Breast Cancer urgery in India

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Breast Cancer Tretament and Surgery in India

Ovarian:

The term Breast Cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. The breast is composed of two main types of tissues: glandular tissues and stroma (supporting) tissues. Worldwide, breast cancer comprises 10.4% of all cancer incidences among women, making it the most common type of non-skin cancer in women and the fifth most common cause of cancer death. Breast cancer is about hundred times more common in women than in men, although males tend to have poorer outcomes due to delays in diagnosis. The Breast Cancer Surgery removes localized cancer that hasn't spread to other areas of the body by removing the tumor itself and a portion of surrounding tissue, while conserving as much of the breast as possible.

What is Breast Cancer?

Breast Cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers originating from ducts are known as ductal carcinomas; those originating from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer is the one of the commonest malignancies afflicting women. In some parts it is the most common malignancy. It is currently estimated that one in 14 of all female children born will develop breast cancer in their lifetime.

Types of Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer is mainly of two types:

� Ductal carcinoma- occurs in milk ducts � Lobular carcinoma- occurs in the milk secreting breast lobules

Categorically breast cancer can also be divided into following types:

� In-situ breast cancer- cancer cells remains confined within their place of origin and do not attack surrounding breast tissue.

� Invasive or metastatic breast cancer- cancer cells break free of their place of origin, and spread to different parts of the body.

Like all cancer types, breast cancer also progresses through different stages. Breast cancer stages are based on the size of the breast lump or tumor, whether the cancer is in-situ type or malignant, and whether the cancer has spread beyond the breast tissue.

Causes of Breast Cancer

The exact cause of Breast Cancer is still unknown and there are no fixed causes for breast cancer. Myths in identifying the causes of breast cancer are more prevalent than the real cause. However, some of the causes that have been collectively associated with breast cancer are:

� Exposure to harmful chemicals: Working in a chemical factory that uses harmful chemicals like Organochlorines.

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

In early stages, breast cancer usually has no symptoms. As the tumor progresses, you may note the following signs:

� Swelling in the armpit

� Pain or tenderness in the breast

� A lump in the breast, is often the first apparent symptom of breast cancer, breast lumps are usually painless, although

some may cause a prickly sensation. Lumps are usually visible on a mammogram long before they can be seen or

felt.

� A noticeable flattening or indentation on the breast which may indicate a tumor that cannot be seen or felt

� Any change in the contour, texture or temperature of the breast, reddish, pitted surface like the skin of an orange

(called peu de orange) is symptomatic of advanced breast cancer.

� A change in the nipple, such as an indrawn or dimpled look, itching or burning sensation, or ulceration, scaling of the

nipple is symptomatic of Paget's disease, a localized cancer.

� Unusual discharge from the nipple that may be clear, bloody or of another color, usually caused by benign conditions

but possibly due to cancer

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

With the increased number of breast cancer there has also been increase in the diagnostic tool that can help in identifying the

onset of the disease. The diagnostic tools have been listed below:

� Mammogram: The first diagnostic tool to identify breast cancer is Mammogram. It is an X-ray of the breast that can

show the presence of abnormal growth lumps in the breast area.5

� Ultra-Sonography: Use of high frequency sound waves often identifies whether the lump is filled with liquid or solid for

further investigation.18

� Aspiration: Fine needle is inserted in the lump to take the tissue or liquid out from the lump and then a biopsy is

performed to test for carcinoma.19

� Surgical Biopsy Surgical biopsy removes a small part of lump by surgery and then the lump is tested for further

diagnosis.

� Age: The chance of breast cancer depends on age, as the person gets older the chances of it are more.

� Inheritance: Family history of close relative like mother, sister and daughter who has been diagnosed with breast cancer increases the risk factor.

� Early menses or menopause: Early start onset of menses and early menopause are also associated with breast cancer.

� Radioactivity: Exposure to radioactive rays is carcinogenic and increases the chances of breast cancer.

� Hormone Replacement Therapy: Using hormone replacement therapy might also cause it.

Breast Cancer Treatment

In recent years, there has been an explosion of life-saving treatment advances against breast cancer, bringing new hope and excitement. Instead of only one or two options, today there's an overwhelming menu of treatment choices that fight the complex mix of cells in each individual cancer. Your doctor determines your breast cancer treatment options based on your type of breast cancer, its stage, whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones, your overall health and your own preferences.

