BREXIT BRIEF · BREXIT BRIEF BREXIT BRIEF 091 | JULY 2020 had not arisen. Both sides issued statements on the afternoon of Thursday 2 July. Michel Barnier said that: “Our goal was

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Section One: State of PlayNegotiations Round 5

On Monday 29 June 2020, in Brussels, the EU and UK negotiating teams began the first of six scheduled rounds of week-long talks, five between now and the end of July, with the final round scheduled for 17 August 2020.

On the agenda for the first week were: governance and horizontal arrangements; fisheries; level playing field for open and fair competition; trade in goods; trade in services and investment; criminal law and judicial cooperation; energy and transport networks; participation in EU programmes such as science and research; social security; thematic cooperation; and, continued mobility

of social benefits for EU citizens in the UK and British citizens in the EU.

Significantly, the agenda made provision for two two-hour sessions devoted to direct, face-to-face meetings between the Chief Negotiators, Michel Barnier and David Frost, and a four-hour time slot for what was described as ‘cross-work-stream discussion and other follow-up’.

In the event, the talks ended a day early, without the final get-together of the Chief Negotiators and without the cross-work-stream discussion. An EU official commented that it was not a “huge issue” that Mr Barnier and Mr Frost had not met and that the other session had been included in the agenda to permit time for discussion of “extra questions” which

IntroductionThe Brief seeks to provide up-to-date information on the progress and content of the UK-EU negotiations, and bring together relevant statements and policy positions from key players in Ireland, the UK and the EU.

The Brief is part of a wider communications programme covering the work of the IIEA’s UK Project Group – including commentaries, speeches, texts and event reports – which are highlighted on the Institute’s website. (www.iiea.com)

Brexit Brief Issue 918 July 2020

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had not arisen. Both sides issued statements on the afternoon of Thursday 2 July.

Michel Barnier said that: “Our goal was to get negotiations successfully and quickly on a trajectory to reach an agreement. However, after four days of discussions, serious divergences remain. The EU side had listened carefully to UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s statements in recent weeks, in particular, his request to reach a political agreement quickly.” He made it clear that the EU recognised the UK’s red lines: “no role for the European Court of Justice in the UK; no obligation for the UK to continue to be bound by EU law; and an agreement on fisheries that shows Brexit makes a real difference.”

Mr Barnier said that his team engaged constructively, as had been the case in the earlier rounds in June. However, the EU’s position, based on the agreed Political Declaration, remained as follows: “There will be no economic partnership without: robust guarantees for a level playing field – including on State aid – to ensure open and fair competition among our businesses; a balanced, sustainable and long-term solution for our European fishermen and women; an overarching institutional framework and effective dispute settlement mechanisms.” The EU continued to insist on parallel progress in all areas.

Mr Barnier concluded: “The EU expects, in turn, its positions to be better understood and respected in order to reach an agreement. We need an equivalent engagement by the United Kingdom. We continue to believe that an agreement is possible and in everyone’s interest. In the meantime, and as agreed, we will continue our discussions in London next week.”

David Frost, in a brief statement, said that the two sides had completed their discussion of the full range of issues in just over three days. “Our talks were face-to-face for the first time since March and this has given extra depth and flexibility to our discussions. The negotiations have been comprehensive and useful. But they have also underlined the significant differences that still remain between us on a number of important issues. We remain committed to working hard to find an early understanding on the principles underlying an agreement out of the intensified talks process during July.”

Michel Barnier’s references to Boris Johson’s red lines reflect a readiness to find solutions to issues such as how the UK will run its State aid regime after the transition period. The EU has asked the UK side to set out its plans in this critical area to reassure Brussels that it does not intend to undercut EU interests. Mr Barnier has also indicated a willingness to look at alternative models for the level playing field concept and to move from a hard-line position on arrangements for fishing. On the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the UK must show that it understands the necessity of “an overarching institutional framework and effective dispute settlement mechanisms.” Furthermore, the UK needs to show an understanding of the EU red lines.

Responding to Michel Barnier’s remark about the need to respect the EU’s positions, Prime Minister Johnson told a radio audience: “I’m not remotely disrespectful of Michel or the EU system, which I know well and understand.” He added that he had held “very good conversations with friends and colleagues around the EU” and that he was “a bit more optimistic” than Barnier about reaching a deal in the coming months.

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Talks will continue next week in London as agreed in the revised terms of reference published on 12 June.

