk`* Yfìo D{dk Ig`{di}& ]dijjì k{edomd}`fc md|dm`p dfo

rd}jp `g|{erio {icèfdj |{eoymèf bdm`j`ì} j` ai by}i be{ ai iq|je}èf eb D{dk`m jdfcydci

|{ec{dgg`fc `f ai {icèf& _ai se madffij} drd`jdkji `f Icp| `f 401; adri gyj`|jìo e 3==

madffij} drd`jdkji kp }dijjì `f ;<4<&=< Eb ai}i 3== madffij}* 994 d{i k{edomd}`fc `f D{dk`m

dfo gdfp eb ai fef'D{dk`m madffij} d{i k{edomd}`fc sà D{dk`m }yk`ji}&=4

_ai My{{ift _ijir`}èf Jdfo}md|i dfo Esfi{}a`|

_ai my{{if D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} jdfo}md|i ifmeg|d}}i} djj fis} fise{h} sae}i

d{ci dyoìfmi `} ai D{dk`m }|idh`fc |e|yjdèf }{ima`fc b{eg d} bd{ Si} d} Ge{emme e d}

bd{ Id} d} @{dt dfo ai Cyjb }di} dfo fe{a y| e ai }eyai{f ke{oi{ eb _y{hip& _ai D{dk`m'

jdfcydci d}|im eb a`} oib`f`èf `} m{ym`dj kimdy}i @}{dij* Mp|{y} dfo @{df* sa`ji }egi seyjo

}dp d{i |d{ eb ai C{idi{ Gòoji Id}* adri ai`{ esf `fo`ròydj gio`d jdfo}md|i} yf`tyi b{eg

ai D{dk`m }|idh`fc meyf{ì}& _aip adri |jdpio fe {eji `f yf`bp`fc e{ }|{ido`fc ai D{dk

]|{`fc&

]egi g`ca dhi `}}yi sà a`} yfoi{}dfo`fc eb D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} jdfo}md|i&

Feio Gòoji Id}i{f gio`d }maejd{ _d{`h ]dk{p b{eg ai Yf`ri{}`p eb Si}g`f}i{ }ycci}}

ad D{dk`m gio`d mdffe ki }|ehif eb d} d gefejà`m if`p& Ai s{ì}* ‚Aes oei} efi s{ì d

a`}e{p eb d bìjo ‟ f a`} md}i* ai jdif bìjo eb D{dk gio`d X•W saif }yma d bìjo efjp iq`}}

=< D{dk ]dijjì K{edomd}i{} Dffydj [i|e{ * D{dk ]di} K{edomd}`fc Yfèf ]d`}`m}*a|>%%sss&dk}y&fi%mm%{i|e{U}d;<4<&|ob !dmmi}}io Ferigki{ 42* ;<44&=4 D{dk ]dijjì K{edomd}i{} Dffydj [i|e{

http://www.absu.net/cc/report_sat2010.pdf

http://www.absu.net/cc/report_sat2010.pdf





Oybbip 40

ai}i me{|e{dèf} si{i k{edomd}`fc* efjp 4;? eb aig si{i }di esfio&=? D{dk} fe efjp adri

dmmi}} e d rd}jp sòi{ d{{dp eb madffij} adf kibe{i ky ai}i madffij} oe fe e|i{di yfoi{ ai

aygk eb fdèfdj {ic`gi}& _a{ii oimdoi} dce ai{i si{i efjp se madffij} drd`jdkji `f Icp|

dfo aip si{i kea }di'{yf& D} eb ;<4<* sà d }dijjì o`}a* pey mdf sdma d jid} 2<0

|{`rdijp esfio madffij}&=9 _ai {igd`f`fc 4;? }di'esfio madffij} d{i ig|i{io kp ai bdm

ad aip gy} meg|ii sà ai |{`rdi }ime{& _ai se{jo eb ijir`}èf k{edomd}`fc `f ai D{dk

Se{jo ad} yfoi{cefi d }i`}g`m }a`b b{eg }md{m`p dfo ceri{fgif mef{ej e `fb`fì mae`mi dfo

|{`rdi esfi{}a`|& @fbe{gdèf ad} kiif igdfm`|dio b{eg ai gdfdmji} eb ceri{fgif mif}e{}&

D{dk`m ]dtijj`ti Fis} Fitse{h} dfo Meftift

_ai b{iioeg ad ad} dmmeg|dfìo |{`rd`~dèf ad} dj}e k{eyca sà ` d jd{ci oic{ii eb

yfmi{d`fp& Sad p|i eb mefif seyjo dmmeg|dfp a`} }a`b5 _ai }a`b `f mefif ad} kiif

esd{o} bdg`j`d{ Si}i{f }pji} |d{`myjd{jp `f ai fis} gd{hi& _ai se{jo eb D{dk`m jdfcydci

ijir`}èf fis}* eodp* `} aidr`jp `fbjyifmio kp |{i'iq`}`fc Si}i{f be{gyjd} be{ fis}

k{edomd}`fc& @ ad} m{idio d yf`tyi D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} jdfo}md|i ad megk`fi} Si}i{f

}pji} eb fis} |{ec{dgg`fc sà kejoi{ dfo yfb`ji{io mefif yf}iif ef Si}i{f dfo

i}|im`djjp Dgi{`mdf fis} fise{h}& Kipefo ny} ai }pji}* k`d}i} d{`kyio e Si}i{f fis}

fise{h} j`hi ai Beq Fis} Fise{h dfo G]FKM adri dj}e dmmeg|dfìo ai |{ej`bi{dèf eb

D{dk`m fis} fise{h}&

\{`rdi esfi{}a`| ad} fe ij`g`fdio |ej``mdj dfo irif }egi oic{ii eb ceri{fgif

`fbjyifmi b{eg fise{h}& @b d Gòoji Id}i{f ky}`fi}}gdf `} sidjap ifeyca e jdyfma a`} esf

|{`rdi }dijjì ijir`}èf fise{h* aif `f djj j`hijàeeo ai `} kiaejoif `f }egi sdp* jd{ci e{

=? D{dk ]dijjì K{edomd}i{} Dffydj [i|e{ &=9 D{dk ]dijjì K{edomd}i{} Dffydj [i|e{





Oybbip ;4

}me|i be{ eri{jd| kisiif gio`d jds} ef ai efi adfo dfo ai |i{}efdj sa`g} eb |ej``mdj

jidoi{} ef ai eai{& Dj Nd~ii{d ebb`mi} si{i mje}io `f fygi{ey} D{dk meyf{ì} !Djci{`d*

Kda{d`f* @{dt* Ne{odf* Hysd`* ]dyo` D{dk`d* ]yodf dfo _yf`}`d saif ai madffij―} |ej``mdj

oikdi} y|}i |esi{byj |ie|ji&‗=3 Yfbe{yfdijp* d} dfdjp}`} eb ai gdne{ fis} fise{h} s`jj

oigef}{di* ai fis} fise{h ad `} kiaejoif e fe efi ad} pi e ki beyfoio `f ai Gòoji

Id} dfo Fe{a Db{`md dfo |i{ad|} dfpsai{i&

_ai My{{ift Hip} \jdpi{} `f D{dk`m Jdfcydci ]dtijj`ti _ijir`}èf Fis}

_ai iq|je}èf eb D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} fise{h} sd} {`cci{io* `f``djjp* kp ai

}eyfo} eb sd{ igdfd`fc b{eg @{dt dfo Hysd` oy{`fc _ai B`{} Cyjb Sd{& MFF kidgio ròie

eb ai Dgi{`mdf g`j`d{p }s`bjp dfo oim`}`rijp iq|ijj`fc ai @{dt` d{gp b{eg Hysd`& _ai `gdci

eb d oi}{epio ]erì'ky`j @{dt` dfh }``fc dgefc ai kjd~`fc e`j bìjo} eb Hysd` dfo ]eyai{f

@{dt mdgi e oib`fi ai sd{ be{ ae}i sae sdmaio ` a{eyca ai jif} eb MFF& Ge} ceri{fgif

esfio i{{i}{`dj }dèf} `f ai Gòoji Id} }aiji{io ai`{ dyoìfmi} b{eg `gdci} }yma d} ai}i&

_aip oò fe }ad{i sà ai`{ dyoìfmi} ai iqif e sa`ma ai @{dt` D{gp ado kiif meg|jiijp

dfo yi{jp oim`gdio oi}|ì ai bdm ad gdfp D{dk meyf{ì} beyca djefc}òi ai Dgi{`mdf}&

Fdk`j Had`k* ai iqimy`ri ioè{ eb Dj D{dk`pd* oi}m{`kio ai i|`|adfp ad gdfp D{dk} bij

saif aip {idj`~io ai o`}m{i|dfmp kisiif ai ceri{fgif |{eoymio fis} dfo MFF oy{`fc ai

Cyjb Sd{& Ai }dò* ‚Je} eb D{dk} {idj`~io ad djj ai `fbe{gdèf aip si{i ci`fc b{eg D{dk

}ey{mi} ‟ saiai{ ceri{fgif e{ be{g @{dt`} e{ b{eg Hysd``} e{ b{eg ai`{ esf gio`d dkey

ai sd{ sd} bdhi& @ gidf* ge} eb ai `fbe{gdèf sd} fe {yi&‗=1 _ai sidja eb yfmif}e{io

`gdci} ad MFF k{eyca sà ` `f 4004 dsdhifio D{dk} d||iì be{ c{idi{ dfo ge{i dmmy{di

=3 ]dh{* ‚Jds dfo \ej`mp ef Esfi{}a`| dfo Mefif*‗ 49'?3&=1 _ai ]dfjip Beyfodèf* ‚;?%3 _ai [`}i dfo @fbjyifmi eb D{dk Gio`d*‗

a|>%%sss&}dfjipbeyfodèf&e{c%{doè|ob%;?U3&|ob&



Oybbip ;;

`fbe{gdèf& Had`k {imdjjio* `f df `fi{rìs be{ d ;<<2 \ykj`m [doè Oemygifd{p* ‚Yf`j 4004

djj ai k{edomd} gio`d `f ai D{dk se{jo y}io e ki ceri{fgif mef{ejjio dfo ceri{fgif

esfio dfo fefi eb ai |{ec{dg} y}io e ki j`ri& X•W ]e* @ a`fh kibe{i Dj Nd~ii{d* pey ado d

ri{p }e{ eb }dcfdf D{dk`m'}|idh`fc gio`d `f ai D{dk se{jo&‗=0 _ai i{d eb `fbe{gdèf

}dcfdèf ifoio `f ai D{dk Se{jo bejjes`fc _ai B`{} Cyjb Sd{&

Gòoji Id}t K{edomd}t`fc Mifti{

_ai iq|i{ìfmi eb D{dk} sà MFF oy{`fc ai Cyjb Sd{ oigef}{dio ad d oigdfo

iq`}io be{ df D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} fise{h} `f ai ;?'aey{}'d'odp* }irif'odp}'d'siih }pji&

_a`} oigdfo sd} gi sà gyj`|ji if{ì} `fe ai D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} gd{hi& _ai

byfo`fc be{ ai}i |{ij`g`fd{p rify{i} mdgi |{`gd{`jp b{eg ]dyo` D{dk`df ky}`fi}}gif dfo

gigki{} eb ai ]dyo` [epdj Bdg`jp& _ai b`{} b{ii'e'd`{* D{dk`m fis} fise{h kicdf

k{edomd}`fc b{eg Jefoef `f ]i|igki{ 4004& Gòoji Id} K{edomd}`fc Mifi{ !GKM sd}

b`{} jdyfmaio b{eg Jefoef* Ifcjdfo* sai{i ` mef`fyio e k{edomd} yf`j ` gerio e Oykd`―}

Gio`d M`p `f ;<<;&?<

@f``djjp* ` k{edomd} fis} |{ec{dgg`fc d} sijj d} eai{ ifi{d`fgif

|{ec{dgg`fc& @ fes e|i{di} gyj`|ji madffij} dfo `} esf ;?%3 fis} fise{h `} hfesf d} Dj

D{dk`pd& _ai gdf kia`fo a`} rify{i `} ]ai`ha Sdjò k`f @k{da`g dj'@k{da`g* d k{eai{'`f jds

eb ]dyo` D{dk`d―} fes oimid}io H`fc Bdao& _ai ]dyo` `fbjyifmi eri{ ai`{ `f``dj k{edomd}} sd}

yfoif`dkji dfo irif yf`j eodp Dj D{dk`pd `} }iif d} |d{`dj e ai ]dyo` [epdj Bdg`jp&

\d{`dj`p* oi}|ì fise{h} }iig`fcjp e|i{d`fc kipefo ai {idma eb ceri{fgif `fi{bi{ifmi*

dbbim} ai mefif eb iri{p gdne{ fis} k{edomd}i{ ad ifi{} ai d{ifd& _ai dbe{igifèfio

Gòoji Id}i{f gio`d }maejd{ Fdeg` ]dh{ s{ì}* ‚D ty`mh cjdfmi d ai }`q jido`fc b{ii'e'd`{

