Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2 “The Empire in Transition” “The Empire in Transition”

Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2 Brinkley Ch. 4 Part 2

““The Empire in Transition”The Empire in Transition”

AP OutlineAP Outline

1.1. The American Revolutionary The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789Era, 1754-1789A.A. The French and Indian War The French and Indian War

B.B. The Imperial Crisis and resistance to The Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain Britain

C.C. The War for Independence The War for Independence

D.D. State constitutions and the Articles of State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation Confederation

E.E. The federal Constitution The federal Constitution

Essay Topic #1Essay Topic #1

““Despite its precedent-setting character, Despite its precedent-setting character, the American revolt is noteworthy because the American revolt is noteworthy because it made no serious interruption in the it made no serious interruption in the smooth flow of American development. smooth flow of American development.

Both in intention and in fact the American Both in intention and in fact the American Revolution conserved the past rather than Revolution conserved the past rather than repudiated it. And in preserving the repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial experience, the men of the first colonial experience, the men of the first quarter of the Republic's history set the quarter of the Republic's history set the scenery and wrote the script for the drama scenery and wrote the script for the drama of American politics for years to come.” of American politics for years to come.”

Assess the validity of this statement.Assess the validity of this statement.

Essay #2Essay #2

““A salient feature of our A salient feature of our Revolution was that its animating Revolution was that its animating purpose was deeply conservative. purpose was deeply conservative.

The colonials revolted against The colonials revolted against British rule in order to keep things British rule in order to keep things the way they were, not to initiate the way they were, not to initiate a new era.” Assess the validity of a new era.” Assess the validity of this statement.this statement.

Quiz: RevolutionQuiz: Revolution

1.1. List 5 things Ben Franklin did before List 5 things Ben Franklin did before and during the Revolutionand during the Revolution

2.2. What were, and caused the What were, and caused the “Coercive or Intolerable acts?”“Coercive or Intolerable acts?”

3.3. Significance of the Battle of Significance of the Battle of SaratogaSaratoga

4.4. Treaty of Paris did what?Treaty of Paris did what?5.5. Explain 5 things associated with the Explain 5 things associated with the

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Zenger Case:Zenger Case: 1734- lawsuit 1734- lawsuit brought against a journalist- for brought against a journalist- for writing a critical editorial- Zenger writing a critical editorial- Zenger was innocent- found that was innocent- found that

Paxton Boys-Paxton Boys- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania frontiersmen demanded tax relief frontiersmen demanded tax relief and help with the Indians-and help with the Indians-– Significance showed growing Significance showed growing

discontent with British policiesdiscontent with British policies

Colonies Before 1763Colonies Before 1763

""Salutary neglectSalutary neglect“-“-reduced gov- reduced gov- intervention in colonial affairs. intervention in colonial affairs. – Develop independentlyDevelop independently– Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion– Commerce (Trade)Commerce (Trade)– Self Government Self Government – All in an effort to support All in an effort to support

development of colonies (Colonies development of colonies (Colonies Develop/Population grows)Develop/Population grows)

Post French and Indian Post French and Indian War 1763War 1763

High expectationsHigh expectations -Colonist felt -Colonist felt they were ready to inhabit the they were ready to inhabit the newly acquired land- newly acquired land-

““Peaceful and undisturbed Peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of this good land.”enjoyment of this good land.”

However Great Britain had other concerns.However Great Britain had other concerns.

Proclamation Line Proclamation Line 17631763

Settlers immediately Settlers immediately begin to move Westbegin to move West

Pontiac- OttawaPontiac- Ottawa Leader attacks and Leader attacks and British make British make proclamation to limit proclamation to limit Westward MovementWestward Movement

Angered Virginia land Angered Virginia land speculators speculators (GW)(GW)

King George III- 1760 King George III- 1760 3 English 3 English AdministrationsAdministrations Grenville 1763-Grenville 1763-

– Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763– Mutiny Act or Quartering Mutiny Act or Quartering

ActAct– Naval enforcement of Naval enforcement of

Navigation ActsNavigation Acts– New and Improved New and Improved

Customs ServiceCustoms Service– Sugar Act 1764Sugar Act 1764– Currency Act 1764Currency Act 1764– Stamp Act 1765Stamp Act 1765