Six types of standard breast cancer treatment used are;

� Surgery � Sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by surgery � Radiation Therapy � Chemotherapy � Hormone Therapy � Targeted Therapy

Common Procedures of Breast Cancer Surgery

The types of breast cancer surgery differ in the amount of tissue that is removed with the tumor, depending on the tumor's characteristics, whether it has spread (metastasized), and your personal feelings. The surgeon often removes some lymph nodes under the arm as part of the operation, so they can be tested for the presence of cancer cells. This will help your doctor plan your treatment after surgery. The surgeon will discuss your options with you before surgery. A specific surgical procedure may be recommended for you based on the size, location, or type of breast cancer you have. Some of the procedures you may discuss with your doctor include:

Lumpectomy: This is also referred to as breast-conserving therapy. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph nodes. This treatment aims to maintain a normal breast appearance when the surgery is over. After the lumpectomy, a five- to eight-week course of radiation therapy is often used to treat the remaining breast tissue. The majority of women who have small, early-stage breast cancers are excellent candidates for this treatment approach. Women who are not usually eligible for a lumpectomy include those who have already had radiation therapy to the affected breast, have two or more areas of cancer in the same breast that are too far apart to be removed through one incision, or have cancer that was not completely removed during the lumpectomy surgery. After a lumpectomy, the woman is moved to a surgery recovery room for a short time. Most women go home with home care instructions the same day, but a few have to stay in the hospital for one to two days. Preventing infection is usually an emphasis of the doctor's home care instructions. Post surgical factors depend on the size and location of the tumor removed the general health of the woman, and the preferences of the patient and her doctor. An ice bag over the incision (on top of the bandages) for the first 24 hours may help to relieve the pain.

Partial or Segmental Mastectomy or Quadrantectomy: This kind of surgery removes one quarter of the breast and is considered to be a breast conserving procedure. It is considered to be a partial mastectomy. Your surgeon will remove the tumor and 2-3 centimeters of breast tissue that surrounds it, to be sure that the margins around the tumor are clear of cancer. Skin that is lying over that quarter of your breast will also be removed, and some of the muscle of the chest wall, beneath the tumor may also need to be taken out. The lymph nodes that are closest to the tumor will be removed and tested for cancer cells, as will the skin and the tissue around the tumor. A Partial or Segmental Mastectomy or Quadrantectomy will result in a change of size and shape of your breast, and after you recover from surgery, you may want to put some additional padding in your bra to even out your appearance. You may wish to have a plastic surgeon remodel the breast into a smaller size with a natural shape, and this is best done before any other treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy, are done. Radiation will change the texture of the skin in the surgery area, and during chemotherapy your body may not have the resources to heal properly from surgery. The skin at the incision will have a scar, and will change in texture, but if you give the incision good care, it will fade into a small line with time.

Simple or Total Mastectomy: With a Simple or Total mastectomy, the entire breast is removed, but no lymph nodes are removed in this procedure. Simple mastectomy is most frequently used for further cancer prevention or when the cancer does not go to the lymph nodes. A simple or total mastectomy is appropriate for women with multiple or large areas of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and for women seeking prophylactic mastectomies-that is, breast removal in order to prevent any possibility of breast cancer occurring. The basic indication for a total mastectomy is the presence of cancer, or a high risk of cancer that prompts consideration of a prophylactic mastectomy. At the time of the surgery, physicians can remove a single breast (unilateral) or both (bilateral). Candidates for a simple mastectomy usually don't show an indication of cancer spreading to the lymph nodes, or the modified radical procedure is considered instead. From a surgical standpoint, total mastectomy is common and usually a simple procedure. Skin-sparing variants use different incisions and may take a little more finesse, but are performed often. An uncomplicated surgery without reconstruction takes a couple of hours to perform, and the last step is typically placement of a drain in the breast that helps siphon off fluid accumulation. This is removed in a few days once drainage tapers off, and women typically go home from the hospital two to three days after surgery, though they may need to stay longer if chemotherapy or other treatments are initiated. The fact that total mastectomy is common doesn’t mean it is easy. While the surgery isn’t associated with high physical pain levels, it can be uncomfortable and emotionally daunting.

