Breed Differences and Taking Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of Complementarity Advantage of Complementarity Larry V. Cundiff Larry V. Cundiff U.S. Meat Animal Research Center U.S. Meat Animal Research Center ARS-USDA ARS-USDA Clay Center, NE Clay Center, NE Brown Bagger IV Brown Bagger IV Crossbreeding Opportunities for Crossbreeding Opportunities for the US Beef Industry the US Beef Industry October 11, 2005 October 11, 2005
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Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of Complementarity Larry V. Cundiff U.S. Meat Animal Research Center ARS-USDA Clay Center, NE Brown Bagger IV Crossbreeding.
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Breed Differences and Taking Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of ComplementarityAdvantage of Complementarity
Larry V. CundiffLarry V. CundiffU.S. Meat Animal Research CenterU.S. Meat Animal Research Center
ARS-USDAARS-USDAClay Center, NEClay Center, NE
Brown Bagger IVBrown Bagger IVCrossbreeding Opportunities for Crossbreeding Opportunities for
the US Beef Industrythe US Beef IndustryOctober 11, 2005October 11, 2005
Cross breeding of composite populations can be used to Cross breeding of composite populations can be used to exploit: exploit:
• HETEROSISHETEROSIS
• COMPLEMENTARITY among breeds optimize COMPLEMENTARITY among breeds optimize performance levels for important traits and to match performance levels for important traits and to match genetic potential with:genetic potential with:
Complementarity(Cartwright, 1970, J. Anim. Sci. 30:706)
“Serving to fill out or complete, mutually supplying each others lack” (Webster)
Not Complimentarity“Expression of esteem or respect, or token
of esteem” (Webster)
COMPLEMENTARITY
is maximized in terminal crossing systems
Cow HerdSmall to moderate sizeAdapted to climateOptimal milk production
for feed resources
Terminal Sire BreedRapid and efficient growthOptimizes carcass composition
and meat quality in slaughter progeny
ProgenyMaximize high quality lean beefproduced per unit feed consumedby progeny and cow herd
SIRE BREEDS USED TO PRODUCE FI CROSSES WITH ANGUS AND HEREFORD DAMS IN THE GERMPLASM EVALUATION
PROGRAM AT MARCa
Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III Cycle IV Cycle V Cycle VI Cycle VII Cycle VIII 70-72 73-74 75-76 86-90 92-94 97-98 99-00 01-02
Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford HerefordAngus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus AngusJersey Red Poll Brahman Longhorn Tuli Wagyu Red Angus BeefmasterS. Devon Braunvieh Sahiwal Salers Boran Norweg. Red Limousin BrangusLimousin Gelbvieh Pinzgauer Galloway Belg. Blue Sw. Red&Wh. Charolais BonsmaraSimmental Maine Anj. Tarentaise Nellore Brahman Friesian Simmental RomosinuanoCharolais Chianina Shorthorn Piedmontese Gelbvieh
PiedmonteseCharolaisGelbviehPinzgauer
aSire breeds mated to Angus and Hereford females, Composite MARC III (1/4 Angus, Hereford, Red Poll and Pinzgauer) cows were also included in Cycles V, VI, and VII.
During the past 30 yr, Continental breeds have significantly improved direct calving ease relative to British breeds (9% vs. 3% assisted, in cows> 4 yr of age), especially Simmental and Gelbvieh.
Calves sired by Continental European breeds, have reduced birth weight relative to British breeds over the past 30 years (9 vs. 4 lb).
Angus and Red Angus sired calves have relatively light birth weights and greater calving ease than progeny by other sire breeds.
SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST
CALVES AT 2 YEARS OF AGE (2001 & 2002)CALVES AT 2 YEARS OF AGE (2001 & 2002)
SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE CALVES TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE CALVES
AT 3-5 YEARS OF AGE (2002-2004)AT 3-5 YEARS OF AGE (2002-2004)
Differences in calving ease and birth weight of progeny were not significant, even in 2 yr old first calf heifers.
During the past 30 yr, maternal calving ease has been improved greatly in Simmental relative to HA & AH (from 6% more to 11% less assistance in 2 yr old heifers).
• Differences in reproduction rate,and calf survival to weaning are not significant.
• Contrasts between British (H and A) and Continental European breeds (S, G, L, and C) are about 1/4th as great for direct (5.5 vs 22 lb) and 4/10th as great for maternal (10 vs. 24 lb) breed effects in the current evaluation as they were to 30 years ago.