An Irish Times article, by Paul Gillespie, has argued that Ireland is being weaponised by the UK in the negotiations insofar as the threat of a no-deal Brexit puts particular pressure on Ireland, since recourse to WTO rules would lead to high (more than 50%) UK tariffs on Irish beef exports which currently amount to as much as 40% of output. Another malign scenario, involving non-implementation of the Northern Ireland Protocol, could see the imposition of a hard border on the island to defend the EU Single Market.

Coalition Government in Office

The new Irish Government, led by Taoiseach Micheál Martin TD, entered into office on 27 June 2020. Simon Coveney TD, although no longer Tánaiste, retains his position as Minister for Foreign Affairs and also becomes Minister for Defence. The Fianna Fáil TD for Meath East, Thomas Byrne, takes over the position of Minister of State for European Affairs from his constituency colleague, Fine Gael’s Helen McEntee TD, who becomes Minister for Justice. Regarding his new role, Mr Byrne said:

I am delighted to be taking on the role as the Minister of State for European Affairs. I look forward to working with my EU colleagues on a number of key issues for Ireland – most immediately the negotiations for the new EU Budget (Multiannual Financial Framework) where I will emphasise the importance of maintaining and safeguarding the CAP.

Brexit and the outcome of the current negotiation process between the EU

and the UK remains a vital focus in the coming months. Preparing for the end of transition is a national priority and I will be working closely with the Taoiseach, Minister Coveney, other colleagues across government and my European counterparts to plan and be ready for this next phase of the Brexit process.

The British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, spoke to the Taoiseach on 30 July to congratulate him on his appointment. The Prime Minister “underlined the closeness of the relationship between the UK and Ireland” and the two leaders resolved to work closely to further strengthen links between the countries. On the UK’s departure from the EU, Prime Minister Johnson “stressed his determination to reach an agreement as soon as possible, but emphasised that the UK’s fundamental principles will not change, and explained that the UK remains committed to implementing the Northern Ireland protocol.”

David Frost Appointment

On 28 June 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the appointment of David Frost as National Security Adviser. David Frost is currently the Prime Minister’s Europe Adviser and the UK’s Chief Negotiator in the EU-UK talks. He will succeed Sir Mark Sedwill, who has served as the National Security Adviser since April 2017. The Prime Minister, with the approval of HM The Queen, has nominated David Frost for a life peerage.

David Frost commented: “I am delighted and honoured to have been appointed the next National Security Adviser. I look forward to helping deliver the Prime Minister’s vision for a global Britain, with real influence around the world. I will of course remain Chief Negotiator

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for the EU talks and these will remain my top single priority until those negotiations have concluded, one way or another.”

The Guardian commented that: “The timing of Frost’s appointment could not have been more pointed. Giving the post to someone who is leading arguably the most important international talks since the Iraq war in 2003 sends a strong message to Brussels that the UK is prepared to walk away if a deal cannot be struck in summer talks. Frost is due to take up his new role in September and this cuts perilously short the time in which to seal the comprehensive and ambitious deal Johnson claims he wants before the end of the Brexit transition period.”

Goods moving between Northern Ireland and Great Britain

Details have emerged of a system for checks on goods moving across the Irish Sea between Northern Ireland and Great Britain from next January – a system which Prime Minister Boris Johnson had insisted would never apply to trade between the two parts of the United Kingdom. The system is required because of the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement designed to avoid a border on the island of Ireland.

Internal UK Revenue & Customs documents provide for a system whereby firms in Great Britain will be obliged to complete a range of customs, security and transit forms on all goods moving from the rest of the UK to Northern Ireland. These procedures will be carried out electronically. Goods going from Northern Ireland to Great Britain, meanwhile, will continue on the present basis, with Northern Ireland firms retaining unfettered access to the rest of the UK market.

Northern Ireland businesses have been calling for comprehensive and timely information from government on all aspects of the special arrangements for Northern Ireland agreed in the context of the Withdrawal Agreement. Clarity about the final form of the system outlined in the HMRC documents and of its implementation are seen as critical for planning and management by firms.

Draft deal on UK Land Bridge

Irish and EU officials have reached a draft agreement on the movement of Irish food products and live animals to continental EU countries via the UK Land Bridge. While it has been accepted that Irish goods must be exempt from the checks that will apply to British goods after Brexit becomes fully effective it has been clear that implementation will require a system that can distinguish Irish goods from British goods as they arrive at Rotterdam, Cherbourg or Zeebrugge.

