Brief Response How did the Enlightenment lead to the American and French Revolutions? American aristocrat farmers and French professionals had read about.

Brief Response

• How did the Enlightenment lead to the American and French Revolutions?

• American aristocrat farmers and French professionals had read about better government in ….– Greek and Latin writings– The English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John

Locke– The French philosophes (Voltaire, Jean Rousseau,

Baron de Montesquieu)

Revolutionary France

p. 114

Why Revolution?

• The violence of the French Revolution was accidental• It had been hoped to peacefully start a new government,

but unwarranted fear of the king’s troops made people take arms.

• The new government argued about how much change France should undergo.– Moderates wanted gradual change and to keep a limited

monarchy.– Radicals wanted to remove the king, seize Church and noble

lands, and other drastic changes.

Obstacle to Progress

• Faction: • a group of people, in the same political party,

who disagree with others in the same party about how to do things.

• The greatest problem of the new government was disagreement among the revolutionaries on how to affect change. – As with England’s Commonwealth Parliament,

nothing to help the country got done fast enough.

Political Strains

• Marquis de Lafayette: • Aristocratic Frenchman

– served under George Washington in the American Revolution.

• He returned to France supportive of the idea to change the government. – A moderate.

• Moderates wanted to keep the monarch, – with no power

– the country run by a republican legislature

Women

• Olympe de Gouges: • Woman revolutionary

– criticized the men who failed to give women rights – Composed the “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and

the Female Citizen”, • she demanded women’s rights • the right to vote.

– Arrested by the revolution.– EC: What do you think happened to her when the

radicals took control of the revolutionary government?

Marie Antoinette:

• Queen of France and sister of the Austrian King. • Hated by people because:

– She was not French– Of her expensive lifestyle. – Rumored to have said the following…..

• Palace person to the Queen: “Your majesty, the peasants are starving, they haven’t enough money for bread.”

• Queen: “Then, let them eat cake!”– Insult: Even more expensive than bread…..

• She and Louis XVI were seized by a mob of women revolutionaries (and men dressed as women) and taken to Paris.

Émigré:

• French nobles, clergy, and others who fled during the revolution – were targets of the rioting mobs – did not support the revolution.

• The revolutionary government made it illegal to leave France.– Many were arrested

• they were taking much wealth with them, • Émigré stories in foreign countries would frighten the foreign

monarchies. • It was suspected they would help enemy countries attack France.

– Many countries decided the French revolution had to be defeated.

Sans-culottes:

Leftist radical peasants and working people who took control of revolution.

• They feared invasion by pro-monarchist armies.– So-called because poor men wore trousers, not the

stylishly expensive short-legged culotte pants of the wealthy class.

Republic:

• a government run by elected representatives instead of a monarch. – It may or may not keep the monarch as a symbolic

leader.

• Sans-culottes and Jacobins demanded one.

Jacobins:

• leftist radical group of professionals and lawyers. – Leftists took control of the revolutionary

government in 1792. – They decided to spread the revolution and

stop their invaders…..• they declared war on Prussia, Austria,

Britain, and others…

End hwk

• Begin notes

Standards Check, p. 115:

• Question:

• Famine and fear of government assault

p. 115, Identify Central Issues

• Question

• The Declaration of Independence and other American writings on liberty and equality inspired people like Lafayette to rebel.

p. 116, Image, Playing Dress Up

• Question:• Although she was compassionate to the poor,

she lived extravagantly and was against reforms.

• EC: why might her “living poor” hobby insult most French people?

• Her “living poor” hobby insulted many, because she still had plenty of money and never suffered like the poor.

p. 117, analyzing visuals

• Question

• Because it was the capital and chief city of France

Standards Check: p. 117:

• Question

• The nobles in the National Assembly voted to give up their privileges.

Image, p. 118, Analyzing Political Cartoons

• EC: who are the four people running from the revolutionary chaos?– The influential European rulers and the Pope; all controlled most of the

power/wealth in Europe

• 1– They didn’t want to lose their privileges and power– Feared the influence of the Third Estate’s actions.

• 2– As giant French rats (suggesting there are so many people who are

revolutionaries, just like there are many rats, but the powerful people did not think much of them. As a large group they will defeat the powerful and make a better France.)

– Their tails form a guillotine.– EC: Is it pro or anti revolution? Explain.– pro: The little people are now large, aggressively taking their rights from the

panic-stricken super-wealthy.

Standards Check, p. 118

• Question:

• Limited monarchy

• Created a Legislative Assembly

• Replaced old provinces with 83 “departments”

• Abolished provincial courts

• Reformed laws

Standards Check, p. 119

• Question:

• Supporters of the Enlightenment in Europe were pleased with it.

• European nobles and monarchs denounced it.

p. 120, Thinking Critically

• 1.• Article 6 states that all citizens are equal under

the law and have the right to participate in government.

• This marked a significant change for most French citizens, who were not previously treated equally under the law

• 2.• Both stated that all men are created equal

Brief Response

• (a) Who were the Jacobins? – What form of government did they favor?

• (b) Who were the sans-culottes? – What form of government did they favor?

• (c) What did the two groups have in common?

• (d) In what ways were the two groups different?