Initial Situation Redesign Requirements Design Decisions Deployment Benefits & Difficulties Use Cases Conclusion & Roadmap Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) Extended Semantic Web Conference 2012 Ch. Lange 1,2,3 , P. Ion 4,5,6 , A. Dimou 5 , Ch. Bratsas 5 , W. Sperber 7 , M. Kohlhase 2 , I. Antoniou 5 1 School of Computer Science, Univ. of Birmingham, UK 2 Computer Science, Jacobs Univ. Bremen, DE 3 SFB/TR 8 “Spatial cognition”, Univ. of Bremen, DE 4 Mathematical Reviews/American Mathematical Society, US 5 Web Science, Aristotle Univ. Thessaloniki, GR 6 Univ. of Michigan, Math. Dept., US 7 Zentralblatt MATH/FIZ Karlsruhe, DE Project page: http://msc2010.org/mscwork/ 2012-05-30 Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 1
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Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC)
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Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data:the Case of the
Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC)Extended Semantic Web Conference 2012
Ch. Lange1,2,3, P. Ion4,5,6, A. Dimou5, Ch. Bratsas5, W. Sperber7,M. Kohlhase2, I. Antoniou5
1School of Computer Science, Univ. of Birmingham, UK 2Computer Science, Jacobs Univ.Bremen, DE 3SFB/TR 8 “Spatial cognition”, Univ. of Bremen, DE 4Mathematical
Reviews/AmericanMathematical Society, US 5Web Science, Aristotle Univ. Thessaloniki,GR 6Univ. of Michigan, Math. Dept., US 7Zentralblatt MATH/FIZ Karlsruhe, DE
Project page: http://msc2010.org/mscwork/
2012-05-30Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 1
1 facilitate use and reusefor Mathematical Reviews/Zentralblatt MATH servicesbut also for 3rd-party publishers and authors
2 facilitatemaintenance:preserve all existing information, leave room for semanticrefinementsuse standard tools instead of custom scriptsintegrate maintenance-related information into the scheme
3 enable knowledge workers and service developers to adapt andextend the MSC:
connections to related subjects e.g. in scienceadd unofficial translations. . . without impairing the editorially controlled core scheme
4 allow end users to explore connections to related subjects
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 8
TEX source had English labelsTrusted parties contributed Chinese, Italian and Russian labels(stored externally)
msc2010:53A45skos:prefLabel"Vector and tensor analysis"@en,"向量与张量分析"@zh .
Greek labels needed, but no official ones available?No problem, merge a separate graph!msc2010:53A45skos:prefLabel"Διανυσµατική και τανυστική ανάλυση"@el .
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 11
Three types of non-symmetric links:00A08 Recreational mathematics (see also 97A20)→ straightforward SKOS extension property20F60 Ordered groups (seemainly 06F15)→ straightforward SKOS extension property11Hxx Geometry of numbers (for applications in codingtheory, see 94B75)→ a bit trickier (next slide)
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 13
Some relevant classification schemes not fully available in SKOSDDC dataset only covers the top three levels(just 9 classes for mathematics /)We knowmore fine-grainedmappings and represent themusing local DDC placeholders
01 History and biography (see also the classification number–03 in the other sections) – how to link there?52 Convex and discrete geometry→ 52-03 Historical53 Differential geometry→ 53-03 Historical
Further candidates:explicitly given: general reference works (–00), instructionalexpositions (–01), works on computational methods (–08)requiring conceptual analysis: stability of different mathematicalstructures (scattered all over the MSC)
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 17
As little manual maintenance as possible, . . .. . . withmaximum convenience for stupid linked data clients.# infer skos:broader back-links from skos:narrower# (actually hard-coding the semantics of owl:inverseOf){ ?concept skos:narrower ?narrowerConcept }=> { ?narrowerConcept skos:broader ?concept }.
similarly forun-reifying the “see for” linksdumbing down MSC-specific links to rdfs:seeAlso
Makefile applies this usingcwm --rdf msc2010-core.skos --n3 expand-skos-rules.n3 --think
(expansion from 79,000 triples to 92,000 triples = + 16%)
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 21
all information preserved, in most cases more explicitly(hierarchy, cross-references)links to other concept schemes and translations includedwiththe core schemerigorous conceptual modeling helped to uncoverconceptualization issues in the MSCeasymaintainability (in our deployment workflow)
Benefits envisaged potentially:easy maintainability (in the editorial workflow)promotingwidespread adoption thanks to existing search,query, editing, consistency checking, and annotation toolssupporting reuse in linked data settings, and in legacy settings(by easier conversion to non-RDF formats)
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 22
Multilingual labels? No problem! (Plain literals)Mathematical formulas in labels? No problem! (XML literals)(just violates a “convention” from the SKOS recommendation)Both plain and datatyped literals? ☇Potential workaround: Encode language into the XML<math xml:lang="en">...</math>
removes language information from the RDF data modelslows down SPARQL filtering by languagemultiple prefLabelswith “no language”?
Note: Cutting mathematical formulas out of the label texts is notan option!Not sure how other SKOS tools like this. . .
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 24
connections between three AUTH researchers (using MSC researchtopics and other linked data), powered by RelFinder(http://www.visualdataweb.org/relfinder.php)
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 26
ConclusionLODified the central classification scheme in mathematics(actually one of the first mathematical LOD sets)SKOS and LOD largely satisfied our requirements, . . .. . . but still semantic web standards are not quite ready formathematics.
Roadmap for the MSC dataset itself:soon official announcement by Math. Reviews/Zentralblattadding precise definitions of the MSC classesadding index terms to classesintroducing a faceted structure (beyond collections)
Roadmap for the Mathematical Web of Data (next slide)
Lange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 28
Roadmap: The Mathematical Web of DataConnection points (besides the obvious DBpedia):
OpenMath Content Dictionaries (defining the semantics ofMathML; we have previously LODified them✓)ACM Computing Classification System (soon officially inSKOS✓)PlanetMath (soon exposing its metadata as LOD)Physics and Astronomy Classif. Scheme (on our own agenda)European Digital Mathematics Library (interested in LOD)
MSC and other datasets enable fine-grainedclassification of mathematical resources smaller thanarticles (e.g. blog posts)
⇒democratization of scientific publishing,
towards networked scienceLange et al. Bringing Mathematics To the Web of Data: the Case of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) 2012-05-30 29