Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle ...

BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, SAFETY, MANAGEMENT, LIFE-CYCLESUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATIONS

PROCEEDINGSOFTHETENTH INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONBRIDGEMAINTENANCE,SAFETYANDMANAGEMENT (IABMAS2020), SAPPORO, JAPAN, 11-15 APRIL 2021

Bridge Maintenance, Safety,Management, Life-CycleSustainability and Innovations

Editors

Hiroshi Yokota

Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Dan M. Frangopol

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ATLSS Engineering Research Center,Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Front cover photograph: The Kintaikyo Bridge, located in Iwakuni City, Yamaguchi Prefec-ture, makes five bold arches onto massive stone pillars as it crosses over the river. The bridgelength and width are 193.3 m and 5.0 m respectively. Construction of the bridge made ofwood without iron nails was completed in 1673 and it stood until 1950 when it was washedaway by a typhoon flood. Shortly after it collapsed, a precise reconstruction was determinedand completed in 1953. In the early 2000s, the bridge underwent its first renovations since itsreconstruction.

Back cover photograph: Aerial view of Sapporo City. Many bridges over the Toyohira Rivercan be found there.

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Published by: CRC Press/BalkemaSchipholweg 107C, 2316XC Leiden, The Netherlandse-mail: [email protected] – www.taylorandfrancis.com

ISBN: 978-0-367-23278-8 (Hbk)ISBN: 978-1-032-05524-4 (Pbk)ISBN: 978-0-429-27911-9 (eBook)DOI: 10.1201/9780429279119https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429279119

Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

Table of contents

Preface xliii

Sponsors xlv

Acknowledgements xlvii

IABMAS Executive Board xlix

Conference organization li

T.Y. LIN LECTURE

Durability assessment and re-design of massive concrete structures in sea-linking projects 3

Q.K. Su, K.F. Li, Q.W. Li & Z.H. Fan

KEYNOTE LECTURES

Digital transformation of bridges inspection, monitoring and maintenance processes 11

T.N. Bittencourt, M.M. Futai, A.P. da Conceição Neto & D.M. Ribeiro

How to design, construct, and maintain highly-durable concrete bridges in cold and localregions 31

I. Iwaki

Development of the requirements to major infrastructure projects 39

E.S. Larsen, M.S. Lagergaard, A. Jørgensen, B. MacAulay & J. Laursen

Some lessons of more than 20 years of inspection, maintenance and rehabilitation of bridgesin Spain 51F.M. Mato & I.P. Sánchez

Rising to the challenge of managing bridges in Australia 66N.G. Powers

Rib-to-floor beam connections of orthotropic steel decks for bridge deck replacementapplications 76R. Sause, Y. Chen, J. Saunders, I. Hodgson & J. Marks

Energy-efficient autonomous framework for monitoring railroad bridges in the USA usingwireless smart sensors 91

B.F. Spencer, T. Hoang & K.A. Mechitov

Why do they call Chongqing the bridge capital of China? 100

M.C. Tang

Applications of AI, BIM, and sensing to bridge maintenance 108

N. Yabuki

v

MINI-SYMPOSIA

MS01: Novel techniques regarding the assessment and monitoring of bridgesOrganizers: A. Strauss & D.M. Frangopol

Overview on the prestress loss evaluation in concrete beams 117

M. Bonopera, K.C. Chang & Y.C. Ou

Crack identification and measurement of bridges by using CNN models 123

H. Qin, F. Huang & B. Cheng

Non-destructive detection of damages in concrete with thermal imaging 129

L. Mold, M. Auer, A. Strauss, M. Hoffmann & B. Täubling

Application of wireless sensor technology in load testing of large-span cable-supportedbridges 137Z. Xu, X. Zhang & J. Wang

Effectiveness and durability of repair measures on corroding steel in concrete columns 144F. Binder & S.L. Burtscher

Research on long-term health monitoring and operation evaluation system for long-spanself-anchored suspension bridge 151X. Liu, X. Chen, J. Zhou & X. Li

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled bridge inspection framework 158B.J. Perry, Y. Guo, R. Atadero & J.W. van de Lindt

Structural parameter identification from image-based acquired information 166M. Helmrich & G. Morgenthal

A machine learning approach to damage detection of bridges 173R.C. George

Inverse response surface method for prestressed concrete bridge design 179D. Lehký, M. Šomodíková, M. Lipowczan & D. Novák

Comparison of different low-cost sensors for structural health monitoring 186S. Komarizadehasl, J. Turmo, B. Mobaraki & J.A. Lozano-Galant

Gaussian curvature as an indicator used for damage detection of bridge structures 192T. Wu, L. Tang, C.Y. Jian, R.Y. Mao & Z.X. Zhou

Statistical modal analysis for bridges under ambient excitation by using improved randomdecrement technique and wavelet transform 200

J. Liu & Q. Zhang

Contactless deformation detection for bridge monitoring: First application of Sentinel-1radar data in Austria 208

A. Vorwagner, M. Schlögl, B. Widhalm, M. Avian, D. Prammer, P. Leopold & C. Honeger

Estimation of cable tension force based on digital image correlation 215

B. Yan, W. Chen, D. Li & J. Yu

Probabilistic analysis and safety formats approaches applied for Czech bridge structuresunder the ATCZ190 SAFEBRIDGE project 221M. Šomodíková, L. Novák, M. Lipowczan, M. Vyhlídal, J. Doležel, D. Lehký, D. Novák &R. Pukl

vi

Monitoring systems for masonry tunnels 227A. Strauss, H. Neuner, C. Harmening, C. Seywald, M. Österreicher & E. Pistone

Improved assessment of concrete bridges 234M. Hauser, M. Rigler, E. Apostolidi, A. Strauss, T. Zimmermann & D.M. Frangopol

MS02: Recent trends in AI/IoT technologies for bridge maintenance and safetyOrganizers: T. Kitahara, H. Furuta, P. Chen & M. Beer

A new reliability model of bridge fatigue based on mind evolutionary algorithm 245

J. Wu, B.F. Liu, K. Dong & M. Yang

Automated infrastructure inspection based on digital twins and machine learning 251

P. Furtner, E. Forstner & A. Karlusch

Development of the bridge inspection experience system with MR head-mounted display 256

Y. Baba, H. Emoto, S. Tanikawa, H. Nakamura & K. Kawamura

Bridge damage cropping-and-stitching segmentation using fully convolutional network basedon images from UAVs 264

J. Shi, J. Dang & R. Zuo

A crack detection method based on deep transfer learning 271

Y.G. Shen, Z.W. Yu & Z.L. Wen

Measuring traffic-induced loads and 3D bridge displacements with UAVs 279

B.J. Perry & Y. Guo

Tracking bridge condition over time using recurrent UAV-based inspection 286

B.J. Perry, Y. Guo, R. Atadero & J.W. van de Lindt

Estimating bridge characteristics with only situation characteristics using Bayesian networks 292

V. Panopoulos, A. Bougas, B. Garcia de Soto & B.T. Adey

Time series forecasting to jointly model bridge responses 299

O. Bahrami, R. Hou, W. Wang & J.P. Lynch

Mixed training of deep convolutional neural network for bridge deterioration detection withUAV and inspection report sourced images 308J. Dang & P. Chun

Fatigue stress spectra modeling of steel bridge decks using traffic monitoring data 313N. Lu, Y. Liu & Y. Luo

Infrared image-analysis-based concrete inspection using machine learning 320S. Hayashi, K. Kawanishi, T. Yamane, S. Izumi, I. Ujike & P. Chun

Reliability-based risk analysis for Maryland sign structures assessment 326

X. Liu, Y. Ye, C. Xu, Y. Zhu & C.C. Fu

A framework for addressing the uncertainty of factors influencing the overall deteriorationof existing concrete structures 333P. Miao, Y. Zhang & H. Yokota

Applying fully convolutional neural networks for corrosion semantic segmentation for steelbridges: The use of U-Net 341

S.-K. Chen, I-F. Huang & P.-H. Chen

vii

Application of virtual reality technology to cultivate skill for visual inspection of bridge 347K. Ishibashi, H. Furuta, Y. Nomura, K. Nakatsu & K. Takahashi

Variability-based method for balancing structural optimization and reliability 353K.J. Haas

MS03: Bridge health monitoring conjunction with smart citiesOrganizers: A. Miyamoto, A. Yabe, P. Hradil & K. Koski

Development of a practical social big data collecting system for the bridge using by a largevehicle 363

A. Yabe

Development of a remote monitoring system for road condition assessment and application 371

A. Miyamoto

Heavy vehicle-based bridge health monitoring system 381

K. Koski, L. Fülöp, T. Tirkkonen, A. Yabe & A. Miyamoto

Monitoring of a suspension bridge 387

L.L. Lai

State of play and challenges for the successful implementation of indirect structural healthmonitoring (iSHM) for bridges 392K. Gkoumas, F. Bono, M.C. Galassi, K. Gkoktsi & D. Tirelli

Monitoring stability of high-speed rail tracks: A feasibility study 399A.A. Mosavi & D. Torres

Health monitoring of stress-laminated timber bridges 407P. Hradil, S. Fortino, K. Koski & L. Fülöp

MS04: Bridge loading – Measurement and modellingOrganizers: C. Caprani, A. Nowak, E. O’Brien & X. Ruan

Calculation method of transverse load distribution in box girder bridge 419

Z.N. Yu, X.Z. Yang, Z.H. Yuan & X.L. Guo

Analysis of bridge-traffic system using agent-based cellular automaton traffic model 425J. Wu, R.R. Liu, M. Yang & D. Kai

Multi-lane traffic load model of widening bridges considering lane load disparity 433J.Y. Zhou, Z.X. Chen, X.F. Shi, X.J. Ye & J. Yi

Influence of monitoring duration on measured traffic action effects on road bridges 441B. Sawicki & E. Brühwiler

Traffic load spectra for multi-span cable-stayed bridge 448X.J. Wang & X. Ruan

Experimental analysis of the dynamic amplification factor under traffic load 455D. Hekič, J. Kalin, A. Anžlin, M. Kreslin, A. Žnidarič & G. Turk

Live loads for assessment of bridges on heavy haul rail freight lines 462M. Kabani & P. Moyo

Dynamic amplification of live loads on heavy-haul freight rail lines using monitoring data 469M. Kabani & P. Moyo

viii

A time domain approach for reconstruction of moving loads acting on bridges from dynamicresponse data 475A. Firus, J. Schneider & R. Kemmler

Challenges in assessing and load rating of old railway viaducts for traction and braking forces 484R. Salamy

Effect of local roughness damage and traffic flow on bridge dynamic responses 491H. Ho & M. Nishio

Energy dissipating characteristics of Y-type shear connectors based on the number of ribs 499D.Y. Kim, S.H. Kim, O. Han, T. Batbold & S.H.A. Shah

Measuring traffic load on Forth Road Suspension Bridge using Weigh-In-Motion and imagedata 505

E.J. OBrien, E.A. Micu, A. Malekjafarian, P. Madden, E. Angus, M. Lydon & S.E. Taylor

Bridge Weigh-In-Motion using wireless accelerometers on a continuous girder bridge 511

T. Nagayama, S. Kato, D. Su & H. Wang

The influence of orthotropic steel bridge deck stiffness on the stress amplitude of roof 515

F.W. Wu, J. Dai, Z.D. Wu & Y.J. Wen

Stochastic traffic load models on road bridges for applying to finite element analysis 521

T. Kouta & C. Bucher

Development of LRFR provisions for emergency vehicles 528

B. Sivakumar, M. Ghosn & E. Senturk

Effect of operating temperature on the dynamic properties of a pultruded GFRP footbridge 535

J.W. Ngan, C.C. Caprani & S.H. Zhang

Use of structural health monitoring for assessing historical bridges under heavy loads 543

S. Zhang, C. Caprani, M.M. Melhem, A. Ng & N. Hodgins

Bridge safety assessment beyond deterministic methods: An Australian perspective 551

M.M. Melhem, C. Caprani, M.G. Stewart & A. Ng

Using structural reliability to decide on extreme loads accessing historical bridges 560M.M. Melhem, C. Caprani, S. Zhang, A. Ng & N. Hodgins

Alternating iterative method for moving force identification 568H.L. Liu, C. Li & L. Yu

Research on temperature load model of a modular cable-stayed bridge 575J. Song, K. Hu, X.F. Shi & C.A. Yin

MS05: Prolonging the life of steel and steel composite bridgesOrganizers: A. Pipinato, P. Collin & C. Rebelo

Experimental study on stability of compression-bending members strengthened under load 585

Q. Su, S. Wang, X. Jiang, L. Chen & W. Zhou

A methodology for assessment and retrofitting by TIG dressing of existing pre-fatiguedwelded steel joints 592A. Manai, F. Von Bock und Polach & J. Hedegård

ix

UHPFRC strengthening strategies on existing steel and steel-concrete bridges 598A. Pipinato, R. Geier, S. Ivanov, C. Rebelo, P. Collin & R. Hallmark

Extending the fatigue life of existing truss bridges 606A. Pipinato & C. Rebelo

Enhancement of riveted steel bridges by adding a trough in UHPFRC acting in composite action 611E. Brühwiler

Effect of concrete cracks on the corrosion of stud shear connectors 619X.Q. Xu, Z.W. Yu, D.Y. He, H.M. Tan & S.W. Zeng

Fatigue analysis of rib-to-deck double-sided welded joints in steel bridges 624Y. Liu, F.H. Chen & N.W. Lu

Research and application of uncoated weathering steel bridge in China mainland 632C.S. Wang, C.X. Tan, J.W. Zhang, L. Duan & X.L. Zhai

Shear behavior study for high strength I girders considering residual stress 640C.S. Wang, H. Cao, L. Duan & Q. Wang

Analysis on the long-term performance of a curved composite girder bridge 648S.G. Chen, C. Liang, Y.Q. Liu, B. Lei & C.J. Zhao

An innovative composite box girder bridge with webs composed of stiffened steel plates andsteel tubes 655Y. Zhang, S.H. Wang, Y.Q. Liu, X.H. He, Y.Y Chen & Y. Zhang

Research on structural behavior of steel–concrete joint in hybrid girder under long-termloads 664

X.P. Gao, Z.H. Huang, Y.Q. Liu & B. Ma

Study of mechanical behavior of a new precast steel-concrete composite pier cap 671

Q. Zhou, Y.J. Li, S.W. Liu & Y.Q. Liu

MS06: Bridge safety, maintenance and management under natural hazards and climate changeOrganizers: Y. Dong & D.M. Frangopol

Risk assessment of bridge under hurricane with experimental and numerical method 681D. Zhu & Y. Dong

Seismic intensity measure selection under multiple criteria and uncertainty 686J. Qian & Y. Dong

Risk-based bridge scour management: A survey 693M. Pregnolato, L.J. Prendergast, P.J. Vardanega, P.F. Giordano & M.P. Limongelli

Corrosion effect on shear behavior of locally ungrouted PT concrete beams 702

L. Wang, Z. Hu, Y. Ma & J. Zhang

Fatigue life prediction of corroded RC beams considering bond degradation 710

J. Zhang, Z. Guo, Y. Ma & L. Wang

Repair loss assessment of seismic-resistant rocking bridges 717

A.I. Giouvanidis & Y. Dong

Effectiveness of drilling-hole method on mixed model fatigue crack 726

Z.Y. YuanZhou, L. Fang, B.H. Ji & Z. Ye

x

Prediction of crack initiation position at rib-to-deck welds using effective notch stressapproach 731Q.D. Wang, Z. Ye, Y. Yao & B.H. Ji

