Brazilian Zoos Contribution to Conservation

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Brazilian Zoos Contribution to

Conservation

Moacir Santos Tinôco Biologist – Esp

Universidade Católica do Salvador Department of Fundaments and Methods

Environmental Sciences Av. Pinto de Aguiar 2589 – Patamares,

Salvador - BA, Brazil 41710-000 e-mail : [email protected]

Dissertation presented as a requirement for the Diploma in Endangered Species Management (DESMAN), at the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust (Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust) and the University of Kent at Canterbury under the orientation of Dr. John Fa – DWCT, supported by WWF.

June - 1999

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank all and every single person at DWCT (JWPT) I’ve been in touch with. Because everyone showed me an important part. My friends Endre, Su Su, Itala, Keo, Debashish, Soegoto, brothers and sisters trainees, Hungary, Myanmar, Ecuador, Cabodja, India, Indonesia, the caring; Olwen ..... why not Charlie, the loving. The ITC, and every single detail of it, because that was the most important part of Jersey, my reference... John, Chris, Reese, Margaret.... the confidence, commitment, trust, and shelter.... the keepers, Stella, Rupert, Dawn, Kevin, Donna, Shawn, Andrew, Jackie, Jane, Shannon, Chris, Dixie .... the friendship, piece, fun, sharing, guidance, simplicity, strength, warmth, passion, laughs, ... the heads, Dominic, Karen, Richard G., Maggie, Mark T., Glyn; the ethics, determination, learning, teaching, sympathy, help; Most importantly, all the persons from the heart of that Dodo community, because they are communicating to the World through us, speaking themselves, as if they were speaking on behalf of the species each and every one loves so much and care for... the Getúlio Vargas Zoobotanic Park, through its administration on the persons of Edmir Ferraz, Kathia Matheus, Fátima Albinati. My beloved State of Bahia, for being my homeland. Anderson Abbehusen, my brother a lot more than friend to whom I devote my life my trust, for the confidence, friendship and great support at all times. I specially thank, Lee Durrell, the heart she brings in (thanks to Gerrald Durrell for giving me in a way the chance to become part of his army); Jeremy Mallison, the tropical southern country passion; the tutor, John Fa, the precision, the friendship, the Latin heart; the supervisor, Ricardo Albinati, the comprehension, the direction; .... The Brazilian Zoos Society (SBZ), on the person of Fernando Magnani... the support. All the Zoo persons in Brazil who helped with their time supplying the information without wich this piece of work wouldn’t be possible.... the belief. To Profª Lygia Paraguassu Batista Director of the ICB/UCSal for always keeping her trust in the job I have been trying and doing with all my heart… IBAMA Officials for assistance... the determination. WWF, on the person of Maria José Gontijo... The inspirator, Suzana Pádua, for keeping on showing the way before me; My father, my mother, the life they brought in; and nature, because I don’t fight to save the Earth, I fight to save the human species, through Conservation... God, thank you for making it possible for me to give people everything I wish have received from others...

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“We hope that there will still be fireflies and glow-worms at night to guide you and butterflies in the hedges and forests to greet you...” “.....We hope that your dawns will have an orchestra of bird song and that the sound of their wings and the opalescence of their colouring will dazzle you...” “... We hope that there will still be the extraordinary varieties of creatures sharing the land of the planet with you to enchant you and enrich your lives as they have done for us...” “... We hope that you will be grateful for having been born into such a magical world.”

Gerald Durrell OBE 1925-1995 Gerald Durrell also said: “Look at it this way. Anyone who has got any pleasure at all from living should try to put something back. Life is like a superlative meal and the world is the maitre d’. What I’m doing is the equivalent of leaving a reasonable tip.”

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ABSTRACT In a large country like Brazil, Zoos have na important role to its society. A country with a population of 160 million people, have 115 Zoos, where 33 of them are licensed, 62 under licensing process and the remaining 20 institutions are considered unable to keep wild animals in their premisses. A total number of 44,767 thousand animals are housed in Brazilian institutions, representing 974 species, 137 families, 38 orders and 4 Classes (Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals). Eighty eight Zoological Parks were surveyed in this research, and SBZ (Brazilian Society of Zoos), IBAMA (Brazilian Institute for Environment and Natural Resources), IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) were the main Zoological organisations accessed. At the same time questionnaires were sent to all the participant institutions, with questions concerning their structure, collection, breeding and education programmes. Sixty seven percent of Zoos are under Governmental administration, being the remaining Foundation or Private institutions, and most of them, 65% located in the Southeast of the country, and 89% in the dominion of the Atlantic Forest. They received a total number of 16 million people in 1998, that visited a total area of 836 hectares. The professional background of the institutions is mostly shared along Biologists and Veterinarians (60%), still other 14 categories are represented (Nutritionists, Engineers, Educators, etc.). An average annual Zoo budget in 1998 was calculated in US$ 2,2 million , where 55% is mostly spent in Building & Engineering and Security & Cleaning services, leaving the remaining 45% for other essential expenses (Animal Feeding, Technical and Permanent Employment, Medical Supplies, etc.). The collections are mostly formed by bird species (n=557), followed by mammals (n=221), Herptiles (n=196). Most of the animals in the collections are of undetermined sex (around 60% of birds and amphibians in the worst cases), but the sex ratio is for most represented taxa of 1:1. Exotic species play na important part in those collections, being around 50% of Amphibians and Mammals, and around 30% and 40% of Birds and Reptiles, respectively. Threatened species are represented at around 14% in all the collections, whereas nearly 80% of those are not listed or data deficient in either IBAMA or IUCN Red Data Books. A great number of institutions have over 50% have a Vet Centre, Animal Kitchen, Sign, Quarantine and an Education Programme, and 32% of those have at least one individual species listed at a national or international Studbook, being most of the participant species, 88%, represented by mammals. According to the stablished criteria 21% of Zoos are develop a Breeding Programme, and 82% an Environmental Education one. Although a reasonable parcel of Brazilian Zoos have already got engaged on some kind of Conservation Programme, through a Breeding or Environmental Education Programme, it became clear that most of the surveyed collection, have an urgent need for a collection plan, and improvement of the services and facilities offered. Besides being 34% of them officially recognised as a well structured institution, it is a very small portion of those that can become one of those Conservation Centre for the third millennium, but undoubtfully it is clear through all that the major contribution Brazilian Zoos give and will do in the future for Conservation is through Education Programmes.

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SUMMARY

1. Introduction 1

2. Methods 5 Zoos Evaluation Criteria 5 Environmental Education Assessment 6

3. Results 7 Evolution and Geographic Distribution in Brazil 7 Brazilian Zoo’s Structure 10 Collections Composition 16

4. Discussion 29

5.Conclusion 35

6. Recommendations 36

7. Bibliography 37 Appendix 1 - Institutions Surveyed 38 Appendix 2 - Species List Appendix 3 - Species Cited in National or International Studbooks Appendix 4 - Questionnaire Sent to Institutions Appendix 5 - Institutions with at least one specimen in Studbooks and ISIS assessment

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1. INTRODUCTION

Collections of wild animals have evolved for many years, but there has been a great change in their concept since the 1700’s. Through over 200 years of history, they have changed from Menageries to Zoological Parks, and now when a great parcel of those are trying to become Conservation Centres, some Zoos in the World are already talking about a new modality and call themselves Environmental Resource Centre (IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC), 1993) (Figure.01).

With all the changes in Zoos over the World, it is easy to find nowadays a great

viriety of institutions, when visiting the different countries in most regions of the planet. This variation come in size, from the big ones in Asia and Australia, like Sidney Zoo, to the small like some found in Europe, Jersey Zoo; the composition of their collections is another very important difference, when it can be found zoos displaying animals from many different parts of the world, and other showing animals from an specific Class or even Order, if not Family, e.g. The Monkey World in England; there is a great variation also in theme and aim of these collections, where it is possible to find safari parks, San Diego Safari Park, thematic collections, The Vivarium in Ecuador or Zoos in natural parks, The Amazon Tropical Zoo; the financial and management background can also constitute a variation in types, so na institution can be supported through governmental bodies (Federal, State or Municipality), Surabaya Zoo, in Indonesia, through Foundations or Societies, São Paulo Zoo in Brazil, or even be under private and commercial companies, Animal Kingdom, in the USA; finally their objectives are today the most important variation in zoological organisations, because these are the main aspects of these institutions when one can tell how much it is contributing to Conservation, or if it is contributing at all. In these categories, Zoos may have a simply commercial objective even if it’s profits are directed to conservation projects, or for cultural, educational, scientific and conservation purposes, to a purely amusement of the visitor.

The World Zoo Conservation Strategies (IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC), 1993),

objectively states the three most important roles of modern Zoos : Conservation, Education and Research, and reinforces by saying “Conservation must be directed towards the conservation of biological diversity and biomas.... Zoos keep animals outside of their natural living area, and in this situation can contribute to the conservation of individual animal species...” . While Kelly (1997), emphasising the importance of research in Zoos suggests that “Zoos should promote in-situ management in protected areas or reserves and ex-situ management through the establishment of (1) self-sustaining captive populations, (2) integrated collections in different biomes, that is ecosystem reconstruction, and (3) the maintenance of species’ ecological and evolutionary potential, that is rehabilitation science, and (4) genome storage.” . For many years these have been the main objectives of zoological organisations throughout the World, but not long ago, talking about Zoos as educational

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centre, could be understood as an uthopic situation, fortunately important minds like, Marcellini & Murphy (1998) and Pough (1993), show the importance of Zoos for education when they say that these institutions have a legitime profile for teaching, stating also that they can become less challenging for the development of programmes for the general public, and that zoo staff may unconsciously drift into na easier educational solution. “Class trips to Zoos are an effective teaching device. The theme of my courses is the importance of understanding the biology of organisms in a broad context, and I often use captive husbandry and conservation to illustrate the synthesis of information about ecology, behaviour, and physiology.” emphasises Pough.

According to the World Zoo Conservation Strategy (IUDZG/CBSG

(IUCN/SSC), 1993), Latin America has 125 known Zoos, and that Brazilian Zoos receive 11 million visitors a year, giving as an example São Paulo Zoo with its 1 million people for the same amount of time. The total figure of visitors in Latin America, still from the same source is 61 million people, part of the total global picture of 619 million people. These numbers shown clearly the importance of these institutions for the education old people in these areas.

In Brazil, the changing process haven’t been different. Brazil is vast country, baring continental proportions, most of its population has settled on the Atlantic coast of its territory, the area was, 500 years ago, the dominion of the Atlantic Forest, today considered one of the most important “hotspots” in the World (Bibby et al., 1992). In almost half of a millennium of colonisation and history, today only 3% percent of its natural area still struggles to survive (Fonseca et al., 1994). It was in that part of the country where the first Zoos appeared, and it is there where most of them are located nowadays.

The first private collection known, since the beginning of the country’s colonisation by the Portuguese people, is that of Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil and Portugal, from the 17th century, and the most valuable species in his collection was undoubtfully the Emperor Tamarim (Saguinus imperator), which has possibly received this name because of the long and white moustache on the face, just like the one of his majesty the Emperor. The Emperor was very much liked the tamarin monkeys, and as any other new formed society, people started to follow his example, as everybody enjoyed doing everything the royals would do. That way another factors has been incorporated to the beginning of the destruction of that newly found environment.

It was only at the end of the 19th and beginning of this century that the first Managerie has been created in the State of Paraíba, in 1924. Many other Zoos have evolved from experimental farms for domesticated animals and plants, to become nowadays Zoobotanical Parks, as the case of the Salvador Zoobotanical Park, created in 1958, the Rio de Janeiro Zoo Foundation and the Belo Horizonte Zoobotanic Foundation, and São Paulo Zoo Foundation, being the later today, the biggest Zoo in Latin America, all from the same period of the century, and today being considered the most fast growing Zoos in matters of Conservation .

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Today the country Zoos (Figure.02), all under the co-ordination of the Brazilian Zoos Society (SBZ) and the regulation of the Brazilian Institute for Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) (IBAMA, 1997). In many parts of the World it has been a difficult task, to conduct strategies which lead to a change in the role of Zoos, specially in places like Brazil, known mega-diversity country, and so many cultural, social and economical barriers.

The assessment of information in a vast country like this, is sometimes a difficult task, but a lot has already been tried and done by the SBZ, founded over 20 years ago, in order to put together as much as possible of what concerns the captive management of wild animal species in the country, and one of its most important goals is certainly the annually released data base on the species collections in its associated institutions and the annual meeting, which congregates at least all Zoo Directors and communities, for a week conference and discussion of the future plans for the country’s Zoos. However, the establishment of adequate conservation priorities and policies is still uncertain in most of the Zoos, as this may seem to be a result of a factual evaluation of all the collections as well as the assessment of educational tools using and management plans for the species within. Another problem being detected in most regions is the existence of a so called “monopolies” of the captive populations done by certain institutions, which makes a lot more difficult the proper management of species in the country. It is undoubtful the urgent need of a re-evaluation of the Brazilian Zoo role in a modern society, their collections must be properly planned, and above all these, their goals must be defined in order to prevent a total chaos of the captive animal species populations.