ComplementarityComplementarity
SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (445 DAYS)OF F1 STEERS (445 DAYS)
USDA Quality Grade and USDA Yield Grade is more precisely optimized in cattle with 50:50 ratios of Continental to British inheritance than in cattle with higher or lower ratios of Continental to British inheritance.
Complementarity
British (H, A, Ra) and Continental (S, G, L, and C) sired progeny do not differ significantly
in Efficiency of Gain (live wt gain, lb/Mcal) to age or weight end points.
0.114
0.116
0.118
0.12
0.122
0.124
0.126
0.128
0.13
0.132
H A Ra S G L C
Time, 187d, LSD<.05 = .008WT, 750-1300,LSD<.05 = .009
Progeny by British sire breeds (H, A, Ra) were more efficient (lb live wt gain/Mcal)
than those by Continental (S, G, L, C) sire breeds to fatness endpoints
0.105
0.11
0.115
0.12
0.125
0.13
0.135
H A Ra S G L C
Fat th. .43 in, LSD<.05 = .007Fat trim 24.8%,LSD<.05 = .007Marb. = SM00,LSD<.05 = .007
Complementarity
Progeny of Continental European sire breeds (S, G, L, and C) had more efficient gains (Live wt gain/Mcal and retail
product/Mcal) than progeny of British sire breeds (H, A, and Ra) to weight of retail product (496 lb retail product) endpoints
SIRE BREED LEAST SQUARES MEANS FOR GROWTHSIRE BREED LEAST SQUARES MEANS FOR GROWTHAND PUBERTY TRAITS OF HEIFERS IN CYCLE VII OFAND PUBERTY TRAITS OF HEIFERS IN CYCLE VII OF
THE GPE PROGRAM (1999-2000 CALF CROPs)THE GPE PROGRAM (1999-2000 CALF CROPs)
400-d 18 wt. month Frame Age Preg.400-d 18 wt. month Frame Age Preg. Sire breed wt. wt. ht. score Sire breed wt. wt. ht. score at rate at rate of female No. lb. lb. cm. sc pub. %of female No. lb. lb. cm. sc pub. %
Sire breed least squares means for height, condition score, Sire breed least squares means for height, condition score, and weight of Fand weight of F11 cows (adjusted for condition score) at 4 cows (adjusted for condition score) at 4
Sire breed deviations from Hereford-Angus crosses for Sire breed deviations from Hereford-Angus crosses for height, weight, and weight adjusted for condition score of height, weight, and weight adjusted for condition score of
FF11 cows cows aa
CowCow CowCow CowCow
BreedBreedHeightHeight
ininWeight Weight
lblbAdj. WeightAdj. Weight
lblb
CycleCycle I & II VII I & II VII I & II VII
HAxHAx 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0
Red Red AngusAngus
--- 0.6 - - -12 - -- -24
SimmentaSimmentall
6.3 0.8 +23 -3 29 8
GelbviehGelbvieh 6.0 0.1 +23 -87
34 -60
LimousinLimousin 5.0 0.7 11 -40 15 -12
CharolaisCharolais
Cont. avg. Cont. avg.
6.2 0.5
5.9 0.5
51 -16
27 -36
53 -1
33 -16 aa Data for Cycles I and II are averaged over cow ages 2 – 8 yr od ageData for Cycles I and II are averaged over cow ages 2 – 8 yr od age(Arango et al.,2004). Data for cycle VII are for 4 yr old cows. (Arango et al.,2004). Data for cycle VII are for 4 yr old cows.
ComplementarityComplementarity• Continental and British breeds do not differ in weight or height today, with one exception, Gelbvieh are significantly lighter.
• Indications are that the reduced cow weights for Gelbvieh are associated with negative genetic trends for birth weight in compared to slightly positive or null genetic trends for birth weight in other breeds.