Modified Radical Mastectomy: The surgeon removes all of the breast tissue along with the nipple in a modified radical mastectomy. Lymph nodes in the armpit are also removed. The chest muscles are left intact. For many patients, mastectomy is accompanied by either an immediate or delayed breast reconstruction. This can be done quite effectively using either breast implants or the patient's own tissue -- usually from the lower abdomen. A modified radical mastectomy is a type of mastectomy that combines the removal of all breast tissue from the affected breast with lymph node removal from the armpit on the affected side of the body. This surgery typically includes the removal of both the nipple and areola, but the surgery can be performed using skin and nipple sparing techniques. Like a simple mastectomy, the procedure is performed using an elliptical incision 6 to 8 inches in length that begins on the inside of the breast, near the breast bone, and extends upward and outward toward the armpit. The incision can also be altered to remove scar tissue from previous procedures, which can improve the cosmetic outcome if reconstruction is desired. Once the breast tissue is removed, the incision is closed with either absorbable sutures or staples that are removed during an office visit 10 to 14 days after surgery. There may also be drains in place to decrease the amount of swelling in the area. These drains are covered with bandages to protect the incision site and the drain placement. The drains are typically removed after discharge from the hospital by the surgeon during a routine office visit after surgery.

Radical Mastectomy: When a radical mastectomy is used to treat breast cancer, the surgeon removes all of the breast tissue along with the nipple, lymph nodes in the armpit, and chest wall muscles under the breast. This procedure is rarely performed today because modified radical mastectomy has proved to be as effective, and is less disfiguring. You may be asked to give blood before breast cancer surgery, in case a transfusion becomes necessary. You should thoroughly discuss these surgical options with your physician to achieve the best outcome. Whichever type of surgery is your best option, you will be able to return home after a short stay in the hospital. Like other types of mastectomy, a radical mastectomy removes all of the breast tissue of the affected breast. It also removes all of the lymph nodes under the arm on the affected side and the muscle that lies under the breast. Only the skin required to close the incision is left in place. This procedure is not considered necessary for patients whose cancer has not invaded the muscle. This surgery is considered the most disfiguring of the mastectomy procedures, leaving very little tissue other than skin over the rib bones. The scar left after this surgery is 6 to 8 inches long, with enough skin left to close the incision with sutures or staples. The surgeon may also place drains in the areas of surgery which, as in the other procedures, will be covered for protection and then later removed by the surgeon during a routine office visit.

Life after Breast Cancer Surgery

After a breast cancer surgery to your armpit, Your nurse will show you exercises to help you recover. Do them until you have full movement back in your arm and shoulder.

Don't lift or carry anything heavy, or drive while your scars heal up. Until your surgeon has given you the okay, don't do any housework (such as vacuuming, mopping or cleaning) with your affected arm. If you have had a mastectomy, you'll have a lightweight artificial breast shape (prosthesis) to put inside your bra. After about 4 to 6 weeks you will be ready for your permanent prosthesis. Many types of artificial breast shapes are available free on the NHS. Your artificial breast shape sits inside your bra. Women who have had part of a breast removed can use a partial prosthesis or shell prosthesis.

Don't lift or carry anything heavy, or drive, while your scars heal up. After wide local excision this is likely to be after about

2 weeks. After mastectomy this may take longer. Check with your surgeon or breast care nurse when it is okay to do

heavier work (such as vacuuming or shopping) with your affected arm. But do carry on with your arm exercises and some

light exercise. It will help you to get better more quickly. What you can manage will vary, depending on how much surgery

you've had. Some women find even filling a kettle too heavy at first. The main thing is to take it carefully and stop if you

feel any strain.

Recovery after Breast Cancer Surgery

The procedures for Breast Cancer Surgery are typically an outpatient procedure. You will be instructed to do the following:

� Keep the surgical area clean and dry.

� Keep a bandage over the surgical site and may have one or more tubes to drain blood and fluids that collect

during the healing process. You must empty the drains, measure the fluid, and report any problems that your

doctor may tell you to watch out for.

� Avoid vigorous activity for about four weeks, or as directed by your doctor.

� Try not to lift anything heavier than five pounds for about a week, or longer if directed by your doctor.

� Wear a well-fitting, very supportive bra 24 hours a day for the first week.

Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India

India has been recognized as a new medical destination for Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery. Thousands of global

patients from all across the world fly to India for various medical treatments and surgeries of high quality delivered as

practiced in the developed nations like the US, UK and that too within their budget costs.

The Indian Oncologists performing different procedures of Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India are highly

qualified, skilled with many years of experience and are affiliated with many renowned medical organizations. India

provides the services through most leading doctors and cancer surgeons.

The Cancer Hospitals in India are well equipped with the most advanced medical treatment and methodologies. They

have the most extensive diagnostic and imaging facilities including Asia’s most advanced MRI and CT technology.

