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Bridge Aesthetics Workshop
Practical Ideas for Short and Medium Span
Bridges
Robert J Shulock, P.E.
Sr. Vice President
Riverfront Office CenterApril 29, 2010Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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Efficiency - Economy - Elegance
2010 TRB Workshop
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Structural Art
“ Engineers …… often argue that aesthetics are not part of their
profession. If you want beauty, hire an architect or, more
radically, a sculptor. One major objective of education in
engineering should be to encourage students to see, accept, and
begin to use that elemental sense of aesthetics.”
Professor David Billington
“A bridge engineer must be properly educated, well versed in the
arts, material sciences, descriptive geometry and a master of
structural analysis. They should be taught principles of aesthetics.” Arvid Grant
Bridge Engineer
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Etymologies
Engineering - Engineering as a field of study is attested fromÉcole Polytechnique , engineering school
founded 1794
‟ polytekhnos "skilled in many arts," from polys "many" + tekhne
"art“
‟ technology - "discourse or treatise on an art ,
the arts, or craft.“
Structure - "a fitting together” , to pile, build, assemble,“
Art - “to fit” , to fit together..(with) skill as a result of
learning or practice
Artifact - "anything made by human art,… by skill”
Beauty - “to fit in every sense”
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“..separation..has grown up between art and science...in early times man’s activities were an undivided whole, in which science and art were not
separate….” children do not tend of their own accord to separate
such activities…they are gradually trained to think, feel perceive them
as separate… Thus what is natural and spontaneous to man is the
wholeness of art and science.”
David Bohm
Physicist
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Modern Meanings
Art - “the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way to affect the senses or emotions .”
e.g. “to fit, in an aesthetic and emotional sense.”
then beauty becomes - – “to fit in every sense emotionally and aesthetically.”
“Although the application of scientific knowledge toderive a new (technology) involves skill and results inthe "creation" of something new, this represents scienceonly and is not categorized as art.” , Wikipedia
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Beauty
“Beauty, then, is not simply a matter of personal opinion,dependent primarily on the eye of the beholder. It is the result of dynamic, evolving processes that consist of harmonioustotalities.”
“…beauty is not an arbitrary response that happens to “tickle” usin a pleasing way. In science , for example, one sees and feelsthe beauty of a theory only if the latter is ordered, coherent,harmonious with all parts generated naturally from simple principles, and with those parts working together to form a unified total structure.”
David Bohm
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Structural Art
Professor David Billington
“ Structures … that are both technically and aesthetically well designed.
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Structural Art
Efficiency = Perfection of Engineered/Structural Form -
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Michelangelo’s David
Creation by what the scuptor called
ablatio – removal of what is not really
part of the sculpture
(a bridge should be) “As simple as
possible, and no more.”
Arvid
Grant
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Capital Cost– Proper Materials– Proper Structure Type– Efficient Structural Form– Constructability
Life Cycle Cost– Durability– Serviceability– Sustainability
Economy
Structural Art
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Structural Art
Salginotobel, Switzerland Robert Maillart
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Structural Art
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Structural Art
“No one has the right to build something ugly.”
Arvid Gran
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Structural Art
Sunniberg Bridge, Switzerland Christian Menn
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Sunniberg from Below
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Sunniberg Pier
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Christian Menn
Structural Art
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Tsing Ma – Hong Kong
Structural
Art
Jeff Young
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Sunshine Skyway, Florida
StructuralArt
Jean Muller
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Rama VIII, Thailand
Structural Art
Daniel Farquar
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East Huntington Bridge, West Virginia Arvid Grant
Structural Art
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Inspiration, Clearwater
Clearwater Memorial Causeway, Florida
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Greta Bridge, England
Structural Art
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Structural Art
Jorge Schlaich
GreenvillePedestrianBridge, SC
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Greenville at Night
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US Route 59, Houston
US Route 59, Houston US Route 59, Houston
Structural Art
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US 59 Abutment
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Structural Art
Washington State
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Priest Point Bridge
Arvid Grant
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Priest Point Bridge
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“The aesthetic value of a bridge is realized subconsciously”
Cascade Orchards
Arvid Grant
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Alternative Goals/Processes/Procedures
….that impede the creation of Structural Art…
„ The Signature Bridge
„ The Sculptural Bridge
„ The Standard Bridge
„ Education of the “Street Ready” engineer ‟design as a mathematical process to meet codified standards.
„ Over Codification of design that inhibits freedom to design
thoughtfully and creatively
„ Compartmentalization of decisions and funding in Planning,
Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance
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The Signature/Sculptural Bridge
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The Signature/Sculptural Bridge
Arapaho Road Bridge, Addison Texas
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Sundial Bridge, CA
The Signature/Sculptural Bridge
Santiago Calatrava
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The Signature Bridge
San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge – SAS Span
“..a dreadful bridge.” - Professor David Billington
“..a monument to idiocy” - Design team member
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(Misusing Standard Designs )
The Standard Bridge
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Standard Solutions
The majority of “Everyday” or “Workhorse” bridge
design is accomplished by applying standard“regional” bridge types and standard designs to
most situations.
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Standard Solutions
Standard bridge types can be appropriate solutions
if the site is standard, the needs are standard andattention is given to detail.
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P
P
Poulsbo Bridge, Washington
Standard SolutionPS Girder
Standard Solution
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Standard SolutionPT Concrete Box
I – 205 Oregon
S d d S l
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Standard SolutionSteel Girder
I-78 New Jersey
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Standard Solutions
HOWEVER IF -
„ if attention is not given to detail
„ or the project’s needs and/or the site are not standard„ or aesthetics are derived from decoration
………the result may be a sub-optimal solution.