Research on lateral seismic-constraint systems for cable-stayed bridge 736Y.Q. Xu

Study on probability distribution of HPS specimens subjected to spray corrosion 743L. Xiao, J. Peng, L. Wang, J. Zhang & C.S. Cai

Earthquake disaster countermeasures for bridges with rocking piers 749S. Saito, Y. Ito & R. Hara

MS07: Value of information in bridge monitoring and managementOrganizers: S. Ghosh, S. Thöns, C. Caprani & M.G. Limongelli

Application of value of information theory in adaptive metamodeling for reliabilityassessment 757R. Teixeira, A. O’Connor & M. Nogal

Value of structural health monitoring for bridges subjected to severe loads 766M.S. Khan, C. Caprani, S. Ghosh & J. Ghosh

Fine measurement and calculation of parallel strand in stay cables based on vibrationfrequency method 774J. Dong, Y. Zhao, N. Ernestine, S. Ma, X. Xiang & D. Liu

Application of bridge construction monitoring management system based on Internet 782R. Zhu, X.F. Shi & X.X. Li

Decision theoretic approach for identification of optimal proof load with sparse resistanceinformation 789

M. Kapoor, J.D. Sørensen, S. Ghosh & S. Thöns

MS08: Research progress on submerged floating tunnelsOrganizers: Y.Q. Xiang, H.K. Lee, B. Faggiano & L. Martinelli

Theoretical framework of life cycle design of the submerged floating tunnel 801Y.Q. Xiang, B. Bai & Y. Zhao

Advanced concrete technology for submerged floating tunnels 809H.Y. Kim, H.N. Yoon, H.M. Son, J.S. Kim, D.W. Jin, H.J. Kim, S. Park & H.K. Lee

A tube model with two tension legs to investigate the spatial dynamic response of submergedfloating tunnel 811Z.P. Yi, D.H. Yan & Y.Y. Zeng

Dynamic behavior analysis of high performance fiber concrete submerged floating tunneltube under collision 816

Y. Yang, Y.L. He & Y.Q. Xiang

Design of new large structures; Norwegian experience of submerged floating tube bridges 823

A. Minoretti, X. Xiang & A. Rønnquist

Investigation of rotational deformation of the suction anchor installed in sand from initial toultimate state 829

J.S. Bae, Y.H. Jeong, S. Manandhar & D.S. Kim

xi

SFTs under seismic loading: Conceptual design and optimization tools 837F. Foti, L. Martinelli & F. Perotti

Simulation of hydrodynamic loads for a submerged floating tunnel using a copula-basedmodel 844G.A. Torres, O. Morales-Nápoles & S.N. Jonkman

Investigation of tensile force on mooring line for a submerged floating tunnel 853G.-J. Kim & H.-G. Kwak

Target reliability for submerged floating tunnels 857C.M.P. ‘t Hart, D.J. Peters, O. Morales-Nápoles & S.N. Jonkman

Experimental design on corrosion behavior of steel in submerged floating tunnels 864J.C. Park, S.L. Cha & H.J. Jung

VFIFE based hybrid simulation for submerged floating tunnel research 868Y. Fang, Y.F. Duan, Y.Q. Xiang & H. Lin

MS09: Structural health monitoring of bridges based on modern sensor technologies and novelmethodologiesOrganizers: C. Kim, F. Zhang, N.F. Catbas & Á. Cunha

Numerical study of damage detection of a truss bridge using pseudo local flexibility method 877T.Y. Hsu, M.C. Lu, S.Y. Shiao, K.C. Chang & C.W. Kim

IoT bridge components – specialized smart monitoring solutions to address user-specificneeds 882M. Imam, P. Savioz & C. O’Suilleabhain

Damage detection in a real truss bridge using Hilbert-Huang Transform of transientvibrations 890

R.M. Delgadillo & J.R. Casas

A study on the stress ratio around welding lines of ribs in orthotropic steel decks 899

S. Kakizaki, H. Onishi, S. Ubagami, K. Hoshikawa & A. Horiai

The impact vibration test using a portable FWD system 905

Y. Kimura, H. Onishi, D. Yaegashi, R. Ishikawa & A. Takahashi

Observations of the behavior of the classic steel railway bridge structure 911

W. Anigacz, D. Beben & J. Kwiatkowski

Construction monitoring and load test for a 3×35m continuous steel-concrete compositegirder bridge 919

S.G. Cao, H. Hong, P. Ye, H. Tian, H.H. Han, S.G. Cao & A.R. Chen

Bridge management systems - a review of the state of the art and recommendations forfuture practice 926H. Habeenzu, P.J. McGetrick, D. Hester & S.E. Taylor

Bayesian system identification of a reinforced concrete beam subject to temperaturevariations based on static response data 934P. Simon, R. Schneider & M. Baeßler

Viability assessment of a mixed steel-concrete bridge structure 942M.C. Scutaru, N. Țăranu, D. Ungureanu, C.C. Comisu & G. Boacă

xii

A novel laser and video-based displacement transducer for structural monitoring of long-span bridges and tall structures 949M.A. Vicente, J. Mínguez, D.C. González, N. Brown & T. Schumacher

Embedded distributed optical fiber sensors for health monitoring of concrete bridges 956M.F. Bado, J.R. Casas & G. Kaklauskas

A long-term monitoring system for maintenance and management of extradosed bridges 963C.C. Chen, C.L. Jiang, B.H. Lee, Y.C. Sung & K.C. Chang

Tensile force monitoring for construction of FCM bridges using EEM sensors 969J. Kim & H.S. Kim

Remote microtremor monitoring for scour assessment of railway bridge 973C.W. Kim, Y. Yoshitome, S. Kitagawa, M. Shinoda, H. Yao & Y. Hamada

Time-domain modal identification of bridges based on uncertainty quantification 979Y. Goi & C.W. Kim

On-site stress measurement for steel reinforcement using a portable X-ray diffraction system 987Y. Oshima, T. Noda, T. Furuta, J. Tomiyama, Y. Suda, O. Aydan, T. Makino, T. Miyagi,N. Kurokawa, K. Tanaka & M. Yamaguchi

MS10: Life-cycle performance assessment of existing bridges in an aggressive environmentOrganizers: M. Akiyama, D.M. Frangopol & H. Matsuzaki

Performance of self-healing concrete applied to tunnel engineering 993X.F. Wang, Y.J. Huang, W.L. Wang, J. Liu & F. Xing

Simulation method of PC member with corrosion crack and breaking of PC tendon 1001H. Nakamura, Y. Watanabe, T.A. Badmayev, T. Miura & Y. Yamamoto

Probability distribution of ultimate strain for aging deteriorated rubber bearings by Bayesianestimation 1008J. Dang, A. Igarashi & K. Hayashi

Optimum bridge life-cycle management with updating based on inspected fatigue crackunder uncertainty 1014

S. Kim, B. Ge & D.M. Frangopol

Analysis of typical environmental effects on the surface of prestressed concrete members ofbridges 1021

Q.L. Xu

Applicability of 2D ultrasonic phased array nondestructive test for fatigue crack oforthotropic steel deck 1028H. Shirahata

Seismic performance assessment of bridges with deteriorated isolators 1036H. Matsuzaki

Application of observational data in reliability estimation of aging RC bridge structuresconsidering spatial steel corrosion distribution 1044S. Srivaranun, K. Masuda, S. Lim, M. Akiyama, D.M. Frangopol & O. Maruyama

Reliability assessment of RC bridge girders with non-uniform steel corrosion usingprobabilistic analysis and finite element method 1050

M. Zhang, S. Lim, M. Akiyama & D.M. Frangopol

xiii

Effects of non-uniform steel corrosion on the structural behavior of RC beams 1057S. Lim, M. Zhang & M. Akiyama

Life-cycle cost analysis for rebar type selection in RC bridges located in coastal regions 1063M.A. Hasan, S. Lim, M. Akiyama & D.M. Frangopol

Study on resistivity characteristics of embedded cement-based sensor 1068W. Wang, F. Chen, Z. Xu, X. Wang & J. Liu

Benefit-cost ratio analysis of retrofit strategies for bridges considering the resilience effect 1076C. Chiu

Life-cycle performance assessment of existing bridges based on artificial neural networks 1081S. Bianchi, C. Manni & F. Biondini

Model updating for bridge structures based on the Kriging meta-model enhanced with DEalgorithm and analytic hierarchy process 1089L. Mei, X.Y. Xia, J.H. Chen & W.L. Wang

Time-dependent reliability of aging bridges exposed to imprecise deterioration information 1096C. Wang

MS11: Design, construction, maintenance, and management to realize highly-durable concretestructures under harsh environmentsOrganizers: I. Iwaki, T. Ishida & H. Yokota

Improving the fatigue resistance of existing reinforced concrete bridge deck using highpenetration bonding agent 1107K. Kaba, Y. Nagata, T. Maeshima & I. Iwaki

Long term expansions and deformations of real scale RC deck on steel girders causedby ASR 1113

Y. Takahashi, T. Maeshima, I. Iwaki & K. Maekawa

Development of an AI-aided hammering test system 1122Y. Kubota, Y. Nozoe, S. Takatsu, Y. Nagata, K. Tsuno, M. Iwata, Y. Kasai, J. Ye,T. Okuma & M. Murakawa

Practical improvement of deicing salt scaling resistance on RC bridge slab in the Tohokuregion of Japan 1127M. Zhang, M. Aba, Y. Sakoi, Y. Tsukinaga, Y.H. Kuang, S. Wabiko & M. Kushita

Empirical research on performance evaluation of highly durable RC road bridge deck atconstruction process 1134N. Sakakibara, Y. Tanaka, I. Iwaki, Y. Koda, K. Sato & T. Ishida

Salt damage simulation on each part and member of concrete bridge superstructure 1143J. Tomiyama, Y. Suda, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Kato & K. Arai

Numerical evaluation of remaining fatigue life of road bridge deck with data assimilationapproach 1152

Y. Tanaka, E. Fathalla & K. Maekawa

Evaluation of soundness of PC road bridge in severe chloride environment 1161

T. Iidoi, H. Ueda, Y. Koda & I. Iwaki

xiv

Overturning mechanisms and evaluation strategy of box girder bridges under extreme vehicleload 1169Z.J. Zhou, H.Y. Wu, X.F. Shi & H.Y. Ma

The difference of behaviors between RC deck and AFRP-RC deck in punching shear test 1175S. Tashima, H. Onishi, M. Moriai, N. Amano & S. Matsubara

Repairing effect of latex modified rapid hardening concrete on RC road bridge decksdeteriorated due to ASR and fatigue 1181

R. Kishira, T. Maeshima, Y. Koda & I. Iwaki

Effect of fly ash in Southeast Asia on the properties of mortar 1189

T.T. Win, R. Wattanapornprom & W. Pansuk

Evaluating early age thermal cracking risk of RC slabs on girder bridges 1195

A.I. Zerin & A. Hosoda

Data driven maintenance cycle focusing on deterioration mechanism of road bridge RC decks 1204

T. Ishida, J. Fang, E. Fathalla & T. Furukawa

Time-dependent change of bending performance of aramid short-fiber reinforced concreteexposed in water or air with different temperature 1211

A. Hokura, S. Miyazato, S. Okamura, D. Yoshimoto & H. Kurakata

Key technology on improving the durability of long-span bridges 1218

J.H. Zhan

A basic study on characteristics of RC beam using ESCON 1225

T. Nozawa, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Sonoda & H. Tamai

Experiments and structure performance of fabricated box channel 1232

Z.Q. Liu, K. Hu & X.F. Shi

MS12: Advances in experimental and computational simulation for extreme load performanceassessment of bridgesOrganizers: J. Hashemi, R. Al-Mahaidi & A.S. Whittaker

Hydrodynamic demands on coastal bridges due to wave impact 1241

R. Nasouri, A. Shahriar, A. Majlesi, A. Matamoros, A. Montoya & F. Testik

Multi-hazard events for bridges: State of play and numerical modeling of chained impactand fire scenarios 1249

F. Petrini, C. Rossi, K. Gkoumas & F. Bontempi

An integrated impact analysis for riverine bridges subjected to high river flows 1258

M. Pregnolato, P. Bates, A. Winter, A.D. Sem, D. Mascarenas & M.R. Motley

Numerical simulations of collapse tests on RC beams 1265

M. Domaneschi, G.P. Cimellaro, G.C. Marano, M. Morgese, C. Pellecchia & A.A. Khalil

Fragility analysis of FRP strengthened bridges under extreme wave-induced forces 1273

I.M.I. Qeshta, R. Gravina, S. Setunge & M.J. Hashemi

The real resistance of a 115-years old truss bridge 1281

P. Ryjáček, V. Stančík, J. Braun & P. Jašek

xv

MS13: Suitable maintenance for road bridge of municipalityOrganizers: S. Miyazato, H. Matsuda & K. Kinoshita

Proposal of suitable maintenance procedure for municipalities managed road bridges withearly deteriorations 1287S. Miyazato & D. Hanaoka

Discussion of maintenance strategies for a self-anchored suspension bridge’s main cable 1296X.H. Luo, Q.E. Deng & J.M. Xiao

Study on strength properties of butt-welded joints with stainless and carbon steel 1301S. Aramaki, T. Shimozato, M. Tai, H. Matsushita & Y. Shimura

A behavior brought by daily temperature changes in existing small bridge 1308T. Sugawara, H. Onishi, K. Terashima & A. Takahashi

The factors for the deterioration of renewed coating systems on the steel members 1313K. Okabe, H. Onishi, R. Yamazaki & Y. Shimamoto

Applicability of new inspection technologies and numerical analysis by 3D measurement fordamaged RCT bridge and cutting girder 1318K. Yamaguchi, S. Toyofuku & H. Matsuda

Nondestructive high-sensitivity magnetic detection of corrosion in light pole bases 1325T. Ishikawa, K. Tsukada & H. Furuta

Fundamental study on repair and life extension effect of reinforced concrete by surfacepenetrants 1329

D. Hanaoka & S. Miyazato

Clarification of performance requirements for utilizing robotic technology for regularinspection of steel bridges 1336R. Hasuike, K. Kinoshita, H. Hatano, H. Morimoto & K. Rokugo

MS14: Bridge safety evaluation and risk assessment: Code requirements vs. practicalconsiderationsOrganizers: D. Su, M. Liu & H. Nassif

Reliability assessment of prestressed bridges in Brazil using WIM data 1347

E. Portela, P. Lou, H.H. Nassif & T.N. Bittencourt

Risk-based decision tools for managing bridge assets 1355

G. Fiorillo & H. Nassif

Experimental study on acoustic emission characteristics of different bonding interfaces insteel-concrete composite beams 1363W. Lu, H. Si & D. Su

The joint effect of concrete strength and loss of longitudinal steel on the reliabilityof existing RC columns 1369L.C.R. Castro & S.M.C. Diniz

Dynamic effects of central green belt on a 3-span continuous concrete girder bridge 1377H.Y. Wu, A. Wang, Y. Xia & L.M. Sun

Characterization of superload traffic for bridge safety evaluation 1381D. Su, J. Jesso & Y. Wang

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Scour stability evaluation of bridge pier considering fluid-solid interaction 1386T.H. Yang, P.W. Chen, T.K. Lin & K.C. Chang

MS15: FRP strengthening of metallic structuresOrganizers: A. Al-Mosawe, R. Al-Mahaidi, X. Zhao & E. Ghafoori

Improved bond behavior of CFRP-steel composites by novel film adhesive at room andelevated temperatures 1395