Matching GeneticMatching GeneticPotential to the Potential to the Climatic EnvironmentClimatic Environment
(Olson et al., 1991)(Olson et al., 1991)
TRADEOFFSTRADEOFFS
Bos indicus Bos indicus xx Bos taurus Bos taurus crosses excel incrosses excel in
•Weaning weight per cow exposedWeaning weight per cow exposed
•Cow efficiencyCow efficiency
but these advantages are tempered by:but these advantages are tempered by:
SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT ANDCARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (447 d)
2-years of age 3 to 7 years of age Sire Calf 200-day wt Calf 200-day wt. breed Age at crop per per cow crop per per cow of puberty, wnd. calf exposed wnd. calf exposed female No. days % lb lb % lb lb
Proceedings: Symposium on Tropically Adapted BreedsRegional Project S-1013
American Society of Animal ScienceSouthern Section Meeting
February 8, 2005Little Rock, Arkansas
Productivity of F1 cross females (Cundiff, 2005)
2 –yr olds 3-7 yr olds
Sire breed
Wn rate
%
205-d wt/
Calf, lb
205-d wt/cow ex, lb
Wn rate
%
205-d wt/
Calf, lb
205-d wt/
Cow ex, lb
Hereford 77 bc 428 e 322 bc 89 a 483 c 430 abc
Angus 73 cd 451 d 325 bc 86 a 503 b 434 abc
Brahman 65 d 473 b 308 c 84 a 527 a 444 abc
Nellore 73 bcd 471 bc 347 bc 91 a 513 ab 467 a
Boran 83 bc 447 bd 371 b 86 a 498 b 429 abc
Brangus 87 bc 451 bcd 399 b
Beefmaster 89 b 457 bcd 409 b
Bonsmara 71 cd 428 de 310 bc
Tuli 75 bc 417 e 311 bc
Romosinuano 82 bc 388 f 321 bc
Conclusions
Complementarity
Sire of Calf
During the past 30 yr, Continental breeds have significantly improved direct calving ease relative to British breeds (9% vs 3% assisted), especially Simmental and Gelbvieh.
Calves sired by Continental European breeds, have reduced birth weight relative to British breeds over the past 30 years (9 vs 4 lb).
Angus and Red Angus sired calves have relatively light birth weights and greater calving ease than progeny by other sire breeds.
Complementarity
Sire of Dam (Total Maternal)
Differences in calving ease and birth weight of progeny were not significant, even in 2 yr old first calf heifers.
During the past 30 yr, maternal calving ease has been improved greatly in Simmental relative to HA & AH (from 6% more to 11% less assistance in 2 yr old heifers).
Gelbvieh and Simmental still reach puberty at younger ages than Briths breeds or other Continental European breeds.
Differences in reproduction rate,and calf survival to weaning are not significant.
Contrasts between British (H and A) and Continental European breeds (S, G, L, and C) are about 1/4th as great for direct (5.5 vs 22 lb) and 4/10th as great for maternal (10 vs. 24 lb) breed effects in the current evaluation as they were to 30 years ago.
F1 Females
Complementarity
Continental and British breeds do not differ in weight or height today, with one exception, Gelbvieh are significantly lighter.
Indications are that the reduced cow weight for Gelbvieh are associated with negative genetic trends for birth weight compared to slightly positive or null genetic trends for birth weight in other breeds.
F1 Cow Size
British (H, A, Ra) and Continental (S, G, L, and C) sired progeny do not differ significantly in postweaningAverage daily gain or efficiency of live wt gain to age orweight end points.
Progeny by British sire breeds (H, A, Ra) were more efficient (lb live wt gain/Mcal) than those by Continental (S, G, L, C) sire breeds to fatness Endpoints.
Progeny of Continental European sire breeds (S, G, L, and C) had more efficient gains (Live wt gain/Mcal and retail product/Mcal) than progeny of British sire breeds (H, A, and Ra) to weight of retail product (496 lb retail product) endpoints.
Complementarity
USDA Quality Grade and USDA Yield Grade is more precisely optimized in cattle with 50:50 ratios of Continental to British inheritance than in cattle with higher or lower ratios of Continental to British inheritance.
Complementarity
Matching GeneticMatching GeneticPotential to the Potential to the
Climatic EnvironmentClimatic Environment
• In hotter more humid climates of the gulf coast cattle with ~ 50% tropical adapted germplasm may be optimal.
• In more intermediate subtropics, cattle with ~25% tropically adapted germplasm may be optimal.
COMPLEMENTARITY
is maximized in terminal crossing systems
Cow HerdSmall to moderate sizeAdapted to climateOptimal milk production
for feed resources
Terminal Sire BreedRapid and efficient growthOptimizes carcass composition and meat quality in slaughter progeny
ProgenyMaximize high quality lean beefproduced per unit feed consumedby progeny and cow herd
MARC WEB SITEMARC WEB SITE
www.marc.usda.govwww.marc.usda.gov
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