Cost of Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India

India offers incredible cost saving in various procedures of Breast Cancer Treatment and Surgery, which goes to around

80% less than prevailing USA or UK rates. Even with travel expenses taken into account, the comprehensive medical

tourism packages still provide a savings measured in the thousands of dollars for major procedures. A cost comparison of

various medical treatments can give you the exact idea about the difference:

Medical Treatment Procedure Cost (US$)

United States India

Lumpectomy 15,000 3,000

Total Mastectomy 22,000 7,000

Radical Mastectomy 20,000 6,000

ABOUT INDIA

Located in South Asia, bordered by Pakistan, Nepal, China and Bangladesh, India is South Asia's largest, sovereign, democratic republic. India has an edge over other countries when it comes to offering comprehensive, cost-effective and timely medical care: it also offers an exotic, adventure-filled or cultural -if you wish array of destinations to discover and revel in for the travelers. Indian cities like Mumbai, Hyderabad, Goa, Bangalore, Nagpur, Kerala, Delhi, Pune, Jaipur, Chennai, Gurgaon, and Chandigarh offers best medical tourism service.

Mumbai - Formerly known as Bombay, is the commercial & financial capital city of India. Mumbai is famous for many things, including its thriving Bollywood film industry, teeming bazaars, colonial-style buildings, Art Deco structures and a superb choice of restaurants, often being rated as the dining capital of India. The tourist district of Colaba in Mumbai is a great place to start exploring this great city.

Hyderabad – Hyderabad city is a great place to visit in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The place has witnessed a continuous growth for last many years. Hyderabad has become a tourist hotspot following ever increasing number of tourists during past few years. Hyderabad has a well-founded reputation as one of the safest cities in the world.

Goa - The country's smallest state and famed for its colonial Portuguese and Catholic past, most tourists visit Goa for its endless selection of sandy beaches and coastal attractions. Standing proudly next to the Arabian Sea, Goa is a particularly compact state and often feels like a large town, being easy to travel. Around Goa, tourists will soon realize that the state has much more to offer than simply stunning beaches, fishing, water scooters, windsurfing and scuba diving.

Bangalore - Beauty lies in the eyes of beholder and if you want to see one of the most beautiful places in India then Bangalore is the word for it. Bangalore has earned sobriquets like 'Silicon Valley of India', 'Pub Capital of India', and 'City of Gardens'. Pleasant climate with colorful gardens with lakes and glittering nightlife, Bangalore has made its own attraction for travelers as one of the most charming cities in India,

Nagpur - Nagpur is the largest city in central India, but with its friendly atmosphere and dependable transportation, you’ll instantly feel at home. The city of Nagpur has a well-built infrastructure, is a clean and affluent city which makes a good jumping-off point for a series of trips into the far eastern corner of Maharashtra.

Kerala - Natural beauty, clean air and primordial greenery amidst the vast expanse of water and sky, typifies the state of Kerala – better known as God's own country. Kerala is famous for its alternative medical therapies such as Ayurveda, which help to rejuvenate and revitalize the body. The region is also home to India’s only virgin tropical rain forest – the Silent Valley National Park, supporting an overwhelming range of life forms, many of which are highly endangered, and endemic to this part of the planet.

Delhi - "Welcome to The Capital City of India - New Delhi" Delhi is famous as Capital city of India is located in North India. Delhi is truly a symbol of the old and the new; a blend of ancient well preserved monuments and temples along with jam-packed burger joints and up market shopping malls. Delhi has state of the art Hospitals and the best qualified doctors.

Pune - Once referred to as the Oxford of the east, Pune continues to be a stronghold for academics and culture. An array of factors like availability of efficient and experienced doctors, comparatively low treatment costs, hospital facilities of international standards and many more have made Pune one of the top destinations for medical tourism.

Jaipur - Jaipur is one of the most popular destinations on a tourist's itinerary. The magnificent forts, beautiful havelis and colourful bazaars make Jaipur a popular tourist destination among tourists. Jaipur has pioneered health and medical tourism in India.

Chennai - Chennai is one of the most developed urban centers in the Indian subcontinent. The city forms the capital of Tamil Nadu state and is the fourth largest metropolitan city in India. They have some of the very best hospitals and treatment centers in the world. Each hospital is equipped with state of the art facilities. The technology brought into practice is the very latest, including robotic surgery.

Patients Testimonial:

Mrs. Rachael - Uganda Breast Cancer Surgery in India

I am Mrs. Rachael from Uganda. I came for my Radical Mastectomy Surgery in Delhi India through Forerunners HealthCare consultants and have got the best possible services for my surgery in India. This trip of mine to India was really a successful trip as I am cured of this disease and I have enjoyed visiting places in India.