L. Ke, C.X. Li, J. He, Z.Y. Chen, S. Dong, J.L. Zhou & Y. Jiao

State of the art review of the application of SMA in steel bridges 1403

T.P. Nguyen, A. Al-Mosawe & R. Al-Mahaidi

Strengthening steel bridges under fatigue loading: State-of-the-art review 1409

T.P. Nguyen, A. Al-Mosawe & R. Al-Mahaidi

Feasibility of novel SMA-CFRP retrofit system for fatigue strengthening of steel structures 1417

Z. Lv, G. Zhang, X. Jiang, X. Wu, X. Qiang & S. Dai

FE analysis of a steel bridge strengthened with CFRP laminates 1424

A. Al-Mosawe, R. Al-Mahaidi, D. Alwash, X.L. Zhao, A. Hosseini, M. Motavalli & E. Ghafoori

Quick strengthening technique of corroded steel pipe by thermosetting prepreg sheets ofbiaxial carbon fiber 1431M. Matsumura, T. Hara, K. Takemoto & K. Sugiura

MS16: Innovative methods in strengthening of concrete bridgesOrganizers: R. Kalfat, R. Al-Mahaidi & A. Al-Mosawe

Flexure strengthening of concrete bridge girders with concavely curved soffit using near-surface-mounted CFRP bars 1439

K. Al-Ghrery, R. Kalfat, A. Al-Mosawe, R. Al-Mahaidi & N. Oukaili

Flexural failure behavior of textile reinforced concrete 1444

B.S. Muoi, H. Ando, M. Kunieda, S.C. Lim & S. Terada

An FE study on the behavior of CFRP shear strengthened and anchored post-tensionedbeams 1453R. Jumaah, R. Kalfat, R. Al-Mahaidi & K. Abdouka

Punching shear strengthening of bridge decks using L-CFRP laminates 1458H. Saleh, K. Abdouka, R. Kalfat & R. Al-Mahaidi

MS17: Technical risk assessment in recent bridge accidents and disastersOrganizers: F. Collazos-Arias, D. García-Sánchez, M. Wahbhe, R. Boundouki, A.D. Orcesi& M.A. Valenzuela

State of the art of Chilean bridge collapse. Proposal of actions in Chilean bridge engineering 1467

M.A. Valenzuela, H. Pinto, M. Marquez & J.L. Seguel

Rehabilitation of bridges after heavy vehicle impacts with the parapet 1474

F. Collazos-Arias & D. García-Sánchez

Repair of a 19th century masonry bridge with piles settlement 1479

F. Collazos-Arias, L.C. López-Fando & T. Echeveste

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SHM as intervention and mitigation action in the context of H2020 RAGTIME case study–Mondalavia Viaduct 1485D. García-Sánchez, D. Zamora, J.C. Jimenez, F. Di Gennaro, F. Federizzi, C. Fuggini &I. Tesfai

Historical records of events related to technical risks in bridges and viaducts 1492

D. García-Sánchez, N. Tárrago, S. Pérez, A. Herrera, M. Gutierrez, I. Robles, R. Socorro,J.L. Burón & S. Lenart

Safety of existing infrastructures: The collapse of the Morandi bridge in Genoa 1499M. Domaneschi, G.P. Cimellaro, F. Ansari & M. Morgese

MS18: New NDE and monitoring technique for evaluating discrete damage in unhealthystructuresOrganizers: J. Lynch, D. Ozevin, L. Cao & T. Attard

Non-destructive evaluation by permanent magnet type Magnetic Main Flux Method 1509

H. Itoi, S. Shiiki, T. Moriya, K. Tsukada & S.K. Lee

Non-destructive inspection of corroded steel bars in concrete structures 1516

K. Suzuki & H. Hirata

Simulation of Radio Frequency Inductive Testing (RFIT) for deep sub-surface defects inconcrete 1524

P.G. McDonald, Z. Abbasi & L. Cao

Hidden Markov models for sequential damage detection of bridges 1528

O. Bahrami, W. Wang & J.P. Lynch

Assessment and prioritization strategies for scour critical bridges 1535

J. Chen, G. Xu & M. Hunnemann

MS19: Recent trends in monitoring and analysis of wind effects on long-span bridgesOrganizers: H. Wang, X. He & T. Tao

Monitoring of wind characteristics of tropical storms: A non-stationary perspective 1545T.Y. Tao & H. Wang

Short-term wind speed forecasting of downburst based on improved VARX model 1551P. Shi, H. Wang & T.Y. Tao

Inverse estimation wind-induced responses in bridges from acceleration and wind data 1556Ø.W. Petersen & O. Øiseth

Exploitation of local wind measurement data in long-span bridge design 1564A. Fenerci, T.M. Lystad, D.R.F. Castellon & O. Øiseth

Experimental determination of bridge deck aeroelastic derivatives by stochastic subspacetechnique 1571

X.Q. Liu, L. Yan & X.H. He

Flutter derivatives identification of bridge decks from free decay tests using an improvedArtificial Bee Colony algorithm 1578

Y. Lin, Z. Feng, X. Hua & Z. Chen

Wind-resistance safety evaluation for derrick cranes under construction of a long-spanbridge: A case study 1584Z.K. Zhang, X.Y. Kang, G.Y. Jing & Y. Xia

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SPECIAL SESSIONS

SS01: Vibration-based monitoring and damage identification for bridgesOrganizers: M.G. Limongelli, Y. Fujino & N.F. Catbas

Bridge scour identification based on time-frequency analysis of superstructures 1593

W. Xiong, C.S. Cai, X.T. Hou & X.Y. Gao

Localisation and quantification of stiffness loss based on the forced vibration of a beamtraversed by a quarter-car 1599K. Feng, A. González & M. Casero

Accuracy of instantaneous frequencies predicted by the Hilbert-Huang transform for abridge subjected to a moving vehicle 1607M. Casero, A. González & E. Covián

Bridge damage detection using acceleration influence line calibrated without access toa pre-weighed vehicle 1615

E.J. OBrien, D.P. McCrum & M.A. Khan

SMU – an open-source MATLAB package for structural model updating 1621

Y. Otsuki, D. Li, X. Dong & Y. Wang

Operational modal analysis of light pole-viaduct system from video measurements usingphase-based motion magnification 1629T.J. Saravanan, D.M. Siringoringo, Y. Fujino & S. Wangchuk

Structural model updating based on l2 and l∞ norm regularizations 1638Z.W. Luo & L. Yu

Uncertainty quantification: Data assimilation of numerical model of the Arade rivercable-stayed bridge 1646I.C. Santos, D.M. Frangopol, J.L.V. Brito & E.S. Caetano

SS02: Cracking simulation and measurement of concrete structuresOrganizers: H. Nakamura & H. Naito

Embedded fiber-optic sensors in reinforced concrete elements of bridge structures 1657

M. Domaneschi, G.P. Cimellaro, F. Ansari, M. Morgese & D. Inaudi

Evaluation of internal cracks in RC beams using vibration testing and wave propagation analysis 1665

H. Naito & J.E. Bolander

Detection method of corrosion area of rebar and corrosion induced internal crack by usingelectromagnetic wave radar 1672Y. Tada, T. Miura & H. Nakamura

Effect of corrosion distribution along rebar length on concrete surface crack development 1680D. Qiao, N. Kiyama, Z. Amalia, H. Nakamura & T. Miura

SS03: Steel bridge rehabilitationOrganizer: M. Sakano

Research on non-damage repair technology for fatigue crack of steel box girder bridge 1689J. Zhou & Z. Xu

xix

Verification of effectiveness of fatigue retrofit for rib-to-crossbeam connections inorthotropic deck bridges 1697L.H. Ichinose, S. Kunitoshi & M. Sakano

Rapid rehabilitation of deteriorated beam ends with ultra-high performance concrete 1706K.F. McMullen & A.E. Zaghi

Study on tightening torque of thread forming screws 1714H. Suzuki

Fatigue strength improvement for weld root of sole plate by filling resin 1719J. Tamari, T. Ishikawa, M. Hirohata & S. Tsutsumi

Development of retrofitting method for steel bridges under service 1727S. Maeda, T. Kawahigashi & T. Kasugai

Analytical evaluation of fatigue retrofit for trough-rib to transverse-rib welded joints inorthotropic steel decks 1732

A. Tanabe, R. Matsumoto, S. Kunitoshi & M. Sakano

Produce of root cracks in transverse fillet welds between sole plate and bottom flange 1740

T. Hirai, L.H. Ichinose & M. Sakano

Fatigue behavior of lower flanges in riveted girders removed from Amarube bridge 1746

Y. Shiraishi, M. Sakano & K. Matsumoto

SS04: Bridge design-maintenance and monitoring practices around the worldOrganizers: N.M. Apaydin, A. Chen & N.F. Catbas

Research in bridge maintenance, safety and management: An overview and outlook forEurope 1755K. Gkoumas, F.L.M. dos Santos & F. Pekar

The design and application of a wheel-moving fatigue test machine 1762H. Tian, X.L. Zheng, Z.M. You & A.R. Chen

A review of the durability of joints in concrete structures 1769Z. Ai, S. Yang, F. Ruan, Y. Shen & G. Li

Long-term monitoring of the Humber Bridge Hessle anchorage chamber 1779P.R.A. Fidler, P.J. Vardanega, N.A. Hoult & C.R. Middleton

Investigation of magnetic performance of bridge cables for damage detection 1787Q.W. Zhang, Y.C. Ni & R.Y. Xin

Structure and maintenance design for Lanzhou Chaijiaxia Yellow River Bridge 1793L. Zhou, J. Peng, Y. Wu, Z. Yin & X. Zhuang

SS05: Soil-steel composite bridges and culverts: Testing and numerical analysisOrganizers: D. Beben, J. Vaslestad, H. Sezen & T. Maleska

Behaviour of the soil-steel bridge with different soil cover height under seismic excitations 1801

T. Maleska & D. Beben

Testing of the longest span soil-steel bridge in Europe – new quality in measurements 1809

M. Miśkiewicz, B. Sobczyk & P. Tysiąc

xx

Analysis of soil-steel bridge with EPS geofoam under static loads 1816J. Nowacka, D. Beben & T. Maleska

Monitoring of soil-steel structures during construction and exploitation 1824Cz. Machelski, L. Janusz, A. Wadi & P. Tomala

Estimation of live load deflections for soil-steel composite bridges 1829A. Wadi & R. Karoumi

Field testing of a corrugated steel culvert at a shallow cover depth 1837Y. Liu, N.A. Hoult & I.D. Moore

SS06: Numerical simulation technique in life-cycle design and maintenance of bridgeOrganizers: Z. Pan & Y. Dong

On the fatigue assessment based on probabilistic fracture mechanics for the rib-to-deckwelded joint of orthotropic steel decks 1847

B. Wang & A. Chen

Continuum damage mechanics-based corrosion-fatigue analysis of high-strength steel wires 1854

C. Cui, R. Ma & A. Chen

Reliability-informed probabilistic analysis of corroded RC structure 1862

H. Guo & Y. Dong

A review of numerical simulation technique in durability issues of cementitious materials 1868

Z. Pan & A. Chen

Performance-based method for the impact-resistant design of reinforced concrete bridgemembers 1876Y. Liu, R. Ma, A. Chen & X. Zhou

Seismic performance of deteriorating concrete bridges 1884M. Domaneschi, J.R. Casas, A. De Gaetano & G.P. Cimellaro

The mechanical performance analysis of self-anchored suspension bridge with ultra-wideand double-sided steel box girder under vehicle loads 1893F.W. Wu, Y.J. Wen, J.F. Luo & J. Dai

Analysis of the service life of reinforced concrete bridges structures under the action ofchloride ions using computational software 1900

A. da C. Filgueira Filho, C.J.G. da Silva, F.C. Zarzar Júnior & R.A. Oliveira

SS07: Approaches to bridge management / Bridge management systems from around the worldOrganizers: R.M. Ellis, P.D. Thompson & R. Hajdin

Implementation of bridge management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1909R.M. Ellis, K. Galal & A. Almonbhi

Application of bridge maintenance and management system with BIM technology 1917Z.H. Li & M. Dong

Approach for management of bridge structures in a heterogeneous railway 1923L.F. Masini, M. Botelli, R. Queiroz, J. Junqueira, V. Barichello & J.F. Rodrigues

Experiences of the new management system of engineering structures in Finland 1930J. Wuorenjuuri

xxi

Decision support framework for terrestrial transportation infrastructure – Resilienceapproach 1935N. Tanasić & R. Hajdin

Bayesian updating of deterioration models and forecasting capabilities of the bridgemanagement system in the Province of Prince Edward Island 1942

D.J. Evans & R.M. Ellis

Bridge decommissioning and its impact on bridge management 1947

B.A. Bektas & A.J.M. Albughdadi

Advanced asset management tool for bridges and culverts 1953

H.D. Tran, S. Setunge, E. Amiri, Y.C. Koay & M.I. Alam

Risk management of expressway bridge projects in Vietnam: Current status and futureresearches 1962L.D. Dao, A.D. Le & T.D. Nguyen

Census, diagnosis, supervision, securing and management of bridges 1966

M. Micheloni, M.La Monica & M. Mainetti

SS08: Standardization of quality specifications for highway bridgesOrganizers: J.R. Casas & J.C. Matos

Proposed Bridge Management System and Quality Control plan in Chile 1977M.A. Marquez, M.A. Valenzuela, L. Acuña & P. Valenzuela

Quality specifications for roadway bridges in Europe: Overview of COST action TU1406 1985J.R. Casas & J.C. Matos

Performance indicators for European bridge management 1993A. Strauss, F. Sattler, M. Hoffmann, E. Apostolidi, S. Fernandes & J. Matos

Inspection of roadway bridges: A comparison at the European level 2006Z.I. Turksezer, P.F. Giordano, M.P. Limongelli & C. Iacovino

SS09: Sustainable marine structuresOrganizers: M. Iwanami, E. Kato, Y. Kawabata & N.T. Trung

Application of life cycle cost analysis for a maintenance strategy of reinforcement concretepile-type wharf in Viet Nam 2017N.D. Dinh & N.T. Trung

Nanoparticles for nanocomposite coatings for civil infrastructure systems 2024X. Wang, Z. Lin, F. Tang, Q. Cao & X. Qi

Effects of marine growth on jacket structures for the Vietnamese continental shelf condition 2028C.Q. Dinh & A.T. Bui

An estimation of total fatigue life of jack-up leg structures induced by wave loading 2034C.D. Quang & C.D. Vu

Replaceable superstructure system in open-type wharf for reliable maintenance of portconcrete structures 2041E. Kato, Y. Kawabata, T. Takahashi, Y. Izumida, E. Ooi, K. Kanemaru, K. Miyamaru,M. Iwanami & H. Yokota

xxii

Research on shear performance of innovative demountable steel-concrete bolt connectors 2047W. Xue, J. Chen & Y. Xin

Effect of stirrups on concrete crack propagation induced by steel bar corrosion 2052X.Y. Xu, Y.X. Zhao & J. Xia

Research on overview of structure, evaluation and maintenance solutions for ports in HaiPhong fairways, Viet Nam 2059D.T. Nguyen & H.D. Nguyen

Effect of rebar corrosion in concrete on interaction zone under tensile load 2068A. Kunawisarut, M. Iwanami, N. Chijiwa & K. Nakayama

Proposal of pile connection method for precast superstructure of port pier 2075K. Ikeno, Y. Kawabata, E. Kato & M. Iwanami

SS10: Life-cycle redundancy, robustness and resilience of bridges and infrastructure networksunder multiple hazardsOrganizers: F. Biondini & D.M. Frangopol

Resilience-based seismic risk assessment of aging bridge networks under climate change 2085L. Capacci & F. Biondini

