POCKET GUIDE BRICK AND CMU CONSTRUCTION
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Pocket Guide to Brick and CMU Construction
This publication ©2012 Masonry Institute of Washington. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any
means, conventional or electronic, without written consent obtained
in advance from the Masonry Institute of Washington.
Masonry Institute of Washington 10519 NE 38th Place, Building 12
Kirkland, WA 98033
Condensed ASTM C-90
Condensed ASTM C-216
Mortar Joint Styles
4
5
7
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
27
29
29
30
31
32
34
43
Common Bond Patterns
There are number of traditional bond patterns used for both functional and aesthetic purposes. Historically, the Running Bond pattern has been the most utilized. It is often used where the width of the unit is half the length (i.e. 8” long x 4” wide), allowing ease of use on corners. 1/3rd Running Bond is typically used where the unit width is 1/3 the length (i.e. 12” long x 4” wide). Stack Bond is most effectively used with units that have very little size variance, but does not have the structural strength of Running Bond.
Bond patterns such as Flemish Bond, English Bond, Dutch Bond/English Cross, Common Bond - 6th Course Header and Common Bond - 6th Course Flemish Header with header units and courses were traditionally used in double-wythe brick construction to bond separate wythes together for structural strength. As this type of construction is no longer widely used, these bond patterns are often utilized solely for aesthetic purposes in modern design.
Running Bond Stack Bond
English Bond English Cross or Dutch Bond
1/3 Running Bond Common Bond 6th Course Header
6
Brick and CMU ASTM Standards
C 32: Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (Made from Clay or Shale)
C 43: Terminology of Structural Clay Products
C 55: Specification for Concrete Brick
C 62: Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
C 67: Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C 73: Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand- Lime Brick)
C 126: Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick and Solid Masonry Units
C 216: Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
C 279: Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry Units
C 652: Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
C 901: Specification for Prefabricated Masonry Panels
C 980: Specification for Industrial Chimney Lining Brick
C 1006: Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Masonry Units
BRICK
7
Brick and CMU ASTM Standards
C 1072: Test Method for Measurements of Masonry Flexural Bond Strength
C 1088: Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made from Clay or Shale
C 1261: Specification for Firebox Brick for Residential Fireplaces
C 1298: Guide for Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial Chimneys
C 1405: Specification for Glazed Brick (Single Fired, Solid Brick Units)
BRICK (Cont.)
C 90: Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
C 129: Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
C 139: Specification for Concrete Masonry Units for Construction of Catch Basins and Manholes
C 140: Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C 331: Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
C 426: Test Method for Linear Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Masonry Units
CMU
8
CMU (Cont.)
C 618: Specification for Coal Flu Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as Mineral Admixture Concrete
C 979: Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
C 1209: Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C 1262: Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Related Concrete
C 1372: Specification for Segmental Retaining Wall Units
C 1552: Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing
C 5: Specification for Quicklime for Structural Purposes
C 51: Definition of Terms Relating to Lime and Limestone
C 91: Specification for Masonry Cement
C 109: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50- mm] Cube Specimens)
Mortar and Grout
Mortar and Grout (Cont.)
C 110: Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
C 143: Test Methods for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
C 144: Specification for Aggregate for Masonry Mortar
C 150: Specification for Portland Cement
C 185: Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C 207: Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C 270: Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C 395: Standard Specification for Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars
C 404: Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout
C 476: Specification for Grout Masonry
C 780: Test Method for Preconstruction and Construction Evaluation of Mortars for Plain and Reinforced Masonry Units
C 887: Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Surface Bonding Mortar
C 952: Test Method for Bond Strength of Mortars to Masonry Units
10
Mortar and Grout (Cont.)