The primary aim of this project was to give support to SBZ, developing co-operative protocols for the contribution to conservation. Following this thought this project intends to state conservation efforts in Brazilian Zoos based on analyses of :

- the general picture of Brazilian Zoos concerning : Zoo’s structure, collection types, number of visitors per year, number of staff, size, etc.;

- compare collections composition (number of exotic and indigenous species, sex distribution, species population), common endangered indigenous species in the institutions; and assess the possibility of establishment of breeding programmes for endangered taxa;

- assess the existence of Conservation Education Programmes; - assess the existence of Breeding Programmes; - assess the number of institutions having specimens on national and international studbooks.

- compare the costs benefits of having exotic and indigenous species in the stocks;

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FIGURE.01 - DISTRIBUTION OF ZOOS IN THE WORLD

Europe300

Africa25

North America(175)

Brazil(88)

Latin America(125)

Americas300

Asia545

Australia30

World Total1200

Figure. 01 - According to the IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC), 1993, there are 125 Zoos in the whole of Latin America. This represents 10% of all the institutions in the World and 41% of the Americas.

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2.METHODS

The SBZ is responsible for keeping information on the species and populations kept in Brazilian Zoos, it has developed a PC data base program, called “Synapses”, which brings an annual report of the species population size, sex rate, birth and mortality rate (SBZ (Synapses) 1997), likewise IBAMA is the responsible institution for keeping records on the structures of all Zoos in the country, being the ones researched here, those listed in SBZ data base (Appendix 1). This was the primary source of information for the development of this project. To assess this information and the number of institutions developing a Conservation Education Programme and/or Species Breeding and Management Programmes, a letter to the President of the society and all the registered Zoos in Brazil, states the importance of such research project for the future of conservation in Brazilian Zoological Gardens.

The data collection stage was centred on the population size, sex proportion, origin of taxa (indigenous or exotic) of four main classes (Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals). The institutional background is represented by information on number of visitors per year, number of staff, zoo area, the existence of education , breeding and management programmes, and species national and/or international management plans (Studbooks), acquired through a questionnaire (Appendix .04) to all registered Zoos, elaborated to gather this information. Out of all the questionnaires sent, a figure of 58% have been answered, giving a number of 51 institutions, from the 88 researched, which represented the number of Zoos registered at the SBZ, the same ones registered in “Synapses” data base (Appendix 1).

Information from IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Red Data Book (Groombridge et al (eds.) 1996), and IBAMA’s National Official List of Endangered Species (Bernardes et al 1990; IBAMA 1989), were used to establish and compare the proportion of taxa from different origins as well as their conservation status, and as a result assess the costs benefits of keeping both types in the collection.

An inventory, using ISIS data base, for the number of institutions which have at least one specimen on International Studbooks for species conservation has been tried and found that according to this resource, there is no information of Brazilian Zoos having specimens on any international conservation plan (Appendix 3) . ZOOS EVALUATION CRITERIA

To test it, four main criterion were taken into consideration : 1) the zoo carrying out research and breeding programmes for the conservation of endangered species in any degree found through a questionnaire answered by a zoo’s representative; 2) the zoo conducting public education and awareness

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programmes about species conservation and management on the same basis; 3) the zoo displays animals for education, cultural and recreational purposes; and 4) Zoos carry out research programmes for the conservation and management of non-endangered species, in-situ or ex-situ, in any degree and again as mentioned by the zoo’s representative. Environmental Education Assessment

Education in Zoos can and is conducted through a variety of technical, activities and resources, depending on each Zoo ability to put together the required skills to do so. Being said that, there was a need to establish a way to assess each and all the Zoos involved, and to find out how concerned and engaged they are in Environmental Education Programmes. Four Main Criteria were considered:

-Lectures (Children, Community, Teachers, Governmental Bodies); -Printed Material (Folders, Guides, Posters, Booklets) -Visits Off-site (Schools, Communities, Protected Areas, Governmental Bodies); -Visits in the Zoos (Pre-visit, Guided Visit, Post-visit) -Workshops (Community outreach, Forestry Guards, Special Necessity Citizens)

Alongside the criteria above stated, there has been also found in Zoos whether they have or not special facilities for this purpose. Any Zoo combining two or more of these criteria in any degree, have been considered of developing some kind of education programme.

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3. RESULTS

A general picture of Brazilian Zoo collections have come out of the data analyses, showing the following figures. This survey considered the collections of a total number of 88 institutions, as proposed, and the questionnaire responses of 51 of those, plus IBAMA and SBZ data bases, in order to fulfil the needs for structural and administrative profiles. Evolution and Geographic Distribution in Brazil

Since the 20’s, when the first Zoo officially appeared, there was a growing number of institution in each of the following decade. But it was during the 50’s (15%), 70’s (21%) , 80’s (18%) and 90’s (21%), that the major number of institution were created.

Through a direct correspondence to IBAMA and SBZ, there has been found a total number of 115 Zoological Parks in the country (Figure .02). Obviously, not all of them could be considered for the project, because there is a huge gap of information concerning the collection composition, and even the species identification, between the least and the most organised Zoo in the whole of the country. However, 17.39% of these institutions are completely illegal to authorities, which according to IBAMA they do not fulfil the basic requirements to obtain a formal license. The other 82.61 %, are either under IBAMA’s inspection for legalisation, or are already licensed (28.69%)(Appendix 01). In this context, as for IBAMA’s regulations, a licensed Zoo is considered to be the institution that: offers a minimal enclosure area for each and all the species kept in the collection; brings in its structure facilities, to give all the specimens in the collection all biological and medical needs; in relation to staff, a zoo may be licensed if in its professional body, there is at least one Biologist and one Veterinarian hired on full time; and displays functional facilities for animal nutrition and medical treatment (IBAMA, 1997).

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FIGURE . 02 - NUMBER AND STATUS OF ZOOS IN BRAZIL .

Private17

Public03

Non-Licensed20

Private05

Public02

Non-Registred07

Private15

Public73

Registred88

SBZ95

Licensed33

Registered62

IBAMA115

Figure. 02 - IBAMA and SBZ records show 115 Zoos in Brazil, out of those 33 are fully licensed and officially recognised by authorities, the remaining are either under some license process, 62, or are considered illegal, 20, due to conditions of their collections and facilities.

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The major number of institution are located on the coast of the country, mainly on the Atlantic Forest natural dominion (Figure .03 and 22). The Southeast region of the country has more than half of the Zoo’s, as the figure shows, and it is the most important economical area, as well as the most populated and rich in the country. Besides that, there is a figure of 39% of institutions, located in geographical areas where the Amazon Forest, the Pantanal, the South Temperate Forest and Pampas, and part of the Atlantic Forest are represented. Zoologic administration is divided into three main sectors : Governmental (67 %); Foundation (12 %); and Private (21%). FIGURE . 03 - PERCENT OF ZOOS PER GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

Central (C)5% North (N)

5%

Northeast (NE)7%

South (S)18%

Southeast (SE)65%

Figure. 03 - The Southeast of the country concentrates 65% of all the institutions, the remaining Zoos are shared in smaller numbers between the South, Northeast, Central and North of Brazil.

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In this context it is possible to compare the number of institutions per geographical region and the number of questionnaires answered for the surveys (58%) , in a way to subjectively measure the level of interest in the proposed research, as follows (Table .01): TABLE 01 - PERCENT OF QUESTIONNAIRES ANSWERED BY ZOOS PER GEOGRAPHICAL REGION

Region Nº of Zoos % answered % of the total nº of Zoos North 5 60% 5.8% Northeast 7 85% 11.7% Central 5 40% 3.9% Southeast 61 49% 58.8% South 17 58% 19.6% Brazilian Zoo’s Structure

Brazilian Zoos, use 836 hectares of some kind of natural environment, most of which (70%), are located inside a legal Conservation Area (Brazil 1989), the average Zoo in Brazil is 9.5 hectares big and employs 1,459 people, among which there are 15% of University degree professionals from 11 different professions (Figure .04), being all the rest made of Secondary or even Primary school junior employees and keepers. The best represented professional categories are Biologist and Veterinarians, each being around 30% of specialised zoo staff.

In 1998, Brazilian Zoos received a total number of 16 million visitors, an average of 179 thousand people a year, which represents 10% of the country’s population.

Table. 01 - For the present research, 88 questionnaires were sent to surveyed Zoos. Out of those the best rate of income answers were from the institutions located in the Northeast, whereas the Southeast has the worst rate proportionally to the number of Zoos. If it is considered the percent related to the total number of institutions than the Southeast shows the best rate, and the Central the smallest one.

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FIGURE .04 - PERCENT OF PROFESSIONALS IN ZOOS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Administrators

Librarians

Biologists

Engineers

Educators

Nutritionist

Museum

Marketing

Public Relation

Veterinarians

Zootechinic

Others

Figure. 04 - The majority of graduated professionals in Zoos are Biologists and Veterinarians, around 30% each group, followed by Educators, 15%, the other categories are poorly represented, showing in most cases less than 5%.

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The basic services (8) are represented as shown in figure 5. Educational

facilities are present in almost 40% of the institutions, and over 70% of them offers some kind of education programme. As required by IBAMA (1997), a Vet Centre, Kitchen (animal nutrition), Enclosure signs and Quarantine, are represented in over 50% percent of the Zoos, and although it is not an official requirement, all of them have some kind of Café or Restaurant in their premises, and 26% offers a Visitor’s Centre, for information and souvenirs. FIGURE .05 - SERVICES AND FACILITIES OFFERED IN ZOOS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Education

Facilities - E.E.

Quarentine

Kitchen

Vet Centre

Printed matter

Signs

Training

The country’s economy has suffered major changes in the last 10 or 15 years,

which reflected direct to the economical power of this kind of institution, being

Figure. 05 - Nearly 80% of all the institutions have an Education Programme being conducted, around 70% have a Vet Centre and a Kitchen for animal feeding, other 60% are represented by Quarantine and over 50% have Signs and some kind of regular Printed Matter. Amongst the facilities shown above only Facilities and Programmes for Environmental Education and Training, are not an official requirement for licensed Zoos in Brazil by IBAMA.

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regarded as an environmental affair, a secondary if not tertiary priority in the governmental policies, right after the eradication of poverty, health and education improvement.

Five major categories of expenditures come as the most expensive for the average Zoo in Brazil : building & engineering, being the most spending one, followed by security & cleaning; permanent employment; publicity and printing; and animal feeding. All together these services consume around 80% of the institutional annual budget, leaving the remaining for other categories, e.g. Scientific co-operation and training, medical supplies, non-consumable, administration, animal movement etc. (Figure .06 and Table .02).

FIGURE .06 - PERCENT OF ANNUAL BUDGET

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Buildings & Engineering

Security and Cleaning

Permanent Employment

Publicity & Printing

Animal Feeding

Non-Consummables

Scientif ic Co-operation

Travel

Essential Services

Administration

Maintenance

Vehicle Maintenance

Technical Assistance

Temporary Employment

Medical Supplies

Catering

TABLE.2 - ANNUAL BUDGET FOR AN AVERAGE BRAZILIAN ZOO

Figure. 06 - Over 55% of the total annual budget are used in Building & Engineering and Security & Cleaning. The remaining is shared among other 14 essential services, as Animal Feeding, Technical Assistance, Medical Supplies, Permanent Employment and Non-consumable

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COSTS US$ Animal Feeding 135.460 Catering 4.132 Medical supplies 5.000 Maintenance 30.787 Vehicles maintenance 29.995 State companies services 52.000 Security and cleaning 580.000 Administrative services 36.636 Publicity & printing matter 156.000 Permanent material 80.000 Technical Consultance 25.000 Scientific Co-operation Consorts 80.000 Building & Engineering 700.000 Travel 60.000 Temporary Employment 24.000 Permanent Employment 209.914 Total Average Budget US$ 2.208.924

The Environmental Education Programmes in Brazilian Zoos, served less than 1% of the total number of visitors for the year of 1998, in 33% of the institution asked. The major number of Zoos (84 %), received around 15 thousand people in the same period, which represents less than 0.1 % of all the visitors. Only three institutions, São Paulo Zoo, Rio de Janeiro Zoo and Belo Horizonte Zoo, attended over 30 thousand people each (Figure .07).

Thirty five percent of the institutions offers some kind of professional training for under-graduate students and other related professionals and technicians, among which are included Forestry Rangers, Governmental employees, Secondary and Primary School Teachers and exchange programmes for Zoo personnel into national basis. Besides that over 50% percent of the institution produces some kind of printed material, including guides, folders, posters and booklets for school children and special necessities citizens on different subjects.

Table. 02 - An average Zoo in Brazil spares US$ 2.2 million a year, where US$ 1.2 million is consumed by two of those main essential services, remaining US$ 1 million for the other 14 categories. These values were based on 1998 budget of an average Zoo.