Risk-based life-cycle analysis of highway bridge networks 2094G. Fiorillo & M. Ghosn

A procedure for estimating the risk and resilience of bridge networks under both seismic andtsunami hazards 2101H. Ishibashi, T. Kojima, M. Akiyama, D.M. Frangopol & S. Koshimura

Interdependency models for resilience analysis of transportation networks 2108W. Sun, P. Bocchini & B.D. Davison

Exploring the connectivity reliability of large-scale bridge networks based on multilevelk-way graph partition 2117

J. Wang & S. Li

Probabilistic model for resilience assessment of the Belgian road network 2120

L. Sgambi, T. Jacquin, N. Basso & E. Garavaglia

Bayes method for bridge robustness assessment based on monitoring data 2126

L. Zhang, L. Dong, Y. He, S. Cheng, G. Wang, B. Wang, K. Chen, H. Liu & M. Chen

Structural analysis and robustness assessment of cable-stayed bridges under cable corrosion 2131

L. Rossi & F. Biondini

SS11: Application of vehicle-bridge interaction to bridge maintenance and safetyOrganizers: X. Kong, L. Deng, C.S. Cai & Y. Li

Foundation scour detection method based on dynamic responses of bridge due to vehicle braking 2143T. Yang, Y. Li & X. Lin

Study of the influence of track and wagon defects on the safety of railway bridge structures 2151J.F. Rodrigues, L.F. Masini, M. Botelli, J. Junqueira, V. Barichello, A. Sisdelli, A. Merheb &L. Valente

xxiii

Dynamic stress analysis of steel bridge decks using coupled train-track-bridge system model 2158H.L. Li & L. Zhang

The passenger comfort of human-bus-road coupled vibration due to different sitting positions 2165J. Zhang, X. Kong & G. Wang

Influence of vehicle-bridge interaction on the accuracy of moving force identification 2173Z. Chen, Z. Wang & L. Deng

Modal parameter identification for regular bridges using vehicle sensing technique:Simulation and experiment 2182X. Jian, L. Sun & Y. Xia

Multiple presence factor for live loads on road-rail bridges 2188B.R. Dai, Q. Li & D.J. Wu

SS12: Deterioration modelling and structural reliability analysis of bridgesOrganizers: M. Mahmoodian & C. Li

Statistical analysis of corrosion-induced area loss of steel bar in concrete 2199

F. Tang, L. Zhao, H. Cui, H.N. Li, H. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Lin & H. Pan

An integrated data-driven approach for deterioration modelling of flexural cracking inconcrete bridges 2205E. Amiri, S. Setunge, M. Mahmoodian & H.D. Tran

Assessment of cracked concrete bridge girders 2213H.D. Tran, S. Setunge & M. Mahmoodian

System reliability analysis of girders considering the spatial randomness of corrosion 2220L. Li, C.Q. Li & M. Mahmoodian

SS13: Constructability difficulties of bridges and solutionsOrganizers: U. Attanayake, H. Aktan & M. LaViolette

Effect of temporary bracing system on the overhang deflection in skewed bridges during deckslab construction 2231F. Hraib, L. Hui, R. Hindi & M. Vicente

Replacement of Fresh Pond Bridge 2237A.P. Ranasinghe, M. Feteha & L.N. Weber

Eliminating deck overhang issues during deck placement on steel I-girder bridges 2240A. Inceefe, U. Attanayake & H. Aktan

Systematic evaluation of steel I-girder bridge constructability 2249A. Inceefe, U. Attanayake & H. Aktan

SS14: Bridge structural health monitoring for infrastructure managementOrganizers: T. Yi & J. Li

Live-load strain evaluation of the concrete box-girder bridges using deep learning 2261

K. Yang, H.W. Zhao, Y.L. Ding & C.F. Wan

Analysis using modal information in SSI by dynamic observability method 2265T. Peng, J.R. Casas & J. Turmo

xxiv

Fast bridge damage detection based on portable sensing equipment 2273C.Y. Liu, Y. Xu & K.X. Wang

Deformation features of a long-span arch bridge based on long-term monitoring data 2279G.D. Zhou & D.K. Liu

Study on the decrement factors in tension behavior of fractured stay cables with grout-filledprotective tubes 2285K. Ono, K. Osada, M. Hattori & S. Nojima

Structural damage detection based on swarm intelligence technique and hybrid objectivefunction 2293

Z.H. Ding, J. Li & H. Hao

Damage localization of bridge based on moving sensing-filtering integrated system 2297

Z.H. Nie, Y.K. Xie, Z.F. Shen & H.W. Ma

Time-varying analysis of structural displacement of cable-stayed bridge subjected to thermaleffects 2301

D.H. Yang, T.H. Yi & H.N. Li

Spatial thermal effects for steel bridge girders subjected to time varying ambient temperature 2306

T.H. Yi & G.D. Zhou

A two-stage approach for structural damage detection using MSE and ALO-INM 2311

C.B. Chen, Z.W. Luo & L. Yu

Structural status pre-warning method for operational bridge utilizing single-class supportvector machine 2318J.Y. Lei, L.F. Hu & Q.S. Xiao

Temperature effect extraction based on variational mode decomposition 2327W. Lu, Y. Cui, J. Teng, W.H. Hu & Z.H. Li

Using deep learning technique for non-model based vibration response reconstruction 2332G. Fan, J. Li & H. Hao

SS15: Monitoring techniques and their interpretation for the integrity assessment of bridgesOrganizers: T. Shiotani, Y. Yang & E. Lantsoght

Monitoring structural responses during proof load testing of reinforced concrete bridges:A review 2339

G.I. Zarate Garnica, F. Zhang, Y. Yang, C. van der Veen, E.O.L. Lantsoght, M. Naaktgeboren& S.A.A.M. Fennis

A study on fabrications and vibration characteristics of steel finger joints simulating damagestages 2347H. Iwabuki, A. Yabe, S. Ono & S. Tanaka

Smart Bridge: The duraBASt test bridge equipped with RFID-based sensors 2353C. Strangfeld, I. Hindersmann & E. Niederleithinger

The application of interferometric radar for measuring lateral vibration of bridges 2359P. Olaszek

Monitoring techniques for deterioration of concrete bridges due to chloride attack 2367K. Matsuyama, K. Nakatsui, T. Sonoda, T. Kouchi & M. Nakano

xxv

Improved SIBIE procedure with multi sensor array for 3D visualization of damage in RCslab 2372K. Hashimoto, T. Shiotani & M. Ohtsu

Monitoring method for the distribution of prestressing force by optical fiber 2379K. Okubo, M. Imai, N. Sogabe, S. Yamanobe, M. Oikawa, S. Nakaue, K. Chikiri,T. Kobayashi & J. Niwa

Evaluation of influence of prestressing on ASR-damaged concrete using NDT 2386

A. Sagradyan & N. Ogura

Acoustic Emission-based crack tracking for existing concrete structures: Influence of numberof load cycles and loading speed 2393F. Zhang, Y. Yang & M.A.N. Hendriks

Evaluation of concrete strength and defects in concrete by elastic wave methods 2400T. Watanabe, A. Nouchi, S. Fujimoto & C. Hashimoto

Reliability of a damaged RC slab structure using Model Code 2010 safety formats for NLFEA 2405

A. De Boer, E.O.L. Lantsoght & Y. Yang

A study on monitoring multi-scale concrete members with coda-wave interferometry usingembedded transducers 2413C. Kevinly, F. Zhang, Y. Yang, D. Draganov & C. Weemstra

SS16: Application of UHPC for bridge structuresOrganizers: M. Hosotani, C. Shi, T.B. Viet & H. Yokota

Experimental study on the shear performance of the stiffened web of UHPC box girder 2421

R.S. Pan, C.X. Li & X.D. Shao

The modification of UHPC composite deck at a bridge with orthotropic steel deck 2426

J.J. Shua

Long-term durability of railway structures using ultra high strength fiber reinforcedconcrete 2432

T. Kawaguchi, K. Sakashita, H. Musha & H. Yoshimoto

Time-dependent strength gain of a nonproprietary ultrahigh-performance concrete 2439

M.P. Manning, T.S. Alahmari & B.D. Weldon

The study to stress regularities of UHPC prestressed T-beam’s upper plate 2448

Q.L. Xu

The features of various UFC bridges and its durability investigation in Japan 2454

H. Musha, T. Watanabe, O. Hashimoto, Y. Ishii & M. Ikeda

Roadmap for autogenous shrinkage control of UHPC 2463

L. Yang, C. Shi & Z. Wu

Experimental study on precast deck connection using ultra-high-performance concrete 2469

K. Sasaki

SS17: Innovations and advances of composite techniques in bridge maintenance and rehabilitationOrganizers: W. Lin & C. Xu

Application of a composite strengthening technique in steel bridge rehabilitation 2479W. Lin, N. Taniguchi & T. Yoda

xxvi

Multi-parameters decision-making algorithms for project level bridge maintenance 2486C.Z. Gui, J.Q. Lei, W.W. Lin, Y. Hou, Z.W. Huang, Z. Duan & Y.H. Zhang

Shear performance of demountable perforated steel-tube connector for accelerated assemblybridge construction 2498J. He, C. Li, G. Vasdravellis, E. Feidaki, S. Wang & Y. Liu

Effects of bonding between RC slab and steel upper flange on the elasto-plastic behavior ofsteel-concrete composite girders 2506

C. Fang, K. Ono, T. Miyashita, W. Lin, M. Shirato, Y. Sato & H. Tachibana

Four-point bending test of composite girders for limit state design in Japan 2511

Y. Sato, H. Tachibana, T. Miyashita, K. Ono & M. Shirato

SS18: Advances in SHM of bridges and critical infrastructuresOrganizers: F. Ansari, N.F. Catbas, G.P. Cimellaro, M. Domaneschi & R. Greco

Investigation of the structural system conversion under transverse wind load based on thelong-term monitoring lateral response of Sutong Bridge 2517C.X. Ge

Ultrasonic coda wave monitoring of concrete structures: First experiences with large-scaleexperiments and real structures 2525

E. Niederleithinger, T. Schumacher, X. Wang, N. Epple, S. Ahmed & P. Klikowicz

Ratio-based features for data-driven bridge monitoring and damage detection 2532

A. Döring, P. Waibel, J. Matthes, L. Bleszynski, O. Scherer, H.B. Keller, S. Keller, J. Müller& O. Schneider

Artificial intelligent technology applications for bridge scour 2542Y.B. Lin, X.Q. Liu, K.C. Chang, T.K. Lin, P.S. Yang & C.C.K. Shen

SS19: Sustainability considerations for bridge managementOrganizers: K. Sakai, D. Choi & H. Yokota

New requirements to old railway structures challenges engineers in Finland 2549J. Wuorenjuuri

Status and future of construction industry and road bridges in Japan from the viewpoint ofsustainability 2553

T. Matsuka, H. Yokota, N. Takeshita & K. Sakai

Evolution of bridge construction in Japan 2562

A. Kasuga

SS20: Mechanisms of internal swelling reactions and those effects on structural performancesOrganizers: K. Yamada, Y. Takahashi, Y. Kawabata & J. Torrenti

Modeling the effect of fly ash on alkali-silica reaction in concrete considering the reductionof alkali concentration in pore water 2571R. Taguchi & Y. Takahashi

Performance based design and maintenance strategy with controlling ASR 2579K. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, Y. Kawabata, Y. Sagawa, N. Ueda, Y. Kubo & S. Ogawa

Effect of aggregate mineralogical composition on DEF in concrete 2588M. Malbois, F. Benboudjema, J.M. Torrenti, L. Divet & S. Lavaud

xxvii

Estimation of temperature in the French recommendations for the prevention of disordersdue to delayed ettringite formation 2593J.M. Torrenti

Mechanisms of internal swelling reactions: Recent advances and future research needs 2599Y. Kawabata, K. Yamada, S. Ogawa & Y. Sagawa

A method keeping total alkali content and maximizing water supply for concrete prism testof potential expansion by ASR 2608

K. Yamada, Y. Kawabata, S. Ogawa & Y. Sagawa

Study of expansion and subsequent damage due to ASR and DEF 2613

T. Sriprasong, T. Okubo, N.R. Joshi & S. Asamoto

Poromechanical models for time-dependent mechanical performance of concrete with ASR 2619

Y. Takahashi

Modeling structural effects of DEF: Lessons learned from real-case studies 2628

J.F. Seignol

A study on ASR expansion behavior of concrete exposed to natural environment for 5 years:Experimental and numerical approaches 2637

T. Kawakami, Y. Sagawa, Y. Kawabata, K. Yamada & S. Ogawa

An experimental discussion on bond strength reduction of ASR damaged concrete 2644

D. Yamamoto, H. Hamada & Y. Sagawa

Research on a new approach assessing ASR of concrete structures for nuclear facilities 2651

J. Eto, S. Ogawa, K. Shibuya, Y. Kawabata, G. Igarashi, A. Teramoto, I. Maruyama &K. Yamada

Expansion behavior of cement pastes containing additives due to delayed ettringiteformation 2659H. Takahashi, S. Ogawa, M. Shibata, M. Kuranaga, S. Watanabe, K. Mishiba & Y. Kawabata

Identification of iron sulfide minerals in aggregates by accelerated mortar bar test 2664W. Saengsoy, L. Yongchaitrakul, P. Sinlapasertsakulwong & S. Tangtermsirikul

SS21: Analysis of fatigue membersOrganizers: C. Fujiyama, T. Kisaku, T. Hanji & B. Suryanto

Local stress based fatigue assessment of welded joints in steel-concrete composite slab usingangle-shape shear connectors 2673T. Hanji, K. Tateishi, M. Shimizu, K. Asano, T. Ishii, K. Kobayashi & D. Uchida

Numerical analysis of RC Gerber bridge girder subjected to fatigue loading 2682A.I. Quadri & C. Fujiyama

Fatigue life prediction for concrete bridges using Bayesian network 2690M. Yuan, Y. Liu, D. Yan & L. Huang

Correlation between the fiber content and orientation and the mechanical behaviour of fiber-reinforced concrete subjected to static and cyclic three point bending test by the use of CT-Scan technology 2697

D.C. González, A. Mena, J. Mínguez & M.A. Vicente

Influence of bond on the fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beams without stirrups 2705

B. Suryanto & N. Chijiwa

xxviii

Fatigue crack growth arrester using gourd-shaped-insert-plate for steel bridge deck 2711T. Murakami, Y. Yamashita, M. Nakatani & Y. Akizuki

SS22: Advances in NDE/NDT for the bridge assessmentOrganizers: C.C. Fu, C. Xiang & Y. Gu

Damage identification of simply support beam based on strain energy information entropy 2719

C.S. Xiang, L.Y. Li, C. Dang & Y. Zhou

Damage detection of beam structure using influencing line based on information entropyfusion 2728

Y. Zhou, S.K. Di, Z. Yuan & C.S. Xiang

Dynamic performance assessment on a MDTA overpass steel bridge with newly constructedlink slabs 2734Y. Zhu, K. Hou, C.C. Fu & N. Li

SS23: Life-cycle analysis: Probabilistic modeling of the deterioration and recovery of bridgesand transportation infrastructure, and the optimal allocation of resourcesOrganizers: P. Gardoni, M. Sanchez Silva, M. Pandey & G. Jia

Modelling the interactions between defect mechanisms on metal bridges 2743

G. Calvert, L. Neves, J. Andrews & M. Hamer

Post-event regional seismic risk assessment via vector-IM based record updating 2752

A. Du & J.E. Padgett

A new infrastructure management software for the optimization of road investments 2759