The agreement provides that Irish food exports will access “green lanes” when they come off the ferries from British ports. There will be a pre-notification and certification regime which will recognise that, as an EU Member State, Ireland is compliant with all EU food safety legislation. The deal requires technical changes in EU rules on surveillance of food products entering the Single Market and must be approved by the Member States.

This development is separate to the EU-UK negotiations and relates only to the procedures applicable to goods arriving in continental ports. It has been pointed out that questions remain over requirements on the part of the UK authorities such as filing exit declarations or other documentation. The EU is seeking special arrangements for Irish trade

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to avoid long delays at UK ports but there has been no progress to date. Tony Connelly, in the Irish Times, notes: “The UK may be in no mood to offer Irish trucks Ryanair-style priority boarding at Dover just because they are moving EU produce from one part of the Single Market to another.”

Section Two: The Evolving DebateBarnier Speech at Eurofi General Assembly

On 30 June 2020, Michel Barnier spoke to the General Assembly of Eurofi, a European platform for exchanges of views between the public and private sectors on financial regulation and trends affecting the financial industry. In his remarks, Mr Barnier addressed the future of financial services trade between the UK and EU:

As part of our negotiations, we are proposing to include, in our future agreement, a chapter on financial services, in line with what we have in other Free Trade Agreements. Our proposals would give UK operators legal certainty that they would not face discrimination when establishing themselves in the EU. And the same for EU operators in the UK. The UK, however, is looking to go much further. I will be blunt: its proposals are unacceptable.

Let me be clear: The UK chose to no longer be a Member State. It chose to leave the EU Single Market and stop applying our common ecosystem of rules, supervision and enforcement mechanisms. In particular, it refuses to recognise any role for the European Court of Justice.

These choices have consequences. The UK cannot keep the benefits of the Single Market without the obligations.

In the EU’s view, our future cooperation should be voluntary and based on trust. We would like to set up a voluntary framework for dialogue among regulators and supervisors that would allow for intensive exchanges on regulatory and prudential issues. We already have well-functioning dialogues of this kind with other major financial services jurisdictions.

German Presidency of Council

Germany took over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU on 1 July 2020. Chancellor Merkel addressed the Bundestag on the first day and made specific reference to the EU-UK negotiations, arguing that the EU must prepare for the possibility that the talks will not secure an agreement: “To put it mildly, progress in the negotiations has been very limited. I will continue to press for a good solution. But we in the EU and also in Germany must and should prepare for the event that an agreement is not reached after all.”

The Chancellor gave a wide-ranging interview to The Guardian and a number of other European newspapers. On Brexit, she was asked whether a no-deal outcome in the UK negotiations would be a personal defeat for her. She replied:

No. It would, of course, be in Britain’s and all EU Member States’ interests to achieve an orderly departure. But that can only happen if it is what both sides want. What matters is not our wishes but only the reality before us, in other

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words, first of all, what Britain wants. With Prime Minister Boris Johnson, the British Government wants to define for itself what relationship it will have with us after the country leaves. It will then have to live with the consequences, of course, that is to say with a less closely interconnected economy.

If Britain does not want to have rules on the environment and the labour market or social standards that compare with those of the EU, our relations will be less close. That will mean it does not want standards to go on developing along parallel lines.

We need to let go of the idea that it is for us to define what Britain should want. That is for Britain to define – and we, the EU27, will respond appropriately.

Leo Varadkar in Dáil Éireann 24 June 2020

The then-Taoiseach Leo Varadkar reported to Dáil Éireann on the video conference meeting of the European Council on 19 June 2020. He made specific reference to the Brexit element of the Council deliberations:

While the primary focus of the meeting was the MFF and the Next Generation EU fund, Presidents von der Leyen and Michel provided a readout of the high-level conference on Brexit that took place with Prime Minister Johnson on 15 June. At that conference, they took stock of the limited progress made to date in the future partnership negotiations. In a joint statement afterwards, both sides agreed to intensify negotiations with a view to building new momentum. Both sides also confirmed their commitment to the full and timely implementation of

the Withdrawal Agreement, including the protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland. I thank Presidents von der Leyen and Michel and the Union’s negotiator, Michel Barnier, and his team for their continued skill and measured handling of these negotiations.