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FIGURE .07 - IN-SITE AND OFF-SITE EDUCATION VISITORS PER ZOO IN 1997.

y = 2320,9x - 9527,3R2 = 0,5749

-10000

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Environmental Education Policies in Institutions (33%)

Num

ber o

f Peo

ple

in 1

997

Figure. 07 - The figure shows the number of people being served by the Environmental Education programmes in the institutions surveyed. The majority of Zoos, 63%, serves less than 10 thousand people a year, whereas the institutions serving the highest number, 15%, attends around 30 and 70 thousand visitors in this context.

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Collections Composition

The Brazilian collections all together house 974 different species, from 137 Families in 38 Orders, of 4 main Classes (Appendix 02)

Through the analyses of SBZ’s last ten years data base, it was found the evolution of the Zoo collections concerning the number of specimens in the collections and the number of institution for 9 years (Figure 08 and Table .03). There was a growth of 55% on the population within the collections, which showed an increasement of 47% from the first year researched. There is a linear growth when these two aspects are overviewed, and it could be said that it follows the country’s population growth over the same period (50%). FIGURE .08 - EVOLUTION OF ZOO COLLECTIONS OVER 10 YEARS.

1989

1990

19911992

1993

19941995 1996

1997

y = 24155Ln(x) - 68841

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

40 50 60 70 80 90

Number of Collections

Num

ber o

f Spe

cim

ens

Figure. 08 - According to SBZ records, Brazilian Zoos collections have grown 48% in population size, and the number of institutions have jumped from 46 to 95 in the last 10 years.

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TABLE .03 - TOTAL NUMBER OF ANIMALS IN COLLECTIONS FROM 1989 TO 1997.

YEAR Number of Animals in Collections

1989 22,179 1990 27,739 1991 30,845 1992 31,689 1993 34,413 1994 37,834 1995 39,025 1996 39,302 1997 44,767

Eventhough there is a similar growth rate on the number of Zoos and the population within, and the same rate is followed by the orders represented, this is not the case when considering sex determination in the collections. Birds and herptiles (reptiles and amphibians), both show over 55% of its individuals bearing undetermined sex, whereas mammals, bears a 30% figure. Where comparing sex ratio within the orders, one can verify that there is a certain balance, although, the major number of individuals are still of unknown sex. Offspring ratio is considerably small among the collections, and proportionally mammals, birds and reptiles show the major figures (Figure 09).

Table. 03 - The number of animals in collections have doubled over the last decade. This figures concernes only 95 of the total number off Zoos in Brazil.

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FIGURE .09 - SEX RATIO WITHIN COLLECTIONS.

0%10%

20%30%

40%50%60%

70%80%

90%100%

Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Perc

ent o

f Spe

cim

ens

in C

olle

ctio

ns

Males Females Undetermined Offspring

An interesting figure comes when it is verified the diversity of species within the collections analysed. Birds and mammals show that around 30% of the species appear in only one of the collections , whereas herptiles show an increased number of 45%, on the other end of the same figure, all four classes have only 1% percent of species in more than 68% of the Zoos.

When population is brought into action, this picture becomes even more attractive, specially when one can verify that most species in the collections a represented by a fairly small number of individuals, birds 10%, mammals 12%, and herptiles around 21% have only one specimen in all the collections. Wherefore, about 2% percent of the species are represented by 50 or more individuals in all the collections (Figures 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15). FIGURE .10 - BIRDS CO-RELATION AMONGST NUMBER OF COLLECTIONS AND PERCENT OF SPECIES.

Figure. 09 - Shows the Sex ratio among all the collections, where most individuals are undetermined, Amphibians 62%, Reptiles 50%, Birds 65% and Mammals 20%. All four Classes show a 1:1 sex ratio among the determined individuals.

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0

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 38 39 42 45 46 49 50 52 54 58 66 71 74

Number of Collections

Perc

ent o

f Spe

cies

FIGURE .11 - BIRDS CO-RELATION AMONGST NUMBER OF SPECIMENS WITHIN COLLECTIONS AND PERCENT OF SPECIES.

0

2

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8

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16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20-2

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-199

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+

Number of Specimens in Collections

Perc

ent o

f Spe

cies

FIGURE .12 - MAMMALS CO-RELATION AMONGST NUMBER OF COLLECTIONS AND PERCENT OF SPECIES.

Birds (n = 557)

Figure. 10 - Out of 557 species of birds, over 45% of those are present in only one or two collections.

Figure. 11 - 40% of the species of birds have from 1 to 5 individuals in the collections, and 24% have between 20 and 150 animals.

25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 26 27 28 31 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 43 44 49 52 56 59 76Number of Collections

Perc

ent o

f Spe

cies

FIGURE .13 - MAMMALS CO-RELATION AMONGST NUMBER OF SPECIMENS WITHIN COLLECTIONS AND PERCENT OF SPECIES.

0

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6

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14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

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Number of Specimens in Collections

Perc

ent o

f Spe

cies

Mammals (n = 221)

Figure. 12 - Out of 221 species of mammals, over 45% of those are present in only one or two collections.

Figure. 13 - 41% of mammal species have from 1 to 5 individuals in the collections, and 28% have between 20 and 150 animals.

26

FIGURE .14 - HERPTILES CO-RELATION AMONGST NUMBER OF COLLECTIONS AND PERCENT OF SPECIES.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 16 19 21 22 25 26 28 33 37 38 47 55 66

Number of Collections

Perc

ent o

f Spe

cies

FIGURE .15 - HERPTILES CO-RELATION AMONGST NUMBER OF SPECIMENS WITHIN COLLECTIONS AND PERCENT OF SPECIES.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

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Number of Species in Collections

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ent o

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cies

Herptiles (n = 196)

Figure. 15 - 50 % of herptile species have from 1 to 5 individuals in the collections, and 11% have between 20 and 150 animals.

Figure. 14 - Out of 196 species of herptiles, over 65% of those are present in only one or two collections.

27

Eventhough Brazil is considered one of the highest biodiversity countries, the

collections in the country house a high number of exotic taxa, when it is compared with the indigenous ones. Birds shows a better picture when around 70% of species are indigenous, followed by reptiles, 60%, mammals and amphibians 50% each (Figure 16). FIGURE .16 - PERCENT OF INDIGENOUS AND EXOTIC SPECIES

Native Exotic0 20 40 60 80 100

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

Collections

Percent of Native and Exotic Species

Figure. 16 - The relation between indigenous and exotic species is 1:1 among mammals and amphibians, whereas reptiles and birds show the highest proportion of indigenous species ; 60% and 70% respectively

28

When it is compared the most relevant orders, it is possible to see that the ones

represented by considerably high populations, as Artiodactyla, Chelonia, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, etc., are those where the mean number between exotic and indigenous are very much the same or exotic are better represented. Whereas orders such as Chiroptera, Crocodilia, Cetacea, Amphisbaenia, etc., which are almost only represented by indigenous taxa, they show a very low population (Figure 17).

The mean number of indigenous and exotic species however(Figure 18), gives a

clearer view of the same situation, when shows that seven of the better represented orders in terms of population size, are also the same taxa with the highest number of exotic species, which have low or no conservation value in the country.

29

FIGURE . 17 - MEAN OF EXOTIC AND INDIGENOUS ORDERS

Passeriformes

Anseriformes

Galliformes

Artiodactyla

Pelecaniformes

Rodentia

CaprimulgiformesCoraciiformes

PerissodactylaCuculiformes

Carnivora

ColumbiformesAnura

Chelonia

PrimatesAmphisbaenia

FalconiformesStrigiformes Gruiformes

Crocodilia

Psittaciformes

Piciformes

Cetacea

Caecilian

Charadriiformes

Chiroptera

Lagomorpha

Squamata

Ciconiiformes

y = 44.831x + 777.33R2 = 0.0274

0

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8000

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10000

11000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Mean of Exotic and Indigenous Orders

Num

ber o

f Spe

cim

ens

Figure. 17 - The mean number between indigenous and exotic orders, shows that those Orders represented by a major number of exotic species also have a high number of individuals in their populations (Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora, etc.). Opposite to that are the Orders where most species are indigenous, and dotes on X, show a very small population (Lagomorpha, Crocodilia, Squamata, Chiroptera, etc.)

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FIGURE .18 - MEAN NUMBER OF EXOTIC AND INDIGENOUS SPECIES

0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00

Caecilian

Charadriiformes

Caprimulgiformes

Cetacea

Chiroptera

Lagomorpha

Amphisbaenia

Piciformes

Falconiformes

Passeriformes

Strigiformes

Ciconiiformes

Gruiformes

Crocodilia

Rodentia

Psittaciformes

Squamata

Primates

Pelecaniformes

Anura

Chelonia

Carnivora

Columbiformes

Galliformes

Anseriformes

Cuculiformes

Artiodactyla

Perissodactyla

Coraciiformes

Figure. 18 - Orders with a majority of Exotic species are best represented by Coraciformes, Artiodactyla and Anseriformes.

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A crossed related analyses between IUCN Red List and IBAMA National Red

List brings the conservation status of the represented species within collections. Threatened to extinction are 13.68% of the taxa, where 77.78% are not listed in any of the lists or are data deficient, 8.33% of lower risk, and 0.21% are considered extinct in the wild. TABLE .04 - NUMBER AND PERCENT OF SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS

Conservation Status

Amphibia Aves Mammalia

Reptilia Total

n % n % n % n % n % Extinct in the Wild 0 0,00 2 0,32 0 0,00 0 0,00 2 0,21

Critically Endangered

0 0,00 7 1,31 6 2,71 1 0,56 14 1,44

Endangered 0 0,00 14 2,56 26 11,76 4 2,23 44 4,53 Vulnerable 3 20,0

0 27 5,82 32 14,48 13 7,26 75 7,72

Lower Risk 0 0,00 28 0,00 40 18,10 13 7,26 81 8,33 Data Deficient 0 0,00 0 0,00 14 6,33 3 1,68 17 1,75

Not Listed 12 80,00

479 90,00

103 46,61 145 81,01

739 76,03

TOTAL 15 100,00

557 100,00

221 100,00 179 100,00

972 100,00

Out of the 38 orders, 15.78% of those appear as having a fair number of

threatened species; Primates 45%, Chelonia 28%, Artiodactyla 26%, Galliformes and Carnivora 24%, and Psitaciformes 22% (Figure 19). The remaining orders do show a certain number of threatened taxa, but when compared this, with the population size and the number of species per taxa (Figures 18 and Table .04), the picture is slightly different, once there is a fairly good representation of threatened species within the collection, bearing some conservation value.

Table. 04 - According to IUCN and IBAMA’s Red Lists, 13.69% are Threatened species, and 77.78% are either Not Listed or Data Deficient taxa. Mammals, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds are respectively the better represented Classes with Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable species.

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FIGURE .19 - NUMBER OF THREATENED SPECIES IN COLLECTIONS 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Primates

Chelonia

Artiodactyla

Galliformes

Carnivora

Psittaciformes

Rodentia

Columbiformes

Anseriformes

Falconiformes

Passeriformes

Perissodactyla

Xenarthra

Squamata

Anura

Didelphimorpha

Proboscidae

Crocodilia

Caudata

Caprimulgiformes

Casuariformes

Ciconiiformes

Coraciiformes

Gruiformes

Pelecaniformes

Piciformes

Rheiformes

Tinamiformes

Cetacea

Caecilian

Charadriiformes

Cuculiformes

Strigiformes

Struthioniformes

Chiroptera

Figure. 19 - Primates and Chelonia are the main Orders for Threatened species, together they have 75% of all the species in these categories.

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An unexpected result comes on the analyses from Brazilian Zoos having species under national or international studbooks (Figure 20). A list of 28 species, most mammals and birds, are cited by 32% of the institutions surveyed as being under national (46%) or international (67%) studbooks, although ISIS data base says “no studbooks from this country have been contributed to the annual ISIS and WZO Studbook CD-ROM Library disk. This means we do not have any real information about existing studbooks covering these zoo’s animals” (Appendix 5). FIGURE 20 - SPECIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL STUDBOOKS.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Alouatta belzebul

Anodorhynchus spixii

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus

Bison bonasus

Blastocerus dichotomus

Caiman latirostris

Ceratotherium simun

Chrysocyon brachyurus

Crax fasciolata

Gorilla gorilla gorilla

Guaruba guarouba

Herpailurus yagouaroundi

Leontopithecus chrysomelas

Leontopithecus chrysopygus

Leontopithecus rosalia

Leopardus pardalis

Leopardus tigrinus

Leopardus w eidii

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Panthera onca onca

Panthera onca palustris

Panthera tigris altaica

Pongo pygmaeus

Puma concolor

Saguinus bicolor

Speotitos venaticus

Tremarctos ornatus

Number of institutions

Population size

Figure. 20 - Most of the Studbooks in Brazilian Collections appear in about 10% of the Zoos, and over 80% of the species are mammals, 7% birds and 3% reptiles.