M. Frizzarin & P. Franchetti

Age, state, and environment dependent non-homogeneous stochastic model for improvedbridge deterioration prediction 2766M. Li & G. Jia

Dimension reduction and surrogate based approach for optimal seismic risk mitigation oflarge-scale transportation network 2774M. Li, Z. Wang & G. Jia

Bayesian updating the resistance estimate of existing aging bridges with service load history 2781C. Wang & Q.W. Li

Time-varying fragility functions for bridges subject to main shock-aftershock sequencesincluding damage accumulation during the events and calibration based on available data 2787

L. Iannacone & P. Gardoni

SS24: Rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete and steel structures with UHPFRCOrganizers: T. Matsumoto, E. Brühwiler, A. Miyamoto, K. Rokugo, K. Maruyama &M. Kunieda

Analytical investigation of structural behaviour of an RC void slab bridge improved withUHPFRC 2797

T. Makita, H. Kitagawa, S. Kumagai & H. Tatematsu

Cracking resistance of UHPFRC for repair application 2805

M. Kunieda, K. Asai & K. Sasaki

xxix

Applications of UHPFRC for rehabilitation of bridges in severe winter climates 2810Y. Kosaka, T. Imai, H. Mitamura & T. Matsumoto

Full-scale test for upgrading existing bridges using AFt-UHPFRC 2818Y. Watanabe, S. Yanai, T. Makita & H. Kitagawa

Bridge enhancement by means of the UHPFRC Technology: Concepts and recentapplications 2827E. Brühwiler

The seismic safety bearing system for existing concrete bridges with J-THIFCOM 2834K. Ueda, T. Imai, H. Mitamura & Y. Kosaka

Development of UHPFRC overlay method for RC slabs focusing on interface treatment 2842T. Watanabe, T. Kanou & M. Ishida

Influence of insufficient early-age strength of UHPFRC on rehabilitation of OSDs 2851P.R. Deng, T. Matsumoto, H. Kaminishi & Y. Gouda

Finite element analysis on strengthening effect of the UHPFRC-steel composite deck 2858C.H. Ma, P.R. Deng, T. Matsumoto, K. Ueda & H. Mitamura

Applications of UHPFRC to the rehabilitations and strengthenings to bridges 2865T. Matsumoto, Y. Gouda & H. Mitamura

Wheel-load-running fatigue test of an UHPFRC-steel composite bridge deck 2871D. Makino, Y. Gouda, H. Mitamura & S. Matsui

SS25: Protective surface treatment for durability enhancement and service life extension ofconcrete bridgesOrganizers: J. Dai, P. Zhang & F.H. Wittmann

A practical method for durability design of marine concrete structures treated with silane 2881Y. Zeng, D.W. Zhang, J.G. Dai, M.S. Fang, W.L. Jin, S. Li & H. Wang

Influence of water repellent surface impregnation of cracked SHCC on steel corrosion 2888P. Zhang, F.H. Wittmann & T.J. Zhao

Improvements of carbonation and chloride resistance of concrete treated with nano-modifiedcoatings 2892C.H. Fan, G. Li & J.C. Zhou

Water penetration into strain hardening cementitious composites before and after water-repellent surface impregnation 2898

F. Wittmann, P. Zhang & T. Zhao

Experimental study on fiber reinforced repair material for concrete structure 2903

S. Gao & L. Zhang

SS26: Advances in assessment, simulation, and retrofit of corroded bridgesOrganizers: D. Lavorato, M.M. Kashani, N. Alexander, C. Nuti & B. Briseghella

Incremental Modal Pushover Analysis (IMPA) for bridges 2911A.V. Bergami, D. Lavorato, C. Nuti & G. Fiorentino

Shear strength prediction of TCSWs with artificial pitting based on ANN 2920X. Wei, Z.Y. Wen, L. Xiao & G. Li

xxx

Experimental investigation of corrosion damage on reinforced concrete beams to correlatecrack width and mass loss 2927H. Nasser, C. Van Steen, R. Vrijdaghs, L. Vandewalle & E. Verstrynge

Test method of simulating erosion and fatigue load of prefabricated bridge joints 2935J. Zhao, F. Li & Y. Fang

Residual flexural capacity of post-tensioned PC beams having ruptured tendons and theeffect of re-grouting 2944

H. Mutsuyoshi, I.S.K. Wijayawardane & T. Yokota

SS27: ICT and 3D technology for maintenance and management of large-scale structuresOrganizers: S. Kanai, A. Takasu & H. Masuda

Robust extraction of steel materials of large structure from point clouds 2953I. Yoshiuchi & H. Masuda

Deep learning approach to modeling bridge dynamics using cameras and sensors 2961T. Kawakatsu, K. Aihara, A. Takasu & J. Adachi

A data management platform for efficient monitoring of infrastructures 2970K. Aihara, A. Takasu, T. Kawakatsu, A. Kinoshita & J. Adachi

Automated correction of the bridge slab-bending effect using terrestrial laser scanning 2978M. Nakagawa, K. Sasaki, S. Matsuda, H. Ito, Y. Yamaguchi & K. Kurita

Data modeling based on a 3D BIM standard and viewer system for the bridge inspections 2984F. Tanaka, Y. Nakajima, E. Egusa & M. Onosato

Multi-view stereo reconstruction technique for weakly-textured surfaces 2992K. Akutsu, S. Kanai, H. Date, Y. Niina & R. Honma

SS28: Risk control, smart operation and effective maintenance of long-span bridges: Inconjunction with TC-18, ACECCOrganizers: H. Kim & H. Katsuchi

Response of suspension bridge in yawed wind 3003

T. Hanai, M. Takeguchi & M. Hongo

Asymptotic formulas for vibration-based cable tension identification accounting foruncertain boundary conditions 3008X.L. Le, H. Katsuchi & H. Yamada

Aerodynamic properties of shape modified cables by illumination cables using Large EddySimulation 3016P.D. Tam, H. Katsuchi & H. Yamada

Seismic response of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to spatially varying orthogonal groundmotions 3024

T. Kim, O.-S. Kwon & J. Song

Loading test and development of structural health monitoring for extradosed bridges 3030

Y.C. Sung, H.H. Hung & C.K. Su

xxxi

SS29: Data informatics for SHM of bridgesOrganizers: H. Kim & E. Caetano

Automated operational modal analysis of an end-supported pontoon bridge usingcovariance-driven stochastic subspace identification and a density-based hierarchicalclustering algorithm 3041

K.A. Kvåle & O. Øiseth

Automated long-term damping estimation of the cable-stayed bridge using faulty data inwireless sensor network 3049

S. Kim, B.F. Spencer & H.-K. Kim

Digital twin visualization of beam structure using strain-displacement relationship 3054

M. Han, S. Shin & J.H. Lee

Seismic monitoring of cable-stayed bridge using wireless sensor network 3060

D.M. Siringoringo, Y. Fujino, V. Mehta, Y. Kazui & M. Suzuki

SS30: Latest developments on the seismic response of integral abutment bridgesOrganizers: B. Briseghella, S. Mitoulis, C. Nuti, A. Palermo & P.W. Yen

Pseudo-static test on mechanical behavior of pile with pre-hole filled by rubber particles 3071B. Briseghella, R.H. Fu, J.Q. Xue, Y.B. Lin, F.Y. Huang & C. Nuti

Research on mechanical behaviors of multi-span jointless bridge with link slabs over piersand abutments 3076

J.Q. Xue, J.H. Lin, B. Briseghella, F.Y. Huang & C. Nuti

Experimental study on SSI of flat buried approach slab in jointless bridge 3082

J.Q. Xue, Y.F. Tang, B. Briseghella, F.Y. Huang, B.C. Chen & C. Nuti

Physical model of an Integral Abutment bridge: Numerical and experimental analyses 3089

G. Fiorentino, D. Lavorato, C. Nuti, F. De Luca, C. Cengiz, A. Sextos, G. Mylonakis &B. Briseghella

Ductility behavior of skewed integral abutment bridge 3095

Q.H. Zhao, Q.L. Weng & S. Dong

Critical seismic response analysis of skewed integral abutment bridges 3102

Q.H. Zhao, Q.W. Wang & S. Dong

SS31: Fatigue linked retrofitting, life extension and advanced assessment in metallic bridgesOrganizers: K. Kinoshita, A. Nussbaumer, M. Chryssanthopoulos, K. Anami & S. Ono

Crack behaviour after High Frequency Mechanical Impact treatment in welded S355structural steel 3113

H. Al-Karawi, M. Al-Emrani & J. Hedegård

Fatigue crack repair by TIG-remelting 3120

H. Al-Karawi, A. Manai, M. Al-Emrani, R.U. Franz von Bock, N. Friedrich & J. Hedegård

Experimental study on fatigue characteristic of high-strength bolted friction type joints usingcorroded weathering steel 3128

K. Inoue, S. Ono & S. Tanaka

Fatigue analysis of riveted connections using the theory of critical distances 3135

B. Imam & H. Gorouhi

xxxii

Giving new life to fatigue life-expired critical details 3143J.M. Bonnett, R.A. Percy, P.J. Robinson & K. Antoniou

Numerical investigation of rib-to-crossbeam joint in orthotropic steel decks 3151H. Fang, N. Iqbal, G. Van Staen & H. De Backer

A literature review of pre-fatigued structures treated by TIG dressing 3159A. Manai

Influence of grid blast on the fatigue strength improvement by peening 3165Y. Banno, K. Kinoshita, T. Ishikawa & K. Anami

SS32: Performance-based earthquake engineering: Seismic resilience for bridgesOrganizers: Q. Wu & Z. Sun

Seismic risk and resilience assessment of composite bridges using hybrid fragility 3177

Y. Liu, Z. Mei, D.G. Lu & F. Paolacci

Plastic and damage behaviour of a masonry arch viaduct to foreshocks and a mainshockseismic sequence with a Barcelona Material Model 3184

I.J. Drygala & J.M. Dulinska

Dynamic response of a composite bridge to mining tremors from main mining regions inPoland 3190I.J. Drygala & J.M. Dulinska

SS33: Data-driven asset management – The Scandinavian wayOrganizers: L.F. Pedersen, J.S. Jensen & P. Linneberg

From condition to performance assessment of bridges – The challenge 3201

P. Linneberg

Data-driven asset management by the Swedish Transport Administration 3209

F. Olsson & H. Pétursson

Data-driven asset management on the state roads of Denmark 3215

M. Ebbesen

Using the owners experience through big data & AI to improve new projects and assetmanagement 3220

L.F. Pedersen

SS34: Design, construction and evaluation of pedestrian bridgesOrganizers: E. Hwang, W. Park & U. Starossek

FE modelling of the Streicker footbridge 3229M.G. Mulas, B. Glisic, M. Domaneschi & F. Venuti

Assessment of the remaining service life of Curado walkway and the bridge over the RiverTanque, Pernambuco, Brazil 3237

C. Gomes, A. Vitório, A. Carneiro & R. Oliveira

Eccentric-wing flutter stabilizer – Effectiveness and costs 3244

U. Starossek

xxxiii

SS35: Monitoring strategies for enhancing transport infrastructure resilienceOrganizers: S. Mitoulis, D. Achillopoulou, S. Argyroudis & V. Livina

Data driven condition assessment of railway infrastructure 3251C. Hoelzl, V. Dertimanis, E. Chatzi, D. Winklehner, S. Züger & A. Oprandi

Laboratory investigation of digital image correlation techniques for structural assessment 3260

M. Domaneschi, G.P. Cimellaro, M. De Iuliis & G.C. Marano

Data-driven resilience assessment for transport infrastructure exposed to multiple hazards 3267

S.A. Argyroudis, D.V. Achillopoulou, V. Livina & S.A. Mitoulis

Resilient monitoring of the structural performance of reinforced concrete bridges usingguided waves 3275D.V. Achillopoulou, S.A. Mitoulis & N.K. Stamataki

A risk-based taxonomy for bridges at risk of flooding 3282M. Pregnolato, G. Gavriel & F.D. Lopane

Breakwater inspection system using airborne LiDAR 3286T. Ueno, T. Emaru, A.A. Ravankar & Y. Kobayashi

SS36: Machine learning-based SHM data analysis and condition assessment for bridgesOrganizers: Y. Bao, H. Sun & Z. Chen

Output-only structural modal identification methods based on neural network 3295Y.Q. Bao, D.W. Liu & H. Li

Automated generation of FE mesh of concrete structures from 3D point cloud usingcomputer vision technology 3300J. Shu, K. Zandi & W. Zhao

Seasonal effects on novelty detection using ANNs for SHM 3304A.C. Neves, I. González, R. Karoumi & J. Leander

Deep convolutional neural network for the analysis of bridge element data 3313G. Fiorillo & H. Nassif

Pixel-level damage detection for concrete spalling and rebar corrosion based on U-netsemantic segmentation 3319

Y. Xu, W.D. Qiao, Y.Q. Bao, H. Li & Y.F. Zhang

Structural damage detection based on SSA with CI and sensitivity analysis 3327X.E. Wang, H.L. Liu & L. Yu

SS37: BRIDGE|50 research project: Experimental testing on a 50-year-old PC bridgeOrganizers: F. Biondini, S. Manto, C. Beltrami & F. Tondolo

BRIDGE|50 research project: Residual structural performance of a 50-year-old bridge 3337

F. Biondini, S. Manto, C. Beltrami, F. Tondolo, M. Chiara, B. Salza, M. Tizzani, B. Chiaia,A. Lencioni, L. Panseri & L. Quaranta

Corso Grosseto viaduct: Historical and technical overview 3345P. Savino, M. Anghileri, M. Chiara, B. Salza & L. Quaranta

Dynamic tests and modal identification of Corso Grosseto viaduct decks before thedismounting 3352

A. Quattrone, D. Sabia, F. Tondolo, L. Capacci, A. Lencioni & C. Legramandi

xxxiv

Bridge visual inspections: Experience of local authorities and the case study of the CorsoGrosseto viaduct 3358C. Beltrami, S. Bianchi, M. Cervio, M. Anghileri, R. Felicetti, A. Quattrone, M. Chiara,B. Salza & D. Masala

Deconstruction of the Corso Grosseto viaduct and setup of a testing site for full scale loadtests 3365M. Anghileri, F. Biondini, G. Rosati, P. Savino, F. Tondolo, D. Sabia, S. Manto, M. Nivriera,C. Trincianti, D. Ventura, G. Monti, C. Legramandi & C. Caruso

SS38: Electro-chemical corrosion protection to extend the service life of concrete bridgesOrganizers: L. Haixue, R.G. Pillai & C. Xu

Life prediction of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge double arch approach bridge 3373

C.F. Xu, D.L. Li, M.Y. Ma, S.Y. Cao & J. Guo

Galvanic protection of piles in a marine environment 3379

J.C. Ball

Experimental study on corrosion resistance of steel in simulated hole solution with corrosioninhibitor and sacrificial anode protection method 3387C.F. Xu, D.L. Li, H. Yan, J.P. Zhang, S.Y. Cao & Z.W. Lu

SS39: Bridge-vehicle interaction and their applicationsOrganizers: V. Pakrashi & A. O’Connor

Influence of quasi-static track deformations on the ride comfort of high speed trains 3397

Q. Li, Y. Wu & Q. Wu

Coupled vehicle-bridge-driver modelling of exposed long-span fjord crossings: An initialstudy 3406

S. Reymert, A. Rönnquist, O. Øiseth, Ø. Petersen & L. Drugge

Identifying damage in a bridge by analysing rotation response to a moving load 3415