Townshend 1767Townshend 1767– New York assembly New York assembly

disbandeddisbanded– Townshend Duties (new Townshend Duties (new

taxes on imports)taxes on imports)– Lead, paper, paint, teaLead, paper, paint, tea

Boston Massacre Boston Massacre Committee of Committee of

CorrespondenceCorrespondence

Lord North 1770Lord North 1770– Quiet PeriodQuiet Period– Committee of Committee of

CorrespondenceCorrespondence– Tea ActTea Act– Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party– Coercive Acts- or Coercive Acts- or

“Intolerable Acts”“Intolerable Acts” Boston Port ActBoston Port Act Massachusetts Massachusetts

Government ActGovernment Act Administration of Administration of

Justice ActJustice Act

King George IIIKing George III

Wanted to Wanted to reassert the authorityreassert the authority of of the monarchy over the colonies.the monarchy over the colonies.

Grenville Prime Minister, 1763Grenville Prime Minister, 1763 Believed colonists should pay for Believed colonists should pay for

share of the war share of the war Supported-Sugar ActSupported-Sugar Act, , Currency Act,Currency Act,

Stamp ActStamp Act, , Quartering Act and Quartering Act and Admiralty Courts-Admiralty Courts- to raise money and to raise money and control the colonies.control the colonies.

Tar and FeathersTar and Feathers "Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and "Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and

feathered"feathered" "First degree burns are sustained after a split second "First degree burns are sustained after a split second

contact with a material that is about 70 °C (160 °F). The contact with a material that is about 70 °C (160 °F). The same is also sustained after thirty seconds of contact with same is also sustained after thirty seconds of contact with 55 °C (130 °F) material. The tar of that period was of such 55 °C (130 °F) material. The tar of that period was of such a quality that it only melted at about 60 °C (140 °F) but a quality that it only melted at about 60 °C (140 °F) but was often heated to higher temperatures. At temperatures was often heated to higher temperatures. At temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F) burns can be created with a three second of 60 °C (140 °F) burns can be created with a three second contact.contact.

Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the feathers Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the feathers would have to be peeled or rubbed off with lard, usually would have to be peeled or rubbed off with lard, usually taking a good deal of skin with them. These would leave taking a good deal of skin with them. These would leave ugly scars and infection could set in. Depending on how ugly scars and infection could set in. Depending on how "complete" the job was done, there was also a risk of heat "complete" the job was done, there was also a risk of heat stroke as the tar would act as a strong insulator and stroke as the tar would act as a strong insulator and prevent the skin from breathingprevent the skin from breathing

.As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose is to .As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose is to socially ostracize the victim. The hot tar scars and socially ostracize the victim. The hot tar scars and disfigures so the victim would be seen, wherever he went, disfigures so the victim would be seen, wherever he went, to have suffered the punishment. The feathers serve to to have suffered the punishment. The feathers serve to dehumanize the victim and expulsion from the community dehumanize the victim and expulsion from the community by carting or running him out of town completes the act. by carting or running him out of town completes the act. Riding a rail (especially the old sharp-edged triangular Riding a rail (especially the old sharp-edged triangular style) could cut and damage the crotch and impair the style) could cut and damage the crotch and impair the victim's ability to walk without pain. The agonized screams victim's ability to walk without pain. The agonized screams of the victim were typically drowned out by the noise of of the victim were typically drowned out by the noise of the crowd and the clanging of metal objects (pans, bells, the crowd and the clanging of metal objects (pans, bells, etc.)."etc.)."

Navigation Laws Navigation Laws NOWNOW Strictly EnforcedStrictly Enforced

1.1. Restricted commerce to and from Restricted commerce to and from the colonies to English or American the colonies to English or American vessels. vessels. Iron Act/Molasses ActIron Act/Molasses Act

2.2. Certain Certain "enumerated" articles"enumerated" articles like like tobacco couldn’t be shipped to any tobacco couldn’t be shipped to any other foreign market except other foreign market except England, despite higher prices in England, despite higher prices in other markets.other markets.