=0 _ai ]dfjip Beyfodèf* ‚;?%3 _ai [`}i dfo @fbjyifmi eb D{dk Gio`d&‗ ?< Djjìo Gio`d* ‚Gòoji Id} K{edomd}`fc Mifi{‗* a|>%%sss&djjìo'gio`d&meg%D[DK_R%dfdUrUdfoUgòojiUid}Uk{edomd}&ag&



Oybbip ;=

D{dk`m'jdfcydci e|i{de{} X•W {iridj} ad* sai{i b{ii }|iima `} mefmi{fio* esfi{}a`| gdi{}

ge{i adf jemdèf&‗?4 GKM―} ebb}|{`fc* Dj'D{dk`pd* s`jj ki o`}my}}io `f ge{i oid`j }ae{jp&

KKM D{dk`m 400?'4002

_ai mefbj`m kisiif esfi{}a`| dfo ioè{`dj mefif mdgi `fe mjid{ bemy} saif jeeh`fc

d ai b`{} `fmd{fdèf eb ai KKM D{dk`m ]dijjì _ijir`}èf madffij& D }imefo c{ey| eb ]dyo`

`fri}e{} oimòio* `f mefnyfmèf sà ai KKM* e jdyfma d KKM D{dk`m }dijjì ijir`}èf fis}

fise{h& _ai ]dyo` `fri}e{} si{i md|`dj`~`fc ef KKM―} sijj'hfesf dfo sijj'{i}|imio k{dfo

`f ai {icèf& _ai KKM D{dk`m [doè ]i{r`mi ad} kiif k{edomd}`fc `f ai Gòoji Id} }`fmi

40=1 dfo my{{ifjp* d||{eq`gdijp 4= g`jjèf |ie|ji j`}if e KKM D{dk`m [doè ef d siihjp

kd}`}&?; _ai ijir`}èf fise{h sd} jdyfmaio ef Gd{ma ;?* 400?& _ai fise{h* yfj`hi GKM*

jd}io efjp se pid{} kibe{i ` sd} }ay oesf ef D|{`j ;4* 4002& _ai {id}ef} be{ ai }ay oesf

si{i firi{ o`}mje}io |ykj`mjp ky ai{i si{i mef}df mefbj`m} kisiif ai fis} ioè{} eb ai

fise{h dfo ]dyo` `fri}e{} sae ado b`fdfm`djjp kdmhio ai rify{i& Ay}}i`f P& Dg`f* ai

|{irèy}jp gifèfio Gòoji Id}i{f gio`d iq|i{ b{eg Dgi{`mdf Yf`ri{}`p `f Md`{e* s{ei*

‚Oy{`fc `} }ae{ j`bi* ai{i si{i fygi{ey} o`}|yi} kisiif E{k` X]dyo`'esfio }dijjì

{df}gì{W ebb`m`dj} dfo ai KKM Se{jo ]i{r`mi D{dk`m jdfcydci gdfdcigif ef ai ioè{`dj

`foi|ifoifmi eb ai jdi{* |d{`myjd{jp dkey ai KKM―} bd`jy{i e ek}i{ri ai myjy{dj

}if}``r`ì} eb ai ]dyo`} ‟i}|im`djjp saif ` megi} e ai ]dyo` {epdj bdg`jp&‗?= KKM sd}

?4 Fdeg` ]dh{* ‚]dijjì _ijir`}èf dfo Oirije|gif `f ai Gòoji Id}*‗ Gòoji Id} [i|e{ * ;4< !]|{`fc 4000&a|>%%sss&gi{`|&e{c%gi{%gi{;4<%}dijj i'ijir`}èf'oirije|gif'gòoji'id} !dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p 4<* ;<4;&?; KKM \{i}} Ebb`mi* ‚KKM Se{jo ]i{r`mi Jdfcydci ]i{r`mi}> K{`fc`fc ai Se{jo e D{dk Dyoìfmi}*‗

a|>%%sss&kkm&me&yh%|{i}}ebb`mi%hipbdm}%}e{ì}%s}Ujdfc}Ud{dk m&}agj&?=E{k` `} d ]dyo` D{dk`df esfio }dijjì ijir`}èf meg|dfp kd}io ey eb @djp&Ay}}i`f P& Dg`f* ‚_ai KKM Se{jo ]i{r`mi D{dk`m _R> [ir`rdj eb d O{idg e{ ]yooif Oida kp ai Meg|i`èf5‗

_{df}fdèfdj K{edomd}`fc ]yoì} Ney{fdj* _K] 49& a|>%%sss&k}ney{fdj&meg%D{ma`ri}%Bdjj<9%Dg`f&agj!dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p 1* ;<4;&

http://www.merip.org/mer/mer210/satellite-television-development-middle-east

http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Amin.html

http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Amin.html

http://www.merip.org/mer/mer210/satellite-television-development-middle-east



Oybbip ;?

yfdkji e gd`fd`f ioè{`dj `foi|ifoifmi& @fi{bi{ifmi b{eg dfo ai oigdfo} eb ai ]dyo`

`fri}e{} |{erio ee gyma be{ ai fise{h} o`{ime{}&

_ai cifi{dj eknim`r`p eb KKM D{dk`m {eykjio ai ]dyo` `fri}e{} sae |{ekdkjp

d}}ygio bdre{dkji ]dyo` meri{dci seyjo dmmeg|dfp ai`{ `fri}gif& _ai{i si{i dj}e ge{i

}|im`b`m `fmòif} ad oii|ifio ai {`b kisiif ai `fri}e{} dfo ai ney{fdj`}`m }òi eb ai

fise{h―} e|i{dèf& _ai ge} fedkji mjd}a emmy{{io saif* d} Dg`f oi}m{`ki}* ‚_ai KKM ado

m{e}}io df `fr`}`kji j`fi saif `} {i|e{`fc bemy}io ef d ]dyo` o`}}òif* Dj Gi}―d{`* j`r`fc `f

Jefoef dfo m{``m`~`fc ai ]dyo` {epdj}&‗?? _ai KKM |{eròio d }ed|keq ef sa`ma Dj Gi}―d{`* d

sijj'hfesf g`j`df df`'gefd{map dm`r`}* sd} dkji e m{``m`~i ai ]dyo` {ic`gi b{eg ai

}dbip eb ai KKM―} Jefoef }yoè& ]dyo` |{i}}y{i ef ai K{``}a ceri{fgif id{fio Dj Gi}―d{`

d oi|e{dèf e Oeg`f`md `f ai Md{`kkidf& _ad oim`}èf sd} jdi{ eri{y{fio kp df d||idj}

mey{ dfo Dj Gi}―d{` sd} djjesio e }dp `f ai Yfìo H`fcoeg& _a`} `f}dfmi* aesiri{*

oigef}{dio ad |ap}`mdj o`}dfmi b{eg ai Gòoji Id} dfo }dfmyd{p `f ai j`ki{dj Yfìo

H`fcoeg oò fe `}ejdi ai KKM b{eg ai {idj`ì} eb ceri{fdfmi `f ai Gòoji Id}&

Dfeai{ gdne{ |{ekjig sd} ai `}}yi eb myjy{dj }if}``r`p* d} `f ai KKM ki`fc

}if}``ri ifeyca fe e gifèf mi{d`f yf}dre{p d}|im} eb ]dyo` D{dk`df myjy{i& _ai KKM

|{ec{dg \dfe{dgd d`{io d }|im`dj mdjjio ‚Oida eb d \{`fm`|ji‗ ad bemy}io ef ai oida

|ifdjp `f ]dyo` D{dk`d dfo _ai H`fcoeg―} oi|je{dkji {ime{o ef aygdf {`ca}& _ai |{ec{dg

bemy}io ef ai kiaido`fc eb d ]dyo` gdf dfo dj}e bemy}io ef ai |{ea`k`èf eb ai

`fi{g`fcj`fc eb ai }iqi} `f |ykj`m }|dmi}& E{k`* ai ]dyo` esfio }dijjì {df}gì{ eb ai

KKM D{dk`m biio* {ijid}io d }digif kp ai`{ |{i}òif }dp`fc* ‚_a`} |{ec{dggi sd} d

?? Dg`f* ‚_ai KKM Se{jo ]i{r`mi D{dk`m _R*‗ _K] 49&



Oybbip ;9

}fii{`fc dfo {dm`} ddmh ef ai @}jdg`m jds dfo myjy{i&‗?9 _ai fise{h o`}mef`fyio `}

{df}g`}}èf ef D|{`j ;<* 4002& KKM D{dk`m dig|io e cd`f {dmèf sà `} dyoìfmi kp

ey`fc `} }y||e}io ioè{`dj `foi|ifoifmi dfo tydj`p ney{fdj`}g& _a`} sd} `} irifydj

yfoe`fc* aesiri{* dfo KKM D{dk`m ef ijir`}èf seyjo fe {iigi{ci* `f dfp be{g* be{ fid{jp d

oimdoi&

_ai D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} jdfo}md|i oy{`fc ai 400<―} ado g`f`gdj meg|i`èf dfo

esfi{}a`| c{ey|} si{i dkji e iqi{ ge{i mef{ej kimdy}i ` sd} yfj`hijp dfeai{ fise{h seyjo

md{{p d mif}e{io }e{p& _a`} `} sad ad||ifio `f ai md}i eb KKM D{dk`m _ijir`}èf& D} ai

fygki{ eb fise{h} c{is* dfo esfi{}a`| }|{ido kipefo sidjap ]dyo`}* }yma mif}e{}a`|

kimdgi ji}} dfo ji}} bid}`kji ky ` mi{d`fjp oò fe ce dsdp& _ai bd`jy{i eb KKM D{dk`m sd} d

{eyca |dma `f ai oirije|gif eb D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} `f ai {icèf& D} Dg`f |e`f}

ey* ‚_ai bd`jy{i eb ai b`{} KKM D{dk`m ijir`}èf `} d }do }e{p* fe ny} kimdy}i eb ai oida eb

d o{idg ky dj}e kimdy}i `} mje}y{i {i|{i}ifio d kjes e |{i}} b{iioeg dfo b{iioeg eb

iq|{i}}èf&‗?2 _ai KKM D{dk`m }`ydèf sd} ge{i }|iio kyg| adf }ikdmh be{ fis} `f ai

{icèf& _ai gd{hi be{ a`ca tydj`p }dijjì fis} {igd`fio* aesiri{* dfo ` sd} efjp d gdi{ eb

`gi kibe{i fis fise{h} kicdf e b`jj ai reò jib kp ai oi|d{y{i eb ai KKM&

Dj Nd~ii{d

_ai fise{h ge} sijj hfesf `f ai Si} dfo ai ge} sdmaio `f ai Gòoji Id} dfo

Fe{a Db{`md `} Dj Nd~ii{d& _ai Tdd{ kd}io fise{h mdgi `fe iq`}ifmi `f 4002 dfo ad} kiif d

j`caf`fc {eo eb mef{eri{}p }`fmi `} jdyfma& Dj Nd~ii{d ad} kimegi hfesf be{ madjjifc`fc ai

}dy} tye `f D{dk ney{fdj`}g& _ai fise{h {idjjp kicdf e cd`f m{io`k`j`p dfo fee{ìp oy{`fc

?9 Ayca G`ji}* Dj Nd~ii{d> _ai @f}òi ]e{p eb ai D{dk Fis} Madffij ad `} Madjjifc`fc ai Si} * !Fis Pe{h*FP> C{eri \{i}} =;&?2 Dg`f* ‚_ai KKM Se{jo ]i{r`mi D{dk`m _R*‗ _K] 49&



Oybbip ;2

`} meri{dci eb ai Dgi{`mdf `frd}èf eb @{dt `f ;<<= dfo Dgi{`md―} }yk}ityif emmy|dèf eb

ad meyf{p& Fedkjp* ` d`{io |`my{i} eb oido Dgi{`mdf }i{r`migif dfo segif* sa`ma

Dgi{`mdf fis} eyji} d{i fe djjesio e oe& ]yf} j`hi ai}i iqig|j`bp ai {ds fdy{i eb Dj

Nd~ii{d―} k{edomd}`fc dfo ney{fdj`}`m iae}& Jìyifdf Cifi{dj Neaf Dk`~dò bdgey}jp

md}`cdio Dj Nd~ii{d be{ ai d`{`fc eb ae}i `gdci} d d |{i}} mefbi{ifmi oy{`fc ai id{jp }dci}

eb ai @{dt Sd{& Ai {igd{hio e df Dj Nd~ii{d {i|e{i{* }dp`fc* ‚Pey―{i b{eg Dj Nd~ii{d

_ijir`}èf& @―g ri{p o`}d||e`fio ad pey seyjo |e{{dp ae}i |`my{i} eb ey{ }i{r`migif& @ }ds

ad dfo @ seyjo d}h eai{} fe e oe ad& @ {icd{o }aes`fc ai}i |`my{i} d} dk}ejyijp

yfdmmi|dkji&‗

?3

Dj Nd~ii{d e|i{di} ey}òi eb ai Dgi{`mdf {do`èf eb fis} dfo sd} s`jj`fc

e dhi {`}h} dfo }aes a`fc} ad Si}i{f dfo i}|im`djjp Dgi{`mdf fis} eyji} seyjo firi{