C 1142: Specification for Extended Life Mortar for Units Masonry
C 1180: Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C 1324: Test Method for Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar
C 1329: Specification for Mortar Cement
C 1357: Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength
C 1384: Specification for Admixtures for Masonry Mortars
C 1403: Test Method for Rate of Water Absorption of Masonry Mortars
C 1437: Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C 1586: Guide for Quality Assurance of Mortars
Assembly Components
A 82: Cold Drawn Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
A 90: Test for Weight of Coating on Zinc-Coated Masonry (Galvanized) Iron or Steel Articles
11
Brick and CMU ASTM Standards
A 123: Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
A 496: Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
A 615: Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A 617: Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A 951: Specification for Masonry Joint Reinforcement
C 516: Vermiculite Loose Fill Insulation
C 549: Perlite Loose Fill Insulation
C 920: Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
E 488: Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements
E 754: Test Method for Pullout Resistance of Ties and Anchors Embedded in Masonry Mortar Joints
Pavers
C 902: Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick
C 936: Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
12
Pavers (Cont.)
C 1319: Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units
C 1491: Specification for Concrete Roof Pavers
Other Related Standards
C 1314: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms
C 1400: Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
C1601: Test Method for the Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces
E 514: Test Methods for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry
E 518: Test Methods for Flexural Bond Strength of Masonry
E 519: Test Methods for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages
E 1857: Guide for Selection of Cleaning Techniques for Masonry, Concrete, and Stucco Surfaces
E 2260: Guide for Repointing (Tuckpointing) Historic Masonry
13
Maximum Water Absorption, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
Minimum Net Area Compressive Strength, lb/ft2
Avg of 3 Units Avg - 3 Units
Indiv Unit
Indiv Unit
Lightweight Less than 105 (1680) 18 (288) 20 (320) 1900 (13.1)
1700 (11.7)
15 (240) 17 (272) 1900 (13.1)
1700 (11.7)
Normal Weight 125 (2000) or more 13 (208) 15 (240) 1900 (13.1)
1700 (11.7)
Permissible Variations in Dimension: • Standard Units: For standard units, no overall dimension
(width, height and length) shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified dimensions.
• Particular Feature Units: For particular feature units, the dimensions shall be in accordance with the following:
1. For molded face units, no overall dimension shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimension. Dimensions of molded features shall be within +/- 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the specified standard dimensions and shall be within +/- 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the specified placement of the molded feature.
2. For split-faced units, all non-split overall dimensions shall differ by not more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimensions.
3. For slump units, no overall height dimension shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimension.
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Materials and Finish: • All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other defects
that interfere with the proper placement of the unit or significantly impair the strength or permanence of the construction. Minor cracks, incidental to the usual method of manufacture or minor chipping resulting from customary methods of handling in shipment and delivery, are not grounds for rejection.
• Where units are to be used in exposed wall construction, the face or faces that are to be exposed shall not show chips or cracks, not otherwise permitted, or other imperfections when viewed from a distance of not less than 20 feet (6.1 m) under diffused lighting.
• Five percent of a shipment containing chips, not larger than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in any dimension, or cracks not wider than 0.2 in. (0.5 mm) and not longer than 25% of the nominal height of the unit, is permitted.
• The color and texture of units shall be specified by the purchaser. The finished surfaces that will be exposed in place shall conform to an approved sample, consisting of not less than four units, representing the range of texture and color permitted.
• A shipment shall not contain more than 5% of units, including broken units, that do not meet these materials and finishes requirements.
ASTM C-90 Condensed
gross area
Boiling, %
Brick Individual Avg of 5 Brick Individual
Grade SW 3000 (20.7)
Grade MW 2500 (17.2)
Grades: • Grade SW (Severe Weathering): Brick intended for use
where high resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezing is desired.
• Grade MW (Moderate Weathering): Brick intended for use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage is permissible.
When Grade is not specified, the requirements of Grade SW shall govern.
* The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by the 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water
Types: • Type FBS: Brick for general use masonry. • Type FBX: Brick for general use masonry where a higher
degree of precision and lower permissible variation in size than permitted for Type FBS is required.
• Type FBA: Brick for general use masonry selected to produce characteristic architectural effects resulting from nonuniformity in size and texture of individual units.
When Type is not specified, the requirements for Type FBS shall govern.
16
ASTM C-216 Condensed
Materials and Finish: • The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies and surface
treatments, including coatings, that would interfere with the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair the strength or performance of the construction.
• The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall be free of chips that exceed the limits given in the table below. The aggregate length of chips shall not exceed 10% of the perimeter of the face of the brick.