C. McGeown, F. Huseynov, E.J. O’Brien, V. Pakrashi, D. Hester & P. McGetrick

SS40: Design expectations and actual field performance of existing bridgesOrganizers: C. Modena, P.G. Malerba & F. Bontempi

Seismic response analysis of long-span rigid frame bridge with high-rising piers subjected tonear-fault earthquake 3425

Y.P. Zeng, K.J. Chen, J. Dong & G.J. Yang

Three-dimensional seismic fragility analysis of long-span railway bridge components withhigh pier 3431

J. Dong, G.J. Yang, Y.P. Zeng, L. Pang & L.W. Liu

Comfort performances improvements in existing footbridges by the Tuned-Mass DamperInerter (TMDI) 3437M. De Angelis, F. Petrini & D. Pietrosanti

GENERAL SESSIONS

Wave-based depth evaluation of pile bents in a rail viaduct 3449

H. Wang, C.-H. Hu, S.-H. Hsieh, Y.-C. Tsai, H.-C. Tsai & C.-Y. Wang

xxxv

The development of bridge management system in Indonesia 3455R.P. Pratama & R. Irawan

Conservation methods for prestressed concrete bridges and composite bridges with concreteand steel 3463H. Sakai

Research on seismic performance of suspension bridge with separated girder and tower 3472L.P. Liu, J.Q. Li, Y.Y. Zhang & H.J. Zhu

Romanian Civil Engineer Anghel Saligny – An example for all civil engineers everywhere 3479V. Popa

Bridge management: Data collection for bridge upgrades 3487P.S. McCarten

Study on the influence of cast iron deck joint on asphalt pavement 3495T. Tomoda, M. Nakano, A. Kiyokawa, M. Murayama, K. Kasahara & N. Fukuzumi

Sensor design and testing for bolt monitoring based on fiber optic technology 3502H.Y. Wu & R.X. Zhao

New seismic retrofit methodology for wall-type RC bridge piers 3507K. Kawamura, A. Hata, T. Shindoh, J. Sakamoto & M. Hosotani

Current state and problems of ASR-deteriorated and retrofitted bridges 3515M. Tsuda, S. Ura, T. Minato & K. Torii

Improvement of inspection and maintenance gantries on the Honshu Shikoku Bridges 3523K. Imai, K. Endo, T. Matsuo & S. Hirota

Stress reduction at drilled crack-arrest holes by adding splice plates 3531S. Kiyokawa, K. Tateishi, T. Hanji & M. Shimizu

Mechanical properties of steel-concrete composite girder during fire 3540Y. Takahashi, Y. Imagawa & O. Ohyama

Vibration-based anomaly detection method for structural health monitoring of in-servicestructures under ambient vibration 3547H.T. Khuyen, T. Mizutani, H. Uchibori & N. Nagamoto

Degradation factors of a metal spraying system for steel bridges 3555T. Kondo, H. Hotta, H. Matsuno, T. Matsumoto & K. Yamamoto

An efficient approach towards climate change impact on seismic fragility of aging bridges 3565M. Mortagi & J. Ghosh

Design method using the influence line for scissors-type bridge 3573K. Chanthamanivong, I. Ario & Y. Hama

Maintenance of HPC pavement deterioration using GPR 3582S.W. Hong, S.E. Noh, C.W. Lee, D.H. Kim & S.H. Park

Reinforced concrete highway bridge dynamic assessment method using data obtained by livescale load testing 3588

I. Paeglite, A. Paeglitis & J. Smirnovs

xxxvi

Modular expansion joints for bridges subject to seismic damage potential 3594S. Hoffmann, N. Meng & P. Savioz

OSIMAB – Online Safety Management System for Bridges 3601A. Socher & P. Haardt

Research on reinforced concrete t-shaped columns subjected to combined loads 3606Z. Yu, D. Shan & X. Zhou

Study on seismic behavior of circular steel pier subjected to three dimensional groundacceleration 3612K. Wada, M. Mori & H. Shirahata

Discussion on the excessive deflection in mid-spans of large-span prestressed concretecontinuous beam bridges 3618

Q.F. Gao, Q.L. Ma, K. Zhang & C.G. Liu

Stability of a large-span continuous rigid frame bridge with high pier 3625

Q.F. Gao, K. Zhang, Q.L. Ma, Y. Liu & J. Li

Statistical analysis on concrete compressive strength of core specimens extracted fromlong-aged concrete beams 3631

S.D. Jo, S.H. Kwon, C.Y. Kim & Y.S. Park

Superior PU-based alternative to the asphaltic plug expansion joint – the “PA joint” in Japan 3637

K. Funabashi, M. Sakano & G. Gallai

Application of friction pendulum isolators to a landmark museum in the Middle East 3644

M. Imam, Z. Zhenghao, P. Savioz & C. Mendez-Galindo

Research on the informatization of bridge asset management and maintenance 3652

M. Dong & Z.H. Li

Fatigue behavior of bearing type bolted joint with pultruded CFRP composites 3657

M. Shimizu, K. Tateishi, T. Hanji & Y. Kitane

Overview of analysis and design requirements for Light Rail Transit 3664

A.P. Ranasinghe & E.G. Honarvar

Development of the image processing method for estimating axle load by use of AI 3668

R. Koshimizu & Y. Sato

Case study on stability assessment of bridges subjected to flood 3673

R. Suzuki & Y. Sato

A posteriori mechanical assessment of Risorgimento type arch bridges 3679

A. Menghini, E. Conti & P.G. Malerba

Viability of off-site inspections to determine bridge defect ratings 3688

D.T. Nepomuceno, P.J. Vardanega, T. Tryfonas, J. Bennetts, S.R. Denton, S. Collard-Jenkins,C. Thackray, J. Green & M. DiNiro

Rehabilitation of the superstructure of a steel road bridge: Girder inspection, fatigue crackrepair, and repainting for corrosion protection 3696O. Sanada, H. Imai, T. Yamagishi & M. Hanamoto

Study on the load distribution factor for fatigue evaluation of steel girder bridges 3701R. Ishikawa, J. Murakoshi & Y. Kishi

xxxvii

Evaluation of post-weld treated steel welds subject to mechanical loading 3708O.B. Friis, H.B. Blum & H.C. Yıldırım

Automated linking of 3D inspection data for damage analysis 3714J. Taraben & G. Morgenthal

Investigation of fatigue damage in a RC deck slab due to moving loads through long-termmonitoring of a road viaduct 3721I. Bayane & E. Brühwiler

Aerodynamic shape optimization of streamlined bridge deck using Space Mapping method 3728S. Tinmitonde, X.H. He & L. Yan

Change of rigidity and fatigue life of RC beams without stirrups under repeated loading 3735K. Shibanuma, M. Kurosawa, K. Takeda & Y. Sato

Safety evaluation of a small bridge subjected to compression restraint by landslide 3740S. Imanishi, Y. Sato, R. Watanabe & Y. Tanaka

Reliability analysis of a post-tensioned bridge using NLFEA and random fields 3747R.S. Díaz, S.S. Nova, L.M. Trautwein, L.C. de Almeida & M.C.A. Texeira da Silva

Analyzing the effects of shear deformations on the constrained observability method 3755S. Emadi, J.A. Lozano-Galant & J. Turmo

Application of an objective methodology to analyze bridge performance in Brazil 3763G.M.B. Warmling, M.L. Santos Filho, R.D. Machado & R. Pieralisi

Load testing of prestressed bridge girders from locally developed UHPC and HPC 3769T.S. Alahmari, D.V. Jáuregui & B.D. Weldon

Impact of landslide on bridge superstructures 3776M.A. Canales & J.A. Salazar

Short–medium span bridges based on full-scale experimental verifications for long lifebridges 3783

H.-J. Kim, Y.H. Sung, S.H. Kwon, C.Y. Kim & Y.S. Park

Deep learning with computer vision for conditional assessment of civil systems 3789H. Pan, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, Z. Lin, Q. Cao, F. Tang & L. Wu

Assessment of different rotation prevention systems for bridge deck construction throughfield monitoring 3793

L. Hui, F. Hraib, M. Vicente & R. Hindi

Structural effects of freeze–thaw depth on shear strength of an existing RC bridge pier 3799

T. Kanazawa, Y. Ushiwatari, M. Sakoh & R. Kawase

Estimation of the residual bearing capacity of corrosion damaged bridge beams using 3Dscanning and finite element analysis 3806A. Hain, T. Zhang & A.E. Zaghi

Impact of climate change on multihazard vulnerability of highway bridges 3814D.K. Devendiran & S. Banerjee

Efficiency of selected strengthening methods of masonry arch bridges 3820T. Kamiński

xxxviii

The strength of concrete in historical bridges 3828A.P. Fantilli & B. Chiaia

Dynamic analysis and vibration reduction control for bridge tower with MTLD under waveaction 3835S. Chen

An experimental study on the steel girders with a horizontal stiffener in bending 3844M. Shirato, K. Takahashi, M. Komeda & K. Ono

Experimental study on buckling strength of stub-column with box section made of SBHS700 3852J. Nie, K. Ono, S. Okada & N. Takeshima

Looking to the future of bridge inspection and management in the UK 3858J. Bennetts, S.R. Denton, G.T. Webb, D.T. Nepomuceno & P.J. Vardanega

Research on health monitoring parameters and system of small and medium-span bridges 3867P. Lu, H. Qu, T. Wang & H. Wu

Atmospheric corrosion of weathering steel in Myanmar and its correlation on acceleratedtest 3872

Wint Thandar, K. Sugiura, Y. Kitane & Y. Suzuki

Study of temperature effect on different colored steel specimens by solar radiation 3879

R. Sun, K. Chang & K. Sugiura

Fracture mechanics approach to predict the low cycle fatigue life of steel H-piles in integralbridge 3884

M. Karalar & M. Dicleli

Effect of pile length on the low cycle fatigue performance of integral bridge steel H piles 3888

M. Karalar & M. Dicleli

Open source platforms for monitoring thermal parameters of structures 3892

B. Mobaraki, S. Komarizadehasl, F.J.C. Pascual & J.A.L. Galant

Optimum Span length for a PCI girder expressway bridge 3897

N. Amatya, N. Anwar & F.A. Najam

Experimental study on flexural behavior of UHPC-NC composite beams 3905

C. Liu & Q.X. Sun

Flexural performance of existing bridge footings under seismic loads 3912

Y. Yang, T. Masuda, E. Yoshida, S. Horiuchi & T. Kiriyama

A study about future investment cost of road bridge network in South Korea 3921

J. Lim, S. Park, J.H. Lee, Y. Choi, S. Jin, J. Cho & J. Kong

Guided wave based cable damage detection using magneto-strictive transducer 3925

X.D. Sui, Y.F. Duan, C.B. Yun & Z.F. Tang

Measurement method of coating thickness of slipped high strength bolted frictional jointconsidering statistical characteristics 3931T. Takai & Y. Matsumoto

An innovative concept for strengthening damaged RC beam using prestressed UHPC layer 3940Y. Zhang, S. Huang, Y. Zhu & C. Zhang

xxxix

Crack sizing accuracy of a phased array ultrasonic scanner developed for inspection ofrib-to-deck welded joints in orthotropic steel bridge decks 3946M. Hattori, T. Makita, K. Tateishi, T. Hanji, M. Shimizu & N. Yagi

Dynamic analysis of a Langer arch bridge with simulated earthquake ground motions of theNankai Trough earthquake 3955

T. Hung, S. Sthapit, K. Ono, S. Kataoka & K. Magoshi

Detectability of delamination in CFRP strengthened members by thermography 3959

J. Gu & S. Unjoh

New bridge seismic isolation design specifications of Turkey 3965

M. Dicleli, A.S. Milani & B. Kurtman

Classification of thermal induced strain cycles and study of associated fatigue damage inintegral bridge steel H-piles 3971M. Dicleli & M. Karalar

Structural and geotechnical configuration of integral bridges to enhance their seismicperformance 3979M. Dicleli & S. Erhan

Design of seismic isolated bridges in cold climates; a case study 3987M. Dicleli & A.S. Milani

Using seismic restrainers with gap to reduce isolator displacements in seismic-isolatedbridges subjected to pulse-type ground motions 3996

M. Dicleli & B. Kurtman

Appropriate selection of isolator properties to enhance the seismic performance of seismic-isolated bridges in near-fault zones 4002

M. Dicleli & M. Karalar

Possibilities of damage detection in reinforcement of retaining structures 4009

A. Vorwagner, M. Kwapiz, M.J. Rebhan & C. Honeger

Growing loads and aging bridges 4016

H. Raunio

Diagnostic study of Yelcho cable-stayed bridge according to Chilean maintenance program 4021

M.A. Márquez, N. Trotin, O.R. Ramos & M.A. Valenzuela

Load responses analysis of a pedestrian bridge using cellular automata method 4029

Z.R. Jin, X. Ruan & Y. Li

Development of structural deformation measurement system using multiple accelerationsensors 4038Y. Umekawa & H. Suganuma

Test method of pull-out behavior of post-installed anchor in cracked concrete 4046R. Ishihara, M. Takahashi, M. Kunieda & Y. Arakawa

Application and dynamic performance analysis of tubular flange composite girder bridges 4055X. Wang, Z. Zeng, Y. Zhu, L. Shen & J. Li

Application of u-shaped steel bellows damper as energy absorbers to bridges 4061

A. Arafat, T. Sumimura, M. Matsumura, H. Zui & K. Tanaka

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Management program on monitoring Chilean bridges during operational stage 4070M.A. Márquez, R. Cabezas, F. Espinoza, L. Acuña, M.A. Valenzuela, F. Rodrigues & H. Pinto

Potential environmental impact of using ultra-high performance concrete in simple, two andthree-span continuous prestressed concrete bridges 4076J. Márquez, D.V. Jauregui, B.D. Weldon & C.M. Newtson

Exploring the transfer of knowledge by Japanese engineers after participation ininfrastructure maintenance training programs 4084

M. Henry, K. Matsumoto, H. Yokota & K. Nagai

Estimation of axle loads by bridge-weigh-in-motion using strain measurement of transversestiffeners 4089E. Yamaguchi, K. Tsuzuki & K. Oda

The Eiffel Bridge in Viana do Castelo 4095P.J.S. Cruz

Service life considerations due to repairs during bridge construction 4102

V.S. Vemana, Z. Wu, S.D. Koduru & K.K. Vemana

Numerical simulation of dual time-dependent chloride diffusion in concrete with ANSYS 4108

X.W. Zhao, R.C. Xiao & B. Sun

Design of main span 938m cable-stayed bridge for Wuhan Qingshan Yangtze River Bridge 4117

G. Xu, Y. Zhang & H. Hu

Texas bridges deterioration rates 4122

J. Weissmann, A.J. Weissmann & A. Montoya

Restoration of damaged bridges due to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake based on lessonslearned from failure mode 4129F. Miyahara, T. Imamura, H. Nishida & J. Hoshikuma

Corrosion evaluation of steel reinforcement embedded in steam cured high strength concreteslab with electro-chemical technique 4137N. Wang, A. Cahyadi & T. Sugiyama

A thickened-edge U-rib that can extend the life of orthotropic steel decks 4144C.J. Wang, X.Y. Chen, L. Li & Q.G. Ma

Analysis of data for 6,978 bridges to inform a data strategy for predictive maintenance 4151N.A. Stevens, M. Lydon, S.E. Taylor, G. Hamill, A.H. Marshall, K.E.J Campbell, T. Neeson& A. O’Connor

Numerical simulation of chloride ingress effect on bridge structures 4159

Y. Li, Y. Wei & X. Ruan

Reliability-based life-cycle maintenance analysis of RC pile caps considering multipledeterioration modes and social cost 4164K. Wu, W. Jin, Z. Wang, D.Y. Yang & D.M. Frangopol

Author index 4173

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Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

Preface

One of the biggest challenges facing bridge asset managers globally is to effectively,efficiently and safely manage aging and deteriorating bridges while actively consideringsustainability issues, such as environmental changes and natural resource consump-tions. The dramatic development of information-communication technologies is chan-ging bridge engineers’ orientation for bridge design, construction and maintenance. Inthis context, academics and practitioners are rising to the challenge with research andpractice focusing on innovative approaches to understand the problem and to imple-ment solutions. IABMAS conferences bring together academic and technological devel-opments in the fields of bridge maintenance, safety, risk, management, and life-cyclesustainability, among others. The most recent developments in the field are expected tobe discussed at the 10th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety andManagement (IABMAS’20), held in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, 11–15 April, 2021(https://www.iabmas2020.org/).