}aes& _ai fise{h―} {i|ydèf ad} c{esf kp jid|} dfo keyfo} }`fmi ad `gi& D ai

kic`ff`fc eb ai @{dt sd{* Dgi{`mdf} aeyca eb Dj Nd~ii{d d} yf|{ebi}}èfdj* yf{ij`dkji dfo

r`{yjifjp df`'Dgi{`mdf& Meg|d{i ad rìs sà ai meggif} eb ]im{id{p eb ]di A`jjd{p

Mj`fef `f ;<44 dkey Dj Nd~ii{d dfo `} meri{dci eb ai D{dk ]|{`fc*

@f bdm rìsi{}a`| eb Dj Nd~ii{d `} ce`fc y| `f ai Yfìo ]di} kimdy}i `―} {idj fis}&

Pey gdp fe dc{ii sà `* ky pey biij j`hi pey―{i ci`fc {idj fis} d{eyfo ai mjemh

`f}ido eb d g`jjèf meggi{m`dj} dfo* pey hfes* d{cygif} kisiif djh`fc aido} dfo

ai h`fo eb }ybb ad si oe ef ey{ fis} sa`ma* pey hfes* `} fe |d{`myjd{jp `fbe{gd`ri

e y}* ji djefi be{i`cfi{}&?1

_ai `g|dm eb ai fise{h ef ai se{jo eb cjekdj fis}* fe ny} D{dk`m jdfcydci fis}* `}

yfoif`dkji& ]im{id{p Mj`fef |e`f} ey ad ai{i d{i ioè{`dj `}}yi} d Dj Nd~ii{d* aesiri{*

?3 _i{{ifmi ]gà* ‚D O`bbi{if Jdfcydci> Aes ai D{dk Gio`d d{i Meri{`fc ai Sd{*‗

a|>%%sss&|k}&e{c%fis}aey{%kk%gio`d%ndf'nyfi<=%d{dkfis}U<?'<2&agj&?1 H`{` Do`d* ‚]im& eb ]di A`jjd{p Mj`fef> Dj Nd~ii{d `} ‖[idj Fis}―* Y&]& Je}`fc ‖@fbe{gdèf Sd{‗



Oybbip ;3

aip d{i `fbe{g`fc ai`{ dyoìfmi {dai{ adf `g|e}`fc ifoji}} meggifd{ì} y|ef aig& Irif

ai Yfìo ]di} ceri{fgif* sa`ma ad} {d{ijp kiif ai kifib`m`d{p eb Dj Nd~ii{d―} meri{dci* `}

mefmio`fc ad ` `} d be{mi `f ai cjekdj fis} `foy}{p&

Dj Nd~ii{d `} o`bbi{if adf ai gdne{ D{dk`m fis} fise{h} kimdy}i ` sd} fe ai

k{d`fma`jo eb d ]dyo` `fri}gif c{ey|& Dj Nd~ii{d `} ai rify{i eb ai Tdd{` {yj`fc bdg`jp dfo

}|im`b`mdjjp `} Ig`{* ]ai`ha Adgdo k`f Hadj`bd Dj _adf`& Tdd{* ai }gdjj |if`f}yjd ad ny} ebb

eb ]dyo` D{dk`d `fe ai \i{}`df Cyjb* sd} df D{dk kdmhsdi{ be{ gyma eb ai ;<a mify{p&

Tdd{* j`hi ai Yfìo D{dk Ig`{di}* `} d be{gi{ |{eime{di eb ai K{``}a Ig|`{i& @ cd`fio `}

`foi|ifoifmi `f 4034 dfo d ai `gi ai meyf{p efjp ado d |e|yjdèf eb 444*4==&?0 ]ai`ha

Hadj`bd k`f Adgdo Dj _adf` kimdgi Ig`{ `f 403; bejjes`fc ai oi|d{y{i eb ai K{``}a b{eg

ai {icèf& ]ai`ha Hadj`bd e|ifio Tdd{ y| e be{i`cf e`j `fri}gif& Ai }`cfio me'|{eoymèf

dc{iigif} sà ]dfod{o E`j Meg|dfp eb Eaè dfo Dgeme `f ai 401<} ad if{`maio Tdd{ ky

ge}jp if{`maio a`g&9< ]ai`ha Hadj`bd―} }ef* ]ai`ha Adgò* mdgi e |esi{ `f d kjeeoji}} mey|

o‐àtdt * sa`ma ai md{{ìo ey dcd`f} a`} bdai{ `f 4009& ]ai`ha Hadj`bd sd} rdmdèf`fc `f ^y{`ma

sa`ji Adgò md{{ìo ey ai mey|& Adgò mdjjio a`} bdai{―} aeij {eeg dfo ` `} }dò ad ]aìha

Hadj`bd ayfc y| ai |aefi `ggio`dijp y|ef aid{`fc ai fis}&94 Hadj`bd se{hio e {icd`f ai

a{efi ky sd} yfdkji e oe }e& ]ai`ha Adgò sd} ee sijj e{cdf`~io dfo seyjo fe ki

oia{efio dfo ad} gd`fd`fio mef{ej eri{ Tdd{ be{ fid{jp se oimdoi}&

Dj Nd~ii{d ad} kimegi }pfefpgey} sà madjjifc`fc ai dyae{`d{`df {ic`gi} eb ai

Gòoji Id} ky ` g`ca }y{|{`}i }egi e aid{ ad Hadj`bd `} fe oigem{d`m dm`r`}& Ai }i`~io

a`} |esi{ dfo gd`fd`f} df dk}ejyi gefd{map `f Tdd{& Ai mi{d`fjp ad} ado ai e||e{yf`p

?0 a|>%%sss&t}d&cer&td%Tdd{Mif}y}%A`}e{pEbMif}y}&d}|q MIF]Y] OD_D9< a|>%%sss&tfdej&fi%TFDIf%Tdd{%A`}e{p%\dci}%]ai`haHadj`bdK`fAdgdoDj_adf`&d}|q94 Odffd Ad{gdf* ‚Kdmh}e{p> _ai [epdj Mey|ji ad |y Tdd{ ef ai gd|*‗ _ai Ma{`}`df ]mìfmi Gefè{ * Gd{ma9* ;<<3* a|>%%sss&m}gefè{&meg%;<<3%<=<9%|;<}<4'segi&agj&



Oybbip ;1

dfo md|dk`j`p e `g|jigif }{efci{ oigem{d`m `f}`yèf} `f a`} ig`{di ky ai ad} ay} bd{

bd`jio e oe }e& Ai `} `f bdm gpa`mdjjp df`'oigem{d`m& @ `} {yge{io ad* oy{`fc kepaeeo {`|

e Jefoef sà a`} bdai{* ai jdycaio yfmef{ejjdkjp `f ai Aey}i eb Meggef} `f Jefoef dbi{

s`fi}}`fc a`} b`{} |d{j`dgifd{p oikdi&9; A`} {ijd`rijp }geea dfo `fi{fdèfdjjp yfmefi}io

d}mif e ai a{efi seyjo |{eri e adri |{ebeyfo `g|dm} ef D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} ijir`}èf

dfo ai kiadrè{ eb Gòoji Id}i{f dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf ceri{fgif}&

]ai`ha Adgò* sa`ji fe }{ifcaif`fc ai oigem{d`m `f}`yèf} eb a`} meyf{p* ad}

se{hio e mef}ejòdi a`} |esi{ kp {d`}`fc ai `fi{fdèfdj |{eb`ji eb Tdd{& Ai `}*

|d{doeq`mdjjp* se{h`fc e oib`fi Tdd{ d} ai `fijjimydj md|`dj eb ai Gòoji Id}& Efi eb ai

ge} a`ca |{eb`ji |{enim} yfoi{dhif `f a`} ri`f `} ai m{idèf eb Ioymdèf M`p& Ioymdèf

M`p ad} jy{io gdne{ Dgi{`mdf yf`ri{}`ì} e Oead* Tdd{ sai{i aip }i y| k{dfma mdg|y}i} `f

iqmadfci be{ }yk}df`dj oefdèf} b{eg ai Tdd{` ceri{fgif& Yf`ri{}`ì} ad adri }i y|

mdg|y}i} `f Oead―} Ioymdèf M`p `fmjyoi Si`jj Gio`mdj Mejjici eb Me{fijj Yf`ri{}`p*

Cie{ciesf―} ]maeej eb Be{i`cf ]i{r`mi* Md{ficì Gijjef* R`{c`f`d Meggefsidja Yf`ri{}`p*

_iqd} D"G* dfo Fe{asi}i{f Yf`ri{}`p―} Gio`jj ]maeej eb Ney{fdj`}g&9= @f doo`èf e

ioymdèf* Tdd{ ad} {d`}io `} cjekdj |{eb`ji kp ae}`fc gdne{ }|e{`fc irif} }yma d} ai D}`df

Cdgi} dfo ad} kiif mae}if* djki` ifyey}jp* e ae} ai ;<;; Se{jo My|&

Dj Nd~ii{d* aesiri{* ad} ado d jd{ci{ `g|dm ef Tdd{―} |{eb`ji `f ai Gòoji Id} adf

dfp eb ai}i eai{ ifoidre{}& _ai e{`c`f} eb ai fise{h `}ijb }ig b{eg ai dgk`èf} eb ]ai`ha

Adgò e cd`f fe efjp |{i}`ci ky dj}e |ej``mdj jiri{dci eri{ a`} ge{i dbbjyif dfo |esi{byj

fi`cake{} ef ai \i{}`df Cyjb& \jdf} be{ ai fise{h iq`}io d} bd{ kdmh d} 400? ky ai `g|iy}

9; G`ji}* Dj Nd~ii{d> _ai @f}òi ]e{p* 4=&9=

_dgd{ Jis`f* ‚Y&]& Yf`ri{}`ì} [y}a e ]i Y| Ey|e}} Dk{edo*‗ _ai Fis Pe{h _`gi}* Bik{yd{p 4<* ;<<1*a|>%%sss&fp`gi}&meg%;<<1%<;%4<%ioymdèf%4<cjekdj&agj5|dcisdfio7djj&



Oybbip ;0

be{ ai m{idèf eb ai fise{h mdgi dbi{ Tdd{` fdèfdj ijir`}èf mdgi `fe mefbj`m sà ai

Kda{d`f` ceri{fgif& Tdd{` }di ijir`}èf d`{io ai e|`fèf} eb }iri{dj Kda{d`f` o`}}òif}*

sa`ma o{is `fif}i m{``m`}g b{eg Tdd{―} fi`cake{& Kda{d`f` ebb`m`dj} dmmy}io ai Tdd{`} eb

mef}|`{`fc e yfoi{g`fi ai`{ ceri{fgif& D} d }aes eb {i}ejyèf* ]ai`ha Adgò `}}yio ai

beyfo`fc oim{ii eb Dj Nd~ii{d ai fiq gefa d} d }aes eb megg`gif e ai e|`fèfdio dfo

mef{eri{}`dj be{gd ad oib`fio Tdd{` }di ijir`}èf dfo seyjo }eef megi e oib`fi Dj

Nd~ii{d&9?

_ai fise{h kicdf sà df `f``dj `fri}gif eb /4?3 g`jjèf b{eg ]ai`ha Adgò dfo

ad} mef`fyio e {ijp ef Tdd{` {yj`fc bdg`jp kifirejifmi&99 _ai fise{h ad} cd`fio d }i{èy}

}ad{i eb ai D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} gd{hi ky ` mef`fyi} e }{yccji b`fdfm`djjp& Dj Nd~ii{d

iq|i{ Ayca G`ji}* dyae{ eb Dj Nd~ii{d> _ai @f}òi ]e{p eb ai D{dk Fis} Madffij ad `}

Madjjifc`fc ai Si} * s{ei `f ai be{i`cf dbbd`{} ney{fdj Be{i`cf \ej`mp* ‚_ai fise{h !Dj

Nd~ii{d ad} mef}`}ifjp je} gefip }`fmi `} jdyfma* sa`ma `} yf}y{|{`}`fc* d} fe D{dk madffij

gdhi} d |{eb`&‗92 _ai bdm `} ad |{eb` `} {dai{ jes ef Dj Nd~ii{d―} j`} eb eknim`ri}& _ai

Tdd{` ceri{fgif ad} dmmi}} e ge{i adf /4<< k`jjèf `f d}}i} yfoi{ ai dy}|`mi} eb ai Tdd{`

]er{i`cf Sidja Byfo& ^ykd`{ @tkdj* d }maejd{ d ai Gòoji Id} @f}`yi `f Sd}a`fcef O&M&*

}dò* ‚Dj Nd~ii{d `} byfoio i}}if`djjp be{ }{dic`m {id}ef}& Tdd{ ad} dgk`èf} e kimegi d

gdne{ |jdpi{ `f ai {icèf•@ oef― a`fh aip d{i `fi{i}io `f gdh`fc gefip Xef ai

fise{hW&‗93 _ai cedj eb ai fise{h `} e }aes ad ` `} s`jj`fc e ki o`bbi{if adf `} ge{i

mef}i{rd`ri fi`cake{} dfo `f ai jefc i{g oirije| df `fi{fdèfdj {i|ydèf d} d j`ki{dj

