BREASTFEEDING DISCOMFORTS EXPERIENCED AND ITS MANAGEMENT BY
PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERS
NAZRIA G. KAPUSAN
A Thesis Outline Submitted to the College of Health Sciences,
University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato in Partial
Fulfillment of Requirement for Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Titles PagesINTRODUCTION Significance of the Study Objectives of
the StudyExpected Output Scope and Limitation of the StudyPlace and
Time of the Study Definition of Terms HypothesesTheoretical
Framework Conceptual Framework
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREMETHODOLOGYResearch
DesignRespondents of the StudySampling Instrument Data Gathering
ProcedureStatistical Analysis
LITERATURE CITEDAPPENDICES
INTRODUCTION
Significance of the Study
Human milk is uniquely designed to promote optimum health and
growth in the human infant. Breast milk is a living, changing food,
with enzymes and living cells that cannot be reproduced in formula
and which help prevent or delay allergies, protect from infectious
diseases and reduce occurrence of respiratory and digestive
infections. Breast milk, unlike formula, promotes the growth and
development of the human brain and nervous system. In addition
breastfeeding promotes healthy oral development and satisfies the
babies sucking needs. The World Health Organization recommends that
infants be exclusively breastfed for the first months of life and
that breastfeeding be continued into the second year of life or
longer. These recommendations are based on studies showing long
term benefits in children who receive breast milk in their first
year of life. (WHO, 2001)The benefits of breastfeeding include: the
reduction of infant mortality and morbidity and decrease risk of
infectious disease, like diarrhea, respiratory, ear, and urinary
tract infections (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005, WHO, 2002).
Long term benefits include decrease incidence of obesity and
chronic illness such as diabetes, allergies and asthma (Baldwin
& Friedman, 2006). Less incidences of osteoporosis, ovarian
cancer, and premenopausal breast cancer are reported for mothers
who have breastfed (Noel-Weiss, Rupp, Cragg, Bassett & Woodend,
2006).
Pre- natal care is indeed a need specifically in pregnant
mothers and mostly the primigravida mothers because they do not
have sufficient knowledge regarding child bearing and specially how
they will breastfed their baby, what will be their proper
positioning, the foods they will eat for them to produce more milk
and how often they will breastfeed their babies. These were some of
the questions encountered by primigravida mothers during their
pregnancy stage. When they were able to deliver the child, they
often encounter discomforts most especially in breastfeeding, these
was the researcher aims to know and also the management done by the
mothers to lessen or prevent the discomforts in
breastfeeding.Breastfeeding provides ideal infant nutrition and is
the physiologic norm for mothers and children. Mothers often make a
decision regarding breastfeeding early in prenatal care, and many
have already decided whether to breastfeed prior to conception.
Encouragement and education from Healthcare providers result in
increased breastfeeding initiation and duration. In addition,
ongoing educational and support programs can improve initiation and
duration of breastfeeding.
Furthermore, through this study, researcher will be able to
determine the discomforts experienced by primigravida mothers and
how they will manage it. Also, through this study, the researcher
can determine the perception of primigravida mothers on
breastfeeding during their pregnancy stage and how they perceive
breastfeeding after delivery.
Objectives:1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of the
respondents. 2. To determine the perception of the mothers on
breastfeeding during their pregnancy stage. 3. To determine the
discomforts experienced by primigravida mothers on breastfeeding 4.
To determine perception of the mothers on breastfeeding after
giving birth.5. To determine the breastfeeding discomforts
management done by the primigravida mothers. 6. To determine the
factors which contribute to their discomforts.
Expected Output1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of
the respondents. 2. To determine the perception of the mothers on
breastfeeding during their pregnancy stage. 3. To determine the
discomforts experienced by primigravida mothers on breastfeeding 4.
To determine perception of the mothers on breastfeeding after
giving birth.5. To determine the breastfeeding discomforts
management done by the primigravida mothers. 6. To determine the
factors which contribute to their discomforts.
Scope and limitationThis study will include primigravida mothers
residing at Poblacion, Pikit Cotabato,
Place and Time of the StudyThe study will be conducted at
Poblacion, Pikit North, Cotabato, February, 2014.
Definitions of Terms
Breastfeeding- this refers to the sucking or nursing, giving a
baby milk from the mothers breast. Specifically the way the
primigravida mothers nurse there baby.
Primigravida Mothers- a woman that is pregnant on the first
time; the respondents of the study; the first time mothers who
encountered breastfeeding discomforts.
Discomforts-unpleasant; uneasy feeling; specifically the unusual
feeling that causes pain to the primigravida mothers on
breastfeeding.
Management- the way the primigravida breastfeeding mothers
handle the breastfeeding discomfort experienced.
Hypotheses:
Theoretical Framework
Self-efficacy has received attention as a predictor of health
related behaviors. Described as anindividuals confidence in his or
her perceived ability to perform a specific task or
behavior(Bandura 1977), Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
framework (1999), is derived fromBanduras Social Cognitive Learning
Theory (Bandura, 1977). Dennis uses her framework tounderstand the
role self-efficacy plays in relation to breastfeeding behaviors.