• Other than chips, the face or faces shall be free of cracks or other imperfections detracting from the appearance of the designated sample when viewed from a distance of 15 ft. for Type FBX and 20 ft. for Types FBS and FBA.
• The number of brick in a delivery that are broken or otherwise fail to meet requirements for chippage and tolerance shall not exceed 5%.
Type % Allowed
Allowed
Edge Corner Edge Corner
FBX 5% or Less
1/4-5/16 (6.4-7.9)
(0-12.7)
FBA To meet the designated sample or as specified by the purchaser, but not more than Type FBS (Textured)
17
Struck Joint*Raked Joint*
Beaded Joint
* Not recommended for exterior use in areas with regular inclement weather
18
Maximum Damp Loose Aggregate
M 1 1/4 3
N 1 1 6
O 1 2 9
K 1 3 12
Type S: General all-purpose with high flexural bond strength
Type N: General all-purpose with good bonding capability and workability
Type O: Low strength used mostly for interior applications
Type K: Low compressive and flexural bond strength for tuck- pointing historic buildings with lime and sand mortar
Portland Cement Lime Mortar (ASTC C270)
Type Portland Cement
M --- 1 (type M) --- 3
S 1/2 1 (type N) --- 4 1/2
S --- 1 (type S) --- 3
N --- 1 (type N) --- 3
Masonry Cement Mortar (ASTM C270)
19
Location Building Segment
Non Load-bearing Wall Type O** Type N or S
Parapet Wall Type N Type S
Exterior, At or Below Grade
Foundation Wall, Retaining Wall, Manholes, Sewers, Pavements, Walks and Patios
Type S*** Type M or N
Interior Load-bearing Wall Type N Type S or M
Non-bearing Partitions Type O Type N
Tuckpointing^ Interior Type O Type K or N
Exterior (Above grade, exposed on one side, unlikely to be frozen when saturated, not sub- ject to high winds or lateral loads)
Type O Type N or K
Exterior (Other than conditions listed above)
Type N Type O
* This table does not provide for many specialized mortar uses, such as chimney, reinforced masonry, and acid-resistant mortars ** Type O mortar is recommended for use where the masonry is unlikely to be frozen when saturated, or unlikely to be subjected to high winds or other significant lateral loads. Type N or S mortar should be used in other cases. *** Masonry exposed to weather in a nominally horizontal surface is extremely vulnerable to weathering. Mortar for such masonry should be selected with due caution. ^ In some applications, structural concerns may dictate the use of mortars other than those recommended. This table is not applicable to pavement applications.
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Site Tolerances: Erect Masonry within the following tolerances from specified dimensions
Dimensions of Elements
- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 1/2 in. (12.7 mm)
Mortar joint thickness (Assume either 1/2 in. or 3/8 in. thick bed and head joints)
Bed joint +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
Head joint - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 3.8 in. (9.5 mm)
Collar joint - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
Elements
Variation from level
Bed joints +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Top surface of bearing walls +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Variation from plumb
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Continued on next page
Site Tolerances: Erect Masonry within the following tolerances from specified dimensions
Elements (Continued)
+/- 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in 20 ft. (6.10 m)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Alignment of columns and walls (bottom versus top)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) bearing walls
+/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) non-bearing walls
Location of Elements
Indicated in plan
+/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) maximum
Indicated in elevation
+/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) maximum
* Source: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5) and (TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6)
22
Control and Expansion Joint Placement
Control Joints: Used in CMU construction to prevent cracking due to natural shrinkage of CMU and building movement.
Expansion Joints: Used in clay brick construction to prevent cracking due to natural expansion of clay brick units and building movement.
Typical Control and Expansion joints will be filled with joint sealant, instead of mortar, to accommodate building movement.