I believe that a deal with the UK is still possible and I expressed my hope that an intensified engagement over the summer will reveal the landing zone for an agreement. I was among several leaders to acknowledge the importance of early and comprehensive contingency planning, given the possibility of no trade deal on the future relationship being reached. Any deal will entail significant disruption to our supply chains, business models and market access and a significant impact on the cost of doing business with the UK. We need to be wise to that. It will also impact our fishermen and seafood industry. The arrangements we have now in this regard cannot possibly be as good in the future.

Mr Varadkar’s successor as Taoiseach, Micheál Martin, commented:

With regard to Brexit, the lack of progress on trade negotiation is a major concern. The position of the London Government has not inspired hope that we can avoid major economic disruption in January. At the very least, it does not appear to be accepting the proposals made last year as the basis for a permanent agreement. There is no positive purpose to be served by spending time now questioning its motivation and tactics. What we can do is to state once again that the core principles adopted by the European Union are founded on the perfectly reasonable

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basis that one does not get to pick and choose which elements of the Single Market one respects.

Now that the blockade of the Northern Ireland Assembly has been ended, the representatives of the people of Northern Ireland have been loud and clear in calling for London to respect their wish for enough time and space to be allowed for negotiations. They quite rightly object to arbitrary limits on the transition being imposed by London. In terms of our preparation for Brexit, the situation in January was that we were not ready for a possible WTO trading relationship with Britain. In tandem with support for recovery from the impact of the pandemic, we need an urgent programme for making sure that, at the end of this year, Irish companies are ready and supported to survive whatever happens once the transition ends.

Minister Coveney speaks to EU Ambassadors

On 30 June 2020, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Simon Coveney, gave his annual address to the EU Ambassadors in Dublin. He commented on the on-going EU-UK talks.

There may be real challenges in the period ahead as we face another critical juncture of the talks. It would be detrimental to all of our interests to allow this pressure to undermine EU solidarity. In the face of the UK approach to the talks, and their attempt to create a public narrative of unreasonable EU asks, it is vital that we all maintain our unity. This is our greatest strength. From Ireland’s perspective, this means continuing to voice support for a unified EU position in line with the

mandate and for the lead negotiator, Michel Barnier.

Implementing what was agreed by the UK and the EU in the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland is also vital. Some progress has been made but much more detailed work is required for the Protocol to be fully operational on 1 January 2021. Clarity on this work is particularly important to give reassurance and certainty to people and businesses in Northern Ireland, and indeed across the island of Ireland. I look forward to the upcoming meeting of the Specialised Committee expected in mid-July.

Ireland is continuing to work with citizens and businesses to make sure that we are ready for the changes that will come with the end of the transition period. This includes extensive work at our ports and airports to prepare for additional controls from 1 January 2021. Rest assured that Ireland will play our part in protecting the Single Market. I would like to thank colleagues here today who, in cooperation with their capitals, have supported our work to ensure that the UK Land Bridge remains an effective and efficient route linking Ireland with the rest of the Single Market.

UK Business ‘Warning’ to Prime Minister

More than one hundred business leaders have written to Prime Minister Johnson warning that it would be “hugely damaging” to the UK economy if the country departs from the European Union at the end of the year without a deal. The letter was delivered to No. 10 on 30 June 2020, the deadline for a UK request to extend the transition period.

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The letter states that a no-deal outcome would result “in more people out of work and lower living standards.” It emphasises that businesses “simply do not have time or capacity to prepare for big changes in trading rules by the end of the year – especially given that we are already grappling with the upheaval caused by coronavirus” and argues that global tensions and focus on developing local supply chains “will make promised trade with US, China and others more difficult.”

It calls for “the best possible trading arrangements with the EU […] upholding common high standards currently applicable on both sides in the areas of State aid, social and employment standards, environment, climate change and tax.” It adds that the UK financial services sector urgently needs “assurance of an equivalence agreement with the EU that is broader than the traditional arrangements and gives them much greater certainty.”

EU Coronavirus Vaccine Plan

The UK Government is in discussions on joining an EU programme designed to secure deals with international drugs companies for supply of an eventual coronavirus vaccine. The scheme seeks to achieve efficiency and solidarity in bringing about timely access to vaccines for the populations of the Member States. It involves a commitment to massive spending through advance purchase agreements.