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4. DISCUSSION

Brazil soon will be celebrating its first 500 years of history. The country has gone under many important changes in this period. From an European colony in the 16th century, to a newly formed Empire alongside Portugal in the 18th, and finally becoming a so called Democratic Republic in late 19th century. The last 100 years of history, can tell a very dramatic unstable political situation, specially during the 60’s and 70’s, when military dictation became the rule of the country, the situation became drastic, specially to intellectual and scientific sectors. This situation affected and stuck any possible of growth in these fields, because for the government than, it wasn’t “interesting” to have an intellectualised population, which resulted in a complete stagnation of any intellectual or even worse, scientific development in the country.

It was only in the late 80’s that, there could be seen a change in this framework, and a re-establishment of all the job stopped due to military control. From this point of view it can be said that, it was only in this period that there was some scientific development in environmental affairs. However, Zoo Collections did not stop during this period of military repression, it was between the 60’s and the 80’s that most of the Zoos begun, but that was the idea at that time; giving the population some leisure, in order to keep their attention away from political affairs. In fact, the major amusement centres were created in that period. Likewise the public would fell contented, because there was fun to live with, and time to spare, but no concern towards conservation. And that was the situation supported by the governmental bodies until the beginning of the 90’s.

Close to the third millennium, Zoos all over the World are fighting for survival, through an evaluating of their importance and concepts for the future generations, and moreover, for the survival of biodiversity. In a large country like Brazil, where biodiversity is high, with a high population and perhaps the fifth economy of the planet, it becomes difficult in terms of conservation insues to overlook the situation of Zoo collections.

When one takes a look of the numbers, there comes a figure of a country with 9.5% of all the Zoos in the World, 38% of the Americas and 92% of all the Zoos in Latin America. Likewise, only 28.6% of those are officially licensed by the Brazilian Government Environmental Agency (IBAMA). It does not look good, when it is possible to see day after day a new unplanned collection being formed in the country, most of them private, when most of the stablished ones are still struggling for survival.

The country’s internal economy, goes under several breakdowns, every five years or so, it’s population fights for better living conditions, and talk about conservation in Congress, becomes from times to times a taboo. It happens because most of the environmental institutions, depend on governmental budgets, which means that most Zoo Collections, again 65%, depend on the same source of funds.

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However, despite of the fact that most Zoos in the country are not licensed yet, their majority are already working under the co-ordination of the SBZ, which has been giving the most important contribution to the new and important changes in these institutions in Brazil. Every year the Society congregates most Zoo Directors, under a conference to discuss the most important problems, to and try and find an easy solution, at the same time when promotes the conduction and establishment of new programmes for the conservation of species. Over its 20 years of worthwhile contribution, the SBZ, has made important changes in this general picture, and the last and most important was the creation of a data base intended to gather all the information concerning Zoo animal species population, which results in a better administration of regional and even international studbooks, or even national conservation programmes, also co-ordinated by the same society.

Fortunately, the Society alone is not responsible for the results, but it is

important that most Zoos play their part in this association, by giving support to SBZ and sending information to fulfil the data base, and that is not what is really happening, as reported by the SBZ, in its last assembly, on the XXII Brazilian Zoos Conference, in Salvador, Bahia, April , 1998. This lack of contribution can easily be noticed on the answers for the questionnaires for the present research, where, only 58% of the forms sent were answered. This reflects in a subjective way the commitment of most Zoos to the Society. Interesting the fact that the geographical region where most institutions are located, the Southeast, was the least contributor if we consider the total number of Zoos per region (Table .01).

It is when the Foundations, 11.7%, appear as the most well prepared institution to promote a change in values, and try to congregate efforts to conservation. When it is combined the national economical situation, and that 65.6% of Zoos are maintained by the government, it becomes clear that the professionals in the institutions may find it difficult to conduct conservation programmes without external support. The Zoological Foundations in the country tend to have much better chances to develop and conduct their projects in-situ and ex-situ, as they can generate their own budget, besides being still supported by governmental bodies. The problems found there, is that these institutions seem to play a very important role in the regions they are based, but giving little or no support sometimes to institutions where Zoos can play an important educational part for conservation, there is even an evident “monopolies” of their collections which results in a barrier to management plans.

When the Zoogeographic map of the country is looked over, it gives a view of

the importance of Zoos distribution in the country. Besides being located in the most populated areas, most institutions are based on the Atlantic Forest dominion, 88%, whereas only 6% are on the Amazon and Pantanal regions, each (Figure 21). The first is considered a critical area for conservation (Bibby et al, 1992 ), and represents one of the most destructed environments in the planet, which shows the importance these institutions have in the area. On the other side are those Zoos located in areas where the Pantanal and the Amazon are the dominion, and surprisingly are the institution where

36

technical support is most needed, and the improvement of conservation actions is imminent.

The average Zoo in Brazil, employs 16.6 people, which are responsible for an

area of 9.5 hectares, and 179,545 visitors per year. Out of that number only 2.3 people in the country’s institutions have some kind of professional degree, being most of them Biologists or Veterinarians. It becomes difficult to picture the load of work these professionals have in their daily routines, and even harder to imagine a Zoo in Brazil without professional training. It is clear that one of the major problems so far is the qualitative and quantitative professional background in the institutions, besides the economical difficulties, it’s imperative that the institutions search for an improvement of their professional skills, specially directed towards conservation efforts. Surprisingly, these institutions are quite well structured, thanks to the institutions and IBAMA’s legislation (IBAMA 1997), whose regulations demands a minimum establishment of services and facilities in Brazilian Zoos. It is rewarding when it is possible to see that around 60% and in some other cases, 70% of the institutions have in the premises facilities such as Vet Centre, Animal Kitchen, Quarantine and Signs (Figure 5).

Education is undoubtfully a fast growing business at Brazilian Zoos, less then 20

years ago, talking about education in a Zoo environment in Brazil, would sound like talking about travelling to the moon in the beginning of the century, but this situation has considerably changed, when it is possible to find that around 80% of the institutions have an Education Programme, nearly 40% of those have specific facilities for that purpose and the same number offers some kind of professional training. It is evident that these institutions have a natural, clear and powerful talent for education, specially if we consider that they receive over 16 million people a year, again 10%, of the total population in the country. Like in Padua (1994), who says that Environmental Education Programmes in Brazilian natural parks and reserves in the Atlantic Forest are rare. It is when Zoological Parks in that area and the rest of the country, could fulfil the gap for this kind of programmes. How could they contribute better to Conservation if not via Environmental Education Programmes ? Well it is clear that in the present situation, where we have mostly poor collections in terms of species population viability, or a still infant management network plan, in a final picture of, according to the criterion established in this research, only 21% of institutions are considered to be contributing to conservation through their management plans, research or breeding programmes, whereas 82% of them are definitely leaving their major contribution on the Environmental Education Programmes, according to the same criterion.

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FIGURE 21 - BRAZILIAN ZOOS DISTRIBUTION PER BIO-GEOGRAPHIC REGION

Figure. 21 - Most Brazilian Zoos are located in the Atlantic Forest dominion (89%), leaving 11%, distributed in the Zoogeographic regions of the Pantanal and the Amazon Forest .

38

Endangered species are not well represented in Brazilian Zoos, 13.89% of the

taxa in collections is considered threatened by IUCN or IBAMA (Groombridge et al. (eds.)1996; Bernardes et al. 1990), nor are their populations. However it is possible to find a large number of institutions focusing their collection plan on having a large number of local or endemic endangered species.

Species distribution and population size appear to be the major problem in most Zoos. This happens because most institutions as shown in the related graphs, display in their collections a great number of animal species in small populations, and many of those taxa have one or two specimens only, or appear in a single collection. This reflects the difficulty to establish some kind of breeding programme, although a fair number of Zoos try and establish their local or even regional programmes, like the ones for the Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the Spetacled Caiman (Caiman latirostris), the Blue Dart Frog (Dendrobates azureus), and the Harpy Eagle (Harpya harpyja), all of them at a national and international levels (Appendix 3). Unfortunately these are rare cases, and the general picture show that, most individuals in the populations are still of unknown sex, in all four classes, and alongside the small populations, it becomes hard to maintain a viable population, plus the fact that transportation of animals in the country is fairly expensive, and the annual budget of most institutions can not pay for those expenses.

Would it be fair to put the “blame” of such difficult situation only in these institutions, whose professionals are struggling to make their best for their survival, or even the SBZ, who’s responsible for bringing together a wonderful amount of important information, even if it doesn’t match with what has been practised over the world ?, or this is also the case to evaluate the role that foreign Zoos and related institutions play in this context ? It is impossible not to mention that over a hundred years, Zoological Gardens in Europe, North America and other parts of the World have been intensively participating on the trade of animals with Brazilian institutions, which have been accepting those species that are no more interesting to Zoos in the developing countries, the so called “Zoological Outcasting Species”, in exchange for the tropical species of their real interest. If one analyses the percent of exotic fauna according to the species or families, will find that those are the most expensive animals to keep in a Zoo, like Elephants, Giraffes, Zebras, Lions, Chimpanzees etc. Although their population sizes do not show great values, it is clear that the expenditure for keeping an specimen of Elaphas maximus is probably enough to maintain a reasonable marmoset population, not to mention the educational value. So, this is not the case that some developing country Zoos stop sending those animals to Latin American institutions and instead, devote their perspectives and budgets on working alongside them to help settle breeding and education programmes directed to conservation of endangered species in-situ or ex-situ, like the ones being practised already by many Zoos in Europe and some in the USA ?

39

Finally, it becomes evident that only through co-operative well established policies, will Brazilian Zoos, enhance their contribution to conservation. This evolution in their concept is possible, but there is an urgent need for structural changes in their collection plans, and the definite establishment of multidisciplinary Education Programmes like the ones already being successfully conducted in the most important Zoological Gardens of the country, and around the World.

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5. CONCLUSION

What other way could this be ended without commenting the real dark situation overlooking Brazilian Zoos. Whereas these institutions throughout the world are looking towards moving their efforts in direction to areas of environmental importance, the so called “hot spots”, it seems that our zoos are heading the other way. For instance, the numbers show that the real important biomas lack these institutions positive influence, hence most of them are completely away from environments like the Amazon Forest, the Pantanal, the Drylands (Cerrado and Caatinga). Moreover there seems to be less or no interaction at all among zoos located in the south and southeast with the rest but most important natural regions. Looking from a very outwards point of view it shows that there is a kind of “monopolist situation” where the majority of the institutions house the biggest animal populations at the same time holding public opinion’s attention acting as if they were the proper owner of wildlife they house, while the rest of institution professionals begging for the attention, struggle to survive the harsh heavy arm of criticism, stating that they do nothing to help conservation. Does any of them do?

The hermeutics of “Contribution to Conservation” seems to be misunderstood

here: holding hundreds of individuals in some zoos and leaving no chance to institutions located in the species natural habitat, where they could use this ideal environmentl conditions to establish suitable and productive breeding programmes, isn’t the proper interpretation of modern concepts for Conservation Biology of Endangered Species.