Equation to determine expansion joint spacing
Spacing not to exceed
Spacing = W x E / 0.09 W=Width of expansion joint E=Percent extension of joint sealant (25%-plus extension/compression is common for sealants used on brick)
25 Feet
* Source: The Brick Industry Association Technical Note 18A: Accommodating Expansion of Brickwork (November 2006)
Adjacent to opening
Adjacent to opening
Between main and intersecting wall
At changes in wall height
At maximum of one-half control joint spacing from corners
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Spacing not to exceed
3.0 (Control joint spacing = 3.0 x Height of panel) 40 Feet
Control and Expansion Joint Placement
Control Joint Spacing - Reinforced CMU Wall^
Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Length to Height
Spacing not to exceed
2.5 (Control joint spacing = 2.5 x Height of panel) 32 Feet
Control Joint Spacing - Reinforced CMU Wall^ (Solid Grouted)
Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Length to Height
Spacing not to exceed
1.5 (Control joint spacing = 1.5 x Height of panel) 24 Feet
Control Joint Spacing - CMU Veneer^ (No openings, Joint reinforcing @ 16” o.c.)
^ Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Control Joints for Concrete Masonry Crack Control (April 2008)
24
Fire Resistance in Hours
* Tested in compliance with ASTM E119 ** Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Concrete Masonry Fire Resistance (February 2005)
Wall Assembly Design Number
mortar beds, with 9-gage joint reinforcement at 16” o.c. vertically
• Min. 1” air space with up to 4” rigid insulation as option
• 4” clay facing brick laid in mortar
U902 4.00
Continued on next page 25
Fire Resistance Ratings
Fire Rating
Brick Veneer/Steel Stud, Loadbearing • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 3 1/2”, 20-gage steel studs with
max. spacing at 24” o.c., with 3 1/2” glass fiber batt insulation
• 2” max. foamed plastic • 1” min. air space • 4” brick veneer with wall anchor
ties to studs at 24” o.c.
V434 1.00
Brick Veneer/Steel Stud, Loadbearing • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 3 1/2”, 20-gage steel studs with
max. spacing at 24” o.c., with 3 1/2” glass fiber batt insulation
• 4” max. rigid polystyrene insulation • 1” min. air space • 4” brick veneer with wall anchor
ties to studs at 24” o.c.
V454 1.00
Brick Veneer/Wood Stud, Loadbearing • 2 layers 5/8” gypsum wallboard or
3/32” gypsum veneer plaster on classified veneer baseboard
• 1 layer 1/2” gypsum exterior sheathing
• 1” air space • 2” x 4” wood studs spaced at 16” o.c. • 4” clay facing brick laid in mortar
with metal ties spaced at 16” o.c. horizontally and vertically
U302 2.00
UL Fire Resistance Ratings of Select Masonry Wall Systems^
^ Source: UL Fire Resistance Directory; Tested in compliance with ASTM E119
26
Nominal Unit
6”
8”
10”
12”
* Source: National Concrete Masonry Association Tek-Note 13-1B Sound (2008)
27
Tested STC
Calculated STC
• 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 1 1/2” wood furring • 8” CMU • 1 1/2” wood furring • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard
54^ 51
• 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 2” Z-bar • Glass fiber batt insulation • 8” CMU • 2” Z-bar • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard
64^^ 51
• 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard screwed to CMU
• 8” CMU • 2” rigid insulation • 3 1/2” air space • 4” split face CMU veneer
79^^^ 58
* Source: National Concrete Masonry Association Tek-Note 13-1B Sound (2008) ^ 48.2 psf wall weight of CMU only, test designation TL-88-361 ^^ 48.2 psf wall weight of CMU only, test designation TL-88-384 ^^^ 85.4 psf wall weight of masonry only, test designation TL-88-431
28
Weep Holes
Placement: At first course above grade and at all supports • Code required spacing: 33” o.c. • MIW recommended spacing (Brick): 24” o.c. • MIW recommended spacing (CMU): 32” o.c.
Size: The bigger the weep hole is, the more water it allows out of the cavity and the more air it allows to circulate through the cavity • Code required minimum size: 3/8” diameter circular
hole • MIW recommended: Full head joint (head joint size
depends on size of unit) - Note: Empty head joint should be filled with screen or other material that prevents bugs and debris from entering, but allows water and air to flow.
Flashing
Placement: At…
This publication ©2012 Masonry Institute of Washington. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any
means, conventional or electronic, without written consent obtained
in advance from the Masonry Institute of Washington.