The First (IABMAS’02), Second (IABMAS’04), Third (IABMAS’06), Fourth (IABMAS’08),Fifth (IABMAS’10), Sixth (IABMAS’12), Seventh (IABMAS’14), Eighth (IABMAS’16) andNinth (IABMAS’18) International Conferences on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Managementwere held in Barcelona, Spain, July 14–17, 2002, Kyoto, Japan, October 18–22, 2004, Porto, Por-tugal, July 16–19, 2006, Seoul, Korea, July 13–17, 2008, Philadelphia, USA, July 11–15, 2010,Stresa, Lake Maggiore, Italy, July 8–12, 2012, Shanghai, China, July 7–11, 2014, Foz do Iguaçu,Brazil, June 26–30, 2016, and Melbourne, Australia, July 9–13, 2018, respectively.

IABMAS 2020 is organized on behalf of the International Association for Bridge Mainten-ance and Safety (IABMAS) under the auspices of Hokkaido University, Japan with the organ-izational support of the IABMAS Japan Group. IABMAS encompasses all aspects of bridgemaintenance, safety and management. Specifically, it deals with: bridge repair and rehabilita-tion issues; bridge management systems; needs of bridge owners; financial planning; whole lifecosting and investment of the future; bridge-related safety and risk issues; and economic andother implications. The objective of the Association is to promote international cooperationin the fields of bridge maintenance, safety and management for the purpose of enhancing thewelfare of society (www.iabmas.org). The interest of the international bridge community inthe fields covered by IABMAS has been confirmed by the large response to the IABMAS2020 call for papers. The Conference Secretariat received 854 abstracts, 561 of which wereselected for final publication as full papers and presentation at the Conference within mini-symposia, special sessions, and general sessions.

Contributions presented at IABMAS 2020 deal with the state of the art as well as emergingconcepts and innovative applications related to the main aspects of maintenance, safety, man-agement, life-cycle sustainability and technological innovations of bridges. Major topicsinclude: advanced bridge design, construction and maintenance approaches, safety, reliabilityand risk evaluation, life-cycle management, life-cycle sustainability, standardization, analyt-ical models, bridge management systems, service life prediction, maintenance and manage-ment strategies, structural health monitoring, non-destructive testing and field testing, safety,resilience, robustness and redundancy, durability enhancement, repair and rehabilitation,fatigue and corrosion, extreme loads, and application of information and computer technol-ogy and artificial intelligence for bridges, among others.

xliii

Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations contains571 contributions, comprising the T.Y. Lin Lecture and 9 Keynote Lectures, and 561 technicalpapers from all around the world. This volume provides both an up-to-date overview of thefield of bridge engineering and significant contributions to the process of making morerational decisions on bridge maintenance, safety, management, life-cycle sustainability andinnovations of bridges for the purpose of enhancing the welfare of society. The Editors hopethat these Proceedings will serve as a valuable reference to all concerned with bridge structureand infrastructure systems, including engineers, researchers, academics and students from allareas of bridge engineering.

Hiroshi Yokota and Dan M. Frangopol

October 2020

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Chairs, IABMAS 2020

Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

Sponsors

ORGANIZING ASSOCIATIONS

IABMAS, International Association for Bridge Mainten-ance and Safety

IABMAS Japan

SUPPORTING ORGANISATIONS

ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University,Bethlehem, PA, USA

FHWA, The Federal Highway Administration

Hokkaido University

IALCCE, International Association for Life-Cycle CivilEngineering

JCI, Japan Concrete Institute

JPCI, Japan Prestressed Concrete Institute

JSCE, Japan Society of Civil Engineers

xlv

JSSC, Japanese Society of Steel Construction

RCEAS, P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and AppliedScience, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

TRB, Transportation Research Board of the United States

IABMAS Australia

IABMAS Brazil

IABMAS Chile

IABMAS China

IABMAS Italy

IABMAS Korea

IABMAS Portugal (ASCP)

IABMAS Sri Lanka

IABMAS Turkey

IABMAS USA

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Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

Acknowledgements

The Editors are extremely grateful to all the people who contributed to the scientific programand organization of the IABMAS 2020 Conference. The Editors would like to express theirsincere thanks to all authors for their contributions, to the members of the International Sci-entific Committee for their role in ensuring the highest scientific level of the Conference, tothe members of the Local Organizing Committee for their time and efforts dedicated tomaking IABMAS 2020 a successful event, and to the National Advisory Committee for theirvaluable advice to organizing members.Moreover, the Editors wish to thank all organizations, institutions, and authorities that

offered their sponsorship. A special acknowledgement has to be given to Hokkaido Universityfor being the lead host and organizer of the conference. Also, special thanks go to the Inter-national Association for Bridge Maintenance and Safety (IABMAS) and IABMAS Japan forendorsing and supporting the conference organization.The Editors are also extremely thankful to Yozo Fujino, Sreenivas Alampalli, Riadh Al-

Mahaidi, Tulio N. Bittencourt, Joan Ramon Casas, Airong Chen, Jens Sandager Jensen, Ho-Kyung Kim, Pier Giorgio Malerba and Richard Sause, co-chairs of the International Scien-tific Committee and Mitsuyoshi Akiyama and Ichiro Iwaki, co-chairs of the National Organ-izing Committee.Finally, the Editors wish to express their sincerest appreciation to Yoko Ishizu, Yuuki

Kawada, Masako Morita, Hisashi Miyauchi, Moe Nagata, and all the team at Japan Conven-tion Services Inc., who professionally managed the Organizing Secretariat with outstandingexpertise, patience, energy and commitment which have been very important for the successfulorganization of this Conference.

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Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

President of IABMAS:

Dan M. Frangopol USA

Vice-Presidents of IABMAS:

Pier G. Malerba ItalyEiichi Watanabe Japan

Members:

Fabio Biondini ItalyTulio N. Bittencourt BrazilEugen Brühwiler SwitzerlandAirong Chen ChinaPaulo J. S. Cruz PortugalYozo Fujino JapanHitoshi Furuta JapanJens S. Jensen DenmarkHo-Kyung Kim KoreaHyun-Moo Koh KoreaVictor Popa RomaniaMan-Chung Tang USA

Secretary General of IABMAS:

Joan R. Casas Spain

Secretary of Executive Committee of IABMAS:

Mitsuyoshi Akiyama Japan

xlix

IABMAS Executive Board

Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

Conference organization

CONFERENCE CHAIRS

Hiroshi Yokota Hokkaido University, JapanDan M. Frangopol Lehigh University, USA

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

ChairYozo Fujino Josai University, Japan

Co-Chairs

Sreenivas Alampalli New York State Department of Transportation, USARiadh Al-Mahaidi Swinburne University of Technology, AustraliaTulio N. Bittencourt University of Sao Paulo, BrazilJoan R. Casas Technical University of Catalunya. UPC-Barcelona Tech,

SpainAirong Chen Tongji University, ChinaJens Sandager Jensen COWI A/S, DenmarkHo-Kyung Kim Seoul National University, South KoreaPier Giorgio Malerba Politecnico di Milano, ItalyRichard Sause Lehigh University, USA

Members

Mitsuyoshi Akiyama Waseda University, JapanHaluk Aktan Wayne State University, USAAlfredo H. S. Ang University of California, USANurdan M. Apaydin General Directorate of State Highways, TurkeyAndré Beck University of São Paulo, BrazilJan Bien Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, PolandFabio Biondini Politecnico di Milano, ItalyPaolo Bocchini Lehigh University, USAEugen Brühwiler EPFL, SwitzerlandAlp Caner Middle East Technical University, TurkeyColin Caprani Monash University, AustraliaNecati Catbas University of Central Florida, USABaochun Chen Fuzhou University, ChinaMarios Chryssanthopoulos University of Surrey, UKChristian Cremona Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, FrancePaulo Cruz University of Minho, Portugal

li

Sofia Diniz Federal University of Minas Gerais, BrazilYou Dong The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong,

ChinaBruce Ellingwood Colorado State University, USAReed Ellis Stantec Consulting Ltd., CanadaDavid De Leon Escobedo Autonomous University of Mexico State, MexicoMichael Forde The University of Edinburgh, UKDan M. Frangopol Lehigh University, USAHitoshi Furuta Kansai University, JapanYaojun Ge Tongji University, ChinaMichel Ghosn City College of New York, USANenad Gucunski Rutgers University, USARade Hajdin Infrastructure Management Consultants GmbH,

SwitzerlandRosemarie Helmerich Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing,

GermanyRiyadh Hindi Saint Louis University, USANaeem Hussain ARUP, Hong Kong, ChinaKiyohiro Imai Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Co., Ltd., JapanIchiro Iwaki Nihon University, JapanBruce Johnson Oregon Department of Transportation, USASatoshi Kanai Hokkaido University, JapanHiroshi Katsuchi Yokohama National University, JapanSang-Hyo Kim Yonsei University, South KoreaChan Ghee Koh National University of Singapore, SingaporeJung Sik Kong Korea University, South KoreaChad Kusko Lehigh University, USAHui Li Harbin Institute of Technology, ChinaJerome Lynch University of Michigan, USAWenliang Lu Beijing Jiaotong University, ChinaBarney Martin MODJESKI and MASTERS Inc., USATakashi Matsumoto Hokkaido University, JapanHiroshi Matsuzaki National Defense Academy, JapanClaudio Modena University of Padova, ItalyHani Nassif Rutgers, The State Univ of New Jersey, USAAndrzej Nowak Auburn University, USAEugene OBrien University College Dublin, IrelandKiyoshi Ono Waseda University, JapanAndré D. Orcesi The French Institute of Science and Technology for

Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR),France

James Ellen Padgett Rice University, USAShamim Pakzad Lehigh University, USAAlessandro Palermo University of Canterbury, New ZealandVictor Popa The Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences, RomaniaNigel G. Powers Australian Road Research Board, AustraliaXin Ruan Tongji University, ChinaSamantha Sabatino University of Texas, Arlington, USAM. Saiid Saiidi University of Nevada, USAMasahiro Sakano Kansai University, Japan

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Soobong Shin Inha University, South KoreaMohamed Soliman Oklahoma State University, USABillie F. Spencer Jr. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USAMark Stewart University of Newcastle, AustraliaAlfred Strauss University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, AustriaKunitomo Sugiura Kyoto University, JapanLuc Taerwe Ghent University, BelgiumMan-Chung Tang T. Y. Lin International, USASomnuk Tangtermsirikul SIIT, Thammasat University, ThailandKazuo Tateishi Nagoya University, JapanJin-Guang Teng Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaPaul D Thompson Consultant, Bellevue, USAYiannis Tsompanakis Technical University of Crete, GreeceJosé Turmo Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, SpainMatías A. Valenzuela Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, ChilePedro Vellasco State University of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilChunsheng Wang Chang'an University, ChinaYiqiang Xiang Zhejiang University, ChinaDong Xu Tongji University, ChinaYou-Lin Xu The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong,

ChinaEiki Yamaguchi Kyushu Institute of Technology, JapanTakashi Yamaguchi Osaka City University, JapanDavid Y. Yang Portland State University, USAHiroshi Yokota Hokkaido University, JapanYunfeng Zhang University of Maryland, USAJinsong Zhu Tianjin University, ChinaAleš Žnidarič Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering

Institute, Slovenia

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Toshiro Hayashikawa Hokkaido University, JapanAkio Kasuga Sumitomo Mitsui Construction Co., Ltd., JapanMitsuo Kawatani Kobe University, JapanTakeshi Kitahara Kanto Gakuin University, JapanKyuichi Maruyama Nagaoka University of Technology, JapanAyaho Miyamoto Yamaguchi University, JapanHiroshi Mutsuyoshi Saitama University, JapanJunichiro Niwa Tokyo Institute of Technology, JapanEiichi Watanabe Kyoto University, JapanZhishen Wu Ibaraki University, Japan

NATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Co-Chairs

Hiroshi Yokota Hokkaido University, JapanIchiro Iwaki Nihon University, JapanMitsuyoshi Akiyama Waseda University, Japan

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Members

Shingo Asamoto Saitama University, JapanPang-jo Chun The University of Tokyo, JapanShuichi Fujikura Utsunomiya University, JapanChikako Fujiyama Yokohama National University, JapanTaku Hanai Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Co., Ltd., JapanAtsushi Homma East Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd., JapanManabu Hosotani Taisei Corporation, JapanTetsuya Ishida The University of Tokyo, JapanHironori Ishii Yokogawa Bridge Holdings Corporation, JapanMitsuyasu Iwanami Tokyo Institute of Technology, JapanYuichiro Kawabata Port and Airport Research Institute, JapanKoji Kinoshita Gifu University, JapanHiroshi Matsuda Nagasaki University, JapanTakashi Matsumoto Hokkaido University, JapanKoji Matsumoto Hokkaido University, JapanMasahide Matsumura Kyoto University, JapanHiroshi Matsuzaki National Defense Academy, JapanTomohiro Miki Kobe University, JapanShinichi Miyazato Kanazawa Institute of Technology, JapanKohei Nagai The University of Tokyo, JapanTomonori Nagayama The University of Tokyo, JapanHikaru Nakamura Nagoya University, JapanItaru Nishizaki Public Works Research Institute, JapanOsamu Ohyama Osaka Institute of Technology, JapanShuichi Ono Japan Construction Method and Machinery Research

Institute, JapanKoji Osada Central Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd., JapanYasuhiko Sato Waseda University, JapanAkira Shiratori Metropolitan Expressway Co., Ltd., JapanTomoo Tomoda Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., JapanKazuhiro Tsuno Kokushikan University, JapanHiroaki Tsuruta Kansai University, JapanKen Watanabe Railway Technical Research Institute, Japan

IABMAS 2020 SECRETARIATc/o Japan Convention Services, Inc.Daido Seimei Kasumigaseki Bldg. 14F1-4-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, JapanPhone: (+81) 3 3508 1214

CONFERENCE WEBSITEhttps://www.iabmas2020.org/

IABMAS WEBSITEhttp://www.iabmas.org/

liv

T.Y. LIN LECTURE

Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations –Yokota & Frangopol (eds)

© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-367-23278-8

Durability assessment and re-design of massive concrete structures insea-linking projects

Q.K. SuHong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority, People’s Republic of China

K.F. Li & Q.W. LiTsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Z.H. FanCCCC Fourth Harbor Engineering Institute, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a method for the durability assessment and re-design of concrete structures insea-linking projects, such as the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (HZMB) project. In order to assess the durabil-ity condition of the reinforced concrete structures associated with the chloride-induced corrosion of steel in con-crete, data sets obtained from construction, managing, monitoring and exposure sites are used to build a durabilityassessment model to predict when the depassivation of steel will happen, when necessary repair methods need tobe taken and to put forward an assessment method of the durability of the structures with a failure probability.With different levels of failure probability obtained, different methods of strengthening and renovation can beadopted to improve the durability of the concrete structures and make sure the target service life can be achieved.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (HZMB) sea-linking project is composed of massive transportationsub-projects including tunnels, artificial islands andbridges. The HZMB project with a designed servicelife of 120 years is currently the most complicated,advanced and sophisticated project in China. Theexposure environment of the HZMB project is veryaggressive with an average temperature at 22.3-23.1ºC, a high humidity and high salty sea water (chlorideions 10700-17020 mg/L and sulfate ions SO42- 1140-2260 mg/L). It is a challenge for the HZMB project towithstand such environments together with the seawind, salt fog, tides and wetting/drying cycles to reachits target service life 120 years. Similar projects likeHZMB project with different types of sub-projects andsuch aggressive environments have rarely beenreported elsewhere in the world. The related durabilityassessment and re-design methods of this type of mas-sive projects are very limited. Therefore, establishingthe proper scientific durability assessment and redesignmethods for providing the technology support of therenovation needed for the massive sea-linking projectslike HZMB project is essential and necessary, whichcould thus provide good economic and social contribu-tions (Wang et al. 2012). The durability assessment and

redesign of the HZMB project is a systematical methodcomposed of the durability assessment of eachreinforced concrete element, updated durability assess-ments during service time and durability redesignbased on the whole life cycle cost (WLCC) analysis.The durability assessment of each reinforced concreteelement is to make sure that the minimum service time120 years can be achieved through the proper param-eters and anti-corrosion methods of each element basedon the data and tests conducted. The updated durabilityassessments during service time is to updating the dur-ability model with the data sets from the monitoringand exposure tests from time to time during the servicetime of the HZMB project. The durability redesignbased on the WLCC is to redesign the methods forenhancing the durability of the concrete structures atthe beginning and during the service time through theanalysis of WLCC.