All European goods going to America had to go All European goods going to America had to go through England firstthrough England first. .

George Grenville,George Grenville, new Prime new Prime Minister, sought to Minister, sought to enforce enforce Navigation ActsNavigation Acts

Americans particularly angry Americans particularly angry about increased authority of about increased authority of Admiralty CourtsAdmiralty Courts that could now:that could now:

try smugglers try smugglers tax evaders tax evaders ship owners, and others accused ship owners, and others accused

 of violating commercial  of violating commercial restrictionsrestrictions

no no trial trial by by juryjury

Timeline Activity:Timeline Activity:Create a timeline that identifies the key Create a timeline that identifies the key developments leading up to the War for developments leading up to the War for Independence- use separate colors to Independence- use separate colors to

symbolize British and Colonial/American symbolize British and Colonial/American actionsactions

GranvilleGranville– Stamp ActStamp Act– Quartering ActQuartering Act– Sugar ActSugar Act– Admiralty CourtsAdmiralty Courts

Admiralty courtsAdmiralty courts

Did Parliament have a legitimate Did Parliament have a legitimate right to pass laws that affected right to pass laws that affected the Colonies?the Colonies?

Why or why not?Why or why not?

Colonial ResistanceColonial Resistance

Colonists begin to be unitedColonists begin to be united against new against new revenue measuresrevenue measures

The imperial government was imposing on The imperial government was imposing on traditional colonial powerstraditional colonial powers

Colonists resist- Colonists resist- – Virginia ResolvesVirginia Resolves - -Patrick HenryPatrick Henry in the in the

Virginia House of Burgesses declares colonists Virginia House of Burgesses declares colonists have the same rights as Englishmen, have the same rights as Englishmen,

– Only taxes voted on by colonial legislature area Only taxes voted on by colonial legislature area legallegal

– Was defeatedWas defeated– legislatures, other colonies adopt similar legislatures, other colonies adopt similar

resolutionsresolutions

ResistanceResistance

Stamp Act Stamp Act Congress 1765Congress 1765– Mass leaders Mass leaders

called a meeting called a meeting to discuss the to discuss the stamp taxstamp tax

– met in NYmet in NY– 9 colonies9 colonies– Created petitions Created petitions

to the King and to the King and Parliament for Parliament for redressredress

Sons of Liberty-Sons of Liberty- violence begins violence begins to break outto break out

Popular unrest= Popular unrest= riotsriots

Boycotts of Boycotts of British goodsBritish goods

Stamp Act Repealed Stamp Act Repealed 17661766 British bow to pressure from British bow to pressure from

English merchantsEnglish merchants who are losing who are losing money from lack of trademoney from lack of trade

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act passed- stated passed- stated that the Parliament had authority that the Parliament had authority over coloniesover colonies

““No Taxation without No Taxation without Representation”Representation”

Virtual Representation-Virtual Representation- concept concept that members of Parliament that members of Parliament represented all of the subjects in represented all of the subjects in the Empire.the Empire.

Actual Representation-Actual Representation- idea that idea that representatives come from the representatives come from the electorateelectorate

Colonial Colonial UnityUnity Emerges= Emerges=Common Grievances GrowCommon Grievances Grow

Northern MerchantsNorthern Merchants= upset about taxes and = upset about taxes and reduction in colonial manufacturesreduction in colonial manufactures

SettlersSettlers= upset about closing the West= upset about closing the West Southern PlantersSouthern Planters= upset no land speculation = upset no land speculation

and debts rising to English, prices risingand debts rising to English, prices rising Small FarmersSmall Farmers= upset at taxes= upset at taxes WorkersWorkers= upset about fewer jobs and = upset about fewer jobs and

(manufacture)(manufacture)

Charles Townshend-Charles Townshend- 1767 1767 British Leader, Chancellor of British Leader, Chancellor of ExchequerExchequer

British government-British government- increases increases restrictionsrestrictions