Masonry Institute of Washington 10519 NE 38th Place, Building 12
Kirkland, WA 98033
Condensed ASTM C-90
Condensed ASTM C-216
Mortar Joint Styles
4
5
7
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
27
29
29
30
31
32
34
43
Common Bond Patterns
There are number of traditional bond patterns used for both functional and aesthetic purposes. Historically, the Running Bond pattern has been the most utilized. It is often used where the width of the unit is half the length (i.e. 8” long x 4” wide), allowing ease of use on corners. 1/3rd Running Bond is typically used where the unit width is 1/3 the length (i.e. 12” long x 4” wide). Stack Bond is most effectively used with units that have very little size variance, but does not have the structural strength of Running Bond.
Bond patterns such as Flemish Bond, English Bond, Dutch Bond/English Cross, Common Bond - 6th Course Header and Common Bond - 6th Course Flemish Header with header units and courses were traditionally used in double-wythe brick construction to bond separate wythes together for structural strength. As this type of construction is no longer widely used, these bond patterns are often utilized solely for aesthetic purposes in modern design.
Running Bond Stack Bond
English Bond English Cross or Dutch Bond
1/3 Running Bond Common Bond 6th Course Header
6
Brick and CMU ASTM Standards
C 32: Specification for Sewer and Manhole Brick (Made from Clay or Shale)
C 43: Terminology of Structural Clay Products
C 55: Specification for Concrete Brick
C 62: Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
C 67: Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C 73: Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand- Lime Brick)
C 126: Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick and Solid Masonry Units
C 216: Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
C 279: Specification for Chemical-Resistant Masonry Units
C 652: Specification for Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay or Shale)
C 901: Specification for Prefabricated Masonry Panels
C 980: Specification for Industrial Chimney Lining Brick
C 1006: Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Masonry Units
BRICK
7
Brick and CMU ASTM Standards
C 1072: Test Method for Measurements of Masonry Flexural Bond Strength
C 1088: Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made from Clay or Shale
C 1261: Specification for Firebox Brick for Residential Fireplaces
C 1298: Guide for Design and Construction of Brick Liners for Industrial Chimneys
C 1405: Specification for Glazed Brick (Single Fired, Solid Brick Units)
BRICK (Cont.)
C 90: Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
C 129: Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
C 139: Specification for Concrete Masonry Units for Construction of Catch Basins and Manholes
C 140: Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C 331: Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
C 426: Test Method for Linear Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Masonry Units
CMU
8
CMU (Cont.)
C 618: Specification for Coal Flu Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as Mineral Admixture Concrete
C 979: Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
C 1209: Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C 1262: Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Manufactured Concrete Masonry Units and Related Concrete
C 1372: Specification for Segmental Retaining Wall Units
C 1552: Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing
C 5: Specification for Quicklime for Structural Purposes
C 51: Definition of Terms Relating to Lime and Limestone
C 91: Specification for Masonry Cement
C 109: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50- mm] Cube Specimens)
Mortar and Grout
Mortar and Grout (Cont.)
C 110: Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
C 143: Test Methods for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
C 144: Specification for Aggregate for Masonry Mortar
C 150: Specification for Portland Cement
C 185: Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C 207: Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C 270: Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C 395: Standard Specification for Chemical-Resistant Resin Mortars
C 404: Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout
C 476: Specification for Grout Masonry
C 780: Test Method for Preconstruction and Construction Evaluation of Mortars for Plain and Reinforced Masonry Units
C 887: Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Surface Bonding Mortar
C 952: Test Method for Bond Strength of Mortars to Masonry Units
10
Mortar and Grout (Cont.)
C 1142: Specification for Extended Life Mortar for Units Masonry
C 1180: Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C 1324: Test Method for Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar
C 1329: Specification for Mortar Cement
C 1357: Test Methods for Evaluating Masonry Bond Strength
C 1384: Specification for Admixtures for Masonry Mortars
C 1403: Test Method for Rate of Water Absorption of Masonry Mortars
C 1437: Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C 1586: Guide for Quality Assurance of Mortars
Assembly Components
A 82: Cold Drawn Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
A 90: Test for Weight of Coating on Zinc-Coated Masonry (Galvanized) Iron or Steel Articles
11
Brick and CMU ASTM Standards
A 123: Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
A 496: Deformed Steel Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
A 615: Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A 617: Axle-Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A 951: Specification for Masonry Joint Reinforcement
C 516: Vermiculite Loose Fill Insulation
C 549: Perlite Loose Fill Insulation
C 920: Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
E 488: Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements
E 754: Test Method for Pullout Resistance of Ties and Anchors Embedded in Masonry Mortar Joints
Pavers
C 902: Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick
C 936: Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
12
Pavers (Cont.)