It is undoubtful that Brazilian Zoos efforts to Conservation are starting to arise

from a clouded situation found in the early 80’s, when the country was still under political and economical depression. It is time now tostop doing TV shows, and spending loads of money and intelect on already nature extinct species and centre the focus on their nvironment, starting doing some real conservation work. The criteria settled for analyses found that a reasonable number of Zoos are giving their contribution to save species from extinction, but when the education programmes come into scene, it becomes evident that Environmental Education is certainly the way these institution are going to play their part here, if any. There is no question on the importance of these Zoos for a global context, but it is difficult to expect that Brazilian Zoos alone, can possibly contribute to Conservation through Breeding Programmes specially if it is considered the urgent need for collection’s plan, as the example of the Zoo Salvador, where we spend our efforts trying to help lacking a proper plan, there isn’t encouraged by its political tendency and due to the actual composition, and above all of that when these institutions stop definitely using their collections as if they were private property instead of nature heritage nor even currency. Education is their major weapon to fight environmental destruction and more important than that, to guarantee their own survival. The Brazilian society urges to understand nature, and needs to learn the role of Zoos for nature conservancy. A good number of these institutions are ready to develop their own Breeding Programmes for some endangered species, but most Zoos in Brazil are prepared and are already developing some very important work for Conservation,

41

through Education. Although possible to see some important Zoos migrating from a traditional mixed collection to one where a much better importance and evidence is given to endangered and moreover local species, there is still much to do in order to acquire that the proper figure of a Conservation Centre, expected for the modern Zoo in the third millennium.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS

Because this is not possibly intended to be a final discussion of the matter being analysed here, the necessity for greater commitment, co-operation and interaction from Zoos in Brazil, could result in a better model to be followed by these institutions. As observed by the World Zoo Conservation Strategy (IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC), 1994): “.....Zoos have their potential in assisting with the making of a time bridge, and they wish to realise this potential..... The potential of the world’s Zoos will be most effectively used only if their efforts are closely integrated with those of other parties.... The time has come for each conservationist to accept that there is only one way to save our planet’s natural system, and that is through co-operation, co-ordination and interaction of all the positive aspects of conservation work...” . I hope this work has been of some contribution to conservation of natural resources in Brazil, as well as to the survival of the Zoological Gardens through this transformation into Conservation Centres in this country, which were not the first place I saw a wild animal, but was definitely the place I first learned how important it is to help them being here among us. I do believe Zoos can make their part for Nature Conservation.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bernardes, A .T., Machado, A .B.M., Rylands,A .B.. (1990): Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção : Brazilian Fauna Threatened with Extinction. Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Fundação Biodiversitas for the Conservation of Biological Diversity. IBAMA Edict Nº 1,522. Bibby, C.J., Crosby, M.J., Heath, M.F., Johnson, T.H., Long, A . J., Statterfield, A .J. and Thirgood, S.J. (1992): Putting biodiversity on the map: Global priorities for Conservation. ICBP, Cambridge. Brazil (1989): Brazilian Constitution. Law Nº 7,735, of February, 1989. Environmental Laws. Environmental Ministry, IBAMA. Brasília, Brazil. Fonseca, G.A .B. da, Rylands, A .B., Costa, C.M.R., Machado, R.B., Leite, Y.L.R. (eds) (1994): Livro Vermelho dos Mamíferos Brasileiros Ameaçados de Extinção. Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Fundação Biodiversitas. Groombridge, B., Baillie, Jonathan (eds) (1996): 1996 IUCN Red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and Conservation International, Washington DC, USA. IBAMA. (1989): Edict Nº 1,522, of December, 1989. Official List of Brazilian Threatened Species. Environmental Ministry,IBAMA. Brasília, Brazil. IBAMA. (1997): Edict Nº 118, of October, 1997 : Law Nº 7,735, of February, 1989. Zoological Parks Normative. Environmental Ministry, IBAMA. Brasília, Brazil. IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC) (1993): The world zoo conservation strategy: the role of zoo and aquaria of the world in global conservation. Brookfield. IL: The Chicago Zoological Society. Kelly, J.D. (1997): Effective conservation in the twenty-first century: the need to be more than a zoo. One organization’s approach. International Zoo Yearbook Nº 35. London, UK: The Zoological Society of London. Marcellini, D.L., Murphy, J.B. (1998): Education in a zoological park or aquarium: na otogeny of learning opportunities. Herpetologica : V. 54 (Supplement). Johnson City, TN, USA. The Herpetologists’ League. Padua, S.M. (1994): Conservation awareness through an Environmental Education programme in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Environmental Conservation Nº 21. Switzerland. The Foundation for Environmental Conservation. Pough, F.H. (1993): Zoo-academic research collaborations: How close are we ?. Herpetologica : V. 49 : Nº 4. Johnson City, TN, USA. The Herpetologists’ League. SBZ (1997): Censo de Animais : Anfíbios; Répteis, Aves, Mamíferos: Synapses. São Carlos, SP. Sociedade Brasileira de Zoológicos.

APPENDIX 1

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List of Institutions surveyed :

INSTITUTION'S NAME CITY - STATE Parque Ecologico Municipal de Americana Americana - SP Zoologico Municipal de Amparo Amparo - SP Zoologico Municipal de Andradas Andradas - MG Bosque Municipal Antonio J. Moura Andrade Andradina - SP Aquario Municipal de Santos Santos - SP Pq. Gov. Jose Rolemberg Leite Aracaju - SE Parque Zoologico Municipal de Aracatuba Aracatuba - SP Parque Municipal Dr. Fabio da Silva Prado Araras - SP Parque Natural da CBMM Araxa - MG Zoologico Municipal de Ariquemes Ariquemes - RO Jardim Zoologico da ASCON Brasilia - DF Parque Zoologico Municipal de Bauru Bauru - SP Fundacao Zoobotanica de Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte - MG Parque Zoologico Municipal de Boituva Boituva - SP Parque Zoologico de Bom Jardim Bom Jardim - RJ Parque Luiz Gonzaga Leme Braganca Paulista - SP Jardim Zoologico de Brasilia Brasilia - DF Fundacao Parque Ecologico Zoobotanico Brusque Brusque - SC Bwana Park Safari Rio de Janeiro - RJ Jardim Botanico e Zoologico Municipal de Cachoeira do Sul Cachoeira do Sul - RS Parque Balneario Camboriu - Cyro Gevaerde Balneario Camboriu - SC Bosque dos Jequitibas Campinas - SP Fundacao Zoobotanica de Carajas Serra dos Carajas - PA JB World Propaganda e Comercializacao - Ltda Balneario de Penha - SC Parque Ecologico Municipal Danilo Galafassi Cascavel - PR Zoologico de Cubatao Cubatao - SP Zoologico da Uni. Fed. do Mato Grosso Cuiba - MS Zoologico de Curitiba Curitiba - PR Depave 3 Sao Paulo - SP Parque Ecologico de Dourado Dourado - SP Zoologico de Alta Floresta Alta Floresta - MT Parque Zoologico Sargento Prata Fortaleza - CE Foz Tropicana Parque das Aves Foz do Iguacu - PR Zoologico Municipal de Garca Garca - SP Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Belem - PA Parque Zoologico do Goiabal Ituiutaba - MG Parque Zoologico de Goiania Goiania - GO Zoologico de Guaiba Guaiba - RS Parque Zoologico Municipal de Guarulhos Guarulhos - SP Cebus - Zoologico da Usipa Ipatinga - MG Itaipu Binacional Foz do Iguacu - PR Parque Municipal da Matinha Itapetinga - BA Parque Zoobotanico de Joinville Joinville - SC Zoologico de Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora - MG Zoologico Municipal de Sete Lagoas Sete Lagoas - MG Zoologico Municipal de Leme Leme - SP Parque Zoologico Municipal de Limeira Limeira - SP Zoologico Municipal de Lins Lins - SP

45

Zoologico do Litoral Osorio - RS Centro de Instrucao Guerra na Selva Manaus - AM Parque do Inga Maringa - PR Zoologico de Matelandia Matelandia - PR Zoologico Municipal de Mogi Guacu Mogi Guacu - SP Zoologico Municipal de Mogi Mirim Mogi Mirim - SP Jd. Zoologico - Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura de Muriae Muriae - MG Mini Zoo Muricana Paraty - RJ Zoologico de Novo Horizonte Novo Horizonte - SP Pampas Safari - Parque Animais Selvagens Gravatai - RS Parque Municipal Arruda Camara Joao Pessoa - PB Zoologico Paraiso das Aves Itatiba - SP Parque Zoologico de Paulinia Paulinia - SP Bosque Municipal de Pedreira Pedreira - SP Zoologico Municipal de Piracicaba Piracicaba - SP Zoologico de Pirajui Pirajui - SP Zoologico de Pirassununga Pirassununga - SP Fundacao Hermann Weege Pomerode - SC Safari de Portobelo Mangaratiba - RJ Horto Zoobotanico de Dois Irmaos Recife - PE Bosque Municipal Dr. Fabio Sa Barreto Ribeirao Preto - SP Zoologico Municipal de Sao Jose do Rio Preto Sao Jose do Rio Preto - SP Fundacao Rio Zoo Rio de Janeiro - RJ Parque Balneario Turistico Oasis Santa Maria - RS Parque Zoobotanico Orquidario de Santos Santos - SP Zoologico Municipal de Sao Bernardo do Campo Sao Bernardo do Campo - SPParque Ecologico de Sao Carlos Sao Carlos - SP Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul Sapucaia do Sul - SP Simba Safari Sao paulo - SP Parque Zoologico de Ilha Solteira Ilha Solteira - SP Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros / Sorocaba Sorocaba - SP Parque das Hortencias Taboao da Serra - SP Zoologico Hotel Tropical Manaus - AM Zoologico de Uberaba - Bosque Jacaranda Uberaba - MG Zoo Parque do Sabia Uberlandia - MG Bosque Municipal Nestor Bologna Vargem Grande do Sul - SP Parque Zoobotanico Dr. Mario Frota Varginha - MG Zoologico Municipal de Volta Redonda Volta Redonda - RJ Parque Zoobotanico Getulio Vargas Salvador - BA Fundacao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo - SP

APPENDIX 2

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List of species in all the collections surveyed CLASS ORDER FAMILY SPECIES Amphibia Anura BUFONIDAE Bufo paranemis Amphibia Anura BUFONIDAE Mellanophriniscus stelzneri Amphibia Anura DENDROBATIDAE Dendrobates azureus Amphibia Anura LEPTODACTYLIDAE Ceratophrys aurita Amphibia Anura LEPTODACTYLIDAE Ceratophrys crawelli Amphibia Anura LEPTODACTYLIDAE Ceratophrys ornata Amphibia Anura MICROHYLIDAE Dyscophus antongilii Amphibia Anura MICROHYLIDAE Dyscophus guineti Amphibia Anura PIPIDAE Xenopus gilli Amphibia Anura PIPIDAE Xenopus laevis Amphibia Anura RANIIDAE Pyxicelaphus adspersus Amphibia Caecilian OPHIODIDAE Ophiodes striatus Amphibia Caudata AMBYSTOMATIDAE Ambystoma mexicanum Amphibia Caudata SALAMANDRIDAE Salamandra salamandra Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anser cygnoides Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Branta ruficolis Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Dendrocygna arborea Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Marmoronetta angustirostris Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Amazonetta brasiliensis Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas bahamensis Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas clypeata Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas cyanoptera Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas flavirostris Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas georgica Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas platalea Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas sibilatrix Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas versicolor Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Cairina moschata Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Callonetta leucophrys Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Chloephaga picta Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Coscoroba coscoroba Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Cygnus melanocoryphus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Dendrocygna autumnalis Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Dendrocygna bicolor Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Dendrocygna viduata Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Neochen jubata Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Netta erythrophthalma Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Netta peposaca Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Oxyura dominica Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Sarkidiornis melanotos Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Aix galericulata Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Aix sponsa Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Alopochen aegyptiacus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas acuta Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas castanea Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas crecca Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas falcata Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas penelope Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas platyrhynchos Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas poecilorhyncha

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Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anas querquedula Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anser anser Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anser canagicus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Anser indicus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Branta canadensis Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Branta leucopsis Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Bucephala clangula Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Cereopsis novaehollandiae Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Chloephaga poliocephala Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Cygnus atratus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Cygnus cygnus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Cygnus olor Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Mergus cucullatus Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Netta rufina Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Tadorna ferruginea Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Tadorna tadorna Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Tadorna tadornoides Aves Anseriformes ANATIDAE Tadorna variegata Aves Anseriformes ANHIMIDAE Chauna torquata Aves Caprimulgiformes NYCTIBIIDAE Nyctibius griseus Aves Casuariformes CASUARIDAE Casuarius casuarius Aves Charadriiformes CHARADRIDAE Vanellus chilensis Aves Charadriiformes JACANIDAE Jacana jacana Aves Charadriiformes LARIDAE Larus dominicanus Aves Charadriiformes LARIDAE Larus maculipennis Aves Charadriiformes RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopus himantopus Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Ardea cocoi Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Botaurus pinnatus Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Bubulcus ibis Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Butorides striatus Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Casmerodius albus Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Egretta thula Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Florida caerulea Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Ixobrychus involucris Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Nycticorax nycticorax Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Nycticorax violacea Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Philherodius pileatus Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Syrigma sibilatrix Aves Ciconiiformes ARDEIDAE Tigrisoma lineatum Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Ciconia maguari Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Jabiru mycteria Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Mycteria americana Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Ciconia abdimii Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Ciconia ciconia Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Aves Ciconiiformes CICONIIDAE Leptotilus crumeniferus Aves Ciconiiformes COCHLEARIIDAE Cochlearius cochlearius Aves Ciconiiformes PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis Aves Ciconiiformes PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterus ruber roseus Aves Ciconiiformes PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Aves Ciconiiformes PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoeniconaias minor Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Ajaia ajaja Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Eudocimus ruber Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Harpiprion caerulescens Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Mesenbrinibis cayenensis

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Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Plegadis chihi Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Theristicus caudatus Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Mycteria Ileucocephalus Aves Ciconiiformes THRESKIORNITIDAE Threskiornis aethiopica Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Claravis godefrida Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Goura cristata Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Goura scheepmakeri Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columba argentina Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Gallicolumba criniger Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Geopelia cuneata Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Streptopelia reseogrisea Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columba cayennensis Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columba picazuro Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columba plumbea Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columba rufina Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columba speciosa Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columbina picui Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Columbina talpacoti Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Geotrygon montana Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Geotrygon violacea Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Leptotila verreauxi Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Metriopelia sp Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Scardafella squammata Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Uropelia campestris Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Zenaida auriculata Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Caloenas nicobarica Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Ducula aenea Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Ducula forsteni Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Gallicolumba luzonica Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Ocyphaps lophotes Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Streptopelia chinensis Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Streptopelia decaoto Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Streptopelia risoria Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Streptopelia senegalensis Aves Columbiformes COLUMBIDAE Treron waalia Aves Coraciiformes ALCEDYNIDAE Dacelo novaeguinae Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Aceros plicatus jungei Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Aceros undulatus Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Anthracoceros albirostris Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Anthracocerus malaynus Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Buceros bicornis bicornis Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Buceros rhinoceros silvestris Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Bucorvus abyssinicus Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Bucorvus cafer Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Ceratogymna brevis Aves Coraciiformes BUCEROTIDAE Tockus erythrorhynchus Aves Coraciiformes MOMOTIDAE Baryphthengus ruficapillus ruficapillus Aves Cuculiformes CUCULIDAE Guira guira Aves Cuculiformes MUSOPHAGIDAE Musophaga rossae Aves Cuculiformes MUSOPHAGIDAE Tauraco hartlaubi Aves Cuculiformes MUSOPHAGIDAE Tauraco leucotis Aves Cuculiformes MUSOPHAGIDAE Tauraco livingstonii Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Harpyhaliaetus coronatus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Leucopiternis lacernullata Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Busarellus nigricollis