New taxesNew taxes on on imported goodsimported goods To pay for Royal officials in colonies (by To pay for Royal officials in colonies (by

pass colonial legislaturespass colonial legislatures Tea, lead, paint, paperTea, lead, paint, paper…… Writs of Assistance-Writs of Assistance- broad license to broad license to

search individual homes/ no judge search individual homes/ no judge neededneeded

TownshendTownshend

1767- Dissolved the New York assembly for 1767- Dissolved the New York assembly for not complying with Quartering Actnot complying with Quartering Act

Massachusetts calls for more Unity of the Massachusetts calls for more Unity of the colonies- colonies-

Established Board of CustomsEstablished Board of Customs to regulate to regulate trade/end smugglingtrade/end smuggling

Causes:Causes:

– ColonistsColonists further further resent-resent- and unify against, and unify against, with with boycott of imports-boycott of imports-

– repealed 1770 except tearepealed 1770 except tea

Townshend Dies Townshend Dies Lord North Replaces Lord North Replaces 17701770 Townshend Duties Townshend Duties

Repealed 1770 Repealed 1770 Except TeaExcept Tea

Popular resentment Popular resentment causes violence causes violence

Royal Royal representatives are representatives are harassed especially harassed especially in MASSin MASS

Troops are sent to Troops are sent to BostonBoston

Tensions grow and Tensions grow and an incident occurs 5 an incident occurs 5 people shot by people shot by British soldiersBritish soldiers

Boston MassacreBoston Massacre, , March 1770March 1770

Causes further Causes further resentment resentment (propaganda)(propaganda)

RevereRevere EngravinEngravin

gg

Quiet period after Boston Quiet period after Boston MassacreMassacre

Committees of Committees of CorrespondencCorrespondenc

ee In response to British new In response to British new

restrictions on the colonists-restrictions on the colonists- Sam AdamsSam Adams a patriot from a patriot from

Massachusetts, Massachusetts, Committees write letters to create Committees write letters to create

support against the British support against the British (UNITY)(UNITY) Later other colonies will participate Later other colonies will participate

in this Propaganda campaign. in this Propaganda campaign.

Check the Link Check the Link for Great Pictures:for Great Pictures:

Another Tea Act 1773Another Tea Act 1773

To help the To help the East India CompanyEast India Company Tea is given free export from England Tea is given free export from England

and cheaper prices in the colonies and cheaper prices in the colonies but also, a monopoly for the companybut also, a monopoly for the company

December 1773December 1773 Colonists still resent Colonists still resent and dump tea in the and dump tea in the Boston Tea Boston Tea Party-Party- 90,000 lbs are dumped 90,000 lbs are dumped

Unrest causes -Unrest causes - Intolerable Acts Intolerable Acts

Lord North- Coercive Lord North- Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts 1774Acts/Intolerable Acts 1774

Unrest causes Parliament to punish Unrest causes Parliament to punish MassachusettsMassachusetts

Closed Boston HarborClosed Boston Harbor Reduced self governmentReduced self government powers powers Tried to force division among the Tried to force division among the

coloniescolonies Punish MassPunish Mass for resistance for resistance Causes colonial Causes colonial UNITYUNITY by making by making

Massachusetts a martyrMassachusetts a martyr

UnityUnity of Colonies of Colonies supportedsupported Royal Governors begin to Royal Governors begin to dissolve dissolve

colonial assembliescolonial assemblies First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress called in called in

response to response to Coercive ActsCoercive Acts, Sept. , Sept. 17741774 Representatives from 12 colonies attendRepresentatives from 12 colonies attend Petitioned the kingPetitioned the king for redress of for redress of

grievancesgrievances Created committees to prepare Created committees to prepare

resistance (including armed)resistance (including armed) King’s government King’s government responds with responds with

repressionrepression, trade restrictions, trade restrictions

George III Responds George III Responds with Militarywith Military

““The New England governments are in a The New England governments are in a state of rebellion, blows must decide state of rebellion, blows must decide whether they are subject to this country or whether they are subject to this country or independent.”independent.”

April 1775-April 1775- General Gage attempts to General Gage attempts to arrest arrest Sam AdamsSam Adams and and John HancockJohn Hancock, at , at LexingtonLexington, and seize militia powder, and seize militia powder

Paul Revere rides to warn them and the Paul Revere rides to warn them and the “Minutemen”“Minutemen”

““Shot heard round the world”Shot heard round the world” begins the begins the military phase of the rebellion.military phase of the rebellion.

