Brm Chap Ppt.

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER PRESENTATION

PRESENTED TO:

MA’M AMBER JAMIL

PRSESENTED BY:

MAHNOOR NASEER

FARHEEN RASHID

UZMA JAVED

SANIA NISAR

(MBA 27 A)

INTERVIEW

Questioning techniques

funnel questioning techniques

Although there are numerous reasons for asking questions the information we receive back (the answer) will depend very much on the type of question we ask.

The Funnel Questioning Technique starts with generalized questions related to the business problem the training is supposed to address, and then gradually narrows down to specific details. Here's how it works. Here's how it works.

Begin by asking your sponsor a broad question. What are some of your feelings about working for this organization?

Next, ask open-ended questions about their response.

Continue by narrowing with closed-ended questions.

Clarify the issue with the final set of open-ended questions.

Move on to the next issue.

This transition from broad to narrow themes is called funnel technique

The funnel questioning technique is a simple, reliable way to get the answers you need to develop better training programs. Use it to question sponsors, target participants and their managers, and subject matter experts. Your funnel questioning technique will deliver better information than you've ever had before!

Unbiased questions:

It is important to ask unbiased questions to ensure that you minimize bias in the responses. For example,” tell me how you experience your job “is a better question than, “boy, the work you do must be really boring; let me hear how you experience it.”

The latter question is “loaded” in terms of the interviewer’s own perception of the job. A loaded question might influence the types of answers received from the respondent. Bias could also be introduced by emphasizing certain words, by tone and voice inflections and through inappropriate suggestions.

Clarifying issues

A clarifying question helps to remove ambiguity, elicits additional detail, guides you as you answer a question that had been put to you, or just satisfies your curiosity. Clarification is a useful tool in job interviews, consulting, sales, investigation, and interrogation, but it must be used with delicacy and sensitivity.

Clarifying is a technique you can use when you are further along in the reference interview. Remember, you begin the interview with paraphrasing and open questions. But you may need to clarify a point by asking for a particular bit of information.

If certain things that are being said are not clear, the researcher should seek clarification.

For example, if the respondent happens to say, ”the facilities here are really poor; we often have to continue working even we are dying of thirst,” the researcher might ask if there is no water fountain or drinking water available in the building. The respondents reply to this might well indicate that there is a water fountain across the hall, but the respondent would like one on his side of the work area as well

Helping the respondents to think through issues

If the respondent is not able to express her perceptions, or replies,” I don’t know,” the researcher should ask the question in a simpler way or rephrase it. For illustration, if a respondent is unable to specify what aspects of the job he dislikes, the researcher might ask the question in simpler way.

For example, the respondent might be asked which task he would prefer to do: serve a customer or do some filling work. If the answer is “serve the customer” the researcher might use another aspect of the respondent’s job and ask the paired question again. In this way, the respondent can sort out which aspects of the job he likes better than others

Taking notes

When conducting interviews, it is important that the researcher makes written notes as soon as the interviews are taking place, or as soon as the interview is terminated.

The interviewer should not relay on memory, because information recalled from memory is imprecise an often likely to be incorrect.

The interviews can be recorded on tape if the respondent has no objection.

However, taped interviews might bias the respondent’s answer because they know that their voices are being recorded, and their anonymity is not preserved in full.

Review of tips to follow when interviewing

Establishing credibility as able researcher is important for the success of the research. . This can be gifted by being sincere, pleasant, and non evaluative.

While intervewing the researcher has to ask broad questions initially then narrow them to specific areas.

Ask questions in an unbiased way Offer clarification when needed Help respondents to think through difficult issues.

Face to face or telephone interview

Interviews can be conducted either

face to face or over the telephone.

They may also be computer

assisted. Structured interviews in

Business research are conducted

face to face.

Structured interviews may be either face to face or through the medium of telephone. Many market surveys, for instance, are conducted through structured telephone interviews. Computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI) are also possible, and easy to manage

Advantages of face to face interview

The researcher cam adapt the questions as necessary, clarify doubts, and ensure that the responses are properly understood by repeating and rephrasing the questions

The researcher can also pick up non verbal cues from the respondent like stress, discomfort, nervous tapping and other body language.

Disadvantages of face to face interview

The main advantage of face to face interview are the geographical limitations they may impose on the survey and the vast resources needed if such surveys need to be done nationally and internationally. The cost of training interviewers to minimize interviewer bias are also high.

It might be possible that the respondents feel uneasy in the face to face interview.

Advantages of telephone interview

From the researcher’s point

of view

Number of people can be

reached in a relatively short

period of time.