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Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo albicaudatus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo albicolis Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo albonotatus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo brachyurus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo magnirostris Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo nitidus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo polyosoma Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteo swainsoni Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteogallus meridionalis Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Buteogallus urubutinga Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Elanoides forficatus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Elanus leucurus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Geranoaetus melanoleucus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Geranospiza caerulescens Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Harpia harpyja Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Ictinia plumbea Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Leptodon cayanensis Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Leucopternis polionotoa Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Leucopternis schistacea Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Morphnus guianensis Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Parabuteo unicintus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Spizaetus ornatus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Spizaetus tyrannus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Spizastur melanoleucus Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Gypohierax angolensis Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Haliaetus vocifer Aves Falconiformes ACCIPITRIDAE Trigonoceps occiptalis Aves Falconiformes CATHARTIDAE Cathartes aura Aves Falconiformes CATHARTIDAE Cathartes burrovianus Aves Falconiformes CATHARTIDAE Coragyps atratus Aves Falconiformes CATHARTIDAE Sarcoramphus papa Aves Falconiformes CATHARTIDAE (Pseud) Gyps bengalensis Aves Falconiformes CATHARTIDAE Vultur gryphus Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Daptrius ater Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Falco femoralis Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Falco peregrinus Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Falco sparverius Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Herpetotheres cachinnans Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Micrastur semitorquatus Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Mivalgo chimachima Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Mivalgo chimango Aves Falconiformes FALCONIDAE Polyborus plancus Aves Falconiformes SAGITTARIDAE Sagittarius serpentarius Aves Falconiformes SPHENICIDAE Aptenodytes patagonicus Aves Falconiformes SPHENICIDAE Spheniscus magellanicus Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Crax blumenbachii Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Pipile pipile cujubi Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Pipile pipile cumanensis Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Pipile pipile nattereri Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Crax globulosa Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Penelope ochrogaster Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Pipile jacutinga Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Crax alector Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Crax fasciolata fasciolata Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Crax fasciolata pinima

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Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Mitu mitu tomentosa Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Mitu mitu tuberosa Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Nothocrax urumutum Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Ortali guttata squamata Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Ortalis canicollis Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Ortalis guttata Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Ortalis motmot Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Ortalis superciliaris Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Penelope jacucaca Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Penelope obscura Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Penelope pileata Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Penelope superciliaris Aves Galliformes CRACIDAE Penelope superciliaris cyanosparius Aves Galliformes NUMIDIDAE Acrylium vulturinum Aves Galliformes NUMIDIDAE Guttera pucherani Aves Galliformes NUMIDIDAE Numida meleagris Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Syrmaticus reevesi Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Polypectron emphanum Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Crossoptilon mantchuricun Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Lophura diardii Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Lophura ignita rufa Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Pavo muticus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Syrmaticus humiae Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Odontophorus capueira Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Odontophorus guianensis Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Alectoris chuckar Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Alectoris rufa Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Chrysolophus amherstiae Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Chrysolophus pictus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Coturnix coturnix Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Crossoptilon auritum Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Lophophorus ipeyanus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Lophura leucomelana Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Lophura nycthemera Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Lophura swinhoii Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Pavo cristatus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Pavo cristatus alba Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Phasianus colchicus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Phasianus torquatus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Phasianus versicolorus Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Polypectron bicalcaratum Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Rollulus roulroul Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Tragopan satyra Aves Galliformes PHASIANIDAE Tragopan temmincki Aves Gruiformes CARIAMIDAE Cariama cristata Aves Gruiformes CARIAMIDAE Chunga burmeisteri Aves Gruiformes EURYPYGIDAE Eurypiga helias Aves Gruiformes GRUIDAE Anthropoides paradisea Aves Gruiformes GRUIDAE Anthropoides virgo Aves Gruiformes GRUIDAE Balearica pavonina Aves Gruiformes GRUIDAE Grus antigone Aves Gruiformes OTIDIDAE Ardeotis kori Aves Gruiformes PSOPHIIDAE Psophia creptans Aves Gruiformes PSOPHIIDAE Psophia leucoptera Aves Gruiformes PSOPHIIDAE Psophia viridis

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Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Aramides cajanea Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Aramides saracura Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Fulica armilata Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Fulica leucoptera Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Gallinula chloropus Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Porphyriops melanops Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Porphyrula martinica Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Porzana albicollis Aves Gruiformes RALLIDAE Rallus maculatus Aves Passeriformes COEREBIDAE Chlorophanes spiza Aves Passeriformes COEREBIDAE Coereba flaveola Aves Passeriformes COEREBIDAE Cyanerpes cyaneus Aves Passeriformes COEREBIDAE Dacnis cayana Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Cyanocorax caeruleus Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Cyanocorax chrysops Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Cyanocorax cristatellus Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Cyanocorax cyanomelas Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Cyanocorax cyanopogon Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Corvus corone Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Garrulax chinensis Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Garrulax leucolophus Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Pica pica Aves Passeriformes CORVIDAE Urocissa erythroryncha Aves Passeriformes COTINGIDAE Carponis cucullatus Aves Passeriformes COTINGIDAE Procnias averano Aves Passeriformes COTINGIDAE Procnias nudicolis Aves Passeriformes COTINGIDAE Pyroderus scutatus Aves Passeriformes ESTRILDIDAE Estrilda astrild Aves Passeriformes ESTRILDIDAE Lonchura striata Aves Passeriformes ESTRILDIDAE Poephila guttata Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Carduelis yarelli Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Arremon flavirostris Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Carduelis magellanicus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Coryphospingus cucullatus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Coryphospingus pileatus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Cyanocompsa brissoni Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Cyanocompsa cyanea Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Haploospiza unicolor Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Oryzoborus angolensis Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Oryzoborus maximiliani Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Paroaria capitata Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Paroaria coronata Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Paroaria dominicana Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Passerina glaucocaerulea Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Pitylus fuliginosus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Poospiza lateralis Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Poospiza nigrorufa Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Saltator atricollis Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Saltator maxilosus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Saltator maximus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Saltator similis Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Serinus canarinus Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sicalis flaveola Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sicalis luteola Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila albogularis

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Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila americana Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila ardesiaca Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila bonvreil Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila caerulescens Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila collaris Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila cynamomoe Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila falcirostris Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila frontalis Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila hypoxantha Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila leucoptera Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila nigricollis Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila palustris Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophila plumbea Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Sporophilla lineola Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Tiaris fuliginosa Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Volatina jacarina Aves Passeriformes FRINGILLIDAE Zonotrichia capensis Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Sturnella militaris Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Algelarius ruficapillus Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Cacicus cela Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Cacicus chrysopterus Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Cacicus haemorrhous Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Gnorimopsar chopi Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Gnorinopsar chopi sulcirostris Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Icterus cayanensis Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Icterus icterus Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Icterus valenciobueno Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Leistes superciliaris Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Molothrus bonariensis Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Psarocolius decumanus Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Pseudleistes virescens Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Pseudoleistes guirahuro Aves Passeriformes ICTERIDAE Scaphidura oryzivora Aves Passeriformes MIMIDAE Mimus gilvus Aves Passeriformes MIMIDAE Mimus saturninus Aves Passeriformes ORIOLIDAE Oriolus chinensis Aves Passeriformes PIPRIDAE Chiroxiphia caudatua Aves Passeriformes PLOCEIDAE Padda oryzivora Aves Passeriformes RUPICOLIDAE Rupicola peruviana Aves Passeriformes RUPICOLIDAE Rupicola rupicola Aves Passeriformes STURNIDAE Acridotheres tristis Aves Passeriformes STURNIDAE Ampeliceps coronatus Aves Passeriformes STURNIDAE Gracula religiosa Aves Passeriformes STURNIDAE Lamprotornis caudatus Aves Passeriformes STURNIDAE Lamprotornis purpureus Aves Passeriformes STURNIDAE Mino dumontii Aves Passeriformes TERSINIDAE Tersina viridis Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Chlorophonia cyanea Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Cissopis leveriana Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Euphonia chalybea Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Euphonia chlorotica Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Euphonia cyanocephala Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Euphonia pectoralis Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Euphonia violacea Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Neothraupis fasciata

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Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Piranga flava Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Ramphocelus bresilius Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Schistoclamys ruficapillus Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Stephanophorus diadematus Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tachyphonus coronatus Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara cayana Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara cyanocephala Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara cyanoventris Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara desmaresti Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara fastuosa Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara peruviana Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Tangara seledon Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Thraupis bonariensis Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Thraupis cyanoptera Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Thraupis ornata Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Thraupis palmarum Aves Passeriformes THRAUPIDAE Thraupis sayaca Aves Passeriformes TIMALLIDAE Leiothrix argentauris Aves Passeriformes TIMALLIDAE Leiothrix lutea Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Myadestis leocogenys Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Platycichla flavipes Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Turdus albicolis Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Turdus amaurochalinus Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Turdus fumigatus Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Turdus leucomelas Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Turdus nigriceps Aves Passeriformes TURDIDAE Turdus rufiventris Aves Passeriformes TYRANIDAE Knipolegus cyanirostris Aves Passeriformes TYRANIDAE Pytangus sulphuratus Aves Pelecaniformes ANHINGIDAE Anhinga anhinga Aves Pelecaniformes ANHINGIDAE Anhinga rufa Aves Pelecaniformes FREGATIDAE Fregata magnificens Aves Pelecaniformes PELICANIDAE Pelecanus crispus Aves Pelecaniformes PELICANIDAE Pelecanus onocrotalus Aves Pelecaniformes PELICANIDAE Pelecanus rufescens Aves Pelecaniformes PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax brasilianus Aves Pelecaniformes PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax olivaceus Aves Pelecaniformes SULIDAE Sula leucogaster Aves Piciformes BUCCONIDAE Nystalus chacuru Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Campephilus robustus Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Colaptes campestris Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Colaptes melanochloros Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Dryocopus lineatus Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Leuconerpes candidus Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Melanerpes candidus Aves Piciformes PICIDAE Melanerpes flavifrons Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Baillonius bailloni Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Pteroglossus aracari Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Pteroglossus bitorquatus Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Pteroglossus castanotis Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Pteroglossus flavirostris Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Pteroglossus viridis Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos dicolorus Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos toco Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos tucanus

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Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos vitellinus Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Ramphastos vitellinus ariel Aves Piciformes RAMPHASTIDAE Selenidera maculirostris Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua sulphurea Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua alba Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua moluccansis Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua ducorps Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua galerita Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua goffinii Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Cacatua sanguinea Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Eolophus rosecapillus Aves Psittaciformes CACATUIDAE Nymphicus hollandicus Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Chalcopsitta atra atra Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Chalcopsitta cardinalis Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Chalcopsitta sintillata Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Eos bornea Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Eos squamata Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Lorius chlorocercus Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Lorius domicellus Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Lorius garrulus Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Lorius lory Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Trichoglossus haematodus Aves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Trichoglossus haematodus mollucanusAves Psittaciformes LORIIDAE Trichoglossus haematodus rubritorquisAves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Anodorhynchus leari Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Cyanopsitta spixii Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona brasiliensis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona pretrei Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona rhodocorytha Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona vinacea Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara glaucogularis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Guaruba guarouba Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Triclaria malachitacea Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona viridigenalis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara rubreunys Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona xanthops Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara maracana Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara militaris Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona aestiva Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona albifrons Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona amazonica Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona autumnalis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona autumnalis liliacina Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona farinosa farinosa Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona farinosa inornata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona festiva Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona kawalli Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona ochrocephala Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona ochrocephala ochrocephala Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara ararauna Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara auricollis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara chloroptera Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara macao

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Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara manillata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara nobilis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Ara severa Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga acuticaudata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga aurea Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga cactorum Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga erythrogenys Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga holochlora Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga leucophthalmus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga solstitialis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga solstitiallis auricapilla Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga solstitiallis jandaia Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga wedelli Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris chiriri Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris chrysopterus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris sancthomae Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris tirica Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Brotogeris versicolorus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Cyanoliseus patagonus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Deroptyus acciptrinus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Forpus passerinus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Forpus xanthopterygius Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Graydidascalus brachyurus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Myiopsitta monachus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Nendayus nenday Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionites leucogaster Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionites melanocephala Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionites xanthomeria Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionopsitta pileata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionus fuscus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionus maximilliani Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionus menstruus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pionus menstruus reichenowi Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura cruentata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura egregia Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura frontalis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura leucotis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura molinae Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura perlata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Pyrrhura rhodogaster Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Agapornis roseicollis Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Amazona leucocephala Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga mitrata Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Aratinga wagleri Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Eclectus roratus polychloros Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Eclectus roratus vosmaeri Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Mellopsitacus undulatus Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Platycerus eximius Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Psittacula alexandri Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Psittacula derbyana Aves Psittaciformes PSITTACIDAE Psittacus erythacus Aves Rheiformes RHEIDAE Rhea americana Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Bubo bubo Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Ketupa zeylonensis Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Asio stygius