Second Continental Second Continental Congress -- May 10, Congress -- May 10, 1775 1775 All 13 colonies present All 13 colonies present Selected Selected George WashingtonGeorge Washington to to

head of the Continental Army. head of the Continental Army. Adopted measures to Adopted measures to raise moneyraise money

and to create an army and a navy and to create an army and a navy

Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition

July 1775July 1775 Second Continental Congress Second Continental Congress

createscreates Pledges loyalty and asks king to Pledges loyalty and asks king to

intervene with parliament on intervene with parliament on behalf of the colonists.behalf of the colonists.

Protect their rightsProtect their rights

Did everyone want Did everyone want Independence? Independence? NoNo Some Radicals Wash, Some Radicals Wash,

Adams, Hancock, Adams, Hancock, Franklin, were readyFranklin, were ready

Most Americans were Most Americans were not ready in 1775not ready in 1775

The movement The movement toward independence toward independence increases in 1776increases in 1776

Reasons for Reasons for RadicalizationRadicalization

Cost of War $ and Cost of War $ and liveslives

British enlist slaves British enlist slaves British enlist indiansBritish enlist indians British use British use

MercenariesMercenaries Naval blockadeNaval blockade ““Common Sense”Common Sense”

Thomas PaineThomas Paine

See ppt See ppt “Declaration of “Declaration of Independence and Common Independence and Common Sense”Sense”

The WarThe War

May 1775 May 1775 TiconderogaTiconderoga, Fort Captured , Fort Captured on Canada Frontieron Canada Frontier

Bunker HillBunker Hill – June 17, 1775, Colonists – June 17, 1775, Colonists inflict massive casualties on British inflict massive casualties on British attack, but must retreat.attack, but must retreat.

18,000 18,000 HessiansHessians (German mercenary (German mercenary soldiers) hired by King to support soldiers) hired by King to support British forces British forces

Americans failed to successfully invade Americans failed to successfully invade Canada in Oct. 1775 Canada in Oct. 1775

Declaration of Declaration of Independence, 1776 Independence, 1776 

See ppt See ppt “Declaration of “Declaration of Independence and Common Independence and Common Sense”Sense”

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

What did the What did the Declaration of Declaration of Independence say?Independence say?

How is the Declaration How is the Declaration of Independence of Independence organized?organized?

What do you have to What do you have to do?do?

How is the Declaration How is the Declaration of Independence of Independence organized?organized?The Document The Document is divided is divided

into four parts:into four parts:

PreamblePreamble: announces : announces the reasons for the the reasons for the document, explains document, explains why colonists chose to why colonists chose to separate from Englandseparate from England

Political Principles:Political Principles: a section identifies the a section identifies the ideas underlying the ideas underlying the rights of the people, rights of the people, John Locke’s ideasJohn Locke’s ideas

• The Declaration:The Declaration: the statement that the statement that these 13 colonies these 13 colonies are now are now independentindependent

• ComplaintsComplaints: the : the document lists the document lists the unfair acts unfair acts perpetrated by the perpetrated by the British GovernmentBritish Government

LoyalistsLoyalists

Loyalists ("Tories") = about 20% Loyalists ("Tories") = about 20% of the American people of the American people

About 80,000 Loyalists fled the About 80,000 Loyalists fled the colonies. colonies.

50,000 fought for the British 50,000 fought for the British

How did Americans How did Americans pay for the war?pay for the war? Congress had no authority to levy Congress had no authority to levy

taxes on the peopletaxes on the people Requisition to statesRequisition to states Sold bonds- Sold bonds- gave troops gave troops

certificatescertificates to be redeemed after to be redeemed after the war.the war.