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Standard Solutions …
no attention to detail
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…no attention to detail
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…no attention to detail
Standard Solution
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The Square ‟Peg-in-Round-Hole
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The Square ‟Peg-in-Round Hole
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•
Posers
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Prestressed girder bridge with faux truss railing was more cost effective
than steel truss.
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“Abutment details overshadow the superstructure type.”
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Green over Grey
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The Decorated Standard Brid e
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The Decorated Bridge
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The Decorated Bridge
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The Decorated Bridge
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Imitation, Hacienda Bridge
The Decorated Bridge
The Decorated (Historical) Standard Bridge
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The Decorated (Historical) Standard Bridge
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Imitation, NJ Decoration
The Decorated Bridge
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Imitation, Youghiogheny Reservoir
The Decorated Bridge
The Decorated Bridge
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The Decorated Bridge
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What can be done?
‟ Attention to detail, better standard designs
‟ True “Signature “ Design,
e.g. One Bridge, One Designer
‟ Total Cost Budgeting
‟ Conceptual Engineering
‟ Design Competitions
‟ Proper education and training
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Standard Solution – PS Concrete Girder
Better Standard Details ‟attention to detail
Standard Solution Haunched Stl Girder
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Standard Solution – Haunched Stl Girder
Better Standard Details –attention to detail
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Standard Solution – PT Concrete Box
Better Standard Details –attention to detail
Standard Solution –PS C Gi d
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PS Concrete Girder
Better Standard Details–
attention to detail
St d d S l ti A h
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Standard Solutions – Arch
Amsterdam
Standard Solution – Flat Slab
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SICILY
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One Bridge, One Designer
(There should be) “one designer who owns the bridge
throughout planning, design and construction.”
Arvid Grant
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-and enjoy the other fruits of efficiency and elegance
Follow the Money
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Design
$2.5m $40m $25m
+5% -5% -10%
+$0.13m -$2.0m -$2.5m
Net
-$4.38m
Small increase in design costs –
Potential large capital and life-cycle dividends
Follow the Money
-and enjoy the other fruits of efficiency and
elegance
O&M Construction
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Conceptual Engineering
“Every bridge deserves a design.”
Arvid Grant
ECONOMY EFFICIENCY ELEGANCE
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“ AGA….has produced many small (everyday) bridge programs. Each of these has received at least equal care in their development as our large projects. …..our small (everyday) bridges are technically and esthetically correct, durable, and the least costly structures for thegiven location.”
Arvid Grant
ECONOMY –EFFICIENCY - ELEGANCE
Conceptual Engineering
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p g g
Examine all plausible options, and some not so plausible atappropriate levels of refinement.
Consider various materials, size and form of major members,
constructibility, cost, life service, and appearance.
Take most promising ideas to greater levels of refinement.
Solutions will emerge that fit the requirements of the site and are
roughly equivalent as to structural efficiency and economics.
Work these solutions to best appeal to the aesthetic sensibilitiesof the designer and/or the public.
at 30% Preliminary Design
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Standard Regional Solution –
Simple Span Twin PS Beams
Context Sensitive Design – w/ Full Public Involvement
Conceptual Engineering
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Conceptual Engineering
Single Precast Segmental Box
Economical Efficient
Elegant
Structural Efficiency
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Structural Efficiency
20% Less Vertical Weight
Less Dynamic Mass
High Seismic Zone
E
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Economy
Cost ComparisonItem Cost
30 % Design $280,000,000
Concept Design $257,000,000
Final Design-Engineer’sEstimate
$256,000,000
Low Bid $237,000,000
Total Savings ($43,000,000)
$43 MILLION SAVED
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Elegance
Conceptual Engineering
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Conceptual Engineering
280th St Overcrossing
Standard Solution : 3 spliced girders=230 ft
I-15, Utah
Conceptual Engineering
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Conceptual Engineering
280th St O'xing, WA
235 ft PT Concrete Box
Conceptual Engineering
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Conceptual Engineering
Port of Columbus International Airport
Original Concept Studies
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3 Span Steel Plate Girder strongly stated as the “Optimum”
solution
Concrete was not considered:
“ The type of concrete section necessary for such loadings isbeyond current capabilities of the industry. The US constructionindustry is too immature.”
Owner Allows for Conceptual Engineering Phase
Original Concept Studies
Conceptual Engineering
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Conceptual Engineering
Bid within (-)2% of other Steel and Concrete Alternates
•Lowest Life cycle costs of any alternative
•Maximum Flexibility for Roadway & LRT
•Highest Stiffness/Rigidity/Durability
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Gateway to Port of Columbus Airport
The Big I Interchange
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The Big I Interchange
„ Bold use of Color & Texture
„ Repetitive Bridge elements
„ Simple and Fluid Lines
The Big I Interchange
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g g
„ Economical Bridges
„ Within Available Funding
„ Within Fast-Track Timeline
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The Big I Interchange
Everyday Bridges that have become a touristattraction “…..celebrating Albuquerque as thecrossroads of the Southwest.”
Design Competition
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Design Competition
„ Can be Internal or External Competition
„ During the 19th century design competitions were the common means of project delivery.
The greatest works of engineering were built under the lowest cost options.
„ Competition has lead to great advances in bridge engineering.
„ The current lack of competition may have slowed progress in the art of bridge design.
„ “Although there is little tradition in the United States for design competitions … such a
tradition is firmly rooted elsewhere, with results that are both politically and aesthetically
spectacular. “The Tower and the Bridge”
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Woodrow Wilson Bridge,
Virginia
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Naval Academy Bridge, Maryland
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