C 1319: Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units
C 1491: Specification for Concrete Roof Pavers
Other Related Standards
C 1314: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms
C 1400: Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
C1601: Test Method for the Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces
E 514: Test Methods for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry
E 518: Test Methods for Flexural Bond Strength of Masonry
E 519: Test Methods for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages
E 1857: Guide for Selection of Cleaning Techniques for Masonry, Concrete, and Stucco Surfaces
E 2260: Guide for Repointing (Tuckpointing) Historic Masonry
13
Maximum Water Absorption, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
Minimum Net Area Compressive Strength, lb/ft2
Avg of 3 Units Avg - 3 Units
Indiv Unit
Indiv Unit
Lightweight Less than 105 (1680) 18 (288) 20 (320) 1900 (13.1)
1700 (11.7)
15 (240) 17 (272) 1900 (13.1)
1700 (11.7)
Normal Weight 125 (2000) or more 13 (208) 15 (240) 1900 (13.1)
1700 (11.7)
Permissible Variations in Dimension: • Standard Units: For standard units, no overall dimension
(width, height and length) shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified dimensions.
• Particular Feature Units: For particular feature units, the dimensions shall be in accordance with the following:
1. For molded face units, no overall dimension shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimension. Dimensions of molded features shall be within +/- 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the specified standard dimensions and shall be within +/- 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) of the specified placement of the molded feature.
2. For split-faced units, all non-split overall dimensions shall differ by not more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimensions.
3. For slump units, no overall height dimension shall differ by more than +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) from the specified standard dimension.
14
Materials and Finish: • All units shall be sound and free of cracks or other defects
that interfere with the proper placement of the unit or significantly impair the strength or permanence of the construction. Minor cracks, incidental to the usual method of manufacture or minor chipping resulting from customary methods of handling in shipment and delivery, are not grounds for rejection.
• Where units are to be used in exposed wall construction, the face or faces that are to be exposed shall not show chips or cracks, not otherwise permitted, or other imperfections when viewed from a distance of not less than 20 feet (6.1 m) under diffused lighting.
• Five percent of a shipment containing chips, not larger than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in any dimension, or cracks not wider than 0.2 in. (0.5 mm) and not longer than 25% of the nominal height of the unit, is permitted.
• The color and texture of units shall be specified by the purchaser. The finished surfaces that will be exposed in place shall conform to an approved sample, consisting of not less than four units, representing the range of texture and color permitted.
• A shipment shall not contain more than 5% of units, including broken units, that do not meet these materials and finishes requirements.
ASTM C-90 Condensed
gross area
Boiling, %
Brick Individual Avg of 5 Brick Individual
Grade SW 3000 (20.7)
Grade MW 2500 (17.2)
Grades: • Grade SW (Severe Weathering): Brick intended for use
where high resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezing is desired.
• Grade MW (Moderate Weathering): Brick intended for use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage is permissible.
When Grade is not specified, the requirements of Grade SW shall govern.
* The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by the 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water
Types: • Type FBS: Brick for general use masonry. • Type FBX: Brick for general use masonry where a higher
degree of precision and lower permissible variation in size than permitted for Type FBS is required.
• Type FBA: Brick for general use masonry selected to produce characteristic architectural effects resulting from nonuniformity in size and texture of individual units.
When Type is not specified, the requirements for Type FBS shall govern.
16
ASTM C-216 Condensed
Materials and Finish: • The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies and surface
treatments, including coatings, that would interfere with the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair the strength or performance of the construction.
• The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall be free of chips that exceed the limits given in the table below. The aggregate length of chips shall not exceed 10% of the perimeter of the face of the brick.