9? G`ji}* Dj Nd~ii{d> _ai @f}òi ]e{p* ;1&99 Nefdadf Ki{{* ‚Mdf Dj Nd~ii{d Md|`dj`~i ef @} Fisbeyfo \e|yjd{`p5‗ Od`jp B`fdfmi* Bik{yd{p ;* ;<44*a|>%%sss&od`jpb`fdfmi&meg%;<44%<;%<;%s jj'dj'nd~ii{d'md|`dj ~i'ef'`}'fisbeyfo'|e|yjd{`p% !dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p43* ;<4;&92 Ayca G`ji}* ‚_a`fh Dcd`f> Dj Nd~ii{d*‗ Be{i`cf \ej`mp !Nyfi 4;* ;<<2*a|>%%sss&be{i`cf|ej mp&meg%d{`mji}%;<<2%<2%4;%a`fhUdcd`fUdjUnd~ii{d5|dci7<*4&93 Ki{{* ‚Mdf Dj Nd~ii{d Md|`dj`~i ef @} Fisbeyfo \e|yjd{`p5‗



Oybbip =<

kd}èf `f _ai \i{}`df Cyjb& ]{dic`mdjjp* ai |i{mi|èf eb Tdd{ ad Dj Nd~ii{d cifi{di} `}

ge{i `g|e{df adf ai b`fdfm`dj {idj`ì} eb gd`fd`f`fc ai fise{h&

Tydj`p |{eoymèf dfo ney{fdj`}g* aeyca ay} bd{ yf|{eb`dkji* adri cd{fi{io Dj

Nd~ii{d ai jd{ci} gd{hi }ad{i eb dfp D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} fise{h& _ai bd`jy{i eb ai

`f``dj KKM D{dk`m rify{i `f 4002 |{erio e ki Dj Nd~ii{d―} cd`f& 4;< jdò ebb KKM D{dk`m

ig|jepii}* `fmjyo`fc k{edomd}i{}* imaf`m`df} dfo dog`f`}{de{} `ggio`dijp }`cfio ef e

se{h be{ Dj Nd~ii{d&91 Dj Nd~ii{d ty`mhjp {e}i e d jirij eb |{ebi}}èfdj`}g p|`mdjjp d}}em`dio

sà ai KKM kimdy}i }e gdfp eb `} ig|jepii} si{i `f bdm rii{df} eb ai KKM D{dk`m

rify{i& @f ai jefc i{g* tydj`p mdgi e kimegi d m{``mdj eej `f c{es`fc idma }dijjì

fise{h―} dyoìfmi dfo `f ai md}i eb Dj Nd~ii{d ` ad} ijirdio ` dkeri ai meg|i`èf&

Dj D{dk`pd

Dj Nd~ii{d―} }ymmi}} dfo `foi|ifoifmi ad} fe cefi yffe`mio fe{ ad} ` cefi

yfmadjjifcio& Dj Nd~ii{d* e|i{d`fc sàey ]dyo` {i}{`mèf} |jdmio ef `} |{ioimi}}e{} d GKM

dfo d KKM D{dk`m* ad} o{dsf ai `{i eb gdfp ]dyo`}& Dj Nd~ii{d `} fe }yknim ai }dgi dgeyf

eb iqi{fdj |{i}}y{i ad yj`gdijp oi}{epio ai `f``dj KKM D{dk`m rify{i& Fe e ki eyoefi

kp `} |`f'}`~io fi`cake{* d c{ey| eb ]dyo` `fri}e{} b{eg ai e{`c`fdj GKM sà ai d}}`}dfmi

eb ai |{irèy}jp gifèfio [db`t Ad{`{` jdyfmaio Dj D{dk`pd `f ;<<=&90 _ai madffij `} df

ebb}aee eb ai `f``dj GKM madffij* sa`ma ad} iq|dfoio b{eg efi cifi{dj `fi{i} madffij e

ge{i adf b`ri& Dj D{dk`pd gd{h} ai meg|dfp―} if{dfmi `fe ai ;?%3 fis} d{ifd& Dj D{dk`pd

`} hfesf a{eycaey ai Gòoji Id} be{ `} geoi{di {i|e{`fc eb fis} dfo |d{`dj`p e

Dgi{`mdf dfo ]dyo` `}}yi}& _ai fise{h sd} yfoeykiojp }d{io d} d {idmèf e ai

91 G`ji}* Dj Nd~ii{d> _ai @f}òi ]e{p* ==&90\ii{ Biy`jai{doi* ‚KKM Fis} \{eb`ji> Dj'D{dk`pd _R*‗ a|>%%fis}&kkm&me&yh%;%a`%gòojiUid}%=;=229?&}g&



Oybbip =4

yfmif}e{io* yfsìjop dfo s`jojp }ymmi}}byj Dj Nd~ii{d& ]dyo`} dfo eai{} sae adri kiif

ad{gio kp Dj Nd~ii{d―} meri{dci }ii ad fise{h d} yffimi}}d{`jp dfo yf|{ebi}}èfdjjp

|{eremd`ri& Dj D{dk`pd―} ioè{`dj jidoi{}a`| }dò b{eg odp efi* ‚Si d{i fe ce`fc e gdhi

|{ekjig} be{ D{dk meyf{ì}& X•W Si―jj }`mh e ai {ya* ky ai{i―} fe }if}dèfdj`}g&‗ _ai`{

jidoi{}a`| `} yfdkd}aiojp mef}i{rd`ri& _ai rìsi{}a`| eb Dj D{dk`pd {ibjim} `} mef}i{rd`ri

]dyo` beyfodèf}& D} eb ;<4<* Dj D{dk`pd sd} ai fis} fise{h eb mae`mi be{ 0) eb djj D{dk}&

Ge} eb a`} rìsi{}a`|* aesiri{* megi} b{eg ]dyo` D{dk`d sai{i Dj D{dk`pd `} ai fise{h eb

mae`mi be{ =<) eb ai |e|yjdèf& @f Icp| ` `} |{ibi{{io kp ny} ?) eb ai |e|yjdèf dfo `f

Jikdfef ai fygki{ `} ny} ;)&

2<

_ai }pji `} yf}ymmi}}byj ey}òi eb ]dyo` D{dk`d sai{i ge}

eb ai D{dk`m }|idh`fc |e|yjdèf {igd`f} yf`g|{i}}io sà ai ioè{`dj mefif dfo }pji&

KKM D{dk`m ;<<1'\{i}ift

KKM D{dk`m {iy{fio e ai D{dk`m jdfcydci fis} gd{hi `f ;<<1 e gyma e|`g`}g dfo

bdfbd{i& K{``}a dq|dpi{}* byfo ai fis fise{h* sa`ma `} df `g|e{df oi|d{y{i b{eg ai

|{irèy} `fmd{fdèf* sa`ma sd} `fbdgey}jp kiaejoif e `} ]dyo` D{dk`df kdmhi{}& _ai fise{h

d`g} e meri{ irif} `f ai D{dk se{jo* d jid} dmme{o`fc e `} gee* ‚sàey bid{ e{ bdre{&‗24

_ai iq|imdèf} be{ ai KKM a`} `gi d{eyfo si{i o`bbi{if& Ay}}i`f P& Dg`f s{ei `f ;<<1*

_ae}i {yff`fc ai KKM―} D{dk`m ijir`}èf fis} madffij gy} yfoi{}dfo ad D{dk

dyoìfmi} iq|im ai }i{r`mi e }y||e{ oigem{dmp dfo aygdf {`ca} dcc{i}}`rijp& _a`}

gidf} ad D{dk dyoìfmi} d{i jeeh`fc be{ ai KKM e dmhji `}}yi} eb oigem{d`~dèf

2<]a`kjip _ijadgip* ‚;<4< D{dk \ykj`m E|`fèf \ejj&‗ 24 I{`m \bdffi{* ‚KKM ]i e E|if @} Fis D{dk Se{jo _R Madffij*‗ _ai Fis Pe{h _`gi}* Gd{ma ?* ;<<1*a|>%%sss&fp`gi}&meg%;<<1%<=%<?%se{jo%gòojiid}%<?kkm&agj !dmmi}}io Bik{yd{p 41* ;<4;&



Oybbip =;

dfo me{{y|èf d} sijj d} e e|if ai oee{ eb b{ii oikdi e o`bbi{if |jdpi{} `f ai

{icèf&‗2;

_ai |{ebi}}èfdj`}g dfo eknim`r`p eb KKM D{dk`m―} }imefo `fmd{fdèf ad} fe {i}yjio `f

{d`fc }ymmi}} be{ ai fise{h& KKM D{dk`m ad} bd`jio e }imy{i dfp {idj gd{hi }ad{i& _ai

fise{h mef`fyi} e k{edomd} a`ca tydj`p dfo |{ebi}}èfdj |{ec{dgg`fc ky `} `g|dm ef ai

{icèf {igd`f} g`f`gdj& K{`d`f―} `g|i{`dj a`}e{p `f ai {icèf* oi}|ì ai ceeos`jj cifi{dio

kp ai KKM [doè ]i{r`mi* ad} hi| D{dk rìsi{} b{eg yf`fc'`f `f jd{ci fygki{}&

_ai a`}e{p eb D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì ijir`}èf fise{h} `} k{ìb ky oif}i& D o`}`fm

c{ey| eb hip |jdpi{} adri igi{cio `f ai gd{hi& Dj Nd~ii{d* Dj D{dk`pd dfo GKM oeg`fdi ai

gd{hi ey}òi eb Icp| dfo }`jj meg|{`}i fid{jp adjb eb ai gd{hi `f Icp|& _ai |{`rd`~dèf

eb ai `foy}{p ad} djjesio be{ `fi{fdèfdj c{ey|} e ifi{ ai gd{hi d} iròifmio kp ai

Dgi{`mdf ceri{fgif esfio Dj Ay{{d* KKM D{dk`m* B{dfmi ;? D{dk`m* ai [y}}`df esfio

[y}`pd Dj'Pdyg& _ai}i fise{h} djj |{eròi a`ca tydj`p |{ec{dgg`fc ky adri bd`jio e cd`f

{dmèf `f ai gd{hi kimdy}i aip jdmh m{io`k`j`p sà D{dk dyoìfmi} sae rìs aig d}

fea`fc ge{i adf d||ifodci} eb be{i`cf ceri{fgif} dfo eej} eb ai`{ be{i`cf |ej`mp& _ai

fise{h} ad adri igi{cio d} ai jidoi{} eb D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} ifr`{efgif d{i

`fo`cifey} e ai Gòoji Id}& Gòoji Id}i{f dyoìfmi} adri reio sà ai`{ {igei} dcd`f}

Si}i{f kdmhio dfo |{eoymio fise{h}& _a`} bìjo ad} kimegi d meg|i`èf eb }pji}* òiejecp*

dfo mefif kisiif ai D{dk kd}io dfo kdmhio fise{h}&

_ai @fbe{gdtèf G`f`}ti{} Jd}t ]tdfo

2; Dg`f* ‚_ai KKM Se{jo ]i{r`mi D{dk`m _R*‗ _K] 49&





Oybbip =?

ai D{dk ]|{`fc& Oi}|ì ai`{ c{dfo oimjd{dèf} dkey |{eim`fc D{dk}* ai gd`f eknim`ri eb

a`} mad{i{ dfo ai e{cdf`~dèf d} d saeji `} fe e |{eim m``~if} ky ai {ic`gi} ad m``~if}

g`ca ki `fmj`fio e eri{a{es `b aip ado dmmi}} e ge{i `fbe{gdèf& _ai mad{i{ sd} d a`fjp

ri`jio |jep e d}}i{ ge{i mef{ej eri{ D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} fise{h}* sa`ma si{i

i{eo`fc D{dk dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf ceri{fgif―} gefe|ejp eri{ `fbe{gdèf&

_ai D{dk Jidcyi irifydjjp |d}}io ai mad{i{& _ai mad{i{ `} j`gìo }`cf`b`mdfjp kp ai

bdm ad ` efjp d||jì} e D{dk Jidcyi gigki{} dfo k{edomd}i{} e|i{d`fc sà`f ai`{ ke{oi{}&

_a`} `} ceeo fis} be{ KKM D{dk`m dfo eai{ Jefoef e{ @dj`df kd}io k{edomd}i{}* sa`ma jì

kipefo `} ny{`}o`mèf& _ai mad{i{* aeyca }iig`fcjp ad{}a* {igd`f} jd{cijp yf`g|jigifio&

Aesiri{* ` oei} c`ri ceri{fgif}* i}|im`djjp `f Icp| sai{i d jd{ci fygki{ eb k{edomd}i{}

{igd`f* dooio jic``gdmp }aeyjo aip oimòi e kdf d fise{h e{ |{ec{dg&

_ai Icp|`df ]y|{igi Meyfm`j eb ai D{gio Be{mi} !]MDB* ai oi bdme {yji{ eb Icp|

d ai `gi* ad} fe kiif }ap `f j`g``fc ai dk`j`p eb irif fef'Icp|`df kd}io k{edomd}i{} e

k{edomd} b{eg Icp|& ]MDB oigdfoio* `f id{jp']i|igki{ ;<44* ad d }`}i{ madffij eb Dj

Nd~ii{d sa`ma igk{dmio d M']\DF p|i be{gd mdjjio Dj Nd~ii{d Gykd}ai{ G`}{ !Dj Nd~ii{d

J`ri Icp| ifo `} k{edomd}} `ggio`dijp& Dj Nd~ii{d {i|e{io* ‚yf`be{gio }imy{`p |i{}effij