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Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Bubo virginianus Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Ciccaba hulula Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Ciccaba virgata Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Glaucicium brasilianum Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Lophostrix cristata Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Otus choliba Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Pulsatrix perspicillata Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Rhynoptynx clamator Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Speotypo cunicularia Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Strix hilophila Aves Strigiformes STRIGIDAE Nyctea scandiaca Aves Strigiformes TYTONIDAE Tyto alba Aves Struthioniformes DROMAIIDAE Dromaius novaehollandiae Aves Struthioniformes STRUTHIONIDAE Struthio camelus Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus brevirostris Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus noctivagus Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus obsoletus Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus parvirostris Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus soui Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus tataupa Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Crypturellus undulatus Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Nothura boraquira Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Nothura maculosa Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Rhynchotus rufescens Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Tinamus solitarius Aves Tinamiformes TINAMIDAE Tinamus tao Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Bison bonasus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Bubalus bubalis Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Aepycerus melampus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Ammtragus lervia Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Antilope cervicapra Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Alcelaphus buselaphus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Antidorca marsupialis Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Bos indicus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Boselaphus tragocamelus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Capra hircus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Connochaetes taurinus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Gazella thomsonii Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Hippotragus niger Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Oryx gazella Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Ovis aries Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Ovis musimon Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Taurotragus oryx Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Tragelaphus angasi Mammalia Artiodactyla BOVIDAE Tragelaphus strepsicerus Mammalia Artiodactyla CAMELIDAE Camelus bactrianus Mammalia Artiodactyla CAMELIDAE Lama guanicoe Mammalia Artiodactyla CAMELIDAE Camelus dromedarius Mammalia Artiodactyla CAMELIDAE Lama glama Mammalia Artiodactyla CAMELIDAE Lama pacos Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Blastocerus dichotomus Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Odocoileus hemionus

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Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Dama dama Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Mazama americana Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Mazama gouazoubira Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Mazama rufina Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Ozotoceros bezoarticus Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Axis axis Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Cervus elaphus Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Cervus unicolor Mammalia Artiodactyla CERVIDAE Muntiacus muntjak Mammalia Artiodactyla GIRAFFIDAE Giraffa camelopardalis Mammalia Artiodactyla HIPPOPOTAMIDAE Hippopotamus amphibius Mammalia Artiodactyla SUIDAE Sus scrofa Mammalia Artiodactyla TAYASSUIDAE Tayassu pecari Mammalia Artiodactyla TAYASSUIDAE Tayassu tajacu Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Speothos venaticus Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Cerdocyon thous Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Cerdocyon thous azarae Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Chrysocyon brachyurus Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Lycalopex vetulus Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Pseudalopex gymnocercus Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Canis lupus Mammalia Carnivora CANIDAE Fenecus zerda Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera tigris altaica Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Puma concolor Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Acinonyx jubatus Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera pardus Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera pardus melas Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera tigris tigris Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Herpaylurus yaguarondi Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera onca onca Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera onca palustris Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Panthera leo Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis colocolo Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis geoffroyi Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis pardalis Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Leopardus tigrinus Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Leopardus wiedii Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis caracal Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis chaus Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis lynx Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis serval Mammalia Carnivora FELIDAE Felis viverrina Mammalia Carnivora HYAENIDAE Crocuta crocuta Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Eira barbara Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Pteronura brasiliensis Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Galictis cuja Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Galictis vittata Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Lutra longicaudis Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Aonyx cinerea Mammalia Carnivora MUSTELIDAE Mustela putorius furo Mammalia Carnivora OTARIIDAE Arctocephalus tropicalis Mammalia Carnivora PROCYONIDAE Nasua nasua Mammalia Carnivora PROCYONIDAE Potus flavus Mammalia Carnivora PROCYONIDAE Procyon cancrivorus Mammalia Carnivora PROCYONIDAE Procyon lotor

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Mammalia Carnivora URSIDAE Tremarctus ornatus Mammalia Carnivora URSIDAE Selenarctus thibetanus Mammalia Carnivora URSIDAE Ursos arctos Mammalia Carnivora URSIDAE Ursos arctos middendorffii Mammalia Carnivora URSIDAE Ursus americanus Mammalia Carnivora URSIDAE Ursus malayanus Mammalia Carnivora VIVERRIDAE Suricata suricata Mammalia Cetacea TRICHECHIDAE Trichecus inunguis Mammalia Chiroptera PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Artibeus lituratus Mammalia Didelphimorpha DIDELPHIDAE Caluromys lanatus Mammalia Didelphimorpha DIDELPHIDAE Caluromys philander Mammalia Didelphimorpha DIDELPHIDAE Didelphis albiventris Mammalia Didelphimorpha DIDELPHIDAE Didelphis marsupialis Mammalia Didelphimorpha DIDELPHIDAE Lutreolina crassicaudata Mammalia Didelphimorpha DIDELPHIDAE Metachirops opossum Mammalia Diprotodontia MACROPODIDAE Macropus fuliginosus Mammalia Diprotodontia MACROPODIDAE Macropus giganteus Mammalia Diprotodontia MACROPODIDAE Macropus rufogriseus Mammalia Diprotodontia MACROPODIDAE Macropus rufus Mammalia Lagomorpha LEPORIDAE Sylvilagus brasiliensis Mammalia Perissodactyla EQUIDAE Equus grevyi Mammalia Perissodactyla EQUIDAE Equus asinus Mammalia Perissodactyla EQUIDAE Equus burchelli antiquorum Mammalia Perissodactyla EQUIDAE Equus burchelli bohmi Mammalia Perissodactyla RHINOCERONTIDAE Rhinocerus unicornis Mammalia Perissodactyla RHINOCERONTIDAE Ceratotherium simun Mammalia Perissodactyla TAPIRIDAE Tapirus indicus Mammalia Perissodactyla TAPIRIDAE Tapirus terrestris Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Leontopithecus chrysopygus Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Leontopithecus rosalia Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix aurita Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Leontopithecus chrysomelas Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus bicolor bicolor Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus oedipus Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix chrysoleuca Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix geoffroyi Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus imperator imperator Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix argentata argentata Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix argentata melanura Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix jacchus Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix kuhli Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Callithrix penicillata Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Cebuella pygmaea Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus fuscicollis Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus fuscilollis weddaelli Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus geoffroyi Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus labiatus Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus midas midas Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus midas niger Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus mystax mystax Mammalia Primates CALLITHRICHIDAE Saguinus mystax pileatus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Alouatta belzebul Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Alouatta fusca fusca Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Cebus xanthosternos Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Brachyteles aracnoides

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Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Chiropotes satanas satanas Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Ateles belzebuth belzebuth Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Callicebus personatus nigrifrons Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Callicebus personatus personatus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Cebus capucinus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Chiropotes satanas chiropotes Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Lagothrix lagothricha Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Pithecia monachus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Alouatta caraya Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Aotus trivirgatus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Ateles paniscus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Ateles paniscus paniscus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Callicebus moloch Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Callicebus moloch bruneus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Cebus albifrons Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Cebus apella apella Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Cebus apella nigritus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Cebus nigrivittatus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Pithecia hirsuta Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Pithecia irrorata Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Saimiri boliviensis Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Saimiri sciureus Mammalia Primates CEBIDAE Saimiri ustus Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Macaca fuscata Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus diana Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Macaca nemestrina Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercocebus torquatus Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus aethiops Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus ascanius Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus pygerythrus Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus sabaeus Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Cercopithecus wolfi Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Erytrocebus pata Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Macaca fasciculares Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Macaca mulatta Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Macaca sinica Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Mandrillus sphinx Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Miopithecus talapoim Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Papio anubis Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Papio cynocephalus Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Papio hamadryas Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Papio papio Mammalia Primates CERCOPITHECIDAE Papio ursinus Mammalia Primates HYLOBATIDAE Hylobates lar Mammalia Primates HYLOBATIDAE Hylobates syndactilus Mammalia Primates LEMURIDAE Eulemur macaco Mammalia Primates LEMURIDAE Eulemur fulvus albifrons Mammalia Primates PONGIDAE Gorilla gorilla gorilla Mammalia Primates PONGIDAE Pan troglodytes Mammalia Primates PONGIDAE Pongo pygmaeus Mammalia Proboscidae ELEPHANTIDAE Elaphas maximus Mammalia Proboscidae ELEPHANTIDAE Loxidonta africana Mammalia Rodentia AGOUTIDAE Agouti paca Mammalia Rodentia CAPROMYIDAE Myocastor coypus Mammalia Rodentia CASTORIDAE Castor canadensis

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Mammalia Rodentia CAVIIDAE Cavia aperea Mammalia Rodentia CAVIIDAE Dolichotis patagonum Mammalia Rodentia CHINCHILIDAE Chinchila lanigera Mammalia Rodentia DASYPROCTIDAE Dasyprocta azarae Mammalia Rodentia DASYPROCTIDAE Dasyprocta fuliginosa Mammalia Rodentia DASYPROCTIDAE Dasyprocta leporina (=agouti) Mammalia Rodentia DASYPROCTIDAE Miyoprocta acouchy Mammalia Rodentia DINOMYDAE Dinomys branickii Mammalia Rodentia ECHIMIDAE Proechymis guyanensis Mammalia Rodentia ERETHIZONTIDAE Coendou (Sphigurus) insidiosus Mammalia Rodentia ERETHIZONTIDAE Coendou (Sphigurus) spinosos Mammalia Rodentia ERETHIZONTIDAE Coendou prehensilis Mammalia Rodentia HYDROCHAERIDAE Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Mammalia Rodentia HYSTRICIDAE Hystrix cristata Mammalia Rodentia SCIURIDAE Sciurus aestuans Mammalia Xenarthra BRADYPODIDAE Bradypus torquatus Mammalia Xenarthra BRADYPODIDAE Bradypus trydactylus Mammalia Xenarthra BRADYPODIDAE Bradypus variegatus Mammalia Xenarthra CHOLOEPIDAE Choloepus didactylus Mammalia Xenarthra CHOLOEPIDAE Choloepus hoffmanni Mammalia Xenarthra CHOLOEPIDAE Choloepus hoffmanni juruanus Mammalia Xenarthra DASYPODIDAE Cabassous unicinctus Mammalia Xenarthra DASYPODIDAE Chaetophractus vellerosus Mammalia Xenarthra DASYPODIDAE Dasypus novemcinctus Mammalia Xenarthra DASYPODIDAE Euphractus sexcinctus Mammalia Xenarthra MYRMECOPHAGIDAE Myrmecophaga tridactyla Mammalia Xenarthra MYRMECOPHAGIDAE Cyclops didactylus Mammalia Xenarthra MYRMECOPHAGIDAE Tamandua tetradactyla Reptilia Amphisbaenia AMPHISBAENIDAE Amphibaena alba Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops hogei Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Hydromedusa maximilliani Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Acanthochelis macrocephala Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Acanthochelis radiolata Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Acanthochelis spixii Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Chelus fimbriatus Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Hydromedusa tectifera Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops geoffroanus Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops gibbus Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops hilarii Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops nasuta Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops tuberculatus Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Phrynops vanderhagei Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Platemys platycephala Reptilia Chelonia CHELIDAE Chelodina novaguinaea Reptilia Chelonia CHELONIDAE Erytmochelis imbricata Reptilia Chelonia CHELONIDAE Caretta caretta Reptilia Chelonia CHELONIDAE Chelonia mydas Reptilia Chelonia CHELYDRIDAE Chelydra serpentina Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Clemmys guttata Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Rhynochlemys punctularia Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Trachemys scripta dorbignyi Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Trachemys scripta elegans