• Other than chips, the face or faces shall be free of cracks or other imperfections detracting from the appearance of the designated sample when viewed from a distance of 15 ft. for Type FBX and 20 ft. for Types FBS and FBA.
• The number of brick in a delivery that are broken or otherwise fail to meet requirements for chippage and tolerance shall not exceed 5%.
Type % Allowed
Allowed
Edge Corner Edge Corner
FBX 5% or Less
1/4-5/16 (6.4-7.9)
(0-12.7)
FBA To meet the designated sample or as specified by the purchaser, but not more than Type FBS (Textured)
17
Struck Joint*Raked Joint*
Beaded Joint
* Not recommended for exterior use in areas with regular inclement weather
18
Maximum Damp Loose Aggregate
M 1 1/4 3
N 1 1 6
O 1 2 9
K 1 3 12
Type S: General all-purpose with high flexural bond strength
Type N: General all-purpose with good bonding capability and workability
Type O: Low strength used mostly for interior applications
Type K: Low compressive and flexural bond strength for tuck- pointing historic buildings with lime and sand mortar
Portland Cement Lime Mortar (ASTC C270)
Type Portland Cement
M --- 1 (type M) --- 3
S 1/2 1 (type N) --- 4 1/2
S --- 1 (type S) --- 3
N --- 1 (type N) --- 3
Masonry Cement Mortar (ASTM C270)
19
Location Building Segment
Non Load-bearing Wall Type O** Type N or S
Parapet Wall Type N Type S
Exterior, At or Below Grade
Foundation Wall, Retaining Wall, Manholes, Sewers, Pavements, Walks and Patios
Type S*** Type M or N
Interior Load-bearing Wall Type N Type S or M
Non-bearing Partitions Type O Type N
Tuckpointing^ Interior Type O Type K or N
Exterior (Above grade, exposed on one side, unlikely to be frozen when saturated, not sub- ject to high winds or lateral loads)
Type O Type N or K
Exterior (Other than conditions listed above)
Type N Type O
* This table does not provide for many specialized mortar uses, such as chimney, reinforced masonry, and acid-resistant mortars ** Type O mortar is recommended for use where the masonry is unlikely to be frozen when saturated, or unlikely to be subjected to high winds or other significant lateral loads. Type N or S mortar should be used in other cases. *** Masonry exposed to weather in a nominally horizontal surface is extremely vulnerable to weathering. Mortar for such masonry should be selected with due caution. ^ In some applications, structural concerns may dictate the use of mortars other than those recommended. This table is not applicable to pavement applications.
20
Site Tolerances: Erect Masonry within the following tolerances from specified dimensions
Dimensions of Elements
- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 1/2 in. (12.7 mm)
Mortar joint thickness (Assume either 1/2 in. or 3/8 in. thick bed and head joints)
Bed joint +/- 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
Head joint - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 3.8 in. (9.5 mm)
Collar joint - 1/4 in. (6.4 mm); + 3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
Elements
Variation from level
Bed joints +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Top surface of bearing walls +/- 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in 10 ft. (3.05 m)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Variation from plumb
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Continued on next page
Site Tolerances: Erect Masonry within the following tolerances from specified dimensions
Elements (Continued)
+/- 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in 20 ft. (6.10 m)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) maximum
Alignment of columns and walls (bottom versus top)
+/- 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) bearing walls
+/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) non-bearing walls
Location of Elements
Indicated in plan
+/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) maximum
Indicated in elevation
+/- 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) maximum
* Source: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5) and (TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6)
22
Control and Expansion Joint Placement
Control Joints: Used in CMU construction to prevent cracking due to natural shrinkage of CMU and building movement.
Expansion Joints: Used in clay brick construction to prevent cracking due to natural expansion of clay brick units and building movement.
Typical Control and Expansion joints will be filled with joint sealant, instead of mortar, to accommodate building movement.