2 DURABILITYASSESSMENT

2.1 Background information of the durabilityassessment

Based on the initial durability analysis of the durability,the critical durability parameter of the HZMB project is

DOI: 10.1201/9780429279119-1https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429279119-1

3

the chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete.Under normal condition, the steel in concrete does notcorrode and this is because normal concrete usually hasa high PH and the steel forms a passivation film on thesurface contacting the concrete matrix. However, whenthere is a critical content of the chloride ions whichingress into the concrete and reached to the surface ofthe steel, the PH in concrete will change and the depas-sivation of the steel will happen, followed with the cor-rosion of steel. The local depassivation of the steel hasa potential difference with adjacent parts anda corrosion cell is formed, and the pit corrosion of steelhappens. Chloride ions accelerate this corrosion pro-cess and eventually cause the failure of the concreteelement (DuraCrete 2000).

The penetration of chloride ions into concrete isa complicated process and could be classified as 3different mechanisms (permeation, sorption and dif-fusion) due to their different driving forces. In real-ity, the chloride ingress into concrete could bea combination of the 2 or 3 mechanisms, and it isalso influenced by the physical and chemical reac-tions between the chloride ions and concrete ingredi-ents. Under the most conditions, diffusion is still themost important mechanism that controls the chlorideions into concrete (FIB 2010). The diffusion processof chloride ions in un-cracked concrete can bedescribed as the Fick’s second law (ACI 2000).

2.2 Chloride ingress model for HZM project

The durability assessment model for the HZMB pro-ject is in consistent with the initial durability designmodel based on the chloride diffusion model and theultimate durability state is the depassivation of thesteel in concrete as shown in Eq. 1 (CCCC & Tshin-ghua University 2011; DuraCrete 1998; DuraCrete2000; FIB 2006).

G ¼ Ccr � C0ð Þ � Cs � C0ð Þ 1� erfxd

2ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiDClt

p� �� �

ð1Þ

where Ccr is the threshold chloride content to initi-ate the steel corrosion (%), C0 is the initial chloridecontent in concrete at the beginning (%), Cs is the sur-face chloride content of the concrete (%), Dcl is thechloride diffusion coefficient of the concrete (m2/s),xd is the thickness of the concrete cover (m); t is theexposure time (s). Dcl is a function of time and usu-ally described as Eq. 2.

DCl tð Þ ¼ D0Cl

t0t

� �n¼ D0

Clη t0; tð Þ ð2Þ

where n is a coefficient for the change of Dcl withtime; Dcl° is the diffusion coefficient of concrete atthe age of t0 = 28 days; t is the age of concrete.

Since the Dcl could not decrease continuously duringthe service time 120 years, the maximum t value canbe set as 30 years as shown in Eq. 3.

η t0; tð Þjt430years ¼ η t0; t ¼ 30 yearsð Þ ð3Þ

The key parameters in this assessment model areCs, C0, xd, Ccr, DCl° and n

2.3 Updated durability assessment model duringservice time

The statistical properties of the parameters neededfor the model have been obtained during the prelim-inary stage of the durability design of the HZMBproject through the data obtained from long termexposure experiments and previous projects in simi-lar exposure environments. The probability-baseddurability assessment model can be establishedthrough the statistical properties of each parameter,which will be discussed as following.

2.3.1 Thickness of concrete cover xdThe thickness of concrete cover determines the lengthof the route that the chloride ions need to travelthrough in order to reach the surface of the steel inconcrete and it is a critical factor that affecting thedurability of reinforced concrete. Here, the thicknessof concrete cover from an immerged immersed tunnelof the HZMB project is discussed and two groups ofdata sets from 6386 interior walls and 6571 externalwalls are analyzed. The distribution of two datagroups are shown in Figures 1(a) and (b).

The distribution model of the concrete coverthickness of the HZMB project can be described asTable 1 based on the onsite measurements.

2.3.2 Surface chloride content Cs

The distribution model of the surface chloride con-tent was obtained from the previous long termexposure experiments in similar exposure environ-ments with the consideration of different water-binder ratios and different binder types. The resultsare shown in Table 2.

2.3.3 Initial chloride content in concrete C0

The distribution model of the initial chloride contentin concrete is shown in Table 3 based on the testdata from the raw materials during construction.

2.3.4 Chloride threshold content Ccr

The distribution of the chloride threshold content isshown in Table 4, which is based on the statisticalmodel used in the design stage of HZM project.

2.3.5 Chloride diffusion coefficient Dcl

The chloride diffusion coefficient of the concretewas tested through RCM method on the samplesobtained from the onsite projects at the age of 28days and the results are shown in Table 5.

4

2.4 Durability assessment in consideration ofanti-corrosion methods

In order to enhance the durability of the reinforcedconcrete structures, different types of anti-corrosionmethods were adopted in different exposure zones,such as silane impregnation on concrete surface, use ofstainless steel and epoxy coating for steel. The resultsof failure probability of different elements with thechange of service time by considering the differentanti-corrosion methods are shown in Figure 2.

Table 1. The distribution model of the thickness of theconcrete cover in HZMB project (normal distribution).

Reinforcedconcrete Construction Mean (mm)

SD(mm)

Bridges Cast-in-place Design value(Minimum +10)

5.3

Prefabricated Design value(Minimum +5)

3.5

Immersedtunnel

Prefabricated(interior)

Design value 73(Minimum +3)

3.5

Prefabricated(exterior)

Design value 93(Minimum +3)

3.9

Cast-in-place Design value(Minimum +10)

5.3

Table 2. The distribution model of the chloride surface con-tent of the concrete in HZM project (lognormal distribution).

Exposuretypes

Splashzone

Tidalzone

Immergedzone

Atmospherezone

Mean of A’ 16.47 11.57 13.65 5.99SD of A’ 2.47 1.77 2.04 0.90

Table 3. Distribution model of the initial chloride contentin concrete of HZMB project (uniform distribution).

Reinforcedconcrete Distribution

Minimum(%binder)

Maximum(%binder)

Bridges Uniform 0.02 0.04Tube tunnel Uniform 0.02 0.04

Table 4. The distribution model of the chloride thresholdcontent (%Binder).

Exposurezones Distribution Parameters

Atmosphere Lognormal Mean = 0.85, SD = 0.13Splash/Tidal

Beta Lower bound L = 0.45, upperbound U = 1.25,

Immerged Beta Lower bound L = 1.0, upperbound U = 3.5,

Table 5. The distribution model of the chloride diffusioncoefficients of concrete in HZMB project (10-12 m2/s)(normal distribution).

Reinforcedconcrete

Elements/Concretegrade Parameters

Bridges Bearing platforms/C45

Mean = 4.37,SD = 0.88(28d)

Pier/C50 Mean = 4.27,SD = 0.76(28d)

Bridge deck/C60 Mean = 4.48,SD = 0.92(28d)

Box girder/C55 Mean = 3.81,SD = 0.16(28d)

Tube tunnel Prefabricated/C45 Mean = 4.71,SD = 0.47(28d)

Cast-in-place/C45 Mean = 4.71,SD = 0.47(28d)

Figure 1. Distribution of concrete cover thickness frominterior walls (a) and exterior walls (b) of an immerged tubetunnel of HZMB project.

5

In Figure 2, stainless steel and silane treat-ment were used in all the elements except DB01non-navigable arch bridge and gas pipelinebridge. For the DB01 non-navigable arch bridgeand gas pipeline bridge, double layers of epoxycoating on the steel and silane treatment on theconcrete surface was used. It can be seen fromthe results that the combined treatments with theuse of stainless steel and silane impregnation onconcrete surface provided a very high reliability(β > 5.0) and very low failure probability at theservice age of 120 years, which indicates thesestructures might not need any repair workduring service time. For the treatments ofdouble layers of epoxy coating on the steel andsilane treatment on the concrete surface in theDB01 non-navigable arch bridge and gas pipe-line bridge, the reliability index β > 2.0 and thefailure probability is 1.5% at 120 years, whichindicates there is a possibility that additionalrepair work might need to be conducted duringthe service time.

Meanwhile, the assessment results from theinterior part of the bridge pier show that undernormal working conditions this part belongs tothe atmosphere zone, but this part could alsobelong to the splash zone in consideration of theleakage of water from rainfall and other parts ofthe bridge. As a result, the assessment of theinterior part of the bridge pier in this paper isbased on the splash zone, and the resulted β <2.0 and the failure probability is close to 4%,which indicates that this part should be moni-tored extensively during service time and anyprecautious should be taken to prevent any leak-age of water into this part.

2.5 Updated durability assessment during servicetime

The properties and conditions of the reinforced con-crete elements during service time could be differentfrom what is expected at the design stage or the ini-tial stage. Therefore, it is necessary to update thedurability assessment model from time to timeduring the service period based on the updated testresults and monitoring results on site. The datasources for updating the durability assessment modelinclude routine onsite tests, monitoring tests and theexposure experiments.

The exposure site was on the harbor of west artifi-cial island and both of the reinforced concrete elem-ents and steel structure were used for the exposuretests. These elements and structures were prepared atthe same time with the construction of HZMB pro-ject and the same batch of materials was used. Thereinforced concrete elements included bearing plat-forms, piers, tubes and box girders of bridges andtube tunnels. The mechanical and durability of theseelements under different loading conditions and withdifferent anti-corrosion treatments were tested rou-tinely and monitored. The exposure tests started inthe year 2014 and a large amount of data has beenobtained during the last 5 years.

Sensors were buried during the casting of con-crete elements during the construction stage in orderto monitor the physical and durability properties ofthese elements. Totally, 86 sensors were under ser-vice in the bridge, piers, bearing platforms and tubesto monitor the chloride concentration in concrete,corrosion potential, polarization resistance and cor-rosion current of steel. These data are very useful forjudging the current and future durability conditionsof these elements.

3 DURABILITY REDESIGN

The target of durability redesign is to keep the reliabil-ity of the reinforced concrete structures at the age of120 years constantly above the preset level throughadjusting the renovation methods based on the updateddurability assessment results. The objects of durabilityredesign are the specific elements whose propertiesand exposure environments are already known. Thedurability redesign involves using the latest andupdated technologies to enhance and improve the dur-ability properties of the elements which failed to meetthe specific standard with the increase of time. WLCCand other reasonable measures are considered andadopted during the durability redesign.

3.1 The critical levels for durability redesign

In the WLCC analysis, the renovation times arerelated to how the durability decreased with time

Figure 2. Failure probability of the bridge elements insplash/tidal zones.

6

and the acceptable durability levels, and the repaircost is related to the specific measures adopted. Thedurability assessment model is used to describe howthe durability changes with time. The acceptable dur-ability levels can be described by the reliabilityindex or the failure probability. There are 3 differentdurability levels corresponding to 3 different failureprobabilities：

Level -1: Threshold chloride content on the sur-face of steel is reached to initiate the depassivationof the steel in concrete. The steel is not corroded atthis stage and there is no effect on the mechanicalproperties of the reinforced concrete elements. Thecorresponding failure probability is around 1-2% andpreventative measures should be taken at this stage.

Level -2: Cracks appear on the concrete cover dueto the chloride-induced corrosion of steel in con-crete. With the accumulation of the corrosion prod-ucts in the interface between the steel and concrete,the cracks are generated in concrete when the criticalstress of concrete is reached. At this stage, the mech-anical properties might not be affected significantlybut the performance of these cracked elements couldbe affected due to the existence of cracks. The cor-responding failure probability at this stage is around5% and necessary repair measures with a certainamount of cost should be taken.

Level -3: Severe corrosion of steel has happenedand there is an obvious loss of steel effective crosssection which can significantly reduce the mechan-ical properties of the reinforced concrete elements.The corresponding failure probability at this stage isaround 20% and mandatory renovation measuresmust be taken. The renovation measures could costa large amount of money and significantly affect thenormal working condition and service ability.

3.2 Whole Life Cycle Cost (WLCC) analysis

The model for WLCC analysis in this study can bedescribed as Eq. 4. The whole cost Ct of a concreteelement is composed of construction cost C0, reno-vation costs (direct cost Cri and indirect cost Cui)and demolition cost Cd at the end of service (Cady1983).

Cm ¼ C0 þXmi¼1

Cri

ð1þ rÞi þXmi¼1

Cui

ð1þ rÞi þCd

1þ rð ÞTð4Þ

where, m is the required times of repair work, r isthe discount rate of the cost, T is the service lifetime.

3.3 Renovation measures and costs

The renovation measures are essential for keepinga high reliability of the concrete elements. Table 6

summarizes the current mostly used technologiesand the related costs.

The selection of the repair technologies during thedurability redesign of the concrete elements is basedon the durability assessment results, target durabilitylevel and the WLCC analysis.

4 CONCLUSIONS

The durability assessment and redesign of the sea-linking projects, including the durability assessmentof concrete elements, updated durability assessmentsduring service time and durability redesign based onthe whole life cycle cost (WLCC) analysis, are sys-tematic, sophisticated and dynamic. Strict and highstandard quality control during the constructionstage is required to minimize the initial defects in theconcrete elements. Through the effective andupdated durability assessment based on exposureexperiments, routine tests and the real-time monitor-ing, together with the durability redesign and propermanagement of the sea-linking projects, the targetservice life of these projects can be achieved.

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Table 6. Renovation measures and related costs.

Methods

Effectivetime(years)

Cost(Yuan/m2)

Effect onservicecondition

Electro-chemicalremoval of salt

- 280 Slight

Surface crack-sealing - 50 SlightSilane impregnation 20 80-100 SlightPolyured waterproofingcoating

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Surface epoxy coating 15 65-100 SlightCapillary crystallinewaterproofing coating

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Concrete cover replace-ment + controlled per-meability formwork

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7

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