{dòio ai ky{idy* }i`~`fc j`ri k{edomd}`fc ity`|gif dfo oid`f`fc ifc`fii{ @}jdg dj'Kdffd&‗22

]MDB mjd`gio ad Dj Nd~ii{d Gykd}ai{ G`}{ oò fe adri ai |{e|i{ |i{g`} e mef`fyi

k{edomd}`fc `f Icp|* aesiri{* Dj Nd~ii{d ebb`m`dj} }dò ad aip ado dj{idop d||jìo be{ ai

|i{g` dfo si{i d}}y{io ad ai`{ mef`fyio k{edomd} sd} dmmi|dkji& _ai Meggìi e \{eim

Ney{fdj`}} {i|e{io }eef dbi{ ad* ‚Djaeyca ai ]MDB }dò ai }ayoesf sd} ai {i}yj eb ai

22 ‚Icp|`df g`j`d{p `f}`yi} fis gio`d {i}{`mèf}*‗ M\N&meg* a|>%%sss&m|n&e{c%;<44%<0%icp|`df'g`j`d{p'`f}`yi}'fis'gio`d'{i}{`mèf&|a|&



Oybbip =9

madffij e|i{d`fc sàey d j`mif}i* M\N {i}id{ma `fo`mdi} ad a`} sd} gi{ijp d |{iiq e

}`jifmi ai m{``mdj k{edomd}i{&‗23 Oemygif} j`hi ai D{dk Jidcyi ]dijjì Mad{i{ dfo ai

}digif} b{eg ]MDB `fo`mdi ad }egi D{dk ceri{fgif} }`jj y`j`~i n`fce`}`m {aie{`m d} df

ibbim`ri |{iiq be{ j`g``fc |{i}} b{iioeg&

Ceri{fgif―} d{i y`j`~`fc ge{i }ykji dfo `f}òèy} dm`m} adf ny} k{edo* |ykj`mjp

oimjd{io mad{i{} sa`ji dig|`fc e j`g` |{i}} b{iioeg}& @fbe{gdèf g`f`}i{} mef`fyi e {p

e d}}i{ ai`{ `fbjyifmi `fe ai s{``fc} dfo k`d}i} eb ney{fdj`}} a{eycaey ai {icèf& Gdfp

ney{fdj`}} {igd`f ef ceri{fgif |dp{ejj}* o`{imjp e{ `fo`{imjp* dfo ceri{fgif |{e|dcdfod `}

}`jj dj`ri dfo sijj ef }di'{yf fise{h} dfo `f }di'mef{ejjio fis}|d|i{}& Sa`ji ai`{

`fbjyifmi ad} mi{d`fjp kiif i{eoio }`fmi ai dorif eb }dijjì ijir`}èf* aip fefiaiji}}

mef`fyi e |jdp d {eji `f `fbe{g`fc m``~if}& _ai Bioi{dèf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}} !BDN `} d j`r`fc

d{`bdm b{eg d ge{i mif}e{io `gi `f ai D{dk Se{jo ky ` `} dig|`fc e {igd`f ibbim`ri dfo

{ijirdf `f ai i{d eb ai }dijjì o`}a& Hdgij Jdkò` eb _ai Od`jp ]d{ * df Ifcj`}a'jdfcydci

od`jp fis}|d|i{ `f Ki`{y* {ig`fo} {idoi{} ad ai BDN ‚`} df ygk{ijjd e{cdf`~dèf be{ }di'

mef{ejjio D{dk |{i}} }pfo`mdi}&‗21 _ai c{ey| `} d yfèf eb {ic`gi admh}* sae mjd`g e

doremdi be{ ney{fdj`}`m iqmijjifmi dfo b{iioeg eb ai |{i}}& _aip adri |{i}ifio j`ki{dj jidoi{}

}yma d} ai ey}io ^`fi Dj Dkò`fi Kif Dj` eb _yf`}`d sà dsd{o} be{ madg|èf`fc ai {`ca} eb

ney{fdj`}} `f a`} meyf{p& _aip mjd`g `f ai`{ gee ad aip ‚y}i ai`{ |if} dfo |{ebi}}èfdj

}h`jj} `f ai }{yccji be{ ai edj dfo meg|{iaif}`ri j`ki{dèf eb ai D{dk fdèf b{eg dfp

be{i`cf `fi{rifèf e{ mejef`dj `fbjyifmi&‗20 _ai oimi|`ri fdy{i eb ai`{ g`}}èf `} i}|im`djjp

`f}òèy} kimdy}i aip doremdi be{ d }aioo`fc eb ‚be{i`cf `fi{rifèf e{ mejef`dj `fbjyifmi‗

23 ‚Icp|`df g`j`d{p `f}`yi} fis gio`d {i}{`mèf}*‗ M\N&meg* a|>%%sss&m|n&e{c%;<44%<0%icp|`df'g`j`d{p'`f}`yi}'fis'gio`d'{i}{`mèf&|a|&21 Hdgij Jdkò`* ‚D ?<* ai Bioi{dèf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}} `} ]`jj Rdjyiji}}*‗ _ai Od`jp ]d{ * Gdp ;;* ;<<?&20Jdkò`* ‚D ?<* ai Bioi{dèf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}} `} ]`jj Rdjyiji}}&‗



Oybbip =2

ky d a`} |e`f `f a`}e{p ` `} fe }e gyma mejef`dj `fbjyifmi ad a{idif} D{dk |ie|ji d} gyma

d} ai dyem{d`m {yji{} sae }y||e{ ai BDN& Jdkò` ig|ad}`~i} `jjec`mdj }{ymy{i eb ai

bioi{dèf* s{``fc* ‚_ai BDN {ijì} be{ }y{r`rdj ef b`fdfm`dj d}}`}dfmi b{eg ai D{dk Jidcyi

dfo oefdèf} b{eg D{dk {yji{} sae {igd`f yfsdri{`fc ifigì} eb gio`d b{iioeg&‗3< _ai BDN*

yfbe{yfdijp be{ m{io`kji ney{fdj`}} `f ai D{dk Se{jo* o`}m{io`} ney{fdj`}g dfo ney{fdj`}} `f

ai {icèf& @ }`jj }i{ri} d} df e{cdf eb dyem{d`m {ic`gi} `f ai Gòoji Id}* djaeyca ai j`} eb

dm`ri jidoi{} sae }y||e{ ai Bioi{dèf `} ty`mhjp os`foj`fc& _ai e{cdf`~dèf* {dai{ adf

doremd`fc be{ dfo }{ifcaif`fc ai {i|ydèf eb ney{fdj`}} dfo ney{fdj`}g `f ai {icèf* ad}

{i`fbe{mio ai |e|yjd{jp aijo feèf ad ney{fdj`}`m }m{`ki} d{i fea`fc ge{i adf iqif}èf} eb

ceri{fgif `fbe{gdèf g`f`}i{}& Yfbe{yfdijp* `f }egi md}i}* a`} `} fe df yfbd`{ mefmjy}èf&

_ai mef`fyio `fi{bi{ifmi `f ai ioè{`dj se{h`fc} eb fis} fise{h} kp D{dk

ceri{fgif} `} d }ijb'oi}{ym`ri |{dm`mi `f ai fis gio`d jdfo}md|i& @ g`ca ki ibbim`ri `f

ai }ae{ i{g ky ` s`jj fe |dp ebb eri{ `gi& _ai }`jifm`fc eb Dj Nd~ii{d Gykd}ai{ G`}{ o{is

ge{i difèf e ai fise{h kimdy}i ai }e{p sd} sòijp {i|e{io kp `} }`}i{'}dèf Dj

Nd~ii{d D{dk`m d} sijj d} eai{ }dijjì fis} fise{h}& @ }`g|jp {i`fbe{mi} ai òid ad ai}i

{ic`gi} adri }egia`fc e aòi& _ai `fm{id}io meg|i`èf dfo o`ri{}`p eb k{edomd}i{} dj}e

j`g`} ai m{io`k`j`p eb dfp mef}|`{dmp aie{p eb d k{edomd}i{ dcd`f} ai }di& Rìsi{} mdf

id}`jp madfci e d o`bbi{if fis} fise{h dfo maimh ai rdjò`p eb ai d ceri{figif {i|e{io

}e{p& Dj Nd~ii{d dfo Tdd{ si{i sòijp {i|e{io e ki mef}|`{`fc dcd`f} ai Icp|`df {ic`gi ef

Icp|`df }di ijir`}èf `f jdi'Ndfyd{p dfo id{jp'Bik{yd{p ;<44& Icp|`df ceri{fgif ebb`m`dj}

mdgi ef }di ijir`}èf dfo iq|jd`fio ai ge`ri} eb Dj Nd~ii{d* efi eb aig }dp`fc* ‚_e aijj

sà Dj Nd~ii{d& _ai}i madffij} }i{ri ai `fi{i}} eb }|im`b`m |d{ì}& @―} d Tdd{` |ej`mp* fe d

3<Jdkò`* ‚D ?<* ai Bioi{dèf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}} `} ]`jj Rdjyiji}}&‗



Oybbip =3

gio`d dcifod& @ }i{ri} @}{dij* @{df* Adgd}* Ai~kejjda dfo ]p{`d&‗34 ]yma ey{dciey} mjd`g}

aejo j`ji si`ca saif ai }mifi ki`fc oi|`mio ef iri{p eai{ fise{h* fe ny} Dj Nd~ii{d*

mef{do`m} sad `} ki`fc }aesf ef }di ijir`}èf& Meg|i`èf ad} j`gìo ceri{fgif―}

dk`j`p e }|`f c{d}}{ee} `f}y{{imèf `fe mef}|`{dmp&

D{dk Ney{fdj`}g dfo D{dk`m Fis} Fitse{h}

Fise{h esfi{} dfo `fbe{gdèf g`f`}i{} d{i fe ai efjp efi} }ad|`fc ai fis} ki`fc

k{edomd} ef D{dk`m jdfcydci }dijjì fis} fise{h}& Ney{fdj`}} dfo ioè{}* aig}ijri}* adri

`fm{io`kji |esi{ e }ad|i ai fd{{d`ri} dfo }e{ì} d idma fis} fise{h& _ai}i ney{fdj`}} dfo

ioè{} d{i }ad|io kp ai madjjifc`fc a`}e{p eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai Gòoji Id}&

D{dk ney{fdj`}g* d} d saeji* ad} }|dffio ai }|im{yg eb m{io`k`j`p& @ ad} kiif

mef}òi{io d madg|èf eb ai |ie|ji dfo dj}e d eej eb ai ge} e||{i}}`ri eb {ic`gi}& J`hi

ijir`}èf a`}e{p* idma meyf{p ad} ado `} esf yf`tyi iq|i{ìfmi sà ney{fdj`}g& Fead Gijje{*

d }maejd{ eb D{dk ney{fdj`}g d H`fc}ef Yf`ri{}`p `f Jefoef* s{ei* ‚@ `} ad{o e djh `f

cifi{dj i{g} dkey ‖D{dk |{i}}&― [dai{* idma D{dk meyf{p ad} oirije|io `} |{i}} dfo gio`d

}p}ig} dfo o`}mey{}i} d d o`bbi{if |dmi e ad eb ai`{ fd`ri meyf{ì}&‗3; _ai bdgey} Dj'

Da{dg fis}|d|i{ `f Icp| kicdf |ykj`}a`fc `f 4139 sa`ji `f ai Cyjb ]di} ai{i si{i fe

|d|i{} |ykj`}aio jemdjjp yf`j ai 409<―} dfo 402<―}& _ai a`}e{ì} d{i o`bbi{if dfo j`hi gdfp

myjy{dj oirije|gif} `f ai {icèf* Icp| |{erio e ki ai {ifo}ii{&

_ai |ykj`m mefmi|èf eb ney{fdj`}} ad} kiif `f bjyq kic`ff`fc oy{`fc ai mejef`dj |i{èo

dfo mef`fyey}jp madfc`fc yf`j eodp& Gio`d eyji}* `f ai mejef`dj |i{èo a`} gidf gd`fjp

34_ai [irejyèf _a{eyca D{dk Ipi}* ‚Gdfybdmy{`fc ai {ya*‗ o`{& ]ai{`b ]diio& Dj Nd~ii{d* Bik{yd{p 4?* ;<4;*

a|>%%sss&djnd~ii{d&meg%|{ec{dggi}%{irejyèfa{eycad{dkipi}%;<4;%<;%;<4;;24;041?03=?3&agj&3; Fead Gijje{* ‚_ai D{dk Ney{fdj`}`m Bìjo*‗ `f Geoi{f D{dk Ney{fdj`}g> \{ekjig} dfo \{e}|im}* ?;'3;

!Io`fky{ca* ]mejdfo> Io`fky{ca \{i}}* ;<<3&



Oybbip =1

fis}|d|i{}* si{i `f``djjp |{e|dcdfod eyji} be{ ai be{i`cf |esi{} `f e{oi{ e hii| ai

mejef`~io d} oem`ji d} |e}}`kji& Ney{fdj`}} si{i dbb`j`dio sà ai mejef`dj |esi{ dfo ai jemdj