Equation to determine expansion joint spacing
Spacing not to exceed
Spacing = W x E / 0.09 W=Width of expansion joint E=Percent extension of joint sealant (25%-plus extension/compression is common for sealants used on brick)
25 Feet
* Source: The Brick Industry Association Technical Note 18A: Accommodating Expansion of Brickwork (November 2006)
Adjacent to opening
Adjacent to opening
Between main and intersecting wall
At changes in wall height
At maximum of one-half control joint spacing from corners
23
Spacing not to exceed
3.0 (Control joint spacing = 3.0 x Height of panel) 40 Feet
Control and Expansion Joint Placement
Control Joint Spacing - Reinforced CMU Wall^
Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Length to Height
Spacing not to exceed
2.5 (Control joint spacing = 2.5 x Height of panel) 32 Feet
Control Joint Spacing - Reinforced CMU Wall^ (Solid Grouted)
Spacing Expressed as Ratio of Panel Length to Height
Spacing not to exceed
1.5 (Control joint spacing = 1.5 x Height of panel) 24 Feet
Control Joint Spacing - CMU Veneer^ (No openings, Joint reinforcing @ 16” o.c.)
^ Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Control Joints for Concrete Masonry Crack Control (April 2008)
24
Fire Resistance in Hours
* Tested in compliance with ASTM E119 ** Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Concrete Masonry Fire Resistance (February 2005)
Wall Assembly Design Number
mortar beds, with 9-gage joint reinforcement at 16” o.c. vertically
• Min. 1” air space with up to 4” rigid insulation as option
• 4” clay facing brick laid in mortar
U902 4.00
Continued on next page 25
Fire Resistance Ratings
Fire Rating
Brick Veneer/Steel Stud, Loadbearing • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 3 1/2”, 20-gage steel studs with
max. spacing at 24” o.c., with 3 1/2” glass fiber batt insulation
• 2” max. foamed plastic • 1” min. air space • 4” brick veneer with wall anchor
ties to studs at 24” o.c.
V434 1.00
Brick Veneer/Steel Stud, Loadbearing • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 3 1/2”, 20-gage steel studs with
max. spacing at 24” o.c., with 3 1/2” glass fiber batt insulation
• 4” max. rigid polystyrene insulation • 1” min. air space • 4” brick veneer with wall anchor
ties to studs at 24” o.c.
V454 1.00
Brick Veneer/Wood Stud, Loadbearing • 2 layers 5/8” gypsum wallboard or
3/32” gypsum veneer plaster on classified veneer baseboard
• 1 layer 1/2” gypsum exterior sheathing
• 1” air space • 2” x 4” wood studs spaced at 16” o.c. • 4” clay facing brick laid in mortar
with metal ties spaced at 16” o.c. horizontally and vertically
U302 2.00
UL Fire Resistance Ratings of Select Masonry Wall Systems^
^ Source: UL Fire Resistance Directory; Tested in compliance with ASTM E119
26
Nominal Unit
6”
8”
10”
12”
* Source: National Concrete Masonry Association Tek-Note 13-1B Sound (2008)
27
Tested STC
Calculated STC
• 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 1 1/2” wood furring • 8” CMU • 1 1/2” wood furring • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard
54^ 51
• 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard • 2” Z-bar • Glass fiber batt insulation • 8” CMU • 2” Z-bar • 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard
64^^ 51
• 1 layer 5/8” gypsum wallboard screwed to CMU
• 8” CMU • 2” rigid insulation • 3 1/2” air space • 4” split face CMU veneer
79^^^ 58
* Source: National Concrete Masonry Association Tek-Note 13-1B Sound (2008) ^ 48.2 psf wall weight of CMU only, test designation TL-88-361 ^^ 48.2 psf wall weight of CMU only, test designation TL-88-384 ^^^ 85.4 psf wall weight of masonry only, test designation TL-88-431
28
Weep Holes
Placement: At first course above grade and at all supports • Code required spacing: 33” o.c. • MIW recommended spacing (Brick): 24” o.c. • MIW recommended spacing (CMU): 32” o.c.
Size: The bigger the weep hole is, the more water it allows out of the cavity and the more air it allows to circulate through the cavity • Code required minimum size: 3/8” diameter circular
hole • MIW recommended: Full head joint (head joint size
depends on size of unit) - Note: Empty head joint should be filled with screen or other material that prevents bugs and debris from entering, but allows water and air to flow.
Flashing
Placement: At…
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