Issued paper money = inflationIssued paper money = inflation Borrowed large amounts of money Borrowed large amounts of money

form other nations- France, form other nations- France, NetherlandsNetherlands

British and the WarBritish and the War

AdvantagesAdvantages NavyNavy Best equipped Best equipped

armyarmy Resources of and Resources of and

empireempire Coherent Coherent

command command structurestructure

DisadvantagesDisadvantages 3000 miles from 3000 miles from

homehome Not enough of Not enough of

Popular support Popular support Leadership Leadership

mistakesmistakes

3 phases of the War3 phases of the War

Phase IPhase I 1775 Bunker Hill1775 Bunker Hill 1776 March Brits 1776 March Brits

evacuate Bostonevacuate Boston Late 1775-early Late 1775-early

76 Americans 76 Americans invade Canadainvade Canada

Phase IIPhase II

Mid-Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Region July 1776-Region July 1776-7878

Gen. Howe and Gen. Howe and 32,000 British 32,000 British soldiers invade soldiers invade New York kick out New York kick out Washington take Washington take lots of American lots of American prisonersprisoners

Washington and Washington and 19,000 troops 19,000 troops retreat to New retreat to New JerseyJersey

Hessians chase Hessians chase him and occupy him and occupy JerseyJersey

Christmas 1776 Christmas 1776 GW takes GW takes TrentonTrenton then then PrincetonPrinceton then retreats then retreats againagain

Brits invade North Brits invade North and South cut and South cut colonies in twocolonies in two

Phase II part 2Phase II part 2

Brandywine Sept. Brandywine Sept. 1777 Washington1777 Washington defeateddefeated

Germantown Oct 1777 Germantown Oct 1777 Washington Washington defeateddefeated

Burgoyne comes down from CanadaBurgoyne comes down from Canada

Big battle at Saratoga Oct. 1777Big battle at Saratoga Oct. 1777– Burgoyne defeated surrenders 5000 menBurgoyne defeated surrenders 5000 men– Horatio Gates American Hero Horatio Gates American Hero – Led directly to French support of the Led directly to French support of the

American revolutionAmerican revolution

Indians and RevolutionIndians and Revolution

Iroquois Iroquois Confederacy Confederacy declare Neutraldeclare Neutral

But But MohawkMohawk SeneccaSenecca Cayuga Cayuga Support BritsSupport Brits Will later flee to Will later flee to

CanadaCanada Confederacy endsConfederacy ends

OneidaOneida Tuscarora Tuscarora

supported the supported the AmericansAmericans

Why is Washington seen Why is Washington seen as a the “Indispensable as a the “Indispensable Man”Man” He survived and inspired the He survived and inspired the

troops to stay through to the end troops to stay through to the end of the war.of the war.

Why did the Americans Why did the Americans Win?Win? Didn’t give up!Didn’t give up! Fighting on their home territory-Fighting on their home territory- ““Guerrilla” = unconventional war- Guerrilla” = unconventional war- France helped- Navy, $, Troops France helped- Navy, $, Troops

– The The MarquisMarquis de LaFayette de LaFayette– CompteCompte Rochambeau Rochambeau

British quit- British quit- too much moneytoo much money, too , too difficult to win.difficult to win.

The Revolution turned into a The Revolution turned into a world war that stretched Britain’s world war that stretched Britain’s

resources. “resources. “attritionattrition””

Franco-American Alliance, 1778Franco-American Alliance, 1778 Spain and Holland entered in 1779.Spain and Holland entered in 1779. In 1778, Britain again changed its strategy: In 1778, Britain again changed its strategy:

focused on former Southern Colonies focused on former Southern Colonies Battle of YorktownBattle of Yorktown: last major battle of the : last major battle of the

war war Oct. 19, 1781, Oct. 19, 1781, General CornwallisGeneral Cornwallis

surrendered entire force of 7,000 men War surrendered entire force of 7,000 men War continued one more year (especially in the continued one more year (especially in the South)  South) 

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Treaty of Paris of 1783:  Britain formally recognized Treaty of Paris of 1783:  Britain formally recognized US independence US independence US boundaries US boundaries

– MississippiMississippi in the west, in the west, – the  the  Great LakesGreat Lakes in the north, and to in the north, and to – Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida in the south in the south

Over 250,000 American soldiers fought 10% who Over 250,000 American soldiers fought 10% who fought died; largest % of any American war in fought died; largest % of any American war in history history