Breastfeeding selfefficacy refers to a mothers perceived ability or
confidence to breastfeed her newborn andinfluences her decisions
regarding breastfeeding such as whether to breastfeed or not, how
mucheffort she will expend on the task and how she will deal with
the challenges that she willencounter during her experience. The
theory of self-efficacy proposes that a persons level
ofself-efficacy may be influenced by four factors. These factors
are: personal accomplishments,vicarious experiences, verbal
persuasion, and psychological and affective states. These
factorscould be influenced by education and healthcare provider
intervention (Bandura, 1977, Dennis,1999).The first source,
personal accomplishments, is based on the belief that successes
build robustbelief in ones personal efficacy. Failures undermine
it, especially if failures occur before a senseof efficacy is
firmly established (Bandura (1994).The second source, vicarious
experiences, builds a strong sense of efficacy through thevicarious
experiences provided by social models. Seeing people similar to
oneself succeed bysustained effort raises observers beliefs that
they too possess the capabilities to mastercomparable activities
required to succeed (Bandura, 1994).The third source, verbal
persuasion, is a way to strengthen peoples beliefs that they
havewhat it takes to succeed. People who are persuaded verbally
that they possess the capabilities tomaster given activities are
likely to mobilize greater effort and sustain it than if they
harbor selfdoubtsand dwell on personal deficiencies when problems
arise (Bandura, 1994).The fourth source is psychological and
affective states. The final way to enhance efficacy isto reduce
peoples stress reactions and alter their negative emotional
proclivities andinterpretations of their physical states. It is how
the emotions are perceived, rather than the sheerintensity of
emotional and physical reactions that is important. People with a
high sense ofefficacy are likely to view their state of affective
arousal as an energizing facilitator ofperformance, whereas those
who are plagued by self-doubt regard their arousal as a
debilitation(Bandura, 1994).
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE -Age -Educational Attainment -Tribe
DISCOMFORTS and MANAGEMENT
Figure 1. A schemic diagram showing the relationship between the
respondents socio-demographic profile and their discomforts and
management on breastfeeding discomforts.
Review of Related Literature
In the book Immunity of Human Milk that breast milk contains
lymphocytes and macrophages, which produce antibodies and other
immune factors. It provides Lactobacillus bifidus; the friendly
bacteria that helps prevent the growth of dangerous bacteria.
Another molecule is breast milk actually kills harmful bacteria.
Some components are even directly anti-inflammatory. In addition to
providing protection against viruses, fungi, and parasites. Long
term breastfeeding and natural weaning as far the healthiest thing
you can do as positive effect of breast milk remains for years
after breast milk is discontinued the larger you breast milk, the
stronger your child s immune system (Hanson, 1998).In our society,
we all know that breast milk is the best. Unfortunately, many women
are led to believe that they cannot or should not breastfed for
various reasons, and it is usually just not true. The following are
some common reasons that a woman might decide not to try
breastfeeding and information dispelling these common myths.
(Weekly, 2007).My breast are small. Breast size has nothing to do
with the ability or inability to produce milk. Even women with very
small breast are able to produce milk. Milk glands lie under the
muscle wall, so even if one has extremely small breast, one should
still have glands necessary to produce milk. It is actually easier
for a small-breasted woman to breastfeed.
METHODOLOGY Research DesignThis study will utilize a
descriptive-comparative ; it will obtain the socio demographic
characteristic and the comparative to compare the breastfeeding
discomforts of the respondents before and after delivery.
Respondents of the StudyThe respondents of this study will be
___ primigravida mothers residing at Poblacion, Pikit,
Cotabato.
Sampling ProcedureThe respondents of this study will be selected
through simple random sampling from all puroks in Poblacion, Pikit,
Cotabato, there is 10 respondents in each purok that will be
selected randomly.
Research InstrumentThe research instrument will be a self-made
questionnaire. The questionnaire has three parts. The first part
will generate the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The
second part s the perception of the primigravida mothers towards
breastfeeding discomforts, and the third part is the management
done by primigravida mothers on breastfeeding discomforts.
Data Gathering ProcedureThe respondents will be randomly
selected in their purok. After identifying the names of the
respondents, the questionnaire will be distributed by
appointment.
Statistical Analysis LITERATURE CITED
QUESTIONNAIRESPart I-Socio-demographic Profile Name (optional):
_______________________ Tribe:_______________ Age when you first
get pregnant:__________ Educational Attainment:_____________
Part II- Perception of Primigravida Mothers on Breastfeeding
1. Are you prepared in having a baby?a.yesb.no2. do you like to
breastfed your baby on the first place?a.yesb.no3. do you prefer to
breastfed your baby?a.yesb.yes4. are you willing to breastfed your
baby?a.yesb.no5. Who educated you to perform brestfeedig?a. nurseb.
midwifeor ___________________________6. are you educated on the
proper positioning of the baby when you breastfeed?a. yesb.no7. how
do you understand breastfeeding?
8. give us some of your preception towards breastfeeding during
your pre-natal check up?
9. Your perception on breastfeeding after you have given birth
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part III Discomforts Experienced by Primigravida Mothers on
Breastfeeding
10. Do you encounter discomforts while you are breastfeeding
your baby?a.yesb.noif yes, what are
those____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. do the health care practisioner oriented you regarding
breastfeeding discomforts?a.yes b. no
12. how do you manage those discomforts
13. During your pre-natal check-ups or the time you are still
pregnant, how painful do you think is the
breastfeeding?a.mildb.moderatec.severe
14. After you have given birth, and tried breastfeeding, how
painful the breastfeeding was? a.mildb.moderatec. severe