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Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Chrysemys picta picta Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Emys orbicularis Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Graptemys pseudogeographica Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Mauremys leprosa Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Ocadia sinensis Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Pseudemys conccina Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Pseudemys floridana Reptilia Chelonia EMYDIDAE Rhynochlemys funerea Reptilia Chelonia KINOSTERNIDAE Kinosternon scorpioides Reptilia Chelonia KINOSTERNIDAE Kinosternon subrubrum Reptilia Chelonia KINOSTERNIDAE Sternotherus odoratus Reptilia Chelonia PELOMEDUSIDAE Peltocephalus dumerilianus Reptilia Chelonia PELOMEDUSIDAE Podocnemis erythrocephala Reptilia Chelonia PELOMEDUSIDAE Podocnemis sextuberculata Reptilia Chelonia PELOMEDUSIDAE Podocnemis unifilis Reptilia Chelonia PELOMEDUSIDAE Podocnemis expansa Reptilia Chelonia PLATYSTERNIDAE Platysternon megacephalum vogeli Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone denticulata Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone chilensis Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone gigantea Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone radiata Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone sulcata Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Testudo graeca graeca Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone carbonaria Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Agrionemys horsfieldi Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Geochelone pardalis Reptilia Chelonia TESTUDINIDAE Testudo hermanni Reptilia Chelonia TRIONYCHIDAE Trionyx ferox Reptilia Chelonia TRIONYCHIDAE Trionyx sinensis Reptilia Chelonia TRIONYCHIDAE Trionyx spiniferus Reptilia Crocodilia ALLIGATORIDAE Melanosuchus niger Reptilia Crocodilia ALLIGATORIDAE Caiman crocodylus crocodylus Reptilia Crocodilia ALLIGATORIDAE Caiman crocodylus yacare Reptilia Crocodilia ALLIGATORIDAE Caiman latirostris Reptilia Crocodilia ALLIGATORIDAE Paleosuchus palpebrosus Reptilia Crocodilia ALLIGATORIDAE Paleosuchus trigonatus Reptilia Crocodilia CROCODYLIDAE Crocodilus niloticus Reptilia Crocodilia CROCODYLIDAE Tomistoma schlegelii Reptilia Squamata AGAMIDAE Agama agama Reptilia Squamata AGAMIDAE Hydrossaurus pustulatus Reptilia Squamata AGAMIDAE Physignatus lesueuri Reptilia Squamata ANGUIDAE Diploglossus lessonae Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Boa constrictor amarali Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Boa constrictor constrictor Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Boa constrictor occidentalis Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Boa constrictor ortonii Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Corallus caninus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Corallus enydris Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates cenchria alvarezi

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Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates cenchria assisi Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates cenchria cenchria Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates cenchria crassus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates cenchria hygrophylus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates cenchria maurus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Eunectes murinus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Eunectes notaeus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Chondropythos viridis Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Epicrates striatus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python curtus brogesmanii Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python curtus curtus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python molurus bivittatus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python molurus molurus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python regius Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python reticulatus Reptilia Squamata BOIDAE Python sebae Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Clelia clelia Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Clelia occiptolutea Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Dipsas petersi Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Drymarchon corais Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Erythrolamprus aesculapii Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Helicops infrataeniata Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Lampropeltis amulata Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Liophis miliaris Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Mastigodryas bifossatus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Oxyrhopus petola Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Oxyrhopus rombipher Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Oxyrhopus trigeminus guibei Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Oxyrhopus trigeminus trigeminus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Philodryas baronii Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Philodryas naterreri Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Philodryas olfersii Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Philodryas patagoniensis Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Pseudoboa neuweidii Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Pseudoboa nigra Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Pseustes poecilonotus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Pseustes sulphureus poecilostomus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Pseustes sulphureus sulphureus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Simorphis rhinostoma Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Spilotes pullatus pullatus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Thamnodynastes strigatus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Waglerophis merremi Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Boeadon fuliginosus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Elaphe gutatta gutatta Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Elaphe longissima Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Elaphe obsoleta quadrivitata Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Gonyosoma oxycelaphala Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Lampropeltis getulus californiae

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Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Lampropeltis getulus floridana Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Lampropeltis getulus mexicanus Reptilia Squamata COLUBRIDAE Tropidodryas striaticeps Reptilia Squamata CORACIDAE Coraccias caudata caudata Reptilia Squamata ELAPIDAE Micrurus corallinus Reptilia Squamata ELAPIDAE Micrurus frontalis brasiliensis Reptilia Squamata ELAPIDAE Micrurus ibiboboca Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Coleodactylus meridionalis Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Phyllopezus pollycaris Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Eublepharius macularius Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Gecko gecko Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Gecko vittatus Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Hemitheconyx caudicinctus Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Phelsuma grandis Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Teratocincus scincus Reptilia Squamata GEKKONIDAE Uroplatus fimbriatus Reptilia Squamata HELODERMATIDAE Heloderma suspectum suspectum Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Anisolepis grilli Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Basiliscus vittatus Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Enyalius bilineatus Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Iguana iguana iguana Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Sceloporus cyanogenes Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Sceloporus virgatus Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Tropidurus torquatus Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Anolis equestris Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Corithophanes cristatus Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Ctenosaura hemilopha Reptilia Squamata IGUANIDAE Iguana iguana tuberculata Reptilia Squamata SCINCIDAE Corucia zebrata Reptilia Squamata SCINCIDAE Tiliqua gigas Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Ameiva ameiva Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Cnemidophorus sp Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Crocodilurus lacertinus Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Dracena paraguayensis Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Tupinambis duseni Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Tupinambis nigropunctatus Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Tupinambis rufescens Reptilia Squamata TEIIDAE Tupinambis teguixim Reptilia Squamata VARANIDAE Varanus exanthematicus Reptilia Squamata VARANIDAE Varanus niloticus Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops alternatus Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops billineatus Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops cotiara Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops erythromelas Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops fonsecai Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops insularis Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops itapetiningae Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops jararaca Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops jararacussu

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Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops leucurus Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops moogeni Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops neuwiedi goyazensis Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops neuwiedi neuwiedi Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bothrops neuwiedi pubescens Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Crotalus durissus cascavella Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Crotalus durissus collilineatus Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Crotalus durissus terrificus Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Lachesis muta Reptilia Squamata VIPERIDAE Bitis gabonica rhinoceros

APPENDIX 3 List of species in national and/or International* Studbooks (based on information given by institutions). *the attached letter says that ISIS did not find information in its data base concerning Brazilian Zoos species in International Studbooks.

SPECIES POPULATION SIZE NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS

INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL

Alouatta belzebul 3 1 1 0 Anodorhynchus spixii 1 9 1 1

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus 24 1 1 1

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Bison bonasus 5 2 1 0 Blastocerus dichotomus 4 2 1 1

Caiman latirostris 32 1 1 0 Ceratotherium simun 5 3 1 0

Chrysocyon brachyurus 58 16 1 1 Crax fasciolata 5 2 0 1

Gorilla gorilla gorilla 2 2 1 0 Guaruba guarouba 34 8 1 1

Herpailurus yagouaroundi 10 4 0 1 Leontopithecus chrysomelas 31 5 1 0 Leontopithecus chrysopygus 3 3 1 0

Leontopithecus rosalia 20 6 1 0 Leopardus pardalis 27 10 0 1 Leopardus tigrinus 30 8 0 1 Leopardus weidii 13 3 0 1

Myrmecophaga tridactyla 14 6 1 0 Panthera onca onca 26 5 0 1

Panthera onca palustris 2 1 0 1 Panthera tigris altaica 2 2 1 0

Pongo pygmaeus 3 1 1 0 Puma concolor 17 5 0 1

Saguinus bicolor 1 1 1 0 Speotitos venaticus 1 1 1 0 Tremarctos ornatus 12 3 1 0

Totals 385 111 19 13

APPENDIX 4 List of contributing institutions with the questionnaire response: INSTITUTION'S NAME Geographical Region Aquario Municipal de Santos Southeast Bosque Municipal de Pedreira Southeast Bosque Municipal Antonio J. Moura Andrade Southeast Bosque Municipal Dr. Fabio Sa Barreto Southeast Cebus - Zoologico da Usipa Southeast Centro de Instrucao Guerra na Selva North Criadouro de Animais Silvestres da Itaipu Binacional South Divisao Tecnica de Medicina Veterinaria e Biologia da Fauna Southeast Foz Tropicana Parque das Aves South

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Fundacao Ecologica e Zoobotanica de Brusque South Fundacao Hermann Weege South Fundacao Jardim Zoologico do Rio de Janeiro Southeast Fundacao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo Southeast Fundacao Zoobotanica de Belo Horizonte Southeast Fundacao Zoobotanica de Carajas North Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul South Horto Zoobotanico de Dois Irmaos Northeast Jardim Zoologico da ASCON Central Jardim Zoologico de Brasilia Central Parque Balneario Turistico Oasis South Parque das Hortencias Southeast Parque do Inga South Parque Ecologico de Sao Carlos Southeast Parque Ecologico Municipal Danilo Galafassi South Parque Ecologico Municipal de Americana Southeast Parque Mariano Procopio Southeast Parque Municipal Arruda Camara Northeast Parque Municipal da Matinha Northeast Parque Municipal Dr. Fabio da Silva Prado Southeast Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros Southeast Parque Natural da CBMM Southeast Parque Zoobotanico Dr. Mario Frota Southeast Parque Zoobotanico Getulio Vargas Northeast Parque Zoobotanico Orquidario de Santos Southeast Parque Zoologico de Ilha Solteira Southeast Parque Zoologico de Paulinia Southeast Parque Zoologico Municipal de Bauru Southeast Parque Zoologico Sargento Prata Northeast Pq. Gov. Jose Rolemberg Leite Northeast RIPASA Southeast Zoologico de Curitiba South Zoologico de Uberaba - Bosque Jacaranda Southeast Zoologico Hotel Tropical North Zoologico Municipal de Guaiba South Zoologico Municipal de Leme Southeast Zoologico Municipal de Mogi Guacu Southeast Zoologico Municipal de Mogi Mirim Southeast Zoologico Municipal de Piracicaba Southeast Zoologico Municipal de Sao Bernardo do Campo Southeast Zoologico Municipal de Sete Lagoas Southeast Zoologico Paraiso das Aves Southeast

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APPENDIX 5 Original questionnaire sent to institutions (Portuguese is the official language in the country). Este questionario foi enviado a 117 parques zoologicos em todo o Brasil, e foi elaborado com a finalidade unica de colher informacoes gerais sobre estas instituicoes afim de complementar pesquisa realizada por estudante do International Training Centre - Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, para o desenvolvimento de dissertacao, como pre-requisito a obtencao de Diploma em Manejo de Especies Ameacadas pela Universidade de Kent, Inglaterra. (Os resultados deste e de todo o estudo serao apresentados oportunamente ao CBZ) Nome Oficial da Instituicao: Ourto nome (caso exista) :

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Nome do responssavel direto : Area total do Zoologico : ___________ ha Ano de Fundacao : ___________________ 1 - Numero de funcionarios :

O 0-10 O 11-30 O 31-50 O 51-70 O 71-100 O >100 2- Numero de visitantes por ano :

O < 300 mil O 300-500 mil O 500-800 mil O 800 mil- 1 milhao O 1-2 milhoes O >2 milhoes 3 - Dispoe de um Setor de Educacao Ambiental ?

O Sim O Nao Se sim :

Possui predio ou equipamentos especificos para o setor ? O Sim O Nao 4 - Utiliza algum metodo de marcacao individual nos animais da colecao ?

O Sim O Nao Qual(is)? ___________________________________________________ 5 - Possui exemplares das diferentes especies em planos de manejo (studbooks) ?

O Sim O Nao Se sim : Especie/ subespecie numero de individuos studbook nacional (x) studbook internacional

(x) 6 - Desenvolve algum programa de reproducao em cativeiro ?

O Sim O Nao Se sim : Especie/ subespecie numero de individuos na populacao 7 - Desenvolve algum tipo de pesquisa in-situ ou ex-situ ?

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O in-situ O ex-situ O ambas Se in-situ : Onde ? 8 - De acordo com as seguintes classes , quantos funiconarios ativos sua instituicao possui atualmente ? Administradores ( ) Educadores ( ) Relacoes Publicas ( ) Bibliotecarios ( ) Nutricionistas ( ) Veterinarios ( ) Biologos ( ) Museologos ( ) Zootecnistas ( ) Engenheiros (florest./ agron.) ( ) Publicitarios ( ) Outros : ________________ ( ) 9 - Possui algum programa de treinamento para funcionarios ou estudantes universitarios ?

O Sim O Nao 10 - A quem compete a administracao de sua instituicao ?

O Municipalidade O Estado O Federacao O Organizacao (ONG) O Fundacao O Particular

11 - Possui um setor de quarentena ? O Sim O Nao

12 - Possui cozinha para preparo dos alimentos ? O Sim O Nao

13 - Dispoe de clinica e/ou ambulatorio veterinario ? O Sim O Nao

14 - Dispoe de material ilustrativo para visitantes (folders, guias ...) ? O Sim

O Nao

15 - O parque esta equipado com programacao visual para os recintos ? O Sim O Nao As respostas a este questionario, podem preferencialmente ser enviadas ate dia 30/11/98, via FAX ou E-mail para: Moacir Tinoco (Trainee) International Training Centre - JWPT FAX # 44 1534 865-161 / 864-592 E-mail : [email protected] AFIM DE PODER OBTER RESULTADOS MAIS APURADOS E PROXIMOS DA NOSSA REALIDADE O QUANTO POSSIVEL, PECO ENCARECIDAMENTE QUE V.SA DEDIQUE ALGUNS MINUTOS DE SEU TEMPO PARA RESPONDE-LO E CASO SEJA VIAVEL ENVIA-LO ATE A DATA ACIMA. A INTENCAO DESTA PESQUISA NAO E APONTAR OS MELHORES OU OS PIORES, MAS MOSTRAR COMO TRABALHAMOS HOJE E O QUE PODEMOS FAZER PARA MELHORAR AINDA MAIS A QUALIDADE DE NOSSO TRABALHO.

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ou apos 10/12/98 para: Moacir Tinoco - Biologo Jardim Zoologico de Salvador - PZBGV FAX # 071 3280175 E-mail : [email protected]