The UK was invited to join the EU programme in the context of the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement and a decision is expected in the near future following a debate between Departments on the issue on the political sensitivities around participating, or not, in an EU scheme. It has been argued that involvement could complicate the ongoing EU-UK negotiations because of potential further financing commitments.

Section Three: Background Material and Further Reading Background Material

European Commission Statement by Michel Barnier following the restricted round of negotiations for a new partnership between the European Union and the United Kingdom, 2 July 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_20_1262

GOV.UK David Frost’s statement following the conclusion of the round of negotiations with the EU, w/c 29 June. https://no10media.blog.gov.uk/2020/07/02/david-frosts-statement-following-the-conclusion-of-the-round-of-negotiations-with-the-eu-w-c-29-june/

European Commission Remarks by Michel Barnier at Eurofi General Assembly, 30 June 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/speech-barnier-eurofi-30062020_en.pdf

Government of Ireland Minister Coveney address to Dublin based EU Ambassadors, 30 June 2020. https://www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/speeches/speeches-archive/2020/june/minister-coveney-addresses-dublin-based-eu-ambassadors.php

GOV.UK Prime Minister call with Irish Taoiseach Micheal Martin, 30 June 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-irish-taoiseach-micheal-martin-30-june-2020

EU-UK Agenda: Future relationship Negotiations; 29 June-03 July 2020 (Brussels) https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/brexit_files/info_site/20200625_-_restricted_round_agenda.pdf

GOV.UK Appointment of Prime Minister’s National Security Adviser, 28 June 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/appointment-of-prime-ministers-nationl-security-advisor

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The Guardian EU-UK trade talks break up early over ‘serious’ disagreements. Guardian, 2 July 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jul/02/brexit-talks-break-up-early-over-serious-disagreements-michel-barnier

Financial Times Barnier hints he is ready to address UK’s red line on European court. FT, 3 July 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/df91b328-a01f-41e5-9a89-6fcbc4055180

Irish Times Brexit talks on future relationship end early with both sides saying differences remain. IT, 3 July 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/brexit-talks-on-future-relationship-end-early-with-both-sides-saying-differences-remain-1.4294551

BBC Brexit: Serious differences over trade deal, say UK and EU. BBC, 2 July 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-53266902

Irish Times The abrupt end to Brexit talks is not only surprising but perplexing. IT, 3 July 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/the-abrupt-end-to-brexit-talks-is-not-only-surprising-but-perplexing-1.4294868

Politico Boris Johnson: UK not being ‘disrespectful’ toward EU in Brexit talks. Politico, 3 July 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/boris-johnson-uk-not-being-disrespectful-toward-eu-in-brexit-talks/

Financial Times UK in talks to join EU coronavirus vaccine plan. FT, 4 July 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/b6297e59-f2d4-461a-b1a5-a0bd08b2b4e3

The Guardian Angela Merkel Interview. Guardian, 26 June 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/26/for-europe-survive-economy-needs-survive-angela-merkel-interview-in-full

Politico Angela Merkel says EU ‘must prepare’ for no-deal Brexit. Politico, 1 July 2020. https://www.politico.eu/article/angela-merkel-says-eu-must-prepare-for-no-deal-brexit/

Financial Times Johnson warned by business on ‘hugely damaging’ no-deal Brexit. FT, 1 July 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/e4da78ae-a428-4466-9721-d3841cc0e005

Financial Times State aid question remains stumbling block in Brexit talks. FT, 1 July 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/560e9bd2-b54a-415c-9f0b-c72f5dd2c124

RTE EU, Britain intensify talks on post-Brexit future. RTE, 29 June 2020. https://www.rte.ie/news/brexit/2020/0629/1150238-brexit/

BBC Brexit: Will return of face-to-face talks mean progress? BBC, 29 June 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53215711

Irish Times Britain ups the pressure to end Brexit talks by end of summer. IT, 30 June 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/britain-ups-the-pressure-to-end-brexit-talks-by-end-of-summer-1.4291981

Financial Times Brussels signals compromise possible in ‘level playing field’ talks. FT, 24 June 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/262cfc12-6649-4783-8d8c-db0967d77acc

The Guardian Britain and Brussels turn on each other for prolonging City’s uncertainty. Guardian, 30 June 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jun/30/britain-and-brussels-turn-on-each-other-for-prolongong-citys-uncertainty

Financial Times UK must reveal state aid plan to unblock Brexit talks, EU warns. FT, 28 June 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/cc23c73e-88e2-4c60-b2bf-36b241b5a101

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The Guardian EU parliament leader: Boris Johnson seems unwilling to find compromise in Brexit talks. Guardian, 25 June 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/25/eu-parliament-leader-boris-johnson-seems-unwilling-to-find-compromise-in-talks.