{yj`fc {ic`gi& @f ai ipi} eb ai D{dk ijì* ney{fdj`}} si{i mef}òi{io se{ap eb {i}|im ky }e

sd} dfp eai{ |e}`èf ad d}}em`dio }egiefi sà ai mejef`dj |esi{& Mejef`dj'i{d

fis}|d|i{} si{i d}}em`dio sà ‚}yk}i{rìfmi e ai mejef`dj |esi{} oy{`fc ai f`fiiifa dfo

b`{} adjb eb ai sifìa mify{ì} dfo `f bdm mef{`kyio e ifadfmi ney{fdj`}}― `gdci&‗3= @f d

meg|jii `fri{}èf eb eodp―} {idj`p* d}}em`dèf sà ai mejef`~`fc |esi{ oò fe `ggio`di

o`}m{io` }egiefi sà ai gdne{`p eb ai fd`ri |e|yjdèf dfo ` bdm ` mef{`kyio e ai`{

jic``g`~dèf& Ney{fdj`}} si{i fe se{h`fc be{ ai ki} `fi{i}} eb ai fd`ri |e|yjdèf oy{`fc

a`} `gi ky aip si{i }`jj aijo `f a`ca'i}iig kp D{dk}&

Oimejef`~dèf* d} d k{edo gerigif dgefc djj ai Iy{e|idf |esi{}* kicdf `f``djjp

bejjes`fc Se{jo Sd{ @ dfo kicdf `f id{fi} dbi{ Se{jo Sd{ @@& Mejef`~io |e|yjdèf} `f

Db{`md* D}`d* ai Gòoji Id} dfo ]eya Dgi{`md igi{cio b{eg yfoi{ ai pehi eb ai`{ mejef`dj

gd}i{} dfo idma oò ` `f ai`{ esf sdp& @f }egi {icèf} ai {df}`èf} si{i {ijd`rijp }geea

}yma d} `f Icp| sai{i K{``}a `fbjyifmi sd} }aio c{doydjjp& Ij}isai{i* }yma d} `f be{gi{

B{ifma i{{è{ì} j`hi Djci{`d8 ai |{eoym sd} g`j`df dfo kjeeop& Ney{fdj`}} `f ai Gòoji

Id} ty`mhjp eeh y| ai gdfji eb mdjj`fc be{ `foi|ifoifmi dfo doremd`fc ef kiadjb eb ai

D{dk |e|yjdèf oy{`fc a`} |i{èo& _ai {eji eb D{dk ney{fdj`}} }a`bio o{d}`mdjjp b{eg efi eb

mejef`dj }y||e{ e df`'mejef`dj dm`r`}g& Gijje{ |e`f} ey ad a`} sd} fe efjp ceeo be{ ai

m``~if} ky dj}e be{ ai ney{fdj`}} dfo fis}|d|i{}*

_ai fis}|d|i{} `}}yio aif mdjjio be{ `foi|ifoifmi dfo yf`p* sa`ma d{dmio d sòi

{idoi{}a`|& @f ai kic`ff`fc eb ai 40?<―} be{ iqdg|ji* }iri{dj Jikdfi}i ney{fdj`}} sae

3=Gijje{* ‚_ai D{dk Ney{fdj`}`m Bìjo*‗ 91&



Oybbip =0

mdjjio be{ ai `foi|ifoifmi eb ai meyf{p b{eg ai mejef`dj |esi{ kee}io ai`{ |ykj`m

`gdci&3?

_ai gerio gd{hio d }a`b `f ai e|`fèf} eb ai `fijjimydj ijì `f ai Gòoji Id}& Ney{fdj`}}

si{i |d{ eb a`} `fijjimydj ijì dfo fdy{djjp ai`{ e|`fèf} }a`bio d} sijj& _ai |e|yjdèf} eb

Gòoji Id}i{f dfo Fe{a Db{`mdf meyf{ì} si{i idci{ e }aio mejef`dj `fbjyifmi* sa`ma ado

kifibìo aig }e j`ji& _ai df`'mejef`dj dcifod eb gdfp ney{fdj`}} oy{`fc a`} |i{èo d{dmio

jd{ci dyoìfmi} dfo c{is ai m{io`k`j`p eb ney{fdj`}g d} d |{ebi}}èf& _a`} mdffe ki o`}meyfio

d} efi eb ai {id}ef} ad ai ney{fdj`}`m }a`b eeh |jdmi oy{`fc a`} `gi& Fe gdi{ ai`{

ge`rdèf}* aesiri{* ney{fdj`}`m m{io`k`j`p sà D{dk} {idmaio `} ~ifà oy{`fc ai |{emi}} eb

oimejef`~dèf&

Oimejef`~dèf jib `f `} sdhi d made`m |ej``mdj }mifi `f ai Gòoji Id} dfo Fe{a

Db{`md& Mejef`dj ceri{fgif} oò fe c`ri sdp e bd`{ oigem{d`m ceri{fgif} oi}|ì ai

oigem{d`m e{fdgif} eb gdfp oi}|e`m Gòoji Id}i{f {ic`gi}& _ai }a`b b{eg mejef`dj

ceri{fdfmi e dyae{`d{`df ceri{fdfmi dj}e gd{hio dfeai{ }a`b `f ai {eji eb ney{fdj`}}& \df'

D{dk`}g igi{cio d} ai fis geoy} e|i{dfo` be{ yf`bp`fc D{dk |ie|ji d{eyfo e||{i}}`ri

ceri{fgif} dfo ney{fdj`}} |jdpio ai`{ |d{} `f }y||e{`fc a`} fis òiejecp& Yfbe{yfdijp*

ai ney{fdj`}`m ifr`{efgif sd} dji{io o{dgd`mdjjp b{eg efi sai{i ney{fdj`}} si{i ai

madg|èf} eb ai fd`ri |e|yjdèf} oy{`fc ai oimejef`~dèf |i{èo e d fis ifr`{efgif

sai{i aip byfmèfio d} j`ji ge{i adf }eeci} be{ ai igi{c`fc e||{i}}`ri {ic`gi} ad kicdf

oe`fc ai {icèf& [yji{} }yma d} Cdgdj Dkoyj Fd}}i{ igi{cio ef ai }mifi dfo ney{fdj`}}―

dk`j`p e doremdi ef kiadjb eb ai |ie|ji sd} djge} meg|jiijp ij`g`fdio& _ai {ic`gi me'

e|io ai gio`d dfo y}io aig d} |{e|dcdfod eyji}&

3? Gijje{* ‚_ai D{dk Ney{fdj`}`m Bìjo*‗ 91&



Oybbip ?<

_ai i{d eb ai oi}|e`m dyem{d g`ca sijj ki ifo`fc `f ai Gòoji Id}& _ai jidoi{} ad

adri oib`fio a`} i{d j`hi Ae}f` Gykd{dh* ^`fi Dkò`fi Kif Dj`* Kd}ad{ Dj'D}}do* Gydggd{

Cdoodb` dfo Dj` Dkoyjjda ]djia adri djj kiif ey}io e{ d{i ef ai`{ jd} jic}& _ai i{d kicdf sà

Cdgdj Dkoyj Fd}}i{―} {`}i e ai Icp|`df \{i}òifmp `f 4092 dfo }`cfdjio ai kic`ff`fc eb a`}

adjb'mify{p i{d eb ceri{fgif `fi{bi{ifmi `f dfo y`j`~dèf eb ney{fdj`}}& _ai {i|ydèf eb

ney{fdj`}g `f ai {icèf }ybbi{io* dfo {`cajp }e* oy{`fc a`} |i{èo& Gijje{ |e`f} ey* `f ai{

}yop ef ai irejyèf eb D{dk ney{fdj`}g* ‚Ney{fdj`}}― `fic{`p ad} kiif tyi}èfio kp d

{idoi{}a`| ad }ds ai`{ fdèfdj |{i}} y{f`fc `fe d geya|ìmi be{ ai ceri{fgif& X•W

Kimdy}i eb ai o`bb`myj mefo`èf} `f sa`ma aip e|i{di* ney{fdj`}} adri fe kiif dkji e cd`f

ai }pg|dap eb {idoi{}&‗39 Ney{fdj`}}― jido`fc dfo dog`{io {eji `f }emìp* cd`fio oy{`fc ai

oimejef`~dèf |i{èo* ird|e{dio sa`ji aip igi{cio d} bdre{io `f}{ygif} eb ai {ic`gi}&

_ai |i{èo b{eg ai kic`ff`fc eb Fd}}i{―} {i`cf yf`j ai id{jp 400<―} sd} d |i{èo ad {i}i ai

m{io`k`j`p dfo tydj`p eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai Gòoji Id}&

Geoi{f D{dk Ney{fdj`}t`m \{dmt`mi

Geoi{f Gòoji Id}i{f fis}{eeg}* oi}|ì ai`{ |i{mi`rio `foi|ifoifmi dfo j`ki{dj`p*

d{i fe sàey ai`{ esf g`qio ge`rdèf} k`d}i}& D ;<<9 iqdg`fdèf eb Dj D{dk`pd―}

fis}{eeg iq|e}io ad oi}|ì |{`rdi esfi{}a`|* ai }dijjì fis} ioè{} dfo fis} {i|e{i{}

adri ai`{ esf k`d}i} dfo ad ai}i k`d}i} d{i ki`fc d||jìo e ai mefif eb ai fise{h& _ai

cifi{dj gdfdci{ eb ai fise{h `f ;<<9* Dkoyj [dagdf Dj'[d}aio* oi}m{`kio ai gio`d

jdfo}md|i `f ai Gòoji Id} d ai `gi* }dp`fc* ‚_ai {icèf `} ki`fc b`jjio sà `fdmmy{dmì}

dfo |d{`dj {ya}& @ a`fh |ie|ji s`jj djsdp} gdhi ceeo nyocgif} `b aip adri ai {`ca

39 Gijje{* ‚_ai D{dk Ney{fdj`}`m Bìjo*‗ 91&



Oybbip ?4

`fbe{gdèf dfo ai saeji `fbe{gdèf& Sad si jdmh {`ca fes `} {ya dfo `fbe{gdèf&‗32 Dj'

[d}aio―} oij`ri{io d fe'}e'}ykji ndk d Dj D{dk`pd―} jd{ci} meg|iè{* Dj Nd~ii{d& Dj

[d}aio―} mefmi{f sà Dj Nd~ii{d `} fe ad ` `} j`g``fc mefif* sa`ma sd} ai m{``mdj bd`j`fc

eb ai |{i'}dijjì i{d* ky {dai{ ai `} mefmi{fio sà ai |{i}ifdèf eb mefif ad oei} gdhi

` ef ai d`{& _a`} ci} e ai me{i eb ai k`cci} `}}yi `f D{dk`m }dijjì fis}& _ai{i `} fe

dc{iigif ef bdm} `f ai my{{if D{dk gio`d jdfo}md|i& Idma fise{h `} |e{{dp`fc sad aip

mef}òi{ e ki ai {ya ky idma }òi―} { ya ad} kiif b`ji{io a{eyca d }ykji{ ky ge{i meg|jiq

}ìri adf ceri{fgif mif}e{}& _ai k`d}i} eb ky}`fi}}* ceri{fgif} dfo ney{fdj`}} d{i djj

k{eyca e kid{ ef ai fis} `f `f}òèy} sdp}& ]egi a`fh ai {ya gidf} ai {ds {i|e{`fc eb

Dj Nd~ii{d sa`ji eai{} rìs ` d} ai a`cajp ig|i{io {i|e{`fc b{eg Dj D{dk`pd& Ai jdi{ }dp}*

‚]if}dèfdj`}g X`f ai fis}W ad} `fmìo |ie|ji e ad{io& @ adri }gijjio ai kjeeo eb

ad{io dfo @ mdffe yfoi{}dfo aes }egiefi `f df d`{'mefo`èfio fis}{eeg biij} ad

ai ad} ai {`ca e gdf`|yjdi |ie|ji―} igeèf}* e {`ji y| e{ e cifi{dj`~i dkey d c{ey|*

saif ai }ii} ai {i|i{my}}èf}&‗33

Dj [d}aio dfo `f y{f Dj D{dk`pd bid{ r`}mi{dj |ykj`m {idmèf dfo rìs ` d} df iqmy}i e j`g`

`fbe{gdèf& Dj [d}aio iq|e}i} ai {yi g`}}èf eb a`} fis} e{cdf`~dèf& @b Dj Nd~ii{d `} gidf

e }`{ |d}}èf dfo begif o`}}if* aif Dj D{dk`pd `} gidf e gd`fd`f ai }dy} tye e{ d ai

ri{p jid} ig|i{ ai {i|e{`fc eb Dj Nd~ii{d& Fiài{ fise{h `} oe`fc sad meyjo ki mdjjio

‚eknim`ri‗ ney{fdj`}g& _ai jdi _ai Fis Pe{h _`gi} Gòoji Id}i{f me{{i}|efoif Dfaefp

]adoò* sa`ji se{h`fc ef d }e{p `f ;<<9 dkey irejr`fc D{dk`m fis} ia`m}* s{ei*

32 ]dgdfad ]ad|`{e* ‚_ai Sd{ @f}òi ai D{dk Fis}{eeg*‗ _ai Fis Pe{h _`gi} Gdcd~`fi* Ndfyd{p ;* ;<<9&33 ]ad|`{e* ‚_ai Sd{ @f}òi ai D{dk Fis}{eeg&‗