Most of the fighting was done by the poorest Most of the fighting was done by the poorest Americans Young city laborers, farm boys, Americans Young city laborers, farm boys, indentured servants, and sometimes slaves indentured servants, and sometimes slaves

CincinnatusCincinnatus

Cincinnatus' Reputation: Cincinnatus' Reputation: Cincinnatus was considered a Cincinnatus was considered a model of Roman virtue. He was a model of Roman virtue. He was a farmer above all, although when farmer above all, although when called to serve his country he did called to serve his country he did so without question -- briefly and so without question -- briefly and without ambition. without ambition.

Washington StoryWashington Story““Shortly after the peace was signed, the Shortly after the peace was signed, the

revolutionary war hero Ethan Allen, had occasion revolutionary war hero Ethan Allen, had occasion to visit England, where he was subjected to to visit England, where he was subjected to teasing and banter. The British would make fun teasing and banter. The British would make fun of the Americans and General Washington in of the Americans and General Washington in particular. One day they got a picture of General particular. One day they got a picture of General Washington and displayed it prominently in the Washington and displayed it prominently in the outhouse so Allen could not miss it. When he outhouse so Allen could not miss it. When he made no mention of it, they asked him if he had made no mention of it, they asked him if he had seen the Washington picture. Allen said, he seen the Washington picture. Allen said, he thought that “it was a very appropriate place for thought that “it was a very appropriate place for an Englishman to keep a picture of Washington. an Englishman to keep a picture of Washington. There is nothing that will make an Englishman There is nothing that will make an Englishman shit so quick as the sight of General Washington.”shit so quick as the sight of General Washington.”

Women and the WarWomen and the War

Camp FollowersCamp Followers ““Their hair falling, their brows Their hair falling, their brows

beady with the heat, their beady with the heat, their belongings slung over one belongings slung over one shoulder, chattering and yelling, in shoulder, chattering and yelling, in sluttish shrills as they went.”sluttish shrills as they went.”

Cooking, laundry, and nursingCooking, laundry, and nursing Molly PitcherMolly Pitcher

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

Abigail Adams-Abigail Adams- sends a note to sends a note to husband John Adams about the husband John Adams about the time of the Declarationtime of the Declaration

““In the new code of laws which I In the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I would desire you you to make, I would desire you would remember the ladies and would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.”to them than your ancestors.”

Women in Colonial and Women in Colonial and early USearly US Virtually no rightsVirtually no rights Unmarried womenUnmarried women had some rights to had some rights to

own property and enter contractsown property and enter contracts Married Women Married Women Could not own propertyCould not own property Could not earn independent wagesCould not earn independent wages Everything belonged to the husbandEverything belonged to the husband No legal authority over childrenNo legal authority over children Could not write will- no legal Could not write will- no legal

transactionstransactions Most states could not obtain a divorceMost states could not obtain a divorce

Republican Republican MotherhoodMotherhood Children will be instructed by Children will be instructed by

mothers mothers – Principles of libertyPrinciples of liberty– Virtues of Republican CitizenryVirtues of Republican Citizenry

State ConstitutionsState Constitutions

Written plans for governments (not Written plans for governments (not like English constitution)like English constitution)

Power of Executive must be limited Power of Executive must be limited – Limit vetoLimit veto– Disallowed ability to dissolve legislatureDisallowed ability to dissolve legislature

Separation of Powers- Executive and Separation of Powers- Executive and Legislative Legislative

Bicameral = 2 houses upper and lowerBicameral = 2 houses upper and lower Property requirement for votingProperty requirement for voting

Slavery in Post War Slavery in Post War America America “Holding a Wolf “Holding a Wolf by the Ears”by the Ears” In State In State

Constitutions Constitutions where slavery where slavery was weak= was weak= abolished slaveryabolished slavery

New England and New England and PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

In SouthIn South Racist Racist

Assumptions- white Assumptions- white supremacy = supremacy = inferiority of blacksinferiority of blacks

Economic Economic InvestmentInvestment

No alternativeNo alternative Social Social

consequences of consequences of freeing slavesfreeing slaves