Telegraph UK can reach ‘broad outline’ of Brexit political agreement over summer, negotiators to tell EU. Telegraph, 28 June 2020. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/06/27/uk-can-reach-broad-outline-brexit-political-agreement-summer/

Financial Times Recriminations fly between EU and UK over financial services. FT, 29 June 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/4efd8bcd-0e95-48ef-b13f-b16d71da0168

The Sun Brexit Bother: Britain’s Brexit negotiator David Frost warns EU’s Michel Barnier to get real’ ahead of face-to-face showdown. Sun, 28 June 2020. https://www.thesun,co.uk/news/11957626/britain-brexit-david-frost-michel-barnier-get-real/

RTE EU and UK on collision course over extradition issue post-Brexit. RTE, 17 June 2020. https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/0617/1148078-eu-uk-extradition-post-brexit/

Financial Times Brexit: Why hopes are rising that EU and UK could find compromise. FT, 22 June 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/42022bf3-2912-4bf2-900a-25dcfda776c3

The Guardian Rights of UK citizens in EU at risk as member states’ legislation not yet in place. Guardian, 30 June 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jun/30/uk-citizens-rights-eu-at-risk-brexit

Telegraph Brussels plans to tie UK to EU car parts market in Brexit trade talks. Telegraph, 25 June 2020. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/06/25/eu-plans-secure-uk-market-car-parts-brexit-trade-negotiations/

The Parliament Michel Barnier says EU is open to Brexit delay of up to two years. The Parliament, 28 June 2020. https://www.theparliamentmgazine.eu/articles/news/michel-barnier-says-eu-open-brexit-delay-two-years

The Guardian How does David Frost’s new job affect Brexit talks? Guardian, 29 June 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jun/29/brexit-talks-key-issues-in-frost-barnier-discussions-covid-19

Federal Trust In a mad Brexit world, ‘no deal’ makes some kind of sense, July 2020. https://www.fedtrust.co.uk/in-a-mad-brexit-world-no-deal-makes-some-kind-of-sense

European Policy Centre Ceasefire: Managing divergence in Post-Brexit Europe, 30 June 2020. http://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/Ceasefire-Managing-divergence-in-post-Brexit-Europe~3565ec

Centre for European Reform The Barnier Method: Lessons Learned from the EU’s Institutional Approach to the Brexit Negotiations, 17 June 2020. https://www.cer.eu/in-the-press/barnier-method-lessons-learned-eu’s-institutional-approach-brexit-negotiations

Chatham House Why the UK Has Taken Foreign Policy Out of Brexit Negotiations, 1 July 2020. https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/why-uk-has-taken-foreign-policy-out-brexit-negotiations

Tony Connelly Brexit: The return of the UK land bridge dilemma. RTE, 4 July 2020. https://www.rte.ie/news/analysis-and-comment/2020/0703/1151272-brexit-land-bridge/

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Irish Times World View: Ireland weaponised by London in Brexit talks. IT, 4 July 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/world-view-ireland-weaponised-by-london-in-brexit-talks-1.4295576

RTE Draft deal agrees for movement of Irish food products through UK. RTE, 3 July 2020. https://www.rte.ie/news/brexit/2020/0702/1151071-irish-food-movement/

Irish Times Brexit: System agreed for Irish goods to skip checks on UK trade. IT, 4 July 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/brexit-system-agreed-for-irish-goods-to-skip-checks-on-uk-trade-1.4295296

The Guardian First details emerge of system for checks on goods crossing Irish Sea. Guardian, 2 July 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jul/02/first-details-emerge-of-system-for-checks-on-goods-crossing-irish-sea

Irish Times Newton Emerson: Why we need to talk about Dublin and Belfast. IT, 24 June 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/newton-emerson-why-we-need-to-talk-about-dublin-and-belfast-1.4287376

Irish Times Brexit: Port of Larne preparing to become border control post, says Wilson. IT, 25 June 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/brexit-port-of-larne-preparing-to-become-border-control-post-says-wilson-1.4288217

Further Reading

Bond, Smith and Wallace. Eminent Europeans. The Greycoat Press.

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ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.

No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

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