Oybbip ?;

@f bis eai{ |jdmi} oe ai {yji} eb ney{fdj`}g biij }e bjyò* }e meg|i``ri* sà ai }dhi}

}e a`ca& Dfo firi{ `f ai a`}e{p eb D{dk gio`d adri se madffij} ‟ Dj'D{dk`pd dfo Dj'

Nd~ii{d* kd}io `f Tdd{ ‟ ado }e gyma `fbjyifmi dfo jiisdp `f oii{g`f`fc ai ri{p

oib`f`èf eb fis} dfo* kp oibdyj* ai |{è{`ì} eb ai`{ rìsi{}&31

_ai {yji} eb ai cdgi d{i ki`fc gdoi y| ef ai bjp dfo a`} gdhi} ai fis} fise{h}― `g|dm djj

ai ge{i yfmi{d`f dfo ai `fbe{gdèf ifr`{efgif aip d{i m{id`fc djj ai ge{i yf}dkji&

_ai |{ekjig} ad adri dmmeg|dfìo ai |{ej`bi{dèf eb D{dk`m fis} fise{h} ce sijj

kipefo ai bdm ad ai se ge} |{eg`fif fise{h}* Dj Nd~ii{d dfo Dj D{dk`pd* oib`fi ai`{

ioè{`dj }dfod{o} dfo |{dm`mi} `f {ijdèf e efi dfeai{& @f doo`èf e a`}* ai D{dk

ney{fdj`}} d{i fe gd`fd`f`fc eknim`ri o`}dfmi kisiif aig}ijri} dfo ai `}}yi} ef sa`ma

aip {i|e{& ]dgdfad ]ad|`{e eb _ai Fis Pe{h _`gi} Gdcd~`fi s{ei `f df d{`mji dkey Dj

D{dk`pd `f ;<<9* ‚Gdfp ig|jepii} `f Dj'D{dk`pd―} fis}{eeg adri `f`gdi meffimèf} sà

ai mefbj`m aip meri{&‗30 _a`} {d`}i} ai `}}yi ad gdfp ney{fdj`}} `f ai Gòoji Id} d{i fe

efjp {i|e{`fc ai fis} ky aip d{i }`gyjdfiey}jp doremd`fc ef kiadjb eb efi eb ai}i

meffimèf}& _ai a`}e{p eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai {icèf `} oireò eb d a`}e{`mdj kd}`} be{ eknim`ri

ney{fdj`}g& _ai |ifoyjyg eb eknim`r`p ad} }syfc b{eg |dfoi{`fc e mejef`dj |esi{}* aif e

}y||e{`fc df`'mejef`dj bi{re{* dfo ge{i {imifjp e kifo`fc e s`jj eb dyae{`d{`df {ic`gi}&

_ai |ifoyjyg `} fes }a`b`fc efmi ge{i* sàey ai ek}{ymèf eb gdne{ ceri{fgif

mif}e{}a`|* esd{o} dm`r`} ney{fdj`}g `g|e}`fc ai`{ k`d}i} ef ai fis} dcifod&

_a`} fis cifi{dèf eb dm`r`} ney{fdj`}}* i}|im`djjp ae}i ig|jepio kp ai }dijjì

ijir`}èf fise{h} ad adri {igifoey} r`}`k`j`p* adri kimegi ai fis} dcifod }ii{} `f ai

31 Dfaefp ]adoò* ‚D Fis}gdf K{idh} ai Gejo `f D{dk Se{jo*‗ _ai Sd}a`fcef \e}* Gdp 4* ;<<2 !fdèfdjio`èf&30 ]ad|`{e* ‚_ai Sd{ @f}òi ai D{dk Fis}{eeg&‗





Oybbip ??

@ `} fe ny} d a`cajp k`d}io dfo dm`r`} òif`p ad `} }y{|{`}`fc dkey ai ney{fdj`}}―

{i}|ef}i} ky dj}e ad aip d{i dsd{i ad ai`{ ri{p {i}|ef}i} a{idif ai m{io`k`j`p eb ai`{

|{ebi}}èf& \{ebi}}èfdj`}g dfo gdi{} eb m{io`k`j`p d{i ai ge} sòijp aijo mefmi{f} dkey

ai byy{i& Saif d}hio sad ai c{idi} a{id bdm`fc D{dk ney{fdj`}} sd}* 34) {i}|efoio

‚|{ebi}}èfdj`}g*‗ 3<) {i}|efoio ad ` sd} ‚ceri{fgif mef{ej*‗ dfo 22) {i}|efoio

‚ia`m}&‗ \{ebi}}èfdj`}g s`jj efjp ki a{idifio `b ai}i ney{fdj`}} djjes ai`{ ge`rdèf}

ek}my{i ai bdm}& Yfbe{yfdijp* a`} `} d oib`f`èfdj d}|im eb dm`r`} ney{fdj`}g& @f doo`èf*

ceri{fgif `fi{bi{ifmi dj}e {igd`f} d mefmi{f dfo {`cajp }e kd}io ef ai iq|i{ìfmi} eb Dj

Ndoiio `f Jikdfef dfo ai `f``dj KKM D{dk`m rify{i `f Jefoef& _a`} fis dfo s`jo ney{fdj`}`m

ifr`{efgif s`jj i} ai ia`m} eb ney{fdj`}} `f d {icèf sai{i ney{fdj`}g ad} kiif oireò eb

ia`mdj |{dm`mi be{ oimdoi}&

_ai fis* j`ki{dj`~io ney{fdj`}`m ifr`{efgif* sa`ma `} }y||jdf`fc ai jiad{c`m dfo

|d}}`ri |d}* s`jj |y ai ia`mdj |{dm`mi eb D{dk ney{fdj`}} yfoi{ ai g`m{e}me|i& \`fdh fei}*

‚_ai }y{rip {i}|ef}i} X•W si{i `fo`md`ri eb ai bdm ad ai bjes eb fis} `f dfp c`rif |i{èo

`} o`mdio d} gyma kp irif} d} kp ai ney{fdj`}}― |i{mi|èf eb sad `} `g|e{df `f ai k{edoi{

}maigi eb a`fc}&‗1; Ney{fdj`}}― fis |esi{ k{`fc} sà ` fis {i}|ef}`k`j`p& Ai jdi{ cei} ef e

s{ì* ‚}irif eb ai e| if {eji} D{dk ney{fdj`}} mef}òi{io ‖ge} }`cf`b`mdf― eciai{

mef}`yi sad gp ki mef}òi{io df dcifod }i`fc e{ madfci byfmèf* dfo se eai{ `f ai e|

if d{i `fi{|{i`ri e{ oirije|gif byfmèf} ad* `f a`} mefiq* }y||e{ madfci&‗ 1= _ai

|{ekjig sà dm`r`} ney{fdj`}g `} ad ` `} `fai{ifjp fe eknim`ri& Dfimoedjjp* ney{fdj`}}

dog` ad aip d{i fe eknim`ri ky rìs a`} jdmh eb eknim`r`p d} df d}}i& D k{edomd}i{ be{

ai Jikdfi}i K{edomd}`fc Meg|dfp !JKM* _df` Giadffd* }yggio ` y| a`} sdp* ‚@b pey oe

1; \`fdh* ‚_ai G`}}èf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}g*‗ 42;& 1= \`fdh* ‚_ai G`}}èf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}g*‗ 422&



Oybbip ?9

fe adri d g`}}èf e {p e madfci Xai se{joW d{eyfo pey `f d |e}``ri sdp* pey g`ca d} sijj

se{h be{ dfp eb ai `fijj`cifmi dcifmì}&‗1? [`ca e{ s{efc* ai k`d}i} eb ney{fdj`}} d{i ki`fc

yfdkd}aiojp d||jìo e ai fis} dcifod&

_ai òif`p eb a`} fis k{iio eb ney{fdj`}} `} gyj`bdmiio& ]dijjì ijir`}èf―} dk`j`p

e m{e}} ai}i ke{oi{} ad} m{idio df òif`p `f sa`ma D{dk ney{fdj`}} }ii aig}ijri} d} ai

cyd{o`df} eb ai D{dk}& _ai cyd{o`df {eji* pi dfeai{ d}|im eb dm`r`} ney{fdj`}g* }ad|i} sad

kimegi} |d{ eb ai fis} dcifod* sad oei} fe* dfo aes idma }e{p ad oei} gdhi ` ci}

{i|e{io& \`fdh iq|eyfo} by{ai{ ef a`} {eji*

_ai cyd{o`df byfmèf oigef}{di} ad ai se{jorìs eb D{dk ney{fdj`}} `f ai |e}'

0%44 i{d ad} d }`cf`b`mdf oibif}`ri d}|im* `f sa`ma aip }ii aig}ijri} oibifo`fc ai

D{dk aegijdfo d d `gi saif df D{dk meyf{p `} ki`fc emmy|ìo kp d be{i`cf d{gp dfo

ai @}jdg`m se{jo d} d saeji `}* `f ai rìs eb gdfp D{dk} dfo eai{ Gy}j`g* yfoi{

}ìci& D{dk ney{fdj`}}* feio ai ]dyo` s{ì{ Bddfp* d{i ‖fe efjp oibifo`fc ai D{dk

fdèf* ky dj}e ai D{dk mdy}i}&―19

_ai cyd{o`df {eji eb D{dk ney{fdj`}}* d} D{dk ney{fdj`}} aig}ijri} dog`* `} oibif}`ri `f

fdy{i& D d `gi saif ‚aip }ii aig}ijri} oibifo`fc ai D{dk aegijdfo*‗ ` }iig} ad D{dk

ney{fdj`}} g`ca doe| ai }dgi }e{ eb gifdj`p ad D{dk `fbe{gdèf g`f`}i{} ado

gd`fd`fio be{ pid{}&12 D} ai Bioi{dèf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}} d}}i{* ai`{ cedj `} e |{irif ai

oibdgdèf eb \df'D{dk mdy}i}& _a`} `} sai{i ai ia`mdj }dfod{o} eb ai D{dk ney{fdj`} s`jj

{yjp ki |y e ai i}& D} ai fis} dcifod }ii{}* }e{ì} ad seyjo ki yfbjdi{`fc be{ D{dk}

g`ca fe ci ai difèf aip oi}i{ri `b aip ci dfp d djj&

1? \`fdh* ‚_ai G`}}èf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}g*‗ 422'423&19 \`fdh* ‚_ai G`}}èf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}g*‗ 421& 12 \`fdh* ‚_ai G`}}èf eb D{dk Ney{fdj`}g*‗ 421&



Oybbip ?2

_ai b`fdj gdne{ a{id bdm`fc D{dk ney{fdj`}} dfo ney{fdj`}g `f ai Gòoji Id}* d} ai

ney{fdj`}} aig}ijri} ek}i{rio* `} tydj`p& _ai tydj`p eb s{``fc dfo {i|e{`fc oimj`fio

o{dgd`mdjjp oy{`fc ai i{d eb ai dyem{d `f ai Gòoji Id}& Mi{d`f |{io`mdkji |di{f} kicdf

e igi{ci* i}|im`djjp `f }di {yf gio`d& _ai d{ eb ai ioè{`dj }ybbi{io c{idjp& \dfoi{`fc

kimdgi {dg|df `f |{eg`fif fis}|d|i{} dfo ef ai d`{sdri}& Mejygf`}} oirije|io |ifmadf}

be{ s{``fc `{io o`d{`ki} dcd`f} bdg`j`d{ }{ds gif dfo y`j`~`fc meggef |{e'ceri{fgif

mj`maà} e b`jj e|`fèf mejygf}& _ai ki} sdp e gd`fd`f jd{ci {idoi{}a`| dfo e }dp `f |{`f*

oy{`fc a`} |i{èo sd} fe e madjjifci mefrifèfdj s`}oeg ky {dai{ e {i`fbe{mi `& Dkoyj

[dagdf Dj'Adk`k s{ei d m{``mdj mejygf dkey a`} |aifegifef be{ D{dk Fis}& _ai d{`mji

sd} `jio ‚Ey eb @oid}5 _aif My{}i ai Si}&‗ Ai s{ei* ‚D{dk s{ì{} dfo mejygf`}} adri d

ifoifmp e dbb`{g |e|yj`} feèf}* saiai{ aip―{i ceeo* kdo* bdmydj e{ bdj}i&‗13 _a`}

|aifegifef jesi{io ai jirij eb o`}mey{}i `f ai D{dk m`r`j }emìp& _ai `fijjimydj dcifod

}ii{} eb ai {icèf* {do`èfdjjp mejygf`}} dfo eai{ |ykj`m `fijjimydj}* {i`fbe{mio

mefrifèfdj s`}oeg& _a`} kimdgi d myjy{dj d{`kyi& _ai òid eb ai jiad{c`m dfo |d}}`ri

Gòoji Id} igi{cio d} d {i}yj kimdy}i eb ai bd`jy{i eb ney{fdj`}} e tyi}èf ai }dy} tye&