Advantages from respondents point of view

It eliminates discomfort that some of them might feel in facing the interviewer.

It is also possible that most of them might feel less uncomfortable disclosing personal information over the telephone than the face to face.

Disadvantages of telephone interview

The main disadvantage of telephone interviewing is that the respondent could unilaterally terminate the interview without warning or explanation by hanging up the phone.

And the other disadvantage of telephone interview is that the researcher will not be able to see the respondent to read the nonverbal communication

Additional sources of bias in interview data

Biased data will be obtained when respondents are interviewed while they are extremely busy or are not in good humor.

Sampling biases, which include inability to contact persons whose telephone numbers have changed, could also affect the quality of data.

Computer-assisted interviewing

which refers to the way in which computers can be used in the development and administering of survey questionnaires. it has also been known as computer-assisted survey information collection .

rather than using a paper questionnaire, interviewers carry laptops from which questions are read out and responses to the survey questions are entered.

CAI was first used in the UK in 1990 on the labour force survey, and by 1995, all of the social surveys carried out by the office for national statistics used this method. it is thought to be one of the most influential developments in survey data collection.

one of the most commonly used software programmes for this is Blaise, which was developed by statistics Netherlands (although this is by no means the only one of its kind).

Types of computer assisted interviewing

There are two types of computer assisted interviewing.

CATI (Computer-assisted telephone interviewing)

CAPI (Computer-assisted personal interviewing )

Computer-assisted telephone interviewing:

Is a telephone surveying technique in which the interviewer follows a script provided by a software application. It is a structured system of microdata collection by telephone that speeds up the collection and editing of microdata and also permits the interviewer to educate the respondents on the importance of timely and accurate data.

the software is able to customize the flow of the questionnaire based on the answers provided, as well as information already known about the participant. It is used in B2B services and corporate sales.

CATI may function in the following manner: A computerized questionnaire is administered to

respondents over the telephone. The interviewer sits in front of a computer screen. Upon command, the computer dials the telephone

number to be called. When contact is made, the interviewer reads the

questions posed on the computer screen and records the respondent's answers directly into the computer.

Interim and update reports can be compiled instantaneously, as the data are being collected.

CATI software has built-in logic, which also enhances data accuracy.

The program will personalize questions and control for logically incorrect answers, such as percentage answers that do not add up to 100 percent.

Computer-assisted personal interviewing

 Is an interviewing technique in which the respondent or interviewer uses a computer to answer the questions.

It is similar to computer-assisted telephone interviewing, except that the interview takes place in person instead of over the telephone.

This method is usually preferred over a telephone interview when the questionnaire is long and complex.

It has been classified as a personal interviewing technique because an interviewer is usually present to serve as a host and to guide the respondent.

Advantages of Software Packages:

Field notes taken by interviewers as they collect data generally have to be transcribed, hand-ceded, hand tabulated, and so on – all of which are time consuming.

Automatic indexing of the data can be done with special programs.

The two modes in operation are: Indexing such that specific responses are coded in a

particular way. Retrieval of data with a fast search speed.

We can thus see that computer make a big impact on data collection. With greater technological advancement and a reduction in hardware and software costs, computer assisted interviews program to become a primary method of data collection in the future.

Review of interviewing:

Interviews are one method of obtaining data; they can either be Unstructured or structured, and can be conducted face to face, over the telephone, or the computer.

Unstructured interviews are usually conducted to obtain definite ideas about what is, and is not, important and relevant to particular problem situations.

Structured interviews give more in depth information about specific variable of interest. To minimize bias in responses, the interviewer must establish rapport with the respondent and ask unbiased questions.

Face-to-Face interview and conducted over the telephone have their advantages and disadvantages, and both have their uses in different circumstances.

Computer assisted interviewing

which entails heavy initial investment, is an assets for interviewing and for the analysis of qualitative, spontaneous responses. Computer interactive interviews have become an increasingly important mode of data collection in recent years.

.

Advantages and Disadvantaged of face to face interview and telephone interview

Modes of data collection Advantages Disadvantages

Personal or face-to-face interviews

Can establish rapport and motivate Respondents.Can clarify the questions, clear doubts.Can read nonverbal cues.CAPI can be used and responses entered in a portable computer.

Take personal time.Costs more when a wide geographic region is covered.Interviewers need to be trained.Can introduce interviewer bias.

Telephone interviews Less costly and speeder than personal interviews.Can reach a wide geographic area.Can be done using CATI.

Nonverbal cues cannot be read.Interviews will have to be kept short.Respondent can terminate the interview at any time.

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