The Indian doctors are really brilliant and very caring. Before my Radical Mastectomy Surgery in Delhi India I had to suffer from many problems like my breast had swollen, it became red and it pained a lot. When all of this started I went to a local doctor for a checkup and to know what was happening to me. There the doctor stunned me by telling me that I was suffering from a kind of breast cancer and I will have to undergo a surgery to cure it. I knew that I will not get a good doctor in my own country do I was looking for a good doctor in other countries like UK and USA. In these countries I came to know about many doctors but I never approached them as their fee was very high and was out of my budget. So I wanted a better option. Then one day when I consulted an online health consultant about my surgery, then they told me that I can get my surgery done from India through Forerunners HealthCare consultants as they provide the best of medical services in the most affordable cost. They would be the best option for me according to their services and even my budget. Then I enquired them about my Radical Mastectomy Surgery in Delhi India and I was really happy to see their quotes. Then I came for my surgery in India and got the best possible services for my surgery. After my surgery I am feeling very comfortable and I don’t have any problems now. This makes me to breathe in relief and I can also plan a new baby if I want. After the surgery I went to visit some places like the state secretariat, some beautiful monuments and I also purchased some Indian Sarees in India. I want to thank the doctor for providing me such good services for my Radical Mastectomy Surgery in Delhi India and I will always recommend any person to get their surgery done through this medical tourism company to get the best medical services and in the most affordable cost.

Mrs. Agha - Pakistan Breast Cancer Surgery in India

I am Mrs. Agha from Pakistan. I came for my breast cancer surgery in Jaslok hospital Mumbai India through Forerunners Healthcare Consultants. I was looking forward for the best medical facilities and services from a month’s time and I came across many providers in India. But, the thing that made me stop through Dr Dheeraj Bojwani was the fast replies and prompt answers to my questions. I gave all the details to them regarding my surgery in India.

Before going for anything my main concern was the hospital in which I was going to get my surgery. Doctor gave me assurance of providing my surgery in the best hospital in India and arranged my breast cancer surgery in Jaslok hospital in Mumbai India which one of the best hospitals in India. I am very happy with the treatment and facilities I got for my surgery in India. I am very happy with the result of the surgery. I want to thank the team of Forerunners Health Care the team at the hospital for their help and support in providing the best medical facilities and treatment in India for my breast cancer surgery in the Jaslok hospital in Mumbai india.

Knee Replacement Surgery in India

Knee replacement surgery also known as knee arthroplasty is procedure to replace the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve the pain and disability of osteoarthritis. It may be performed for other knee diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The procedure has been proven to help individuals return back to moderately challenging activities such as golf, bicycling, and swimming. Total knees are not designed for jogging, or sports like tennis and skiing (although there certainly are people with total knee replacements that participate in such sports). Knee replacement is a routine surgery performed on over 600,000 people worldwide each year. Over 90% of people who have had Total Knee Replacement experience an improvement in knee pain and function.

Knee Replacement Surgery Candidates A person would be considered a candidate for knee replacement if there is:

• Daily pain • The pain is severe enough to restrict work, recreation and ordinary activities of daily living

• Significant stiffness in the knee

• Significant instability (constant giving way) of the knee • Significant deformity (knock-knees or bow-legs) that hinders normal function of the knee

• Damage from arthritic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or post-traumatic arthritis

Success Rate of Knee Replacement Surgery: Knee replacement surgery is recognized as a miracle of modern surgery. Most orthopedic experts consider replacement to be the best method of handling arthritis in the knee. Knee replacements have literally put hundreds of thousands of Americans back on their feet and allowed them to enjoy their golden years.

Knee Replacement Surgery Preparations:

• If you smoke, cut down or quit. Smoking changes blood flow patterns, delays healing and slows recovery.

• If you drink, don't have any alcohol for at least 48 hours before surgery.

• Ask your doctor for pre-surgical exercises. If you are having hip or knee replacement surgery, doing exercises to strengthen your upper body will help you cope with crutches or a walker after surgery.

• Your primary care physician or an internist will conduct a general medical evaluation several weeks before surgery. This examination will assess your health and your risk for anesthesia. The results of this examination should be forwarded to your orthopaedic surgeon, along with a surgical clearance.

• Shortly before your scheduled surgery, you will probably have an orthopedic examination to review the procedure and answer any last-minute questions.

• You may need to take several types of tests, including blood tests, a cardiogram, a urine sample and a chest X-ray. • Advice your surgeon of any medical conditions you have and of all the medications you are taking. You may need to

stop taking certain medications or your surgeon may recommend substitute medications until your surgery. Medications such as corticosteroids, insulin or anti-coagulants will need to be managed before and after surgery.