_ai{i d{i se gdne{ {id}ef} be{ ai k{idh oesf `f tydj`p eb D{dk ney{fdj`}g& _ai b`{}

sd} ai ifoifmp* ef ai |d{ eb ney{fdj`}}* e |dfoi{ e D{dk dyoìfmi} `f e{oi{ e gd`fd`f d

jd{ci dyoìfmi& _ai }imefo gdne{ |{ekjig be{ D{dk ney{fdj`}} `} ad ai{i `} d kd}`m jdmh eb

{d`f`fc gdi{`dj} be{ ney{fdj`}g }yoif} e y`j`~i `f D{dk`m& B{eg d |y{ijp dmdoig`m

}dfo|e`f* ai e||e{yf`ì} be{ oirije|`fc ai m{db eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai mjd}}{eeg d{i ri{p

j`gìo `f ai Gòoji Id}& Bis yf`ri{}`ì} ebbi{ }yk}df`dj dfo {`ce{ey} |{ec{dg}* ai

Dgi{`mdf Yf`ri{}`p `f Md`{e ki`fc d fedkji iqmi|èf* dfo a`} ekrèy}jp j`g`} ai |eej eb

13 Dkoyj [dagdf Dj'Adk`k* ‚Ey eb @oid}5 _aif My{}i ai Si}*‗ D{dk Fis}* D|{`j 9* ;<<2&



Oybbip ?3

dkji dfo |{ebi}}èfdj D{dk ney{fdj`}}& Sa`ji D{dk} mi{d`fjp mdf jidri ai Gòoji Id} dfo

|y{}yi d ney{fdj`}g oic{ii ij}isai{i* ai b`fdfm`dj {ity`{igif} eb a`} dj}e }iri{ijp j`g` ai

|eej eb |eif`dj ney{fdj`}}& @f doo`èf* ai mdj`ki{ eb }yoif ad if{ejj} `f d Gòoji Id}i{f

ney{fdj`}g |{ec{dg `} {ioymio kimdy}i eb ai ficd`ri |i{mi|èf eb ney{fdj`}g d} d |{ebi}}èfdj

bìjo `f ai {icèf& Icp|* i}|im`djjp* }`jj o`}mey{dci} |ie|ji b{eg }yop`fc ney{fdj`}g

dmdoig`mdjjp& Gijje{ {d`}i} a`} |e`f dkey Icp|`df }yoif}* s{``fc* ‚]yoif} d{i ge{i

`fmj`fio e gdne{ `f }yknim} eai{ adf |{i}} ney{fdj`}g |d{jp kimdy}i aip sdf e ki

cyd{dfiio }y`dkji nek} `f ai |ykj`m }i{r`mi }ime{ dfo |d{jp kimdy}i eb ai`{ bid{ eb ci`fc

`fe mefbj`m sà ai ceri{fgif dyae{`ì} ad mef{ej ai |{i}}* djki` `fo`{imjp&‗

11

Ney{fdj`}g `} ge{i {eykji adf ` `} se{a `f ai g`fo} eb |eif`dj }yoif} dfo ` mef`fyi} e

jdmh jic``gdmp d} d md{ii{ e|èf&

Kipefo ai bdm ad ` `} fe cyd{dfe{ eb byy{i ig|jepgif dfo ad D{dk }emìp aejo}

` `f {ijd`rijp jes i}iig* ai my{{`myjyg `}ijb d ney{fdj`}g |{ec{dg} `f ai D{dk Se{jo `}

jdmh`fc& Ney{fdj`}g d} df dmdoig`m o`}m`|j`fi esi} djge} djj eb `} `f}|`{dèf b{eg Si}i{f

|d{do`cg}& Gijje{ s{ì} dkey a`} mef}{d`f* }dp`fc* ‚Efi `g|e{df mad{dmi{`}`m eb ai

gdi{`dj} drd`jdkji `} ad aip d{i kd}io ef be{i`cf* ad `}* Si}i{f* {do`èf}* sa`ma* dmme{o`fc

e }egi D{dk }maejd{}* oe fe doo{i}} ai oirije|gif eb D{dk {d`fii}&‗10 D ge{i {icèfdj

}|im`b`m my{{`myjyg seyjo fe efjp `g|{eri ai |{ebi}}èfdj }h`jj} eb ney{fdj`}} sae se{h `f ai

{icèf* sa`ma meyjo `f y{f {d`}i ai |{eb`ji eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai Gòoji Id}&

Mefmjy}èf

11 Gijje{* ‚D{dk Ney{fdj`}g d} df Dmdoig`m O`}m`|j`fi*‗ 420& 10 Gijje{* ‚D{dk Ney{fdj`}g d} df Dmdoig`m O`}m`|j`fi*‗ 421&



Oybbip ?1

]dijjì ijir`}èf |jdpio d }`cf`b`mdf {eji `f m{id`fc ai |{e|i{ mefo`èf} be{ ai D{dk

]|{`fc& _ai igi{cifmi eb }dijjì fis} fise{h} `f ai 400<} }`cfdjio ai ifo eb ai D{dk

ceri{fgif}― gefe|ejp eri{ ai gio`d dfo eri{ ney{fdj`}g& _ai}i fise{h} adri |y}aio ai

keyfod{ì} eb ney{fdj`}g `f ai {icèf& _aip adri dj}e kiif }yknimio e* dfo `f mi{d`f md}i}

eri{saijgio kp* ai yf`tyi }i eb ney{fdj`}`m madjjifci} ad d{i |d{ dfo |d{mij eb e|i{d`fc `f

ai Gòoji Id}& @f mi{d`f* ge{i fedkji }`ydèf} j`hi ai mje}y{i} eb Dj Ndoiio `f Jikdfef dfo

KKM D{dk`m―} `f``dj `fmd{fdèf `f Jefoef* ` sd} ai mefif ad o{is ai `{i eb ai ky}`fi}}

meggyf`p e{ ai ]dyo` [epdj Bdg`jp& Sad ai rèjdio |d{ì} bd`jio e {idj`~i `} ad ` sd}

fe dfp `fo`ròydj }e{p ad a{idif} ai`{ aejo ef |esi{& @ `} ai gio`yg `}ijb* ge{i }e adf

ai mefif* sa`ma `} {df}be{g`fc ai {icèf& D{dk} fes sdma |{irèy}jp yf}iif |ej``mdj

oikdi} dfo |e`f'meyfi{|e`f |{ec{dgg`fc |jdp} ey `f ai`{ esf j`r`fc {eeg}& _a`} }a`b `f

|{ec{dgg`fc `fir`dkjp {`cci{} d }a`b `f gifdj`p ef ai |d{ eb ai dyoìfmi& _ai }dcfdèf

ad ado megi e oib`fi ai `fijjimydj dfo |ej``mdj dge}|ai{i eb ai Gòoji Id} `} {imio`fc&

_ai myjy{dj dfo `fijjimydj ifr`{efgif fes {ifo} esd{o} df dge}|ai{i eb r`ce{ey} oikdi

dfo o`}my}}èf&

]dijjì ijir`}èf fis} `} madfc`fc ge{i adf ny} aes D{dk} a`fh `f df dk}{dm }if}i8

` `} madfc`fc aes aip {ijdi e idma eai{ dfo ai`{ ceri{fgif}& _ai oijyci eb `fbe{gdèf

ad ad} dmmeg|dfìo ai igi{cifmi eb }dijjì ijir`}èf `f ai {icèf ad} oigef}{dio ad

D{dk ceri{fgif}* `f ai |d}* si{i djge} if`{ijp yfdmmeyfdkji e ai`{ |ie|ji& ]dijjì fis}

rìsi{} d{i ty`mhjp {idj`~`fc ai kirp eb aygdf {`ca} dfo m`r`j j`ki{ì} rèjdèf} ad ai`{

ceri{fgif} {icyjd{jp yfoi{dhi& _{df}|d{ifmp `f ceri{fdfmi `} fes |d{dgeyf dfo ai }dijjì

fise{h} d{i ai jd{ci} mef{`kye{ e {d|òjp `fm{id}`fc D{dk ceri{fgif {df}|d{ifmp&



Oybbip ?0

D{dk ceri{fgif}* i}|im`djjp ae}i e||jio oy{`fc ai D{dk ]|{`fc* bd`jio e c{d}| ai

}a`b`fc gifdj`ì} eb ai`{ |ie|ji dfo gdoi efjp ehif {ibe{g} e d||id}i ai`{ `fm{id}`fcjp

o`}mefifio |e|yjdèf}& @f Icp|* ehif {ibe{g gidf djjes`fc mdfoòdi} sà meffimèf} e

ai Gy}j`g K{eai{aeeo e {yf `f |d{j`dgifd{p ijimèf}& Ijimèf} yfoi{ ai Gykd{dh {ic`gi*

aesiri{* si{i gd}}`rijp {`ccio dfo ai Gy}j`g K{eai{aeeo―} mdfoòdi} }eeo fe madfmi eb

}ymmi}}& _a`} }pgkej`m ci}y{i* dfo eai{} yfoi{dhif kp D{dk {yji{}* |{erio e gidf j`ji e df

`fm{id}`fcjp `fbe{gio dfo ifcdcio |e|yjdèf&

D{dk |ie|ji―} yfs`jj`fcfi}} e eji{di kjddf dky}i} eb |esi{ `} ai ge} `g|e{df

eymegi ad ad} d{`}if }`fmi ai dorif eb ai }dijjì o`}a `f ai Gòoji Id}& _{df}|d{ifmp*

sa`ma `} `fm{id}`fcjp oigdfoio kp D{dk rìsi{} dfo `fm{id}`fcjp |{eròio kp D{dk`m fis}

fise{h}* s`jj geoi{di ai kiadrè{ eb D{dk {ic`gi}& Gd}}`ri dky}i} eb |esi{ d} sijj d}

rèjdèf} eb m`r`j dfo aygdf {`ca} s`jj fe jefci{ ce yffe`mio e{ eji{dio kp D{dk} sae mdf

}ii aig |jdp ey ef ai`{} ijir`}èf} d aegi& @b D{dk {ic`gi} bd`j e aiio a`} fis {idj`p adf

|{ei}} dfo gerigif} }`g`jd{ e ai D{dk ]|{`fc s`jj kimegi ai {yji {dai{ adf ai

iqmi|èf&

_ai}i fis} fise{h}* sa`ji d ai be{ib{ef eb oigdfo`fc dmmeyfdk`j`p b{eg D{dk

{ic`gi}* d{i fe kijjsiai{} eb oigem{d`m madfci `f ai {icèf& Dyae{`d{`df {ic`gi} adri

kiif ey}io dm{e}} ai {icèf dfo ai}i fis} fise{h} s`jj |jdp d gdne{ {eji `f oii{g`f`fc sae

dfo sad {i|jdmi} ai |{irèy} {yji{}& Ney{fdj`}}* ioè{}* ky}`fi}}gif dfo ceri{fgif ebb`m`dj}

fes }ad|i dfo `fbjyifmi ai fis} dcifod& Djj ai}i meg|i`fc re`mi} s`jj ki doremd`fc ef

kiadjb eb ai`{ esf mdy}i dfo `fi{i}& _e ki }y{i* a`} `} rd}jp }y|i{è{ e ai i{d eb ai

ceri{fgif `fbe{gdèf g`f`}i{ ri`fc djj mefif ef fdèfdj ijir`}èf& _ai |d} bis pid{}

adri oigef}{dio* aesiri{* ad ai eymegi eb a`} fis gio`d dcifod `} ef'd`{ meg|i`èf



Oybbip 9<

kisiif o`bbi{`fc òiejecì}& ]imyjd{`}} s`jj ki dkji e ci ey ai`{ gi}}dci ky }e s`jj

@}jdg`}} dfo iri{pefi ef ai |ej``mdj }|im{yg `f kisiif& @b ai i{d eb ai dm`r`} ney{fdj`} `f

ai Gòoji Id} mef`fyi} aif ai efjp a`fc ad `} mi{d`f `} ad a`} òiejec`mdj meg|i`èf

s`jj mef`fyi& _ai òiejec`mdj meg|i`èf s`jj }ad|i ai {icèf `f ai pid{} e megi d} rìsi{}

jeeh ge{i dfo ge{i esd{o} ai`{ ijir`}èf }m{iif} d} o{`ri{} eb `fijjimydj dfo |ej``mdj

o`}mey{}i& _ai jicdmp eb ai D{dk`m fis} fise{h mdffe ki byjjp yfoi{}eeo pi& @} ge}

|{ebeyfo `g|dm* eb `fm{id}io {df}|d{ifmp b{eg D{dk {ic`gi}* `} {iri{ki{d`fc dm{e}} ai

Gòoji Id}& Sad mdf ki }dò eb ai }dijjì i{d* irif `b ` `} }`jj `f `} doeji}mifmi* `} ad `

ifoio D{dk ceri{fgif―} gefe|ejp eri{ `fbe{gdèf& Fea`fc `} ge{i `g|e{df e aygdf dfo

m`r`j oirije|gif adf dmmi}} e `fbe{gdèf& ]dijjì ijir`}èf fis}― `g|dm sd} bij oy{`fc

ai D{dk ]|{`fc dfo s`jj mef`fyi e ki bij d} a`} fis dmmi}} e `fbe{gdèf {i}ad|i} ai

Gòoji Id}&

Broadcasting Revolution: The Power and Limitation of Satellite News Broadcasting in the Middle East

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